Introduction Energy is the primary and the most universal measure of all kinds of work by human being and nature .everything what happens in the world is the expression of flow of the energy in one of its form. Most people use the word energy to their bodies or to the machine and thus think about crude fuel and electric power .Energy is the form of the electricity plays a very important role in the life of normal life. Electricity is one of the greatest wonder of the science .next to man it is the most important and revolutionary creation in the world of ours .it is practically involved in the world .the gradual but excessive use of electricity has come to bring about a stupendous changes in the industry .with it our modern tools are worked .computer are also calculator sum of total and make other calculation of with the almost accuracy. The modern age has therefore been truly called the age of electricity. We do many things with electricity now a days .we warm our homes ,we drive the machines in factories we run our train and buses .electricity has revolutionized the method of travel and transport .it has enable to us travel in aero-plane and fly into cold atmosphere of the sky. We also have electric train in our country.
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So today our whole life style is dependent on the electricity with the increasing population .the use of electric power is also increasing. But we know that the resources to generate electricity are limited and these has leads to energy crisis .In this project we have tried to generate electricity through speed breaker present on the roads. As we know the vehicle on the roads are increasing day by day which will help us to generate electricity as these vehicle pass through the speed breaker .these electricity generated can be used for different purposes such as lighting of signals and street light on the road.
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Review of literature summary: our project is to how we can generate electricity by using speed breaker. Our main rotate battery will get charged and electricity will produce. Problem faced: 1.The main problem we faced during project was in fixing the bearing in the hole because we have to weld it and when we continued our welding then the heat generated due to welding make the bearing to compress due to which bearing was not able to rotate freely 2. There was also problem in the proper alignment in meshing of rack with pinion because rack was freely hanging and the whole movement was dependent on the meshing of rack and pinion.so there was requirement of proper alignment 3. There was a lot of problem faced in the facilitation of the instruments .so many instruments was required but was not available in lab due to which some extra days were also taken
Remedies: 1. There was requirement of experienced welder so we have to move out from campus and looked for the help of experienced welder and problem was overcome. 2. For the proper alignment of rack and pinion we have to give external rod support from the back side of the rack so that there should be always meshing of teeth between racks with pinion gears. 3. We purchased some instruments by spending our money which leads to more cost of project than expectation. Some-times we also moved to market shops like for gas welding and some machining operation.
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Scope and objective of the study The utilization of energy is an indication of the growth of a nation. For example, the per capita energy consumption in USA is 9000 KWh (Kilo Watt hour) per year, whereas the consumption in India is 1200 KWh (Kilo Watt hour). One might conclude that to be materially rich and prosperous, a human being needs to consume more and more energy. A recent survey on the energy consumption in India had published a pathetic report that 85,000 villages in India do not still have electricity. Supply of power in most part of the country is poor. Hence more research and development and commercialization of technologies are needed in this field. India, unlike the top developed countries has very poor roads. Talking about a particular road itself includes a number of speed breakers. By just placing a unit like the Power Generation Unit from Speed Breakers, so much of energy can be tapped. This energy can be used for the lights on the either sides of the roads and thus much power that is consumed by these lights can be utilized to send power to these villages. This project attempts to show how energy can be tapped and used at a commonly used system- the road speed-breakers. The number of vehicles passing over the speed breaker in roads is increasing day by -day. A large amount of energy is wasted at the speed breakers through the dissipation of heat and also through friction, every time a vehicle passes over it. There is great possibility of tapping this energy and generating power by making the speed-breaker as a power generation unit. The generated power can be used for the lamps, near the speed-breakers .As we know there are lack of electricity in so many areas like slum areas so this will be the best opportunity to get electricity without investing too much .this technique is fuel free and pollution free
