Part 2B - Concrete Diversion Structures

PART 2B CONCRETE DIVERSION
STRUCTURES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. PURPOSE OF GUIDELINES................................................................2B-1
2. SCOPE OF GUIDELINES.....................................................................2B-1
3. TERMINOLOGY..................................................................................2B-2
4. DESIGN OBJECTIVES.........................................................................2B-3
5. SCOPE OF DESIGN.............................................................................2B-4
6. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY.......................................................................2B-4
7. TYPICAL ELEMENTS..........................................................................2B-4
. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT................................................................2B-5
!. DESIGN DATA.....................................................................................2B-5
9.1 Topographical Data................................................................................2B-5
9.2 Foundation Properties...........................................................................2B-6
9.3 Hydrology !eteorological and "edi#entology....................................2B-6
9.$ "eis#ological Para#eters.....................................................................2B-6
9.5 %n&iron#ent...........................................................................................2B-6
9.6 "tructural !aterials..............................................................................2B-'
1". NON-OVERFLO# SECTION..............................................................2B-
1(.1 )ength o* +on-o&er,o- "ection............................................................2B-.
1(.2 Pro/le.....................................................................................................2B-.
11. OVERFLO# SECTION.....................................................................2B-11
11.1 Pro/le...................................................................................................2B-11
11.2 Hydraulic Design.................................................................................2B-12
11.3 "tructural Design o* 0rest..................................................................2B-25
12. UNDERSLUICE................................................................................2B-26
12.1 Hydraulic Design.................................................................................2B-26
12.2 "tructural Design................................................................................2B-2'
13. CONSIDERATIONS FOR PERMEABLE FOUNDATIONS..................2B-27
13.1 !easures *or "cour and "eepage 0ontrol..........................................2B-2'
13.2 Hydraulic Design.................................................................................2B-2.
13.3 "tructural Design................................................................................2B-29
14. STABILITY ANALYSIS.....................................................................2B-3"
1$.1 "ta1ility 2e3uire#ents........................................................................2B-3(
1$.2 Design )oads........................................................................................2B-3(
SHAH CONSULT I NTERNATI ONAL ( P.) LTD. 2B
PART 2B CONCRETE DI VERSI ON STRUCTURES
1$.3 )oading 0onditions..............................................................................2B-$1
1$.$ "ta1ility 0alculations...........................................................................2B-$3
1$.5 "ta1ility 0riteria..................................................................................2B-$$
15. STRESS ANALYSIS..........................................................................2B-44
15.1 "tatic 4nalysis......................................................................................2B-$$
15.2 Dyna#ic 4nalysis.................................................................................2B-$6
16. PIERS..............................................................................................2B-47
16.1 Proportioning.......................................................................................2B-$'
16.2 "tructural Design................................................................................2B-$.
17. DIVIDE #ALLS................................................................................2B-4!
1'.1 Proportioning.......................................................................................2B-5(
1'.2 "tructural Design................................................................................2B-5(
1. CONTRACTION JOINTS..................................................................2B-51
1..1 4rrange#ent o* 5oints.........................................................................2B-51
1..2 )ocation and "pacing..........................................................................2B-51
1..3 "hear 6eys...........................................................................................2B-51
1..$ 7aterstops...........................................................................................2B-52
1..5 For#ed Drains.....................................................................................2B-52
1!. GALLERIES AND OTHER OPENINGS.............................................2B-53
19.1 Types o* 8alleries and 9penings.........................................................2B-53
19.2 8allery Details.....................................................................................2B-5$
19.3 "tructural Design................................................................................2B-5$
2". BRIDGES ACROSS OVERFLO# SECTIONS....................................2B-55
2(.1 Design 0riteria.....................................................................................2B-55
2(.2 !aterials..............................................................................................2B-55
SHAH CONSULT I NTERNATI ONAL ( P.) LTD. 2B
DESI GN GUI DELI NES FOR HEADWORKS OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
2B
Concrete Diversion Structures
1. PURPOSE
Part 2B o* the Design Guidelines for Headworks of Hydropower
Projects pro&ides technical criteria and guidance *or the design o*
concrete di&ersion structures *or head-or:s o* run-o*-ri&er
hydropo-er pro;ects in +epal. The guidelines are intended to ensure
sa*e and econo#ical design o* these structures -ith due
consideration o* rele&ant issues particularly those arising *ro#
conditions typical to +epal.
2. SCOPE
The guidelines co&er the design o* concrete di&ersion structures
dee#ed suita1le *or run-o*-ri&er hydropo-er pro;ects in +epal. These
structures include -eirs 1arrages and di&ersion structures -ith non-
o&er,o- and gated o&er,o- sections.
The guidelines deal -ith con&entional concrete gra&ity di&ersion
structures only. This class o* di&ersion structures has 1een *ocused on
pri#arily 1ecause its per*or#ance under typical +epali conditions is
-ell esta1lished and understood through its e<tensi&e use in e<isting
run-o*-ri&er hydropo-er pro;ects in +epal. 9ther types o* concrete
di&ersion structures such as hollo- concrete gra&ity di&ersion
structures and concrete 1uttress di&ersion structures ha&e not 1een
included as the speciali=ed e<perience and technology needed *or
the# is not a&aila1le in +epal and their increased cost o* *or#-or:
and rein*orce#ent steel re3uired is :no-n to o>set the sa&ings in
concrete o>ered 1y the#. )i:e-ise roller-co#pacted concrete
di&ersion structures ha&e not 1een considered as the econo#y in
SHAH CONSULT I NTERNATI ONAL ( P.) LTD. 2B- 1
Part
construction ti#e o>ered 1y their technology is not li:ely to
signi/cantly in,uence the o&erall construction period o* run-o*-ri&er
hydropo-er de&elop#ents en&isaged in +epal. "e#i-per#anent or
te#porary type o* di&ersion structures -hich are also planned in
so#e pro;ects are not included in the guidelines as they are site
speci/c in nature? ho-e&er the general principles discussed in the
guidelines #ay 1e *ollo-ed *or design o* such structures.
The guidelines presented in this part co&er the hydraulic and
structural design o* the non-o&er,o- and o&er,o- sections o*
concrete gra&ity di&ersion structures on per#ea1le and i#per#ea1le
*oundations. They discuss design considerations and data selection o*
design para#eters deter#ination o* layout and pro/les hydraulic
design load conditions sta1ility re3uire#ents stress analysis and
structural design o* these sections. Design procedures *or other
ele#ents related to these sections such as aprons energy
dissipators /sh passage etc. are presented in other parts o* the
guidelines.
3. TERMINOLOGY
Ter#s used in these guidelines are de/ned 1elo-@
4Au< Di>erence in -ater le&el at any point upstrea# o*
di&ersion structure 1e*ore and a*ter its construction.
4pron Hori=ontal i#per&ious sur*ace pro&ided on upstrea#
andBor do-nstrea# side o* di&ersion structure to
reduce upli*t and seepage.
Bloc:-out Te#porary recess pro&ided in structure to *acilitate
proper e#1ed#ent o* steel /<tures or gates trestles
etc. and -hich are concreted a*ter their /<ing.
0a&itation 4 hydrodyna#ic process that occurs 1ehind
irregularities at =ones o* lo- pressure in ,o-
saturated -ith &apor gas 1u11les.
0oncrete
di&ersion
structure
4 solid concrete di&ersion structure designed and
shaped such that its -eight is su>icient to ensure
sta1ility against the e>ects o* all i#posed *orces.
0ontraction
;oint
For#ed sur*ace usually &ertical in a -eir or 1arrage
to create a plane *or the regulation o* &olu#etric
changes
0rest Top o* o&er,o- section o&er -hich -ater ,o-s
do-nstrea#.
0uto> C#per&ious construction placed 1eneath a ri&er
di&ersion structure to protect the structure against
scour and possi1le piping due to e<cessi&e e<it
gradients o* the seepage ,o- 1elo- the *oundations.
Di&ide -all 7all usually constructed at right angles to the a<is o*
the -eir or 1arrage and generally e<tending 1eyond
the #ain structure to separate the undersluices ri&er
sluices and spill-ays into independent 1ays *or
*acilitating regulation in ,o-.
%<it gradient "lope Dor gradientE o* hydraulic grade line *or su1soil
seepage ,o- at the e<it end o* the structure -here the
seepage -ater co#es out *ro# su1soil.
Fetch "traight line distance along the -ind direction Dalong
central radial o* *etchE o&er open -ater on -hich the
-ind 1lo-s.
Filter 8raded #aterials used *or design o* hydraulic
structures.
Free1oard Fertical distance 1et-een a speci/ed still -ater pool
sur*ace ele&ation and the top o* the di&ersion
structure -ithout ca#1er.
Full supply
le&el
)e&el o* -ater i##ediately upstrea# o* the -eir or
1arrage re3uired to *acilitate -ithdra-al o* design
,o- discharge into the po-er inta:e.
8allery )ong narro- passage inside a ri&er di&ersion
structure used *or access inspection grouting or
drilling o* drain holes.
8lacis "loping portion o* the da# upstrea# and do-nstrea#
o* the crest o* the ri&er di&ersion structure.
Ha=ard "ituation -hich creates the potential *or ad&erse
conse3uences such as loss o* li*e property da#age
etc.
Ha=ard
potential
Potential *or loss o* hu#an li*e or property da#age in
the area do-nstrea# o* the di&ersion structure in the
e&ent o* its *ailure or incorrect operation.
Heel o*
structure
)ocation -here the upstrea# *ace o* the di&ersion
structure intersects the *oundation.
Cn,o- design
,ood
Flood ,o- a1o&e -hich the incre#ental increase in
-ater sur*ace ele&ation due to *ailure o* a di&ersion
structure is no longer considered to present an
unaccepta1le threat to do-nstrea# li*e or property.
!ini#u#
*ree1oard
Di>erence in ele&ation 1et-een the top o* the
di&ersion structure and the #a<i#u# reser&oir -ater
sur*ace that -ould result *ro# routing the in,o-
design ,ood through the reser&oir.
!onolith "ection or 1loc: o* the ri&er di&ersion structure
1ounded 1y trans&erse contraction ;oints.
+on-o&er,o-
section
"ection o* the ri&er di&ersion structure that is
designed not to 1e o&ertopped.
+or#al
*ree1oad
Di>erence in ele&ation 1et-een the top o* the
di&ersion structure and the nor#al #a<i#u# pool
ele&ation.
9&er,o-
section
Portion o* a -eir or 1arrage usually occupied 1y a
spill-ay -hich allo-s the o&er,o- o* -ater. 4lso
re*erred to as spill-ay section.
9&er,o-
section
capacity
Design in,o- ,ood -hich a di&ersion structure can
sa*ely pass.
"top log Fa1ricated concrete structural steel or -ooden unit
utili=ed *or te#porary closure o* any 1ay to *acilitate
repair o* gates and other co#ponents o* the 1ay.
Tail-ater %le&ation o* the -ater sur*ace do-nstrea# *ro# a
ele&ation -eir or 1arrage.
Toe o*
structure
)ocation -here the do-nstrea# *ace o* the di&ersion
structure intersects the *oundation.
Trans&erse
;oint
4 ;oint nor#al to the longitudinal a<is o* the -eir or
1arrage.
Gpli*t
pressure
Gp-ard -ater pressure in the pores o* concrete or
roc: or along the 1ase o* the di&ersion structure.
7ater stop Thin sheet o* #etal ru11er plastic or other #aterial
placed across ;oints in concrete di&ersion structures to
pre&ent seepage o* -ater through the ;oint.
7eir Hydraulic structures in ri&ers o&er -hich controlled
,o- o* -ater ta:es place.
4. DESIGN OBJECTIVES
4 concrete ri&er di&ersion structure shall 1e designed to create a
hydraulically e>icient and structurally ade3uate arrange#ent that
satis/es the *ollo-ing *unctional re3uire#ents in a sa*e and
econo#ical #anner@
a. 7ithdra-al o* desired 3uantity o* -ater *or po-er generation -ith
or -ithout pondage.
1. Passage o* surplus ,o-s to the do-nstrea# ri&er channel.
c. "a*e passage o* ,ood ,o-s to the do-nstrea# ri&er channel.
d. Passage o* trash ,oating de1ris and ice.
e. Passage o* sedi#ents including large 1oulders.
5. SCOPE OF DESIGN
The o1;ecti&es listed in "ection $ shall 1e attained through proper
hydraulic and structural design o* di>erent co#ponents o* the
di&ersion structure. 8enerally the design shall entail@
a. 8eneral arrange#ent o* the di&ersion structure.
1. Deter#ination o* suita1le pro/les and sections.
c. Hydraulic design o* co#ponents.
d. "tructural design o* co#ponents.
These acti&ities shall 1e per*or#ed in accordance -ith the design
principles and procedures discussed in the *ollo-ing sections.
6. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
0oncrete di&ersion structures *or run-o*-ri&er hydropo-er pro;ects
shall 1e designed as solid concrete structures capa1le o*@
a. Pro&iding a tight and i#per&ious 1arrier *or di&erting andBor
retaining -ater *or po-er generation.
1. !aintaining sta1ility against design loads through their geo#etric
shape and the #ass and strength o* the concrete.
c. Pro&iding ade3uate -ater-ay *or sa*ely passing ,ood ,o-s to
pre&ent o&ertopping and possi1le *ailure o* the di&ersion structure.
d. Pro&iding ade3uate head and -ater-ay to ,ush trash de1ris and
sedi#ent loads -ithout causing signi/cant structural da#age or
distress to the -ater-ays.
. TYPICAL ELEMENTS
4 concrete di&ersion structure *or run-o*-ri&er hydropo-er pro;ects
shall typically consist o* the *ollo-ing co#ponents@
a. 4 non-o&er,o- section *or di&erting andBor retaining -ater.
1. 4n o&er,o- section *or passing e<cess ,o-s or ,ood ,o-s
consisting o* the *ollo-ing@
i. 4 gated or ungated control structure *or regulating ,o-s in the
o&er,o- section.
ii. 4 discharge channel DglacisE *or con&eying ,o- released *ro#
the control structure to the do-nstrea# ri&er 1ed &ia the
ter#inal structure.
iii. 4 ter#inal structure *or returning the discharge through the
o&er,o- section to the ri&er -ithout causing serious scour or
da#age.
i&. Training -alls *or guiding the ,o- *ro# the o&er,o- section
into the do-nstrea# ri&er channel.
&. Di&ide -alls *or separating di>erent o&er,o- 1ays o* the
di&ersion structure.
&i. Piers *or supporting 1ridges and di>erent #echanis#s *or gate
operation.
&ii. 0rest gates *or controlling ,o-s past the di&ersion
structure.
&iii. Bridge *or access to pedestrian and &ehicular tra>ic
1et-een non-o&er,o- sections and *or access or support *or the
operating #achinery *or crest gates.
c. 4n undersluice *or ,ushing 1ed loads past the ri&er inta:e.
d. 8alleries sha*ts and other openings *or *oundation grouting
drainage inspection gate operation etc.
e. Gpstrea# andBor do-nstrea# aprons to reduce upli*t under
di&ersion structures on per#ea1le *oundations.
*. 0uto>s and /lters to reduce upli*t under di&ersion structures on
per#ea1le *oundations.
g. Fish ladders /sh 1ypass syste#s etc. to *acilitate /sh #o&e#ent
past the di&ersion structure.
h. 8uide 1an:s.
!. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
0oncrete di&ersion structures shall generally 1e constructed on a
straight a<is 1ut they #ay also 1e slightly cur&ed or angled to
acco##odate speci/c site conditions. 0ur&ed plans #ay 1e
considered i* the upstrea# cur&ature locates that part o* the
di&ersion structure on higher 1edroc: *oundation and there1y adds to
econo#y and sa*ety.
The non-o&er,o- and o&er,o- sections shall *or# integral parts o*
the concrete di&ersion structure. For a particular site the relati&e
lengths o* these sections shall depend on the total ri&er -ater-ay and
the length o* o&er,o- section needed to pass the design ,oods sa*ely
past the di&ersion structure. The lengths shall 1e decided 1ased on
pro&isions o* "ections 1(.1 and 11.2.2. Cn the li#iting case the
di&ersion structure #ay consist o* an o&er,o- section only.
The o&er,o- section #ay 1e gated or ungated. 8ated o&er,o-
sections shall 1e di&ided into a nu#1er o* 1ays -ith the help o* piers.
The -idth o* the 1ays shall pri#arily depend on the #a<i#u# -idth
o* gate a&aila1le or desira1le. Gnless re3uired *or constructing
&ehicular access 1ridges across the# ungated o&er,o- sections shall
ha&e a single 1ay.
Depending on re3uire#ents *or te#perature control the di&ersion
structure #ay 1e di&ided into #onoliths that are separated 1y
trans&erse contraction ;oints. !onoliths o* relati&ely high di&ersion
structure #ay 1e *urther di&ided into se&eral 1loc:s using
longitudinal ;oints. These ;oints shall 1e located according to the
pro&isions o* "ection %rror@ 2e*erence source not *ound.
%<cept in lo- di&ersion structures a syste# o* galleries adits and
sha*ts shall 1e pro&ided -ithin the 1ody o* the di&ersion structure to
*urnish #eans o* access and space *or drilling and grouting. Cn gated
structures cha#1ers and access galleries shall also 1e pro&ided *or
installation operation and #aintenance o* accessories and utilities.
4ccess 1ridges across o&er,o- sections shall 1e supported on piers.
Cn the case o* ungated o&er,o- sections -ith no &ehicular tra>ic
access across the o&er,o- section #ay 1e pro&ided 1y a s#all access
1ridge or 1y stair sha*ts and a gallery 1eneath the spill-ay crest.
". DESIGN DATA
0oncrete di&ersion structures shall 1e designed 1ased on data on
topography *oundation properties seis#ological para#eters
hydrology #eteorology sedi#ents en&iron#ent and structural
#aterials.
".1 T#$#%&'$()*'+ D','
Data on the topography shall 1e ade3uate to prepare the layout and
pro/les o* the di>erent co#ponents o* the di&ersion structure to
esti#ate the upstrea# su1#ergence due to -ater i#pound#ent and
to assess the do-nstrea# ha=ard potential due to *ailure o* the
di&ersion structure. These data shall pri#arily consist o* the
*ollo-ing@
a. 8eneral topography o* the area upstrea# and do-nstrea# o* the
head-or:s site.
1. +atural and #an#ade *eatures in the &icinity o* the head-or:s
including #a;or in*rastructure settle#ents etc.
c. Detailed topography o* the di&ersion structure site including
land*or#s contours etc.
d. )ongitudinal pro/le and cross-sections o* the ri&er at upstrea# o*
