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6 September 1985 and endorsed by General Assembly resolutions 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of
13 December 1985; . Recommendation No. R (94) 12 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States
of the Independence, Efficiency and Role of Judges (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers, 1994)
[ COE Recommendation No. R (94) 12];
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59 European Charter on the statute for judges of 8-10 July 1998 (Department of Legal Affairs of the Council of
Europe, Document (98)23)
60 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, 24 March 2009, par. 58, .
Venice Commission Opinion No. 408 / 2006.
61 Venice Commission, Opinion No. 408 / 2006 (Strasbourg, 19 March 2007), par.9
62 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul,
A/HRC/23/43/Add.3, Mission to Maldives, 21 May 2013, par. 45
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68 In re Schenck, 870 P.2d 185 (Or. 1993)
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70 In re Schenck, 870 P.2d 195 (Or. 1993).
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and Central Asia (2010), Kyiv Recommendations, Rec. 25 [hereinafter Kyiv Recommendations]
81 Kyiv Recommendations, Rec. 25
82 Opinion No. 408 / 2006, OPINION ON THE LAW ON DISCIPLINARY RESPONSIBILITY AND
DISCIPLINARY PROSECUTION OF JUDGES OF COMMON COURTS OF GEORGIA adopted by the Venice
Commission at its 70th Plenary Session (Venice, 16-17 March 2007)
79

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. Opinion No. 408 / 2006.
84 . OLEKSANDR VOLKOV v. UKRAINE JUDGMENT (MERITS)
85 OLEKSANDR VOLKOV v. UKRAINE JUDGMENT (MERITS)
86
, 2012 (2010 ),
, (CEPEJ)
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87
Judicial Independence in Europe: The Swedish, Italian and German Perspectives
88 Securing Justice, The Disciplinary System for Judges in Russian Federation, Report of an ICJ Mission, 2012
[ ICJ Report, 2012]
89
90 .
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92 Texas State, State Commission on Judicial Conduct, see at http://www.scjc.state.tx.us/faqs.asp#faq12
93Venice Commission Opinion No. 408 / 2006; . Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Independence
of Judges and Lawyers, 24 March 2009, par. 57 CCJE (2002) Op. N 3
94 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, 24 March 2009, par. 58, .
Venice Commission Opinion No. 408 / 2006.
95 OLEKSANDR VOLKOV v. UKRAINE JUDGMENT (MERITS) ,
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97 Recommendation No. R (94) 12; Commonwealth (Latimer House) Principles on the Three Branches of
Government (2003).
98 . OLEKSANDR VOLKOV v. UKRAINE
JUDGMENT (MERITS)
99
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100 Judicial Independence in Europe, The Swedish, Italian and German Perspectives, by John Adenitire,
available at
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[hereinafter Judicial Independence in EuropeThe Swedish, Italian and German Perspectives]

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103

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108 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul
A/HRC/23/43/Add.3, Mission to Maldives, 21 May 2013
109
110 The Universal Charter of the Judge
111 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul
A/HRC/23/43/Add.3, Mission to Maldives, 21 May 2013 (
, , .) paras. 43-44
112 Kyiv Recommendations, par.26
113 OSCE/ODIHR Opinion on the Law 29/1967.
107

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122 Judicial Independence in Europe: The Swedish, Italian and German Perspectives
123 , 2012
124 State of California, Commission on Judicial Performance, at http://www.cjp.ca.gov/complaint_process.htm

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OSCE/ODIHR OPINIONON THE LAW 29/1967
128
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129 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul
A/HRC/23/43/Add.3, Mission to Maldives, 21 May 2013, par. 46
130 OSCE/ODIHR Opinion on the Law 29/1967, par. 49; . European Charter on the Status of Judges
131 , Conseil dEtat- ,
127

.
132

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul
A/HRC/23/43/Add.3, Mission to Maldives, 21 May 2013, par. 46, . OSCE/ODIHR
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136 Judicial Independence in Europe: The Swedish, Italian and German Perspectives
137 European Court of Human Rights, Olujic v. Croatia, (Application no. 22330/05), Judgement, 2009, par. 85
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139 Kyiv Recommendations, par.26
140 , 2012
141
142 UN Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary; Recommendation No.R (94) 12, Principle 4;
European Charter of Judges
143 State of California, Commission on Judicial Performance, at http://www.cjp.ca.gov/complaint_process.htm
144 State of Texas, State Commission on Judicial Conduct, at http://www.scjc.state.tx.us/faqs.asp#faq12

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(2013)
149 UN Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, Principles 17
150 Kyiv Recommendations, par. 26
151 Beijing Statement of Principles of the Independence of the Judiciary, . Kyiv Recommendations, par.
26
152 A comparative analysis of Disciplinary Systems for European judges and prosecutors (2011)

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154 Olujic v. Croatia, par.75
155 , par. 76
156 .
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159 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, 24 March 2009, par. 98.
160 COE Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12
161 ;
162. . Magna Carta of Judges (Fundamental Principles) Consultative Council of European
Judges, Opinion no. 3 of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) to the attention of the Committee
of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the principles and rules governing judges professional conduct, in
particular ethics, incompatible behaviour and impartiality [hereinafter CCJE (2002) Op. N 3]
163 Judicial Independence in EuropeThe Swedish, Italian and German Perspectives
158