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Research and methodology Working principle: The principle of the electric power generation using speed breaker mechanism is very simple. It is based on the same principle as in the case of electricity generation in case of hydroelectric power plant, thermal electric power plant, nuclear power plant, geothermal energy, wind energy, tidal energy etc. In all of the above power plant mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. In this setup also mechanical energy is converted into electrical power using a D.C. generator. Here the vertical motion of the top of the speed breaker is converted into the rotational motion, which in turn rotates the generator and generates electricity. Four major mechanisms: 1. Spring coil mechanism 2. Rack-pinion mechanism 3. Crank shaft mechanism 4. Roller-mechanism Working procedure of rack and pinion mechanism: As the vehicle passes through the speed breaker then rack connected with the spring moves down and there is linear motion of rack. Now, the pinion is attached to shaft which have to rotate .when there is meshing takes place between rack and pinion then pinion makes the shaft to rotate due to which linear motion of rack is converted into rotary motion of the shaft (newton third law).As dynamo is connected with the shaft so it will start rotating and through the movement of dynamo battery get charged and electricity is produced
Block diagram:
SPEED BRAKER ARRANGE MENT RACK & PINION AND CHAIN SPROCKET ARRANGEMENT BATTER Y I NVERTER STREET LIGHTS
Name of the component Component used in the generation of electricity power using speed breakers are as follows: 1. Spring: It is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed. It cushions, absorbs or controls energy either due to shocks or due to vibrations. 2. Rack and pinion gear: The rack and pinion used to convert between rotary and translatory motion. The rack is the flat toothed part, while the pinion is the gear. Rack and pinion can convert rotary to linear of from linear to rotary motion 3. Shaft: It is a rotating element, which is used to transmit power from one place to another place. It supports the rotating elements like gears and flywheels. It must have high torsional rigidity and lateral rigidity. 4. Bearing: A roller-element bearing is a bearing which carries a load by placing round elements between the two pieces. The relative motion of the pieces causes the round elements to roll(tumble) with little sliding. They reduce the friction and transmit the motion effectively 5. Motor: It is a device, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through faraday law of electromagnetic induction. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating winding called the armature which turns within that field. 6. Battery: it is used to store the charge obtained from electricity either ac or dc. 7. Inverter: it is device which converts dc power obtained from dc motor into ac power and this power use for lighting purpose in our daily life such as running fan, glowing bulb, Tv etc. S. No. Name of the Component Specification 1. Motor: (i) Voltage: 12 (ii)Type: D.C. Generator (iii) RPM: 120rpm 2. Gear: (i) Material: Mild Steel (ii) No.of teeth: 65(big gear) (iii)No.of teeth: 14(pinion) (iv)Type: Spur gear 8
This setup mainly consists of an arrangement which is having a shaft with a U shaped projection carrying a bearing and is connected to the top of the speed breaker. The bearing is provided in order to permit the relative motion between the shafts. In this way vertical motion is to be converted into rotational motion. The top of the speed breaker will be provided with the return spring in order to retain its position after it will be displaced by the weight of the vehicles in the downward direction. The spring is designed depending on the weight of the vehicles passing through it. The two ends of the shaft will be fixed with the help bearing. The shaft is made of mild steel. This shaft will also be provided with the sprocket, as it will rotate in direction of the shaft. This sprocket will be connected with another sprocket with the help of chain drive, which is mounted on the other shaft this action is like the bicycle arrangement. The lower shaft also consists of a gear. A gear is also mounted on the generator and is meshing with gear on the lower shaft this will help to rotate the D.C. generator and in turn will generate electrical power, which will be stored in the battery and can be used accordingly. The generator used here is permanent magnet D.C. generator. The generate voltage is 12 Volt D.C. This DC voltage is stored to the lead 12-volt battery. The battery is connected to the inverter. The inverter is used to convert 12 volt D.C. to the 230 volt A.C. voltage is used to activate the light fan etc. By increasing the capacity of the battery and the inverter circuit the power rating is increased. This arrangement is fitted in highways; the complete arrangement is kept inside the floor level except the speed brake arrangement.