and do-nstrea# o* the di&ersion structure site.
These data shall 1e o1tained through the topographic sur&ey
procedures discussed in Part 14 o* the guidelines.
".2 F#-./',)#. P&#$0&,)01
Data on the *oundation properties shall 1e su>icient to conduct
sta1ility stress settle#ent and seepage analyses re3uired *or the
design o* the di&ersion structure. For each lithologic unit present at
the site the *ollo-ing inde< and engineering properties shall 1e
needed@
a. Cnde< properties such as unit -eight density and coe>icient o*
per#ea1ility.
1. De*or#ation #odulus.
c. "tatic strength properties such as allo-a1le 1earing pressure and
shear strength including the shear strength along the roc:-
structure inter*ace.
d. Dyna#ic strength properties including elastic #odulus and
PoissonHs ratio.
These properties shall 1e deri&ed *ro# the la1oratory and /eld
procedures discussed in Part 1B o* the guidelines. The de*or#ation
#odulus thus o1tained shall account *or the e>ect o* roc:
inho#ogeneity due partially to roc: discontinuities on the *oundation
1eha&ior. 0are shall 1e e<ercised to ensure that the strength
properties o* discontinuities and the -ea:est *oundation #aterials
i.e. so*t =ones in shears and *aults are not #issed. To account *or
uncertainties a lo-er and upper 1ound *or the *oundation #odulus
shall 1e needed *or each roc: type #odeled in the dyna#ic analyses.
".3 H2/&#+#%23 M0,0#&#+#%)*'+ './ S0/)40.,#+#%2
Hydrological #eteorological and sedi#ent data shall 1e needed to
prepare the layouts and pro/les o* di>erent co#ponents o* the
di&ersion structure. These data shall consist o* the *ollo-ing@
a. Discharges *or ,oods o* di>erent return periods including the
Pro1a1le !a<i#u# Flood DP!FE and the corresponding ,ood
le&els.
1. Discharge due to 8lacial )a:e 9ut1urst Flood D8)9FE i*
applica1le and its anticipated ,ood le&el.
c. 2i&er stage and discharge at the site.
d. +or#al -ater le&el D+7)E or *ull supply le&el DF")E and high ,ood
le&el DHF)E.
e. 7ind &elocities and direction.
*. %sti#ate o* the 3uantity o* suspended sedi#ents and 1ed loads in
the ri&er.
The hydrological and sedi#ent data shall 1e o1tained through
procedures discussed in Parts 10 and 1D respecti&ely o* the
guidelines. 7ind data shall 1e the #ost relia1le data a&aila1le that
are applica1le to the site. They shall 1e o1tained *ro# site
#easure#ents.
".4 S0)14#+#%)*'+ P'&'40,0&1
"eis#ological para#eters shall 1e re3uired *or sta1ility and stress
analysis o* the di&ersion structure. The principal para#eters needed
*or these analyses include the *ollo-ing@
a. 0ontrolling #a<i#u# credi1le earth3ua:e D!0%E and operating
1asis earth3ua:e D9B%E.
1. Design response spectra *or the controlling earth3ua:es.
c. 4ppropriate acceleration-ti#e records co#pati1le -ith the design
response spectra.
These data shall 1e esta1lished through procedures descri1ed in Part
1% o* the guidelines.
".5 E.5)&#.40.,
%n&iron#ent-related data shall 1e needed to assess the upstrea#
su1#ergence due to -ater i#pound#ent do-nstrea# ha=ard
potential due to *ailure o* the di&ersion structure and the do-nstrea#
riparian needs. They shall also 1e re3uired to design /sh passages.
The principal data *or these purposes shall consist o* the *ollo-ing@
a. "ettle#ents agricultural lands cultural religious or
archaeological sites etc. around the head-or:s area.
1. Do-nstrea# -ater uses such as irrigation -ater #ills etc.
c. Types o* #igrating /sh in the ri&er.
d. +a&iga1ility o* the ri&er 1e*ore the construction o* di&ersion
structure.
".6 S,&-*,-&'+ M',0&)'+1
Data on the properties o* structural #aterials shall 1e re3uired *or
sta1ility analysis stress analysis and structural design. For concrete
di&ersion structures these #aterials shall include concrete and
rein*orcing steel.
9.6.1 Concrete Properties
For each grade o* concrete used in the di&ersion structure the
*ollo-ing properties shall 1e re3uired@
a. Gnit -eight.
1. 0o#pressi&e tensile and shear strengths.
c. %lastic properties such as instantaneous #odulus o* elasticity
PoissonHs ratio and creep.
d. Ther#al properties such as coe>icient o* ther#al e<pansion
ther#al conducti&ity speci/c heat and di>usi&ity.
For preli#inary design &alues o* these properties #ay 1e o1tained
*ro# e<isting sources o* in*or#ation on si#ilar #aterials. Ho-e&er
*or /nal design these &alues shall 1e o1tained *ro# la1oratory testing
and /eld in&estigations. The co#pressi&e strength shall 1e
deter#ined *ro# the standard uncon/ned co#pression test e<cluding
creep e>ects. )i:e-ise the tensile strength shall 1e deter#ined *ro#
the #odulus o* rupture test or the splitting tension test 1earing in
#ind that the *or#er pro&ides results consistent -ith the assu#ed
linear elastic 1eha&ior used in design. The shear strength along
construction ;oints or at the inter*ace -ith the roc: *oundation #ay
1e esti#ated 1y the linear relationship
E$. 1
tan + c
-here is the shear stress in !Pa c is the cohesion in !Pa is the
nor#al stress in !Pa and is the angle o* internal *riction.
The instantaneous #odulus o* elasticity o* concrete shall 1e
deter#ined *ro# stress-strain cur&es o1tained *ro# uncon/ned
co#pression tests -hile its PoissonHs ratio shall 1e *ound *ro#
#easure#ent o* a<ial and lateral strains during these tests.
4ppro<i#ate &alues *or creep shall generally 1e 1ased on reduced
&alues o* the instantaneous #odulus. Ho-e&er -hen design re3uires
#ore e<act &alues creep shall 1e 1ased on the standard test *or creep
o* concrete in co#pression.
0oncrete properties re3uired *or linear elastic dyna#ic analysis
na#ely unit -eight IoungHs #odulus o* elasticity and PoissonHs ratio
shall 1e 1ased on concrete ha&ing su>icient age to represent the
ulti#ate concrete properties as nearly as practica1le. 9ne-year-old
speci#ens shall 1e pre*erred. Gsually upper and lo-er 1ound &alues
o* IoungHs #odulus o* elasticity shall 1e *ound to 1rac:et the
possi1ilities.
0o#pressi&e and tensile strengths re3uired to e&aluate the results o*
the dyna#ic analysis shall 1e o1tained *ro# the #ethods #entioned
a1o&e. The static tensile strength deter#ined 1y the splitting tensile
test #ay 1e increased 1y 33 percent to 1e co#para1le to the standard
#odulus o* rupture test.
To study crac: initiation -ithin #ass concrete using linear /nite
ele#ent analysis the &alue o* tensile strength shall 1e deri&ed *ro#
the #odulus o* rupture test. This strength shall 1e increased 1y 5(
percent -hen used -ith seis#ic loading to account *or rapid loading.
9.6.2 Reinforcing Steel
The yield strength o* each grade o* rein*orcing steel shall 1e needed
*or the structural design o* the concrete di&ersion structures. This
&alue shall 1e attained *ro# tensile strength tests o* sa#ple
rein*orcing 1ars.
9.6.3 Backfill
Bac:/ll properties including those o* e#1an:#ent /lls shall 1e
re3uired *or co#putation o* earth pressures against the di&ersion
structure in sta1ility and stress analyses. 8enerally the *ollo-ing
properties shall 1e needed@
a. Dry saturated and su1#erged unit -eight o* 1ac:/lls or
e#1an:#ent /lls.
1. 4ngle o* internal *riction.
c. 0ohesion.
These properties shall to 1e deter#ined 1ased on la1oratory tests and
/eld in&estigations discussed in Part 1B o* the guidelines.
16. NON7OVERFLOW SECTION
The design o* the non-o&er,o- section shall consist o* deter#ining its
length and pro/le including its top ele&ation and upstrea# and
do-nstrea# slopes.
16.1 L0.%,( #8 N#.7#50&8+#9 S0*,)#.
The length o* the non-o&er,o- section L
no
shall 1e deter#ined 1y
su1tracting the re3uired length o* the o&er,o- section L
o
*ro# the
total -ater-ay o* the ri&er B i.e.
E$. 2
o no
L B L
For this purpose L
o
shall 1e co#puted in accordance -ith "ection
11.2.2. Cn deep and con/ned ri&ers -ith sta1le 1an:s B shall
appro<i#ately 1e ta:en e3ual to the actual -idth o* the ri&er at the
design ,ood. Ho-e&er *or #eandering allu&ial ri&ers B shall 1e
esti#ated 1y )aceyHs e3uation DFarshney et al. 19.2E
E$. 3 f
Q B
-here Q
f
is the design ,ood discharge in #
3
Bs and is )aceyHs
coe>icient depending upon the hydro-geo#orphological
characteristics o* the ri&er channel and ranging 1et-een $.' to $.9
*or collu&ial channels 1et-een $.1 to $.' *or channels -ith 1oulder-
gra&el #i<ed soils and 1et-een 3.6 to $.1 *or roc:y channels
16.2 P&#8)+0
The pro/le o* the non-o&er,o- section shall 1e /<ed 1y /nding an
opti#u# cross-section that #eets the sta1ility and stress criteria *or
each loading conditions that the section is li:ely to 1e su1;ect to. The
design cross-section shall generally 1e esta1lished at the #a<i#u#
height section and used along the rest o* the non-o&er,o- section to
pro&ide a s#ooth pro/le.
For deter#ining the design section a preli#inary pro/le o* the non-
o&er,o- section shall 1e assu#ed 1ased on guidance pro&ided in
"ection 1(.2.1 and this pro/le shall 1e chec:ed *or its sta1ility and
state o* stress through sta1ility and stress analysis techni3ues
discussed in "ections 1$ and 15. C* *ound unsta1le or o&erstressed
this section shall 1e #odi/ed and reanaly=ed repeatedly till an
accepta1le cross-section that #eets the sta1ility and stress criteria is
arri&ed at.
10.2.1 Selection of Preliminary Profile
The upstrea# *ace o* the non-o&er,o- section shall generally 1e
&ertical 1ut it #ay include a 1atter to increase sliding sta1ility
DFigure 1E. Cts do-nstrea# *ace shall usually ha&e a uni*or# slope
transitioning into a &ertical *ace near the crest. Cn order to #eet
sta1ility re3uire#ents the do-nstrea# slope shall usually 1e in the
range o* (.'H J (..H to 1F -ith ,atter slopes 1eing selected *or
higher upli*t and seis#ic *orces.
The crest o* the non-o&er,o- section shall ha&e su>icient thic:ness to
resist the i#pact o* ,oating o1;ects and ice loads i* any. Ct shall also
*ul/ll re3uire#ents *or road-ay and access to gate-operating
#echanis#. Cn any case the top -idth o* the crest shall not 1e less
than 1.5 #.
The crest ele&ation shall acco##odate the #ost critical co#1ination
o* -ater sur*ace and *ree1oard co#ponents deter#ined in
accordance -ith guidelines pro&ided in "ection 1(.2.2. 4ccordingly
the crest shall 1e esta1lished at the higher o* the ele&ations
deter#ined *ro# the *ollo-ing co#1inations o* -ater sur*ace and
*ree1oard@
a. +or#al -ater le&el -ith nor#al *ree1oard.
1. !a<i#u# -ater le&el -ith #ini#u# *ree1oard.
To reduce stress concentration *ro# seis#ic *orces the crest #ass o*
non-o&er,o- sections shall 1e :ept to a #ini#u#. For this purpose
cur&ed transitions shall also 1e pro&ided at slope changes.
!7)
Drainagegallery
8routingand
Dec:
F
H
H
F
F%&'() 1* T+,%-./ 010-12)(314 5)-6%10 17 -10-()6) 8%2)(5%10
56('-6'()
10.2.2 Freeboar
Free1oard shall pro&ide an ade3uate #argin o* sa*ety against
o&ertopping *ailure o* the non-o&er,o- section. Ct #ay not 1e
necessary to pre&ent splashing or occasional o&ertopping o* the
concrete section 1y -a&es under e<tre#e conditions? ho-e&er the
nu#1er and duration o* such occurrences shall not threaten the
structural integrity o* the structure inter*ere -ith pro;ect operation
or create ha=ards to personnel. C* studies sho- that the non-o&er,o-
section can -ithstand the P!F -hile o&ertopped -ithout signi/cant
erosion o* *oundation or a1ut#ent #aterial no *ree1oard #ay 1e
re3uired *or the P!F condition.
10.2.2.1 Freeboar Components
The total *ree1oard shall include only those co#ponents o* *ree1oard
that ha&e a reasona1le pro1a1ility o* si#ultaneous occurrence *or a
particular -ater le&el. 8enerally the *ollo-ing *ree1oard co#ponents
shall 1e considered@
a. 7ind-generated -a&e height and setup.
1. 7a&es due to earth3ua:es.
c. 2ise o* -ater le&el caused 1y #al*unction o* gates.
d. )andslide-generated -a&es andBor displace#ent o* pondage
&olu#e.
10.2.2.2 Comp!tation of Freeboar
The #ini#u# *ree1oard H
fm
shall 1e deter#ined *ro# the relation
D5apanese +ational 0o##ittee on Da#s 19'6E
E$. 4
( )
l a e s w fm
h h h w h H + + + 5 . ( #a<
-here h
w
is the -a&e height due to -ind w
s
is the -ind setup h
e
is
the height o* -a&e due to earth3ua:es h
a
is the rise o* -ater le&el
due to #al*unctioning o* o&er,o- gates and h
l
is the height o* -a&e
due to landslide.
"i#ilarly the nor#al *ree1oard H
fn
shall 1e co#puted *ro# the
relation
E$. 5 l a e s w fn
h h h w h H + + + + 5 . (
10.2.2.3 "a#e $eig%t !e to "in
The -a&e height due to -ind h
w
and the -ind setup w
s
shall 1e
deter#ined using &alues o* e>ecti&e *etch -ind &elocity o&er -ater
and standard -a&e height. "a&illeKs #ethod #ay 1e used *or this
purpose.
10.2.2.& "a#e $eig%t !e to 'art%(!ake
The -a&e height due to earth3ua:es h
e
shall 1e e&aluated *ro# the
e3uation D5+0D 19'6E
E$. 6
(
2
gH h
h
e
-here
h
is the coe>icient o* hori=ontal acceleration *or the #a<i#u#
credi1le earth3ua:e is the period o* seis#ic -a&es in second g is
the acceleration due to gra&ity in #Bs
2
and H
(
is the depth o* reser&oir
-ater in #.
10.2.2.) "a#e !e to *ate +alf!nction
The rise in -ater le&el h
a
due to #al*unctioning o* o&er,o- section
gates #ay 1e considered to 1e in proportion to the ,ood discharge
and the duration o* #al*unction and in in&erse proportion to the
sur*ace area o* the pondage and the nu#1er o* gates. Due to
uncertainties in its prediction h
a
shall 1e esti#ated 1y ;udg#ent?
ho-e&er its standard &alue #ay 1e ta:en as a1out (.5 #.
10.2.2.6 "a#e !e to ,anslie
Free1oard allo-ance *or -a&e and &olu#e displace#ent due to
potential landslides -hich cannot 1e econo#ically re#o&ed or
sta1ili=ed shall 1e considered i* a reser&oir is located in a topographic
setting -here the -a&e or higher -ater resulting *ro# displace#ent
#ay 1e destructi&e to the di&ersion structure or #ay cause serious
do-nstrea# da#age. For #ini#u# *ree1oard this allo-ance shall 1e
#ade only *or cases -here landslides could 1e triggered 1y the
occurrence o* higher -ater ele&ations and intense precipitation
associated -ith the occurrence o* the in,o- design ,ood.
10.2.2.- +inim!m Freeboar
Cn any case the height o* the *ree1oard *or non-o&er,o- sections
shall not 1e less than the &alues gi&en in Ta1le 1.
T.9/) 1* M%0%:': 7())91.(8 71( 010-12)(314 5)-6%105
Height o* structure
D#E
Free1oard D#E
)ess than 5( 1.(
5( to 1(( 2.(
9&er 1(( 2.5
D"ource@ 5apanese +ational 0o##ittee on Da#s 19'6E
11. OVERFLOW SECTION
The o&er,o- section o* the concrete di&ersion structure #ay 1e an
ogee-shaped or a 1road-crested -eir. The design o* this section shall
consist o* deter#ination o* its o&erall pro/le and hydraulic and
structural design o* its co#ponents.
11.1 P&#8)+0
The upstrea# *ace o* the o&er,o- section shall ha&e the sa#e
con/guration as the non-o&er,o- section. To pre&ent da#age to the
concrete structure and stoplog groo&es *ro# the i#pact o* gra&el
stones and 1oulders a &ertical upstrea# *ace o* the o&er,o- section
shall 1e a&oided. Cn general the upstrea# *ace o* the section shall
ha&e a slope o* 1F@1H or #ilder do-n to a le&el o* three to /&e #etres
1elo- the o&er,o- crest.
The do-nstrea# *ace o* the o&er,o- section shall 1e an in&erted "-
shaped DFigure 2E. Cts upper cur&e shall con*or# closely to the pro/le
o* the lo-er nappe o* a &entilated sheet *alling *ro# a sharp-crested
-eir. Flo- o&er the crest shall 1e #ade to adhere to the *ace o* the
pro/le 1y pre&enting access o* air to the underside o* the -ater
sheet. The pro/le 1elo- the upper cur&e o* the ogee shall 1e
continued tangent along a slope to support the -ater sheet on the
*ace o* the o&er,o-. 4 re&erse cur&e at the 1otto# o* the slope shall
turn the ,o- onto the apron o* a stilling 1asin.
The pro/le o* the o&er,o- section shall 1e designed in a #anner
si#ilar to that o* the non-o&er,o- section. Ct shall co#ply -ith the
sta1ility and stress criteria discussed in "ection 1(.2.
11.2 H2/&'-+)* D01)%.
The hydraulic design o* the o&er,o- section shall ensure that the
section controls ,o-s and con&eys the# *ro# the pool to the tail
-ater *or all ,ood discharges up to the in,o- design ,ood DCDFE. The
design shall consist o* deter#ining the length o* the o&er,o- section
*or ,ood ,o-s and ice passage its crest ele&ation and pro/le
discharge channel and ter#inal structure.
11.2.1 Selection of .esign Parameters
The principal para#eters re3uired *or the hydraulic design o*
o&er,o- sections include the CDF the per#issi1le speci/c discharge
o&er the section and the li#iting ,o- &elocity o&er the section.
11.2.1.1 /nflo0 .esign Floo
The CDF shall 1e selected 1ased on the conse3uences o* *ailure o* the
di&ersion structure. The pri#ary conse3uences that shall 1e
considered are@
%<tent o* the potential da#age to li*e and property do-nstrea#.
)oss o* pro;ect *acility.
)oss o* pro;ect re&enue.
4<iso* da#
1(..5 $..$5 1(.($
8antrycrane
!a<. 2eser&oir7.). 52$.((
!in. 2eser&oir7.). 51..((
%) 5(5.((
%) $9'.((
%<istingri&er
1ed %) $9'.((L
1.5
5..$9 6(.((
2adial
gate 0
)
Trunnion
%)511.((
"hip
ladder
Hydraulic
hoist
8antrycrane
0
)
Trunnion
41rasion resistant
concrete
2iprap
1.$395
1
Bridge
"toplog
guide
%l. $9(.((
Bac:/ll concrete
Drainholes
8rout
curtain
11.((
2
M
2
1
.(
(
yM(.(3'591<
1..5
"toplog
slot
Bridge
2.5(
2.5(
F%&'() 2* O2)(314 5)-6%10 17 ;./% G.08.<% =A> H+8(1)/)-6(%- P(1?)-6
@NEAA 2""2B
The relati&e i#portance o* these *actors shall deter#ine the degree o*
conser&atis# to 1e adopted in the selection o* the CDF. 0onser&ati&e
design criteria shall 1e adopted i* the *ailure o* the di&ersion
structure cannot 1e tolerated 1ecause o* the possi1le loss o* li*e and
the potential da#age to property that could approach disastrous
proportions. Ho-e&er a #uch less conser&ati&e design 1asis #ay 1e
resorted to i* *ailure o* the di&ersion structure neither ;eopardi=es
hu#an li*e nor creates da#ages 1eyond the /nancial capa1ility o* the
pro;ect de&eloper. 4ccordingly the guidelines in Ta1le 2 -hich are
1ased on the potential ha=ards due to the *ailure o* the di&ersion
structure #ay 1e used *or selecting the CDF.
T.9/) 2* R)-1::)08)8 %0314 8)5%&0 31185
Ha=ard potential Cn,o- design ,ood
Failure o* the di&ersion structure -ould
increase danger to hu#an li*e and
result in hea&y property da#age
Pro1a1le #a<i#u# ,ood
DP!FE or 8lacier )a:e
9ut1urst Flood D8)9FE
not increase danger to hu#an li*e 1ut
-ould endanger the continued
operation o* responsi1le organi=ation or
-ould cause hea&y property da#age
1(((( year *re3uency
,ood
not ;eopardi=e hu#an li*e the continued
operation o* responsi1le organi=ation or
hea&y property da#age
1((( year *re3uency
,ood
!inor structure -here it is per#issi1le
to anticipate *ailure -ithin the use*ul
li*e o* the pro;ect
1(( year *re3uency ,ood
The #agnitudes o* the P!F 8)9F or ,oods o* di>erent return period
shall 1e selected 1ased on procedures descri1ed in Part 1B o* the
guidelines.
11.2.1.2 Permissible Specific .isc%arge
The #agnitude o* per#issi1le speci/c discharge o&er the crest o* the
o&er,o- section shall 1e /<ed considering the topographical
geological condition o* the head-or:s site type o* energy dissipation
do-nstrea# ,o- transition regi#es and on the 1asis o* technical and
econo#ic calculations. 8enerally the speci/c discharges *or spill-ays
on di>erent *oundation conditions shall 1e selected *ro# the ranges
listed in Ta1le 3.
T.9/) 3* P)(:%55%9/) 5,)-%C- 8%5-D.(&)5 12)( 5,%//4.+ -()565
Type o* *oundation Per#issi1le speci/c discharge
D#
2
BsE
+on-cohesi&e and cohesi&e soils 3( J 5(
"e#i-roc:y *oundation D#ergel
argelite etcE
5( J 9(
2oc:y *oundation Dgneiss schist
3uart=ite etc.E
9( J 12(
D"ource@ F+CC8 19'6E
11.2.1.3 ,imiting 1elocity
To a&oid ca&itation and erosion da#age to the glacis o* the o&er,o-
section ,o- &elocities on the o&er,o- section in e<cess o* 15 #Bs
shall 1e a&oided. 7here this is not possi1le pre&entati&e #easures to
chec: the occurrence o* possi1le ca&itation and erosion da#age shall
1e adopted.
11.2.2 ,engt% an Crest 'le#ation of 2#erflo0 Section
For the :no-n +7) and HF) the length o* the o&er,o- section shall
1e co#puted as
E$. 7
q
Q
L
d
o

