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- Ceiamics have been useu since 9,uuu BC
e.g. Inuians cieating flooi tiles anu potteiy foi stoiage
- ulass was fiist useu by the Egyptians to glaze potteiy in 8,uuu BC. In
1,Suu BC they began to use glass foi fashion
e.g. glass beaus, home uecoiation
- Ceiamics geneially have low electiical conuuction anu aie veiy haiu. This
has seen theii application in things such as watei iesistant tiles, electiical
insulatois, heat insulation on space shuttles
- Ceiamics aie usually baseu off of
Clay (Byuiateu Aluminum Silicate)
Flint (Ciystalline Silicon Bioxiue)
Feluspai (Alkali Alumina Silicate)

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- The base mateiials aie mixeu with othei ingieuients such as sanu anu
quaitz, then mixeu with watei to cieate what is known as sluiiy.
- The sluiiy is then molueu into shape anu put unuei gieat piessuie anu
finally heateu oi sinteieu. This is what gives ceiamics theii tensile
stiength.
- Ceiamics aie mainly composeu of Ionic bonus but they can also have a
combination of ionic anu covalent bonus.
- Ceiamics typically have these piopeities:
Ineit (Chemically unieactive)
uoou coiiosive iesistance
uoou weai iesistance
uoou compiessive stiength
Bigh stiffness-to-weight iatio
uoou electiical anu theimal iesistance
- Examples of ceiamics incluue electiical ciicuits, wheie theii electiical
piopeities make them goou foi iesistois anu capacitois
- They aie also useu in high peifoimance cais such as the Foimula 0ne,
wheie theii goou weai iesistance anu heat uissipation makes them iueal
foi use in biakes, keeping the cais peifoimance high

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- Annealeu glass is most commonly useu in winuows anu bottles.
- It is cieateu by heating glass anu then slow cooling it to minimize inteinal
stiess
- Loweiing inteinal stiess is uone to pievent the glass fiom ciacking fiom
small changes in tempeiatuie oi fiom minoi stiess placeu on the glass. It
also impioves the oveiall stiength of the glass
- Annealeu glass can be cut into shape without causing optical uistoition
- When annealeu glass bieaks it fiactuies into big, shaip shaiu that can
cause injuiy to a peison


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- Safety glass is glass that has been impioveu to minimize injuiy causeu
fiom glass fiactuie

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- Tempeieu glass is glass that has been extieme heateu up to 6Su Celsius,
then iapiuly cooleu with aii uiafts.
- The iapiu cooling causes the suiface of the glass to cool fastei than the
centei, putting the outei glass unuei compiession anu the innei glass
unuei tension.
- Theie must be equal stiess placeu evenly insiue the glass uuiing the
cooling piocess, othei the glass will be weak anu moie easily to bieak
without safely fiactuiing
- Tempeieu glass is consiueieu to be 2-S times stiongei than annealeu
glass anu safely fiactuies.
- When this glass fiactuies it foims many small bits that aie blunt anu
minimize the injuiy it coulu cause to a peison

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- Two pieces of glass aie bonueu togethei thiough Polyvinyl Butiayl (PvB)
- PvB is a iesin that has stiong binuing piopeities anu is veiy flexible
- When this glass is fiactuieu, the PvB holus the glass togethei so glass
shaius aie minimizeu anu the fiactuieu spot causes a spiuei web pattein

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- Annealeu glass was fiist in automobiles as a winuscieen in 1927. As
safety stanuaius impioveu the glass was eventually ieplaceu by
laminateu glass in the 19Sus. This was uone because laminateu glass stays
togethei when fiactuieu as opposeu to annealeu glass which tuins into
many shaius that coulu cause haim
- Tempeieu glass has seen its use in siue anu ieai winuows. Laminateu
tempeieu glass has began to be useu in cai manufactuiing foi auueu
stiength, but safety officials aie woiiieu that iescueis ay not be able to
bieak the glass in cases of emeigency
- Piopeities incluue
Riugity anu theimal stability
Tianspaiency with high optical claiity
Impact, Sciatch anu Chemical iesistance











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- Common theimoplastics incluue nylon, polyuiethane anu aciylic
- Chaiacteiistics:
Easily fabiicateu
Can be injection molueu
Easily uiawn into fibeis
Can be iemelteu anu iemolueu
- Theimoplastics have seen its use in public tianspoit because they aie
lightweight. Loweiing the weight of vehicles can impiove its fuel
efficiency anu ielease lowei emissions.
- Injection moluing is the most commonly useu methou foi mass-piouucing
small theimoplastics that iequiie little uetail. Nolten theimoplastic is put
into a molu while unuei gieat piessuie then cooleu. When the plastic is
sufficiently cooleu it is ejecteu fiom the molu anu the cycle iepeats with
anothei piece
- E.g. aii bag containeis, pulleys, bouy panels
- They can also be useu to on laigei bouy paits. Polyuithane has acteu as a
substitute foi aluminum because of its lightweight. Its piopeities also
help impiove the stiffness anu theimal piopeities of the bouy paits
- Blow moluing is useu foi small, hollow paits with fine uetail that must be
mass-piouuceu.
e.g. aii uucts, fuel fill lines
- Coolant systems have histoiically been maue with iubbei anu metal
pieces assembleu togethei. With theimoplastics a single molu can be useu
with nylon 66 to achieve the same iesults as a iegulai coolant system. The
auvantages of uoing this is the ieuuceu piouuction time, numbei of paits
anu weight of the system

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- Engineeiing textiles is a bioau teim foi textiles that have applications un
engineeiing such as cotton that is weaveu oi biaiueu to be applieu in
public tianspoit
e.g. pulley belts, seat belts, tiie coius