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Line diagram:-
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION The experimental investigation is performed by placing the speed breaker arrangement in a pit with a depth of 75 Cm. Vehicles move over the speed breaker arrangement and the voltage generated is measured by a millimeters and the various readings are plotted in a graph. The graphs are drawn for various parameters as shown below: 1) Voltage generated (Vs.) Trial no 2) Voltage generated (Vs.) speed of vehicle 3) Voltage generated (Vs.) Load
Voltage generated (vs.) Trial
READI NGS: LOAD = 270 Kg (Vehicle load + man weight) Trial no. Voltage Generated(volts) 1 11.26 2 11.81 13
3 10.26 4 9.76 5 10.1
Voltage generated (Vs) speed of vehicle
READI NGS: LOAD = 270 Kg (Vehicle load + man weight) Voltage generated (Vs) Load Speed of vehicle=10km/hr 14
The frame structure for the total unit is fabricated using L-Angle frames and ordinary frames. These frames are made of mild steel. They are held to proper dimensions are attached to form a unit with the help of welding. Then the bearings which are of standard make are kept in place with their respective shafts through them and are welded to the frame structure. The shafts are also made of mild steel. Hinges are used to move the speed breaker arrangement by welding it to the frame structure. These hinges are responsible for the movement of the speed breaker in an up and down motion. A rack having eighteen teeth which is made up of mild steel is welded to the speed breaker arrangement.A pinion which is also made up of mild steel and which has Thirty six teeth is fitted on the shaft initially, and welded. This pinion tooth is exactly made to mate with the teeth of the rack. and is placed on the shaft with its axis coinciding with the axis of the shaft and is welded. A special stand arrangement is made to seat the 12v DC generator using frames. A 12v DC generator is placed within the seat and is held firm using bolts and nuts. To the shaft of the generator, a small gear made of cast iron is fixed tightly. A larger gear made out of cast iron is machined well and fitted on the shaft. The teeth on the larger gear are made to mate rightly with the smaller gear that is fitted to the generator shaft 16
Fabrication Model Showing Inner Parts
Wires are connected to the terminals of the DC generator and its other ends are connected to a Lead-Acid battery. Another wire is taken from these points on the battery and its other ends are connected to the positive and negative terminal of an inverter. An output wire from the inverter is sent to the tube light. The tube light is fitted to a stand. Mild steel sheets are used to now cover the whole setup by welding them to the frame structures. A door is made at one side to enable viewing of the working of all parts. A padlock is welded to the door for safety purposes. The whole setup is finally painted with suitable colors and the final finishing works are completed. 17
To erect the unit practically, a rectangular pit is made on the ground. The unit is now lowered within the pit, with only the speed breaker arrangement visible outside. A rubber sheet of 3 mm thickness is fitted on the top of the speed breaker to bring about an aesthetic look and also to provide protection to moving vehicles. Output calculation: Let us consider, The mass of a vehicle moving over the speed breaker = 180Kg (Approximately) Height of speed brake = 15 cm Work done = Force x Distance Here, Force =Weight of the Body =180Kg x 9.81 =1765.8N Distance traveled by the body = Height of the speed brake =15cm Output power =Work done/Sec = (1765.8 x 0.15)/60 = 4.415Watts (For One pushing force) Power developed for 1 vehicle passing over the speed breaker arrangement for one minute = 4.415 watts Power developed for 60 minutes (1 hr.) = 264.9 watt Power developed for 24 hours = 6.357 Kw This power is sufficient to burn four street lights in the roads in the night . 18
Application
Power generation using speed breaker system can be used in most of the places such as: 1. This technique can be used in all highways. 2. This technique can be used in all roadways Speed brake. 3. This mechanism of generating of electricity can be placed on the actual speed breaker of the roads. The power is generated when the vehicles pass through it. Which in can be stored in the battery. This power can be used in many places after using the inverter, which enhances in the voltage from 12 volts to 230 volts. This power can be used in the following: (i) Street Lights. (ii) Road Signals. (iii) Sign boards on the roads. (iv) Lighting of the bus stops. (v) Lighting of the check post on the highways etc .
ADVANTAGES
Pollution free power generation. Simple construction, mature technology, and easy maintenance. No manual work necessary during generation. Energy available all year round. No fuel transportation problem. No consumption of any fossil fuel which is non-renewable source of energy. Uninterrupted power generation during day and night. Maximum utilization of energy. Load to the piston cylinder arrangement is freely got by movement of vehicles. No fuel storage is required
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Future scope
Suitable at parking of multiplexes, malls, toll booths, signal etc.
Uses: Charging batteries and using them to light up the Streets etc.
Such speed breakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, Thus increasing input torque and ultimately output of generator.
More suitable and compact mechanisms to enhance Efficiency.
Conclusion
In coming days , this will prove a great boon of the world ,since it will save a lot of electricity of power plants that gets wasted in illuminating the street lights. as the conventional sources are depleting very fast, then its time to think of alternatives. we got to save the power gained from the conventional sources of efficient use. So this idea not only provides alternatives but also adds to the economy of country .but this vehicular traffic can be utilize for power generated by means of new technique called power hump.it has advantages that it does not utilize any external sources .now the time has come to put forte these type of innovative ideas, and researches should be done to upgraid their implication.
The existing source of energy such as coal, oil etc may not be adequate to meet the ever increasing energy demand. These conventional sources of energy are also depleting and may be exhausted. It is an nonconventional type of producing the energy. This project is one step to path of exploring the possibilities of energy from several nonconventional energy sources.
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REFERENCES
[1]. Sharma, P.C., Non-conventional power plants, Public Printing Service, New Delhi, 2003. [2]. Theory of machine by R.S.KHURMI (S CHAND) [3]theory of machine by s.s.ratan [4] design of machine elements. By v. b. bhandhari [5]www.howstuffworks.com [6]www.wikipedia.com [7] dept. of mechanical engg lpu,jalandhar,india.