-ith
E$. o p idf d
Q Q Q Q
-here L
o
is the total length o* the o&er,o- section Q
d
is the design
,ood *or the o&er,o- section q is the per#issi1le speci/c discharge
Q
idf
is the in,o- design ,ood Q
p
is the discharge di&erted *or po-er
generation and Q
o
is the discharge di&erted *or other purposes.
7ith L
o
deter#ined the /nal length o* the o&er,o- section the
nu#1er o* opening in it and the type and shape o* the piers 1et-een
openings shall 1e /<ed considering speci/c re3uire#ents o* the
head-or:s.
For the :no-n +7) Q
d
nu#1er and types o* the openings in the
o&er,o- section shape o* the piers and a1ut#ents the crest
ele&ation o* the o&er,o- section shall 1e /<ed 1y su1tracting the
head o&er the crest calculated using %3. 1$ *ro# the +7).
11.2.3 Forms of 3b!tments4 "ing "alls an 2t%er Str!ct!res
For#s o* a1ut#ents -ing -alls and other structures connecting the
o&er,o- section -ith the ri&er 1an:s or the non-o&er,o- section shall
1e care*ully chosen to a&oid contraction o* ,o- and &orte< =ones at
the o&er,o- 1ays. This shall 1e particularly i#portant *or lo- and
#ediu# head di&ersion structures -ith high speci/c discharge and
*or di&ersion structures in -hich the non-o&er,o- section is an
earth/ll e#1an:#ent.
For preli#inary selection o* upstrea# a1ut#ents -ing -alls o*
elliptic *or# shall generally 1e considered. The height o* the -all #ay
1e :ept constant throughout it length or #ay 1e decreased to-ards
the upstrea# side. The length o* its #a;or se#i-a<is *or 1.'5NpBH N
$.2 #ay 1e deter#ined *ro# the relationship DF+CC8 19'6E
E$. !
1
6
H
p
H
l
-here l is the length o* the #a;or se#i-a<is o* the ellipse H is the
head o&er the crest o* the o&er,o- section and p is the height o* the
spill-ay da# *ro# the ri&er 1ed.
For the co#puted l the length o* the #inor se#i-a<is o* the ellipse
#ay 1e o1tained using the *ollo-ing relations DF+CC8 19'6E@
E$. 1"
'
>>
0.5 for
for
for
( . 3
5 . ( . . 2
25 . ( 5 . 2
a
l
-ith
E$. 11
i
i
B
b