85

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CCJE (2002) Op. no.3
166 Venice Commission, Report on the Independence of the Judicial System Part I: The Independence of
Judges, CDL-AD(2010)004, para. 61.
167 Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12
168 Judicial Independence in EuropeThe Swedish, Italian and German Perspectives (

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169 European Court of Human Rights, X v. United Kingdom, (Application no. 7215/75), Judgement, 1981;
Golder v United Kingdom, Series A, No. 18, 21 February 1975, (1979-80) (J. Fitzmaurice separate opinion,
165

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adopted at the 6th Conference of Chief Justices, held in Beijing in August 1997)
171 Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12
172 European Charter on the Status of Judges (1998).
173Judicial Independence in EuropeThe Swedish, Italian and German Perspectives

87

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175

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Lawyers, 24 March 2009, par. 58; Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12, par. 66.
180 Recommendation No. R (94) 12, principle 1., para 18 ; Venice Commission Opinion No. 408 / 2006.
181 Expert Opinion on International Legal Standards Regarding Judicial Independence for the European Court
of Human Rights in the case of Baltazar Gazron v. Spain, by Professor Carlos Ayala, Judge Azhar Cachalia,
Param Cumaraswamy, Leandro Despouy, Professor Manfred Nowak, Professor Stefan Trechsel,
http://www.interights.org/userfiles/Annex_2_Judicial_Independence_filed.pdf
179

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Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32: Right to equality before courts and tribunals and to a
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Vietnam,
CCPR/CO/75/VNM(2002),
par.
10,
Concluding
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CCPR/CO/71/UZB(2001), par. 14.) and Concluding observation on the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
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INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS , CASE OF APITZ BARBERA ET AL. (FIRST COURT OF ADMINISTRATIVE
DISPUTES) V. VENEZUELA, Judgment of August 5, 2008, (PRELIMINARY OBJECTION, MERITS, REPARATIONS AND
COSTS) ; see also Principle A, para. 4 (n) 2 of the Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Fair Trial and Legal
Assistance in Africa, adopted as part of the African Commissions activity report at 2nd Summit and Meeting of
Heads of State of the African Union, held in Maputo, Mozambique, from 4 to 12 July 2003.(
, ,

.) . UN Human Rights Committees
Concluding Observations on Syria /C/SYR/CO/1(2010), para. 12; CAT, Concluding Observations on Armenia,
(2000), par. 37(c).
183 Case of Apitz Barbera et at, para. 84,
184 , -
. .
THE LINE BETWEEN LEGAL ERROR AND JUDICIAL MISCONDUCT: BALANCING JUDICIAL
INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY, Cynthia Gray, HOFSTRA LAW REVIEW (2004);
http://www.hofstra.edu/PDF/law_lawrev_Gray_vol32no4.pdf [hereinafter THE LINE BETWEEN LEGAL
ERROR AND JUDICIAL MISCONDUCT (2004)
185Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12 .
186 High Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine, Disciplinary Liability of a Judge, see at

89

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187 European Charteronthe statute for judges (1998)
188 THE LINE BETWEEN LEGAL ERROR AND JUDICIAL MISCONDUCT (2004)]
189 re Hammermaster, 985 P.2d 924 (Wash. 1999)
190 Gaeta, Order, (N.J. Sup. Ct. May 7, 2003).
191 In re Best, 719 So. 2d 432, 435 (La. 1998).

90

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In re Curda, 49 P.3d 255 (Alaska 2002).

705 So. 2d 172 (La. 1997).
194 487 A.2d 1158 (Me. 1985).
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196 THE LINE BETWEEN LEGAL ERROR AND JUDICIAL MISCONDUCT (2004)
197 837 So. 2d 1257 (La. 2003) ( ,
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198 975 P.2d 663 (Cal. 1999).
199 Commn on Judicial Performance v. Lewis, 830 So. 2d 1138 (Miss. 2002)
200 EFFREY SHAMAN, ET AL., JUDICIAL CONDUCT AND ETHICS, 2.02 (3d ed. 1995).
201 THE LINE BETWEEN LEGAL ERROR AND JUDICIAL MISCONDUCT (2004)
202 See Quirk, 705 So. 2d at 178. , In re Landry, 789 So. 2d 1271 (La. 2001), illiams, Determination
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203 Inter-American Court of Human Rights Case of the Constitutional Court v. Peru, Judgment of January 31,
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Venice Commission Opinion no. 755 / 2014

European Court of Human Rights, Allen v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 25424/09 [GC],(2013)
206 Venice Commission Opinion no. 755 / 2014
207 Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12
208
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Comparative EU Law Study on Courts Inspection Service and Disciplinary Liability

Comparative EU Law Study on Courts Inspection Service and Disciplinary Liability, Higgens, John,
European Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 12 (2011), [hereinafter Comparative EU Law Study on Courts
Inspection Service and Disciplinary Liability]
211 Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12,
. , EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY
THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS (DHR)OF THE
DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND RULE OF LAW OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE,
OSCE OFFICE FOR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS (OSCE/ODIHR), JOINT
OPINION ON THE DRAFT LAWON DISCIPLINARY LIABILITY OF JUDGESOF THE REPUBLIC OF
MOLDOVA, Opinion no. 755 / 2014
212 . Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12)
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214 Case of Revern Trujillo v. Venezuela Judgment of June 30, 2009, IACHR, (Preliminary Objection, Merits,
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