-here a is the length o* the #inor se#i-a<is o* the ellipse b
i
is the
length o* the right or le*t part o* the o&er,o- section ad;oining the
-ing -all under consideration and B
i
is the respecti&e length o* the
right or le*t part o* the upstrea# ri&er channel.
The elliptic *or# o* the -ing -all #ay then 1e designed using the
relationship DF+CC8 19'6E
E$. 12
2
1 1

,
_
a
y
-here and y are coordinates o* a point on the ellipse.
11.2.& Crest of 2#erflo0 Section
The crest o* the o&er,o- section #ay 1e uncontrolled or gate
controlled. The pro/les and discharging capacities o* t-o types o*
crests shall 1e deter#ined 1ased on the guidelines in the *ollo-ing
sections.
11.2.&.1 5ncontrolle 2gee Crests
The portion o* the crest upstrea# *ro# the crest ape< shall 1e de/ned
as a single cur&e and a tangent or as a co#pound circular cur&e
D%rror@ 2e*erence source not *oundE. )i:e-ise its do-nstrea#
portion shall 1e de/ned 1y the e3uation DG"B2 19'.E
E$. 13
n
o o
H
!
H
y
,
_

-here H
o
is the design head on the crest during design ,ood ! is a
constant -hose &alue depends on the &elocity o* approach o1tained
*ro# %rror@ 2e*erence source not *ound and n is a constant -hose
&alue depends on the upstrea# inclination and on the &elocity o*
approach o1tained *ro# %rror@ 2e*erence source not *ound.
Discharge "apacity
The ogee shall 1e proportioned to discharge the in,o- design ,ood.
The discharge capacity o* the ogee crest shall 1e deter#ined using
the *or#ula DG"B2 19'.E
ho Ho
<
y
ht
Gpstrea# *ace
y
H
(
M-6 D
<
H
(
E
n
9rigin and ape< o* crest
P
%nergy le&el Dstill -ater le&el in the reser&oirE
Discharge Ddesign ,oodE@ O M 0oP)PHo
3B 2
4pproach &elocity@ Ft M
O
)DPQhoE
Felocity head@ ht M
O
2
)
2
2gDPQhoE
2
0rest length@ )
Design head
F%&'() 3* E/):)065 17 0.,,)-5D.,) -()56 ,(1C/) @USBRA 1!7B
"lope o*
the upstrea#*ace
(.$.
(.5(
(.52
(.5$
(.($ ( (.(. (.12 (.16 (.2(
ht
H
(
6
3@1 and steeper
3@2
3@3
F%&'() 4* V./')5 17 K 71( 8)C0%6%10 17 -()56 ,(1C/) @USBRA 1!7B
1.9(
1..5
1..(
1.'5
1.'(
( (.($ (.(. (.12 (.16 (.2(
"lopeo* theupstrea#*ace
Fertical M.@1
3@1
3@2
3@3
ht
H
(
n
F%&'() 5* V./')5 17 n 71( 8)C0%6%10 17 -()56 ,(1C/) @USBRA 1!7B
E$. 14
2
3
e
"LH Q
-here Q is the discharge in #
3
Bs L is the e>ecti&e length o* the crest
in # o1tained *ro# %3. 16 H
e
is the total head on the crest including
&elocity o* approach head in # and " is a &aria1le coe>icient gi&en 1y
E$. 15
o
" k k k k "
$ 3 2 1
-here "
o
is the discharge coe>icient *or head e3ual to design head
DFigure 6E k
1
is the correction *or head other than the design head
DFigure 'E k
2
is the correction *or sloping upstrea# apron DFigure .E
k
3
is the correction *or tail-ater e>ect DFigure 9E and k
$
is the
correction *or head other than the design head DFigure 1(E.
(
2.2(
2.1(
2.((
1.9(
1..(
1.'(
P
H
(
0
o
Ho
P
ht
(.5 1.( 1.5 2.( 2.5 3.(
F%&'() 6* D%5-D.(&) -1)E%-%)065 71( D).85 )$'./ 61 8)5%&0 D).8
@USBRA 1!7B
Ho
Ha
ht
P
( (.2 (.$ (.6 (.. 1.( 1.2 1.$ 1.6
(..
(.9
1.(
1.1
H
(
Ha
0
(
0
:
1
M
F%&'() 7* C1(()-6%10 71( D).85 16D)( 6D.0 8)5%&0 D).8 @USBRA 1!7B
3@1 1.R26K
3@2 33R$1K
3@3 $5R((K
"lope
ht
Ho
P
3@3
3@2
3@1
1.($
1.(2
1.((
(.9.
( (.5 1.( 1.5
P
H(
0

F
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
0

"
l
o
p
i
n
g
:
2
M
"lopeo* upstrea#*ace
F%&'() * C1)E%-%)06 17 8%5-D.(&) 17 5/1,%0& ',56().: 7.-) @USBRA
1!7B
h
d
Ha
Ha
P
ht h
d
1.(
(..
(.6
(.$
(.2
(
( (.1 (.2 (.3 (.$ (.5 (.6 (.' (..
0
(

F
r
e
e

o
&
e
r
,
o
-
0

"
u
1
#
e
r
g
e
d
:
3
M
d
F%&'() !* C1(()-6%10 71( 6.%/4.6)( )E)-6 @USBRA 1!7B
1.(
ht
Ha
P
h
d
d
1.((
(.9(
(..(
(.'6
1.1 1.2 1.$ 1.5 1.6 1.' 1.. 1.3
Ha
h
d
Qd
0
(

F
r
e
e

o
&
e
r
,
o
-
0

"
u
1
#
e
r
g
e
d
:
$
M
F%&'() 1"* C1(()-6%10 8') 61 814056().: .,(10 )E)-6 @USBRA 1!7B
#$ecti%e Length of "rest
The &alue o* e>ecti&e length L used in %3. 1$ shall ta:e into account
the side contractions o* the o&er,o- due to crest piers and
a1ut#ents. 4ccordingly L shall 1e calculated using the relation
DG"B2 19'.E
E$. 16
( )
e a p o
H ! &! L L + 2
-here L
o
is the net length o* the -eir crest in # o1tained *ro# %3. '
& is the nu#1er o* piers !
p
is the pier contraction coe>icient !
a
is
the a1ut#ent contraction coe>icient and H
e
is the total head on the
crest including &elocity o* approach head in #.
0oe>icient !
p
shall 1e o1tained *ro# Ta1le $. )i:e-ise !
a
shall 1e
ta:en *ro# Ta1le 5 in -hich r is the radius o* the a1ut#ent.
T.9/) 4* P%)( -106(.-6%10 -1)E%-%)06
Pier shape
!
p
"3uare-nosed pier -ith corners
rounded on a radius e3ual to
a1out (.1 o* the pier thic:ness
(.(2
2ound-nosed pier (.(1
Pointed-nose pier (
D"ource@ G"B2 19'.E
T.9/) 5* A9'6:)06 -106(.-6%10 -1)E%-%)06
41ut#ent shape
!
a
"3uare a1ut#ents -ith head-all at 9(S
to the direction o* ,o-
(.(2
2ounded a1ut#ents -ith head-all at
9(S to the direction o* ,o- -hen (.5H
o

T r T(.15H
o
(.(1
2ounded a1ut#ents -here r U(.5H
o

(
and head-all is placed not #ore than
$5S to the direction o* ,o-
D"ource@ G"B2 19'.E
'odel (est
Hydraulic #odel tests on ungated ogee crest shall 1e per*or#ed i* the
direction o* ri&er ,o- is not at perpendicular to the crest. The tests
#ay also 1e desira1le i* other site conditions #a:e relia1le
calculation *or design o* the o&er,o- section di>icult.
11.2.&.2 *ate6controlle 2gee Crest
4 gate-controlled ogee crest #ay 1e designed to *ollo- the ideal
nappe pro/le *or #a<i#u# head. 4lternately its pro/le #ay *ollo-
the tra;ectory o* a ;et issuing *ro# an ori/ce ,o- caused 1y releases
*or partial gate openings. Cn the latter case the pro/le shall 1e
de/ned 1y the e3uation DG"B2 19'.E
E$. 17
2
2
cos $
tan
H
y +
-here H is the head on the center o* the opening in # and is the
angle at -hich the ori/ce is inclined *ro# the &ertical.
C* the pro/le o* the -eir *ollo-s the nappe pro/le su1-at#ospheric
pressures that #ay arise along the crest contact #ay 1e #ini#i=ed 1y
placing the gate sill do-nstrea# *ro# the crest o* the ogee so that
steeper tra;ectory #ore nearly con*or#ing to the nappe-shaped
pro/le is attained.
C* su1-at#ospheric pressures are to 1e a&oided along the crest
contact the shape o* the ogee do-nstrea# *ro# the gate sill shall
con*or# to the tra;ectory pro/le corresponding to ori/ce ,o-. This
shall result in a -ider ogee and reduced discharge e>iciency *or *ull
gate opening.
Discharge "apacity
The discharge *or a gated ogee crest at partial gate openings shall 1e
si#ilar to ,o- through lo--head ori/ce and #ay 1e co#puted
through the e3uation DG"B2 19'.E
E$. 1 ( )
2
3
2
3
2 1
2
3
2
H H "L g Q
-here L is the e>ecti&e length o* the -eir crest in # g is the
acceleration due to gra&ity in #Bs
2
H
1
is the total head Dincluding
&elocity head o* approachE to the 1otto# o* the ori/ce in # H
2
is the
total head Dincluding &elocity head o* approachE to the top o* the
ori/ce in # and " is the discharge coe>icient o1tained *ro# Figure
11.
ht
H
2
H
1
1.9(
1.95
2.((
2.(5
2.1(
2.15
( (.1 (.2 (.3 (.$ (.5 (.6 (.'
H
1
H
1
-H
2 2elati&egateopening
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

0
o
>
i
c
i
e
n
t

0
F%&'() 11* D%5-D.(&) -1)E%-%)06 71( 314 '08)( &.6) @USBRA 1!7B
%3. 1. shall 1e used *or co#puting the discharge capacity o* a gated
crest till the gate opening is less than t-o-third o* the upstrea# -ater
depth. 4s a transition to *ree sur*ace ,o- occurs *or larger openings
%3. 1$ shall 1e used *or co#putation o* discharge capacity.
'odel (est
!odel tests shall 1e per*or#ed *or an accurate deter#ination o* the
discharge capacity o* a gated ogee crest. These tests shall study the
e>ects o* the shape and length o* the side -alls the radius and
inclination o* the gates and the location o* the gate in relation to the
crest.
11.2.) *lacis an Flo0 7ransition
The slope and length o* the glacis shall 1e deter#ined 1y the *or#
and di#ensions o* the structure and 1y the sche#e *or transition o*
,o- *ro# the glacis to the do-nstrea# energy dissipation. For the
sur*ace ,o- transition the cur&ilinear transition part shall 1e
ter#inated -ith the nose-tra#plline the le&el o* -hich shall 1e /<ed
1y design or 1y #odel tests.
For a gi&en do-nstrea# ,o- regi#e the glacis and the do-nstrea#
strengthening shall 1e con;ugated s#oothly -ith a cylindrical sur*ace
ha&ing radius gi&en 1y DF+CC8 19'6aE
E$. 1!
( )
o
H ) * + E ( . 1 25 . ( D
-here ) is the di>erence in upstrea# and do-nstrea# -ater le&els
and H
o
is the dyna#ic head o&er the spill-ay crest
Cn order to transit o&er,o- regi#e at the do-nstrea# the height o*
the nose-tra#plline shall e3ual or slightly e<ceed the do-nstrea#
depth o* ,o-. Ct shall 1e deter#ined 1y the *or# o* the structure and
the re3uire#ents *or do-nstrea# ,o- conditions. Cn this case the
radius o* the tra#plline cylindrical sur*ace shall not 1e less than si<
ti#es the ,o- depth at the nose-tra#plline.
11.2.).1 Flo0 Parameters for *lacis
The depths and &elocities o* the gradually &aried ,o- o&er glacis shall
1e deter#ined either 1y co#puter progra#s or 1y dra-ing the -ater
sur*ace pro/le considering energy losses and ,o- aeration. 4eration
shall 1e ta:en into account *ro# a section at -hich the #ean ,o-
&elocity e<ceeds the &elocity gi&en 1y DF+CC8 19'6aE
E$. 2"
1
6 1 2
' . .
1
(11 . (
1 cos 63 . 6

,
_
+ +
*
"
*
g* %
d ba

-here %
ba
is the ,o- &elocity at the section -here aeration 1egins *
is the hydraulic #ean radius
d
is the angle *or#ed 1y the glacis -ith
the hori=ontal and " is 0he=yHs coe>icient o* roughness.
Cn a1sence o* aeration the -ater sur*ace pro/le 1et-een t-o
sections i and iQ1 shall 1e dra-n using the *ollo-ing set o* e3uations
DF+CC8 19'6a 1E@
E$. 21 ( ) l i +
g
%
h
g
%
h
f
i
d i
i
d i
+
+
+
2
cos
2
cos
2 2
1
1

E$. 22
1 1 + +
i i i i
% h % h
-here h
i
is the depth o* ,o- at section i,, %
i
is the &elocity o* ,o- at
section i, g is the acceleration due to gra&ity +is the slope o* the
spill-ay glacis l is the distance 1et-een sections i and iQ1 and i
f
is
the #ean &alue o* the *riction angle o* ,o- in the length considered
gi&en 1y DF+CC8 19'6a 1E.
E$. 23
m m
m
f
* "
%
i
2
2
-here %
m
is the #ean &elocity o* ,o- 1et-een sections i and iQ1 *
m
is the #ean hydraulic radius o* the ,o- section 1et-een sections i
and iQ1 and "
m
is the #ean 0he=yHs coe>icient co#puted using the
relation DF+CC8 19'6aE
E$. 24
6 1
1
m m
*
"
"
Cn the initial part o* the glacis up to 5 to 1( ti#es H, -here head
losses can 1e neglected the depth and &elocity o* ,o- shall 1e
deter#ined *ro# the *ollo-ing e3uations DF+CC8 19'6a 1E
E$. 25
) H
g
%
h
o d
+ +
2
cos
2
E$. 26
%h q
-here ) is the di>erence in ele&ation 1et-een the crest o* the
o&er,o- section and the section o* the glacis under consideration.
The pie=oelectric pressure p on the glacis shall 1e deter#ined *ro#
the *or#ula DF+CC8 19'6a 1E
E$. 27
d i w
h p cos
-here
w
is the unit -eight o* -ater.
0alculation o* the contraction and e<pansion o* the o&er,o- section
and 1ends shall 1e conducted 1y rele&ant *or#ulae *or the tur1ulent
,o- regi#e.
11.2.).2 Parameters for Flo0 7ransition
The air saturated ,o- in the range o* this part due to rise in pressure
and deaeration is relati&ely no so high and cannot 1e considered in
the design. The depth o* ,o- and its &elocity *or high da#s in the /rst
appro<i#ation shall 1e deter#ined -ith the use o* the BernoulliKs
e3uation DF+CC8 19'61E
E$. 2
m m
m
w
c
d d
* "
l % p
g
%
h
g
%
h )
2
2 1
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
1 1
2
cos
2
cos

+ + + + +

-here V is the rise in le&el o* the end section 1ed o* the spill-ay
glacis o&er the section o* cur&ilinear part considered h
1
is the depth
o* ,o- deter#ined -ithout consideration o* aeration l
1-2
is the length
o* the part 1et-een the considered sections h
m
is the #ean &alue o*
the ,o- depth %
m
is the #ean &alue o* the ,o- &elocity *
m
is the
#ean &alue o* the hydraulic radius "
m
is the #ean &alue o* 0he=yHs
coe>icient and
d
is the angle *or#ed 1y the glacis -ith the
hori=ontal.
Cn %3. 2. p
c
B
w
represents the speci/c centri*ugal pressure on the
,o- sur*ace to 1e deter#ined as *Bh
-
6 to . 1y the *or#ula DF+CC8
19'61E
E$. 2!
* g
% h p
w
c
2
1 1
7hen using %3. 2. *or the end section o* transition -hen the supply
o* air a1out the tra#plline is possi1le
E$. 3"
( cos
2 2
+
w
c
d
p
h
i.e. the pressure at the gi&en section 1eco#es e3ual to the

at#ospheric pressure.
Flo- para#eters *or tra#pllines -ith cylindrical sur*ace shall 1e
deter#ined 1y hydraulics o* tur1ulent ,o- regi#e. For lo- and
#ediu# head di&ersion structures the ,o- depth and &elocity at the
end o* the transition shall usually 1e deter#ined 1y the *or#ulae.
E$. 31
1
2 3
1
2
%
H g "
h
d
and
E$. 32 ( )
1 1
2 h ( g %
o

-here (
o
is the speci/c energy o* ,o- 1ehind the structure -ith
respect to the sur*ace o* the stilling 1asin andBor tail-ater sur*ace
le&el and is a &elocity coe>icient &arying *ro# (.9. to (.95.
11.2.6 Ca#itation
The pheno#ena o* ca&itation and ca&itation erosion shall 1e
considered in the design o* o&er,o- sections -hich e<perience high
,o- &elocities generally in e<cess o* 15 #Bs. For this purpose the
possi1ility o* ca&itation on the crest and glacis o* the o&er,o- section
due to possi1le sources shall 1e deter#ined. 7here such possi1ility is
*ound to e<ist suita1le #easures shall 1e adopted to eli#inate the
ca&itation.
11.2.6.1 So!rces of Ca#itation
For predicting the potential *or ca&itation the *ollo-ing sources shall
1e considered@
a. 8eo#etric *or#s o* the ele#ents o* the o&er,o- section such as
1ell #ouths di&ide -alls gate cha#1ers gates and their groo&es
1ends e<pansions re&erse hu#ps etc.
1. )ocal sur*ace irregularities such as hu#ps re&erse hu#ps due to
i#proper *or#-or:s or concrete place#ent rein*orce#ent
protrusions in =ones o* ,o- non-uni*or# ;oints -elding ;oints o*
#etal linings etc.
Prediction o* ca&itation due to the /rst source shall 1e #ade 1ased on
the geo#etrical characteristics o* ele#ent under consideration.
Ho-e&er o-ing to their uncertainty at the design stage the
di#ensions and *or#s o* the second source shall 1e 1ased on the
prototype /eld data.
11.2.6.2 Conitions for Ca#itation
0a&itation shall occur -hen the a1solute pressure in ,o- *alls 1elo-
the pressure o* &apor *or#ation i.e. DF+CC8 19'61E
E$. 33
% s s a s a i
p p p p p p p + +
-here p
i
is the a1solute pressure at the point o* ,o- considered p
a
is
the at#ospheric pressure at the point o* ,o- considered p
s
is the
actual hydrodyna#ic pressure -eighted in ti#e
s
p
is the #ean
hydrodyna#ic pressure -eighted in ti#e p.
s
is the pulsated
hydrodyna#ic pressure -eighted in ti#e and p
%
is the pressure o* the
&apour *or#ation o* ,o- *or the gi&en te#perature.
The &alues o* p
a
and p
%
#ay 1e adopted *ro# Ta1le 6 and Ta1le '
respecti&ely.
T.9/) 6* V./')5 17 .6:15,D)(%- ,()55'() 71( 8%E)()06 ./6%6'8)5
4ltitude a#sl D#E ( 2(( 5(( 1((( 15(( 2(((
4t#ospheric pressure p
a

1.(5 1.(2 (.99 (.9$ (... (..3
D!PaE
D"ource@ DF+CC8 19'61E
T.9/) 7* V./')5 17 ,()55'() 17 2.,1'( 71(:.6%10
7ater te#perature S0 1( 15 2( 25 3(
Pressure o* &apor *or#ation
p
%
D!PaE
(.(13 (.(1' (.(2$ (.(33 (.($5
D"ource@ DF+CC8 19'61E
4lternati&ely ca&itation #ay 1e assu#ed to occur -hen DF+CC8
19'61E
E$. 34
cr i
! !
-here !
cr
is the critical ca&itation para#eter de/ned *or so#e
ele#ents in Ta1le . and !
i
is a ca&itation para#eter characteri=ing
hydrodyna#ic condition o* ,o- in relation 1et-een the pressure and
,o- &elocity at the considered point de/ned as
E$. 35
2 2
5 . ( 5 . (
ch
% ch
i
% i
i
%
p p
%
p p
!

-here p
ch
is the characteristic pressure adopted as the design
#agnitude *or gi&en point o* ,o- %
ch
is the characteristic ,o-
&elocity adopted as the design #agnitude &alue *or gi&en point o* ,o-
and is the ,o- density.
T.9/) * T+,%-./ 2./')5 17 K
cr

Types o* irregularity ":etch o* irregularity
!
cr
Hu#p to ,o-
=d
%
For 9( 5
3
466 . 0
2e&erse hu#p to
,o-
=d
%
For 9(

U2(
1 for =
d

( )
4 3
d
z *or =
d
N
1eing the
thic:ness o* the
1oundary layer
Gni*or# natural
roughness o* sur*ace
-ith a&erage height
o* hu#ps
=dM(
%
1.(
"ingle hu#p -ith
sharp upper edge
throughout section
=d
%
2.(
"eparated e<posing
local irregularity
=
d
%
3.5
D"ource@ DF+CC8 19'6a 1E
11.2.6.3 +et%os for 'limination of Ca#itation
4s satis*action o* conditions in %3. 33 and %3. 3$ in the design o*
di>erent ele#ents o* the o&er,o- section is not generally possi1le
the pre&enti&e #easures discussed 1elo- #ay 1e considered *or
eli#inating or da#ping the ca&itation pheno#enon in o&er,o-
structures.
+election of /ppropriate Geometric 0orm of #lements
0a&itation o* any ele#ent o* the o&er,o- section #ay 1e achie&ed 1y
selecting a suita1le geo#etric *or# *or it. For this purpose &arious
alternati&e *or#s o* the ele#ent shall 1e considered.
"hange in 1orking "ondition of 2%er3ow +ection
0a&itation #ay 1e eli#inated either 1y increasing the at#ospheric
pressure o* ,o- or 1y reducing its &elocity. For this purpose the *or#
o* the o&er,o- section shall 1e designed such that the hydraulic
regi#e o* operation o* the o&er,o- section corresponds to these
conditions. For this purpose the *ollo-ing #easures #ay 1e applied@
a. Decreasing the slope o* the non-pressure parts o* the o&er,o-
section
1. Pro&ision o* -or: o* the spill-ays -ith *ull opening o* gates and
li#itation o* partial opening o* gates.
4s early #entioned ca&itation can 1e eli#inated either 1y increase
in the at#ospheric pressure o* ,o- or 1y reduce its &elocity. Cn
connection -ith this the selection o* hydraulic regi#e o* -or: o* the
spill-ays is the #ost essential that is deter#ined 1y its design o*
*or# o* the spill-ay structures to a large e<tent.
/ir +aturation of 0low along 2%er3ow +ection
0a&itation #ay 1e e>ecti&ely eli#inated 1y raising the pressures in
the potential =ones o* lo- pressure through supply o* air to these
=ones. This #ay 1e achie&ed through air supply on the ,o- path.
The di#ensions o* arrange#ents *or re&erse hu#p to ,o- #ay 1e
deter#ined 1y the di#ensions o* the ele#ents o* the o&er,o- section
protected -ith the supply o* the air. Cts discharge #ay appro<i#ately
1e *ound *ro# the *or#ula DF+CC8 19'6aE
E$. 36 m y y air
% h l Q 1 . (
-here Q
air
is the discharge o* air to 1e catching in the =one o* lo-
pressure in co#parison -ith the at#ospheric pressure l
y
is the linear
di#ension o* the ele#ent to 1e protected *ro# ca&itation or o* the
=one o* lo- pressure D-idth o* o&er,o- section or its 1ay height o*
the -alls o* o&er,o- section etc.E h
y
is the di#ension o* the de,ector
e<posed to ,o- Dre&erse hu#p height -idth o* se#i-groo&e
di>erence in radii o* diaphrag#sE and %
m
is the #ean &elocity o* ,o-
o* -ater.
Cn other cases Q
air
shall 1e deter#ined e<peri#entally.
11.2.- Protection of 2#erflo0 S!rface from 3brasion
Cn &ie- o* the large a#ounts o* 1ed sedi#ents passing o&er the
o&er,o- section the entire sur*ace o* the o&er,o- section shall 1e
protected *ro# sedi#ent-induced a1rasion. For this purpose one o*
the *ollo-ing a1rasion-resistant co&ers #ay 1e pro&ided o&er the
sur*ace@
a. High 3uality and a1rasion resistant concrete.
1. High per*or#ance #icro-silica concrete.
c. "teel-/1re rein*orced high 3uality concrete.
d. "teel lining.
e. "teel rails e#1edded in concrete.
*. Dressed hard-stone #asonry lining Dgranite 3uart=ite 1asalt
serite etc.E.
g. %po<y coating.
h. 2u11er lining.
11.2.8 7erminal Str!ct!res
"o#e o* the co##on ter#inal structures suita1le *or concrete
di&ersion structures are the hydraulic ;u#p stilling 1asins roller
1uc:ets and de,ector 1uc:ets. 8uidance on selection and design o*
these structures is presented in Part 20 o* these guidelines.
11.3 S,&-*,-&'+ D01)%. #8 C&01,
"tructural design o* the o&er,o- crest shall ai# at deter#ining the
rein*orce#ent re3uired to resist the tensile stresses generated 1y the
loads acting on the crest.
11.3.1.1 .esign ,oa Conition
The crest shall 1e designed *or the load cases discussed in "ection
1$.2. For design tensile stress resulting *ro# the #ost critical o* the
load conditions listed in "ection 1$.3 shall 1e considered. Ho-e&er
these shall 1e calculated *or the *ollo-ing three regions DFigure 12E@
a. 0onsidering 1loc: as a -hole *or section 1-1 and 1elo-.
1. 2egion near the pier Dat section 2-2 located a1o&e section 1-1E.
c. 2egion a-ay *ro# the pier Dat section 2-2 located a1o&e section 1-
1E.
2egion near pier
B7
2egion a-ay *ro#pier
2egion a-ay *ro#pier
05 05
a
B7-B
2
$5R
1
2
1
2
B7-B
2
0rest %)
B
0rest %)
2adial gate
Typical crest
rein*orce#ent
Foundation
galley
Pier
Da#a<is
F%&'() 12* S)-6%105 71( -1:,'6.6%10 17 56()55)5 %0 -()56
11.3.2 Comp!tation of Forces
The sel* -eight o* the crest and pier shall 1e calculated *or the areas
a1o&e the section under consideration.
For discharging condition the -eight o* -ater o&er the crest shall 1e
ignored *or tail -ater le&els 1elo- crest. C* the design head is less
than the head corresponding to !7) negati&e pressures o&er the
crest shall 1e considered.
For gated crests the hori=ontal -ater pressure acting a1o&e the crest
ele&ation o&er the gates shall 1e ta:en to 1e trans*erred to the pier at
an appropriate ele&ation depending on the type o* gates used. This
*orce shall not 1e considered *or regions a-ay *ro# the pier in
respect o* sections a1o&e 1-1.
Gpli*t pressures shall 1e considered to 1e acting o&er the o&er,o-
section only and not in the pier portion. For spill-ay discharging
conditions and tail -ater le&els 1elo- the section under
consideration the e>ect o* the sheet o* -ater ,o-ing o&er the crest
*or upli*t calculations #ay 1e ignored. For tail-ater le&els a1o&e the
section considered upli*t at the do-nstrea# end and the -eight o*
-ater a1o&e crest shall 1e suita1ly considered.
11.3.3 +inim!m Concrete 7%ickness
The #ini#u# thic:ness o* structural concrete at the crest shall 1e l.5
# #easured nor#ally. This thic:ness has to 1e suita1ly increased to
acco##odate the anchorage 1elo- the piers.
11.3.& Reinforcement
0rest rein*orce#ent shall 1e pro&ided only in regions -here the
co#puted tensile stresses e<ceed the allo-a1le tensile stresses o* the
concrete. The rein*orce#ent shall 1e properly anchored in regions o*
co#pression. Distri1ution rein*orce#ent e3ual to not less than 2(W o*
the #ain rein*orce#ent shall 1e pro&ided. Ho-e&er it shall not 1e
less than 16 ## dia#eter at 25( ## centers.
12. UNDERSLUICE
The undersluice shall 1e pro&ided to ,ush out the sedi#ents
deposited in *ront o* the inta:e and thus control the 1ed le&els in its
approach area.
12.1 H2/&'-+)* D01)%.
Hydraulic design o* the undersluice shall consist o* deter#ining its
location length pro/le and opening si=e.
12.1.1 ,ocation
The undersluice shall 1e located close to the inta:e. Ct shall 1e
pro&ided in continuation -ith the o&er,o- section separated *ro#
the latter 1y a di&ide -all.
12.1.2 ,engt% of 5nersl!ice
The length o* the undersluice shall 1e /<ed 1ased on the *ollo-ing
considerations@
a. Ct shall 1e capa1le o* passing at least t-ice the di&erted discharge
to ensure e>icient ,ushing capacity.
1. Ct shall 1e capa1le o* passing a1out 1( to 2( percent o* the
#a<i#u# ,ood discharge at high ,oods.
c. Ct shall 1e capa1le o* passing *air -eather *reshets and lo-
#onsoon ,oods *or o1&iating o&ertopping andBor operation o* crest
gates.
12.1.3 Bays an Bay 2penings
Based on the ,o- to 1e passed the undersluice #ay consist o* one or
#ore 1ays. Ho-e&er *or s#all ri&ers ,o-s a single sluice 1ay #ay 1e
pre*erred o&er t-o or #ore 1ays -ith s#aller openings.
The 1ay opening o* the undersluice shall 1e si=ed to pass the largest
possi1le 1oulders 1rought along 1y the ri&er. 8enerally the #ini#u#
opening shall 1e t-ice the 1oulder si=e e<pected in the ri&er stretch
in the &icinity o* the head-or:s.
12.1.& Profile
The undersluice shall 1e designed as a 1road-crested -eir -ith
do-nstrea# su1#ergence. Cts crest le&el shall 1e #aintained close to
the general ground le&el a1out 2 # 1elo- the inta:e in&ert le&el. The
design shall 1e per*or#ed in accordance -ith the design o* a ,u#ed
section. The capacity o* the undersluice shall 1e su>icient under
su1#ergence conditions.
12.1.) 'nergy .issipation
+or#ally energy dissipation do-nstrea# o* the undersluice shall 1e
achie&ed through a stilling 1asin -ith a do-nstrea# cuto> to chec:
under#ining. The 1asin shall 1e designed in accordance -ith the
pro&isions o* Part 20 o* these guidelines.
12.2 S,&-*,-&'+ D01)%.
"tructural design o* the undersluice shall 1e per*or#ed in accordance
-ith the pro&isions *or the o&er,o- section. Cn so#e cases the
undersluice #ay 1e designed as a rein*orced ce#ent concrete ra*t.
For protection against a1rasion *ro# rolling 1oulders the sur*ace o*
the undersluice shall 1e lined -ith a1rasion resistant #aterial Dre*er
"ection 11.2.'E. "i#ilarly the &ertical *aces o* di&ide -alls and other
structures a1utting against the undersluice sur*ace shall 1e pro&ided
-ith a1rasion-resistant #aterial up to a #ini#u# height o* 1 # a1o&e
the undersluice sur*ace.
13. CONSIDERATIONS FOR PERMEABLE FOUNDATIONS
Di&ersion structures constructed on per&ious *oundations D1oulder-
gra&el #i<ed soilE shall 1e designed -ith due sa*ety against scour o*
the *oundation #aterial caused 1y seepage under the structure.
13.1 M0'1-&01 8#& S*#-& './ S00$'%0 C#.,&#+
!easures adopted *or control o* scour seepage and upli*t *orces
under the structure shall depend on the type strati/cation
per#ea1ility ho#ogeneity and other properties o* the *oundation
#aterials and the si=e as -ell as the physical re3uire#ents o* the
structure itsel*. 8enerally these #easures shall consist o* so#e all or
&arious co#1inations o* the *ollo-ing de&ices DFigure 13E@
a. Gpstrea# apron -ith or -ithout cuto>s at its end.
1. Do-nstrea# apron -ith or -ithout cuto>s at its end and -ith or
-ithout /lters and drains under the apron.
c. 0uto>s at the upstrea# or do-nstrea# end or at 1oth ends o* the
di&ersion structure or control section -ith or -ithout /lters or
drains under the section.
+7)
T7)
Do-nstrea#apron
Gpstrea#apron
0uto>
7aterstop
Per&ious*oundation
F%&'() 13* A,(105 .08 -'61E 71( 8%2)(5%10 56('-6'()5 10 ,)(:).9/)
71'08.6%105
13.1.1 3prons
4 concrete apron #ay 1e placed upstrea# o* the di&ersion structure
in con;unction -ith one o* the &arious types o* cuto> -alls to increase
the length o* the path o* seepage there1y reducing upli*t under the
#ain portion o* the di&ersion structure. The apron shall usually 1e
connected to the di&ersion structure and to a concrete cap o&er the
piling -ith ,e<i1le -ater stops -hich allo- di>erential #o&e#ent to
ta:e place -ithout acco#panying detri#ental crac:ing. The sa*ety o*
the structure #ay 1e *urther i#pro&ed 1y placing an i#per&ious earth
1lan:et o&er a portion o* the concrete apron and the strea#1ed
upstrea# *ro# it.
Do-nstrea# concrete aprons #ay 1e pro&ided to lengthen the path o*
seepage in the *oundations and also create a 1asin -here the surplus
energy o* the o&er,o-ing -ater #ay 1e sa*ely dissipated. Cn cases
-here it is not *easi1le to construct a concrete apron o* su>icient
length to a&oid erosion entirely additional protection #ay 1e gained
1y placing riprap do-nstrea# *ro# the apron.
13.1.2 C!toff "alls
0uto> -alls #ay 1e constructed o* concrete ce#ent-1ound curtains
steel sheet piling or i#per&ious earth co#pacted in a trench. The type
o* cuto> shall depend upon the type o* the *oundation #aterial and
the depth o* the cuto>s.
0oncrete cuto>s #ay 1e used under aprons or under the di&ersion
structure at sites -here under-seepage is large. Ct #ay also 1e used
under the di&ersion structure to increase the sliding resistance o* the
structure.
"heet piling cuto>s o* interloc:ing steel sections #ay 1e used under
the aprons o* di&ersion structures. They shall 1e anchored to the
apron or di&ersion structure 1y #eans o* concrete caps.
13.1.3 Filters an .rains
2elie* o* upli*t pressures under the apron or do-nstrea# toe o* the
di&ersion structure #ay 1e acco#plished 1y drains. Drains shall
generally 1e o* se-er pipe laid in graded #aterial -hich acts as a
/lter. They #ay 1e per*orated pipe or plain pipe laid -ith open ;oints.
The drains #ay 1e located at the do-nstrea# toe o* the di&ersion
structure at selected places under the do-nstrea# apron and
i##ediately upstrea# *ro# the do-nstrea# cuto>.
7eep holes shall nor#ally 1e used *or relie* o* upli*t pressure under
aprons and 1ehind -alls. To pre&ent piping the gradation o* the /lter
#aterials used in con;unction -ith the -eep holes shall 1e care*ully
selected -ith respect to the gradation o* the *oundation #aterials.
Both uni*or# grain-si=e and graded /lters #ay 1e used.
13.2 H2/&'-+)* D01)%.
Hydraulic design o* the aprons and cuto>s shall 1e ai#ed at
proportioning these ele#ents to control the a#ount o* seepage under
the di&ersion structure and to li#it the intensity o* the upli*t so that
the sta1ility o* the structure is not threatened.
13.2.1 Comp!tation of 5plift Press!re
The upli*t pressure at any point under the di&ersion structure shall 1e
calculated 1y any accepted practice. The calculation shall ta:e into
account se&eral *actors such as the head on the di&ersion structure
depth o* the per#ea1le strata 1elo- the structure per#ea1ility o* the
*oundation #aterial length o* upstrea# and do-nstrea# aprons
depths and tightness o* cuto>s and e>ecti&eness o* the drains. Cn
general the upli*t pressure at any point under the di&ersion structure
#ay 1e co#puted using )aneHs -eighted creep #ethod the ,o- net
#ethod 6hoslaHs theory o* independent &aria1les or the /nite
ele#ent #ethod.
13.2.2 3pron
The total lengths o* the upstrea# and do-nstrea# aprons shall 1e
/<ed in con;unction -ith the depth o* do-nstrea# cuto> to satis*y the
re3uire#ents o* e<it gradient scour and econo#y.
13.2.3 C!toffs
The upstrea# and do-nstrea# cuto>s shall generally 1e pro&ided to
cater *or scours up to 1 to 1.25 ti#es the depth o* scour respecti&ely.
For *oundation #aterial the depth o* scour #ay 1e calculated as per
the pro&isions *or do-nstrea# protecti&e apron in Part 0 o* these
guidelines.
13.2.& Filters an .rains
Filters and drains shall 1e designed in accordance -ith the pro&isions
descri1ed in Part 0 o* these guidelines.
13.2.) 5pstream Protection "orks
The ri&er stretch upstrea# o* concrete di&ersion structures 1uilt on
per&ious *oundations shall 1e protected against scour. The length o*
upstrea# protection shall appro<i#ately 1e e3ual to the design depth
o* scour 1elo- the ,oor le&el.
Gpstrea# scour protection #ay 1e achie&ed through one o* the
*ollo-ing #eans@
a. Placing 1oulders o&er the slope o* the scour trench *ro# the da#
site.
1. Placing concrete 1loc:s ,e<i1ly connected in the longitudinal and
trans&erse directions o&er t-o to three layers o* 1oulder soling.
13.2.6 .o0nstream Protection "orks
Do-nstrea# protecti&e -or:s shall 1e designed in accordance -ith
the pro&isions descri1ed in Part 0 o* these guidelines.
13.3 S,&-*,-&'+ D01)%.
"tructural design o* aprons and cuto>s shall essentially consist o*
proportioning the# and to ena1le the# to sa*ely resist all *orces
acting on the#. Cn rein*orced concrete ele#ents co#putation o*
rein*orce#ent shall also 1e per*or#ed.
13.3.1 C!t6offs
13.3.1.1 .esign ,oa Conitions
0uto>s shall 1e designed to resist the -orst co#1ination o* *orces
and #o#ents acting on the#. The principal consideration in
co#puting these *orces and #o#ents shall include the *ollo-ing@
a. Possi1le scour on the outer side.
1. %arth pressure and surcharge due to ,oor loads on the inner side.
c. Di>erential hydrodyna#ic pressure co#puted on the 1asis o* the
percentage o* pressure o* seepage ,o- 1elo- the ,oor.
13.3.1.2 Steel S%eet Piles
The steel sheet pile cuto> shall 1e designed as sheet pile retaining
-alls anchored at its top. C* its e>ect in resisting the *or-ard sliding
o* the structure is ta:en into account the cuto> shall also 1e
designed to -ithstand the passi&e pressures thus de&eloped. The
rein*orced concrete pile caps shall 1e designed to trans#it the *orces
and #o#ents acting on the steel sheet pile cut-o>s to the aprons or
the di&ersion structure.
13.3.1.3 Reinforce Concrete "alls
2ein*orced concrete cuto>s shall 1e designed to resist *orces and
#o#ents as a cantile&er -all cast #onolithically -ith the apron ,oor
or the di&ersion structure. The hori=ontal load on the cantile&er shall
1e ta:en as the load that is in e<cess o* the *oundationHs resistance to
sliding.
13.3.2 3prons
Gpstrea# and do-nstrea# aprons shall 1e gra&ity type i#per&ious
,oors that shall 1alance the upli*t pressure 1y the sel* -eight o* the
,oor only. They shall generally 1e constructed in plain concrete -ith
suita1le te#perature rein*orce#ent.
The thic:ness o* the aprons shall 1e ade3uate to counter 1alance the
upli*t pressure at the point under consideration under the -orst
possi1le co#1ination o* loads in di>erent conditions including
seis#ic conditions. The thic:ness adopted *or construction shall 1e at
least 1( percent greater than the thic:ness re3uired to counteract the
upli*t pressure
14. STABILITY ANALYSIS
"ta1ility analysis o* the non-o&er,o- and o&er,o- sections o*
concrete di&ersion structures shall 1e conducted to chec: their
#argin o* sa*ety against o&erturning sliding ,otation and
o&erstressing.
14.1 S,':)+),2 R0;-)&040.,1
For all load conditions they are li:ely to 1e su1;ect to during their
li*eti#e the non-o&er,o- and o&er,o- sections shall satis*y the
*ollo-ing sta1ility re3uire#ents@
a. The section shall 1e sa*e against o&erturning at any hori=ontal
plane -ithin it at its 1ase or at a plane 1elo- its 1ase.
1. The section shall 1e sa*e against sliding on any hori=ontal or near-
hori=ontal plane -ithin it at its *oundation or -ithin the
*oundation.
c. The allo-a1le unit stresses in the concrete or in the *oundation
#aterial shall not 1e e<ceeded.
0haracteristic locations -ithin the di&ersion structures at -hich
sta1ility criteria chec:s shall 1e #ade include locations o* cross-
sectional changes and high concentrated loads. )arge galleries and
openings -ithin the structures and the locations o* upstrea# and
do-nstrea# slope transitions shall 1e speci/cally considered in the
sta1ility analysis.
14.2 D01)%. L#'/1
)oads chosen *or sta1ility analysis o* concrete di&ersion structures
shall represent the actual loads that shall act on the structure.
8enerally the *ollo-ing loads shall 1e considered@
a. Dead load.
1. Head-ater and tail-ater pressures.
c. Gpli*t pressure.
d. +appe pressure.
e. %arth3ua:e *orces.
*. %arth pressure.
g. "ilt pressure.
h. 7ind pressure.
i. 7a&e pressure.
;. Ther#al loads.
:. 2eaction o* *oundations.
4s *ar as possi1le loads shall 1e e<actly deter#ined *ro# :no-n
properties o* #aterials and ,uids. )oads -hich are not a#ena1le to
e<act deter#ination shall 1e esti#ated 1ased on consideration o* all
a&aila1le *acts and to a certain e<tent on ;udg#ent and e<perience.
1&.2.1 .ea ,oas
Dead load shall include the -eight o* concrete superi#posed 1ac:/ll
and appurtenances such as gates and 1ridges. 7hile deter#ining
these loads relati&ely s#all &oids such as galleries shall nor#ally
not 1e deducted e<cept in lo- di&ersion structures -here such &oids
are li:ely to create apprecia1le e>ect upon the sta1ility o* the
structure. The dead loads shall 1e assu#ed to act at the center o*
gra&ity o* the ele#ent or e3uip#ent under consideration.
For preli#inary designs the unit -eights o* di>erent construction
#aterials used in the dead load calculations shall 1e 1ased on
standard &alues. Ho-e&er *or /nal designs dead load calculations
shall 1e 1ased on actual data *ro# la1oratory tests. "i#ilarly the
-eights o* gates and appurtenances shall 1e o1tained *ro# their
#anu*acturers.
1&.2.2 $ea0ater an 7ail0ater Press!res
The hydrostatic pressures due to head and tail-ater shall 1e
deter#ined *ro# the hydrology #eteorology and pool regulation
studies. The pool le&els corresponding to di>erent load conditions
shall 1e selected 1ased on an assess#ent o* their *re3uency.
1&.2.2.1 9on6o#erflo0 Section
Hydrostatic pressure on the upstrea# and do-nstrea# *aces o* the
non-o&er,o- section shall 1e assu#ed to &ary linearly -ith depth and
act nor#al to the *ace o* the section DFigure 1$E. The tail-ater
pressure ad;usted *or any retrogression shall 1e ta:en at its *ull
&alue.
Hydrostatic pressures shall 1e co#puted assu#ing the unit -eight o*
-ater as 1( :+B#
3
. Fariations in this &alue due to te#perature
changes shall nor#ally 1e neglected.
2eser&oir-atersur*ace
H
h
7-
7c
7K- G
P
P
7
H
e
T
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G
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Tail-atersur*ace
Baseo* section
0entero* gra&ityo* 1ase
7K- M 7eight o* tail-ater
7- M 7eight o* head-ater
7c M 7eight o* non-o&er,o-section
H M Hori=ontal *orceduetohead-ater
HK M Hori=ontal *orceduetotail-ater
"7M 2esultant &ertical *orcea1o&e1ase
"H M 2esultant hori=ontal *orcea1o&e1ase
e M %ccentricity
P M Gpli*t pressureduetohead-ater
PK M Gpli*t pressureduetotail-ater
G M Gpli*t *orce
HK
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1!7B
1&.2.2.2 2#erflo0 Section
Head-ater pressure on gated o&er,o- sections shall 1e co#puted
assu#ing the gates to 1e part o* the concrete section. For ungated
o&er,o- sections the lateral pressure distri1ution due to head-ater
shall 1e assu#ed to 1e trape=oidal DFigure 15E. The &ertical pressure
o* -ater ,o-ing o&er the crest shall 1e neglected in &ie- o* the *act
that this pressure is greatly reduced due to the -ater approaching
spouting &elocity. Because o* its high &elocity the strea# o* -ater on
the do-nstrea# *ace o* the o&er,o- section shall also not 1e
considered in the analysis.
h
0onstruction ;oint
hK
P
!a<i#u# -ater sur*ace
F%&'() 15* #.6)( ,()55'()5 .-6%0& 10 12)(314 5)-6%105
For co#putation o* tail-ater pressure the e>ecti&e tail-ater depth
shall 1e suita1ly reduced to ad;ust *or retrogression. This reduction
shall depend on the degree o* su1#ergence o* the crest the type o*
energy dissipation arrange#ent and the anticipated do-nstrea#
-ater pro/le. For deep ,o- o&er the o&er,o- section the e>ecti&e
depth #ay 1e ta:en e3ual to 6( percent o* the *ull tail-ater depth.
1&.2.3 5plift
Gpli*t pressure resulting *ro# head-ater and tail-ater shall 1e
considered to act -ithin the 1ody o* the di&ersion structure along the
inter*ace o* the structure and its *oundation and -ithin the *oundation
1elo- the 1ase.
1&.2.3.1 5plift 3ss!mptions
The upli*t pressure acting on any *ailure plane -ithin the di&ersion
structure along its 1ase or 1elo- the 1ase shall 1e co#puted 1ased
on the *ollo-ing assu#ptions@
a. 2egardless o* the o&er,o- conditions the upli*t pressure at the
toe o* the di&ersion structure corresponds to the *ull tail-ater
depth.
1. Gpli*t pressures act o&er the entire area o* the *ailure plane under
consideration.
c. Gpli*t pressures re#ain una>ected 1y earth3ua:e loads.
1&.2.3.2 5plift 0it%in .i#ersion Str!ct!re
Gpli*t pressures along *ailure planes -ithin the 1ody o* the concrete
di&ersion structure shall 1e assu#ed to &ary *ro# 1(( percent o* the
nor#al head-ater at the upstrea# *ace to 1(( percent o* the
tail-ater or =ero as the case #ay 1e at the do-nstrea# *ace. 7here
&ertical drainage is pro&ided -ithin the di&ersion structure the drain
e>ecti&eness and upli*t assu#ptions shall *ollo- the guidance
pro&ided in "ection 1$.2.3.3.
1&.2.3.3 5plift along Base of Str!ct!re on Rock Fo!nation
The upli*t pressure along the 1ase o* a concrete di&ersion structure
*ounded on roc: shall 1e esti#ated considering the *ollo-ing@
a. Pro&ision and e>ecti&eness o* #easures such as drains andBor
grout curtain andBor aprons *or upli*t reduction.
1. 8eologic *eatures such as roc: per#ea1ility sea#s ;ointing and
*aulting.
Di%ersion +tructure without 0oundation Drains
7here *oundation drains are not pro&ided upli*t at the *oundation-
concrete inter*ace o* the di&ersion structure shall 1e assu#ed to &ary
linearly *ro# the *ull head-ater pressure at the heel o* the structure
to the *ull tail-ater pressure at its toe. For this case upli*t at any
point on or 1elo- the *oundation shall 1e deter#ined 1ased on Figure
16.
H1
H2
7
H2
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)
Tail-ater
Head-ater
HX
HX MH1Q DH1-H2E
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H1 M7aterdepthatheel
H2 M7aterdepthattoe
F%&'() 16* U,/%76 ,()55'() 8%56(%9'6%10 4%6D1'6 71'08.6%10 8(.%0.&)
@USACEA 1!!5.B
Di%ersion +tructure with 0oundations Drains
Gpli*t pressures at the 1ase o* a di&ersion structure and in its
*oundation #ay 1e reduced i* *oundation drains are proposed in the
design. The #agnitude o* reduction in the upli*t shall depend on the
*ollo-ing *actors@
a. Depth si=e and spacing o* the drains.
1. 8eologic character o* the *oundation.
c. Facility -ith -hich the drains can 1e inspected and #aintained.
2eduction in upli*t pressure due to *oundation drains shall 1e
assu#ed only i* the geologic characteristics o* the *oundation ha&e
1een thoroughly in&estigated and the drainage syste# has 1een
designed to correct speci/c de/ciencies o* the site. Further#ore
upli*t reduction shall 1e assu#ed *or only i* the structure has an open
drainage syste# drain -ith drain outlets accessi1le *or inspection and
#aintenance. The reduction #ay also 1e assu#ed *or closed drainage
syste#s i* a #onitoring syste# is installed to &eri*y upli*t pressures
on a periodic 1asis.
7here the a1o&e conditions are satis/ed the upli*t pressure along
the 1ase o* the di&ersion structure #ay 1e assu#ed to &ary linearly
*ro# the undrained pressure head at the heel o* the structure to the
reduced pressure head at the line o* drains to the undrained pressure
head at the toe DFigure 1'E. For deter#ining the reduced pressure
head the e>ecti&eness o* the drainage syste# #ay 1e assu#ed to
&ary *ro# 25 to 5( percent. 7here the line o* drains intersects the
*oundation -ithin a distance o* 5 percent o* the head-ater depth
*ro# the upstrea# *ace the upli*t #ay 1e assu#ed to &ary as a single
straight line DFigure 1.E. C* the drainage gallery is located a1o&e
tail-ater le&el the pressure at the line o* drains shall 1e deter#ined
as though the tail-ater le&el is e3ual to the gallery ele&ation.
Head-ater
Tail-ater
Drainagegallery
H
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7hen H
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7hen H
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% M Drain e>ecti&eness
e<pressed as a deci#al
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F%&'() 17* U,/%76 ,()55'() 4%6D 8(.%0.&) &.//)(+ @USACEA 1!!5.B
Head-ater
Tail-ater
Drainagegallery
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Drains
7hen X M (.(5H
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6 M1-%
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@USACEA 1!!5.B
)ero "ompression )ones
Gpli*t on any portion o* any *oundation plane not in co#pression shall
1e 1(( percent o* the hydrostatic head o* the ad;acent *ace e<cept
-here tension is the result o* instantaneous loading resulting *ro#
earth3ua:e *orces. 7hen the =ero co#pression =one does not e<tend
1eyond the location o* the drains the upli*t shall 1e as sho-n in
Figure 19. For the condition -here the =ero co#pression =one
e<tends 1eyond the drains drain e>ecti&eness shall not 1e considered
DFigure 2(E.
Head-ater
Tail-ater
Drainagegallery
H1
H$ H2
)
Drains
H1
T
7henH
$
UH
2
@
H3 M6PYDH1-H2EP QH2-H$ZQH$
7henH
$
NH2 @
7here@
% MDraine>ecti&eness
e<pressedasadeci#al
6 M1-%
T MVero co#pressionlength
T NX
<
H
3
M6PYDH1-H2EP ZQH2
H2
H3
D)-<E
D)-TE
D)-<E
D)-TE
F%&'() 1!* U,/%76 8%56(%9'6%10 4%6D F)(1 -1:,()55%10 F10) 016
)G6)08%0& 9)+108 8(.%05 @USACEA 1!!5.B
Head-ater
Tail-ater
Drainage gallery
H
1
H
$ H
2
)
Drains
T
7here @
T M Vero co#pression length
T N X
<
H
2
H
3
H
1
F%&'() 2"* U,/%76 8%56(%9'6%10 4%6D F)(1 -1:,()55%10 F10) )G6)08%0&
9)+108 8(.%05 @USACEA 1!!5.B
4mper%ious or Grouted 0oundation
4 grouted or a naturally-occurring i#per&ious roc: *oundation alone
shall not 1e considered su>icient ;usti/cation to assu#e an upli*t
reduction. The reduction shall 1e allo-ed only i* *oundation drains
#eeting the a*ore#entioned re3uire#ents are pro&ided.
/prons
2eduction in upli*t pressure at the heel o* the di&ersion structure due
to an upstrea# apron shall 1e considered i* the ;oints in the apron
and the ;oints 1et-een the di&ersion structure and apron shall *or#
an i#per#ea1le 1arrier throughout the range o* #o&e#ent e<pected
in the ;oints due either to loading di>erential settle#ent or
contraction due to te#perature changes. Cn the case o* do-nstrea#
aprons the upli*t #ay 1e assu#ed to 1e li#ited to that -hich -ould
,oat the apron.
0lood Loading
Gpli*t reductions shall not 1e 1ased on the assu#ption that the CDF
,ood e&ent shall 1e o* such short duration and the *oundation
per#ea1ility so lo- that the ele&ated head-ater and tail-ater
pressures are not trans#itted under the 1ase o* the di&ersion
structure. For design purposes upli*t shall 1e assu#ed to &ary
directly -ith changes in head-ater and tail-ater le&els.
1&.2.3.& 5plift along Base of Str!ct!re on Per#io!s Fo!nation
The #agnitude o* upli*t pressures acting upon the 1ase o* a di&ersion
structure constructed on per&ious *oundation shall 1e esti#ated using
the -eighted creep #ethod the ,o- net #ethod or the /nite ele#ent
#ethod.
1eighted "reep 'ethod
Gsing creep theory the upli*t pressure at any point shall 1e co#puted
*ro# the su# o* the seepage potential and position potential.
0low &et 'ethod
The ,o- net #ethod shall 1e used *or co#puting upli*t pressures i*
the actual *oundation stratigraphy and 1oundary conditions can 1e
represented as ho#ogeneous and isotropic. Cn this #ethod ,o- lines
and e3uipotential lines shall 1e constructed *or the su1sur*ace ,o-
and the upli*t pressure shall 1e co#puted.
0inite #lement 'ethod
T-o and three-di#ensional /nite ele#ent ground -ater #odeling #ay
1e used to deter#ine the upli*t pressure in per#ea1le *oundations.
This #ethod #ay 1e adopted *or sites -here #aterial anisotropy is
li:ely to ha&e a signi/cant e>ect on upli*t pressures.
1&.2.3.) 5plift 0it%in Fo!nation
Gpli*t pressure distri1ution along identi/ed *oundation *ailure planes
shall nor#ally assu#e a uni*or# head loss along the *ailure sur*ace.
2eduction in upli*t pressures along the *ailure plane #ay 1e assu#ed
i* the *oundation drains penetrate the# and are e>ecti&e.
1&.2.& 9appe Press!res
4t s#all discharges nappe *orces on the o&er,o- section due to
steady state hydrodyna#ic e>ects #ay 1e neglected. Ho-e&er as the
discharge o&er an o&er,o- section approaches the design discharge
nappe *orces -ith o&erturning e>ect on the o&er,o- section na#ely
su1-at#ospheric crest pressures and dyna#ic 1uc:et pressures shall
1e considered in the sta1ility analysis. Cn particular su1-at#ospheric
crest pressures shall 1e considered *or high o&er,o- crests -hile
dyna#ic 1uc:et pressures shall 1e ta:en into account *or 1oth high
and lo- o&er,o- sections.
Gsing this #ethod the depth o* ,o- at the point under DFigure 21E
consideration shall 1e co#puted 1y sol&ing the *ollo-ing relation
nu#erically *or the gi&en unit discharge DBrand 1999E
E$. 37 ( ) ( ) A A A Y E g q
e

1 log
1
1 sin 2
-here q is the unit discharge # is the total energy 5 is the ele&ation
o* the point on the o&er,o- section under consideration / is the
depth o* ,o- #easured perpendicular to the sur*ace o* the o&er,o-
section is the angle o* the out-ard directed to the o&er,o- section
-ith the hori=ontal is the cur&ature o* o&er,o- sur*ace at point
under consideration ta:en positi&e *or 1uc:ets and negati&e *or
crests L
h
is the hori=ontal length o* creep path and L
%
is the &ertical
length o* creep path.
X
I
Felocity
distri1ution
2
4
"
[
Pressure
distri1ution
F%&'() 21* V)/1-%6+ .08 ,()55'() )G)(6)8 9+ 4.6)( 10 12)(314 5)-6%10
7ith / deter#ined the &elocity o* ,o- at the o&er,o- sur*ace shall
1e *ound *ro# the e3uation DBrand 1999E
E$. 3 ( ) sin 1 2 A Y E A g V
s

The pressure head at the o&er,o- sur*ace shall then 1e deter#ined
*ro# the e3uation DBrand 1999E
E$. 3!
g
V
Y E H
s
s
2
2

1&.2.) 'art%(!ake Forces
The seis#ic coe>icient or the pseudo-static #ethod shall 1e used *or
sta1ility analysis o* concrete di&ersion structures under hori=ontal
seis#ic acceleration. T-o types o* loadings shall 1e considered J
inertia *orce due to hori=ontal acceleration o* the di&ersion structure
and hydrodyna#ic *orces resulting *ro# the reaction o* the reser&oir
-ater against the di&ersion structure DFigure 22E.
1&.2.).1 /nertia Force
The inertia *orce due to hori=ontal and &ertical acceleration o* a
section or ele#ent o* the di&ersion structure shall 1e calculated *ro#
the e3uations
Head-ater
Tail-ater
Pe-
Pe
h
.$h
Pe<
h
1
.$h
1
Pe-
y
F%&'() 22* S)%5:%-.//+ /1.8)8 010-12)(314 :101/%6D
E$. 4"
W P
h eh

E$. 41
W P
v ev

-here P
eh
is the hori=ontal seis#ic *orce P
e%
is the &ertical seis#ic
*orce
h
is the hori=ontal seis#ic coe>icient
%
is the &ertical seis#ic
coe>icient and 1 is the -eight o* the section or ele#ent under
consideration.
This *orce shall 1e assu#ed to act at the center o* gra&ity o* the
section or ele#ent under consideration DFigure 22E.
The &alue o*
h
shall 1e 1ased on the design earth3ua:es and site-
speci/c ground #otions deter#ined *ro# seis#ological e&aluation o*
the site. This &alue shall 1e assu#ed uni*or# *or the total height o*
the di&ersion structure and the *oundation.
1&.2.).2 $yroynamic Force
For di&ersion structures -ith &ertical or sloping upstrea# *aces the
increase in -ater pressure due to hori=ontal earth3ua:e shall 1e
calculated as DG"40% 1995aE
E$. 42
h C p
w h hy d

-here
E$. 43
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
,
_

h
y
h
y
h
y
h
y C
C
m
hy
2 2
2
-here
w
is the unit -eight o* -ater h is the depth o* reser&oir y is
the distance #easured *ro# -ater sur*ace and "
m
is a coe>icient
appro<i#ately related to the angle o* slope o* the upstrea# *ace 1y
E$. 44 ( )
90
73 . 0

m
C
The incre#ental *orces and #o#ents due to pressure p
d
shall 1e
appro<i#ately ta:en as
E$. 45
y p P
d d
726 . 0
E$. 46
2
299 . 0 y p M
d
-here P
d
is the total incre#ental hori=ontal *orce a1o&e any ele&ation
y and ' is the total incre#ental o&erturning #o#ent ' a1o&e any
ele&ation y6 The hori=ontal *orce P
d
shall 1e assu#ed to act nor#al to
the *ace o* the di&ersion structure DFigure 22E.
For di&ersion structures -ith co#1ination &ertical and sloping *aces
the procedure to 1e used *or co#puting hydrodyna#ic *orces shall
depend on the relation o* the height o* the &ertical portion to the total
height o* the di&ersion structure. C* the height o* the &ertical portion
o* the upstrea# *ace o* the structure is e3ual to or greater the one-
hal* o* the total height o* the structure the structure shall 1e
analy=ed ta:ing its upstrea# *ace as &ertical. 9ther-ise the
hydrodyna#ic pressure shall 1e co#puted *or a sloping line
connecting the point o* intersection o* the upstrea# *ace o* the
structure and the reser&oir -ith the point o* intersection o* the
upstrea# *ace o* the structure -ith the *oundation.
1&.2.6 'art% Press!re
%arth pressure due to 1ac:/ll deposited in the *oundation e<ca&ation
and e#1an:#ent /lls a1utting and -rapping around concrete
#onoliths shall 1e *ound 1ased on dry saturated or su1#erged unit
-eights o* the #aterial. The state o* the lateral earth pressures shall
depend on the resulting lateral de*or#ation o* the structure. Cn
general di&ersion structures shall 1e designed *or acti&e earth
pressures i* 1uilt on soil *oundations and *or at-rest earth pressures i*
constructed on roc: *oundation. The rigidity o* the *oundation and the
character o* the 1ac:/ll along -ith the construction se3uence #ay
a>ect this assu#ption.
The earth pressure P
ep
e<erted on the di&ersion structure shall act at
one-third o* the 1ac:/ll height and shall 1e calculated 1y the relation
E$. 47
2
2
f f ep
h
C
P
-here
E$. 4
( )
( )
2
2
1
2 3 1
2
cos
sin
1
cos
1

1
1
]
1
1
]
1
+
+ C
i
C C C
and
f
is the unit -eight o* the 1ac:/ll h
f
is the height o* the 1ac:/ll
is the angle o* *riction o* the soil is the angle -hich the earth *ace
o* the di&ersion structure #a:es -ith the &ertical is the angle o*
*riction 1et-een the di&ersion structure and the 1ac:/ll and i is the
slope o* the 1ac:/ll
For acti&e earth pressure
E$. 4!
( )
( )
0 . 1
) cos(
) sin(
cos
cos
3
2
2
1
+
+ +

+ +

C
i
C
C

For passi&e earth pressure
E$. 5"
( )
( )
0 . 1
) cos(
) sin(
cos
cos
3
2
2
1

+
+
+
+
C
i
C
C

1&.2.- Silt Press!re
Cn &ie- o* the large a#ount o* sedi#ents carried 1y +epali ri&ers all
di&ersion structures shall 1e analy=ed *or silt pressure. The &ertical
silt pressure shall 1e esti#ated using the -eight o* the silt #easured
in -ater the #agnitude o* pressure &arying directly -ith depth. Cn
the hori=ontal direction the pressure shall 1e calculated as D5+0D
19'6E
E$. 51
d C p
s e s

-here p
s
is the silt pressure in the hori=ontal direction "
e
is the
coe>icient o* silt pressure generally in the range o* (.$( J (.6(
s
is
the unit -eight o* silt deposit #easured in -ater and d is the depth o*
silt deposit.
For co#puting the silt pressure d shall 1e adopted a*ter care*ul study
o* the pro1a1le depth o* silt deposits -ithin the reser&oir during the
e<pected use*ul li*e o* the di&ersion structure The unit -eight o* silt
deposit
s
shall 1e calculated as
E$. 52
w sa s
) 1 (
-here
sa
is the apparent unit -eight o* silt deposit #easured in -ater
and is the porosity o* the deposited silt. Gnless speci/c
#easure#ents are a&aila1le
sa
shall 1e ta:en 1et-een 15 and 1.
:+B#
3
-hile shall 1e adopted 1et-een (.3( and (.$5.
Cn the a1sence o* relia1le test data the hori=ontal silt and -ater
pressure #ay assu#ed to 1e e3ui&alent to that o* a ,uid -ith a #ass
o* 13.6 :+B#
3
. )i:e-ise the &ertical silt and -ater pressure #ay 1e
deter#ined as i* silt and -ater together ha&e a density o* 19.25
:+B#
3
.
1&.2.8 "in Press!re
7ind pressure #ay generally 1e ignored in the analysis o* di&ersion
structures. Ho-e&er *or di&ersion structure superstructures carrying
large crest gates a -ind pressure o* 1.5 6Pa in any direction acting
on the e<posed sur*ace shall 1e used in the sta1ility in&estigations.
1&.2.9 "a#e press!re
Cn addition to hydrostatic pressure the upper portions o* concrete
di&ersion structures shall 1e su1;ect to -a&e pressure resulting *ro#
the i#pact o* -a&es. The -a&e pressure diagra# shall 1e
appro<i#ated 1y a triangle -ith its #a<i#u# ordinate e3ual to DC"@
6512 J 19.$E
E$. 53
w w
h p 024 . 0
-here p
w
is the #a<i#u# -a&e pressure in !Pa and h
w
is the height
o* -a&e in #.
The #a<i#u# pressure p
w
shall occur at a height o* (.125 h
7
a1o&e
the still -ater le&el.
The total -a&e *orce P
w
in :+ resulting *ro# the -a&e pressure shall
1e o1tained *ro# the e3uation
E$. 54
2
20
w w
h P
This *orce shall 1e applied at a height o* (.3'5 h
-
a1o&e the still
-ater le&el.
1&.2.10 7emperat!re ,oas
The e>ects o* te#perature change on the sta1ility o* concrete
di&ersion structures shall 1e in&estigated i* the trans&erse contraction
;oints 1et-een the concrete #onoliths are to 1e grouted or -hen the
operating te#peratures are a1o&e the closure te#perature i* ;oints
are to 1e ungrouted. These e>ects shall generally include increased
t-isting 1et-een #onoliths and additional loading o* the a1ut#ent.
They shall 1e co#puted 1ased on the te#perature rise and *all as -ell
as the #a<i#u# and #ini#u# te#peratures e<pected in the
head-or:s area ta:ing into consideration *actors such as location
orientation surrounding topography etc.
1&.2.11 Reaction of fo!nations
2eactions o* the *oundation shall consist o* nor#al and tangential
co#ponents that 1alance the resultant o* all applied hori=ontal and
&ertical *orces including upli*t. For the structure to 1e in e3uili1riu#
the location o* the reactions shall 1e such that the su##ation o*
*orces and #o#ents is e3ual to =ero. The distri1ution o* the nor#al
co#ponent shall 1e assu#ed as linear.
The assu#ed unit upli*t pressure shall 1e added to the co#puted unit
*oundation reaction to the #a<i#u# possi1le unit *oundation
pressure at any point. For o&er,o- sections the 1ase -idth shall
generally 1e *ound 1y pro;ecting the do-nstrea# slope to the
*oundation line and all concrete do-nstrea# o* this line shall 1e
disregarded.
14.3 L#'/).% C#./),)#.1
The loading conditions listed in Ta1le 9%rror@ 2e*erence source not
*ound shall generally 1e used in the sta1ility analysis o* concrete
di&ersion structure. )oading conditions such as -a&e action or
unusual loadings that are not indicated shall 1e included -here
applica1le.
Gnder earth3ua:e conditions, the selected pool ele&ation shall 1e the
one ;udged li:ely to e<ist coincident -ith the selected design
earth3ua:e e&ent.
14.4 S,':)+),2 C'+*-+',)#.1
"ta1ility calculations shall 1e per*or#ed to esti#ate the #argin o*
sa*ety o* the structure against o&erturning sliding and o&erstressing.
They shall also esti#ate the stresses in the *oundation #aterial to
chec: -hether it is o&erstressed.
1&.&.1 3ss!mptions
"ta1ility analysis shall 1e per*or#ed under the *ollo-ing
assu#ptions@
a. The di&ersion structure consists o* indi&idual trans&erse &ertical
ele#ents each o* -hich carries its load to the *oundation -ithout
trans*er o* load *ro# or to ad;acent ele#ents.
1. 9n any hori=ontal section o* the di&ersion structure &ertical
stresses &ary linearly *ro# the upstrea# *ace to the do-nstrea#
*ace.
7here special *oundation *eatures and large openings re3uire
sta1ility analysis o* the -hole 1loc: o* the di&ersion structure #ay 1e
necessary.
T.9/) !* B.5%- /1.8%0& -108%6%105 71( 56.9%/%6+ .0./+5%5 17 -10-()6)
8%2)(5%10 56('-6'()5
)oad
condition
"tage Description
Gsual 4. +or#al
operating
2eser&oir ele&ation at top o*
closed spill-ay gates -here
spill-ay is pro&ided and at
spill-ay crest -here spill-ay is
ungated
!ini#u# tail-ater
Gpli*t
Cce and silt pressure i*
applica1le
Gnusual 4. 0onstructi
on
Di&ersion structure structure
co#plete
+o head-ater or tail-ater
B. Flood
discharge
2eser&oir at standard pro;ect
,ood
8ates at appropriate ,ood-
control openings and tail-ater
at ,ood ele&ation
Tail-ater pressure
Gpli*t
"ilt i* applica1le
+o ice pressure
0. +or#al
operating
-ith 9B%
9perating 1asis earth3ua:e
D9B%E
Hori=ontal earth3ua:e
acceleration in do-nstrea#
direction
Gsual pool ele&ation
!ini#u# tail-ater
"ilt pressure i* applica1le
+o ice pressure
%<tre#e 4. 0onstructi
on -ith
9B%
9perating 1asis earth3ua:e
D9B%E
acceleration in upstrea#
direction
+o -ater in reser&oir
+o head-ater or tail-ater
B. +or#al
operating
-ith !0%
!a<i#u# credi1le
earth3ua:e D!0%E
acceleration in do-nstrea#
direction
Gsual pool ele&ation
!ini#u# tail-ater
Gpli*t at pre-earth3ua:e
le&el
+o ice pressure
0. Pro1a1le
#a<i#u#
,ood
2eser&oir at pro1a1le
#a<i#u# ,ood DP!FE
4ll gates open and tail-ater
at ,ood ele&ation
Gpli*t
Tail-ater pressure
+o ice pressure
DBased on G"40% 1995aE
1&.&.2 2#ert!rning Safety
The o&erturning sta1ility o* the di&ersion structure shall 1e *ound *or
each loading condition 1y locating the position o* the resultant o* the
&ertical *orces and lateral *orces along its 1ase. The position o* the
resultant shall 1e e<pressed in ter#s o* its eccentricity de/ned 1y
E$. 55
V
M
e
-here e is the eccentricity -ith respect to the centroid o* the 1ase

o* the section under consideration ' is the su# o* the #o#ents o*
the &ertical and lateral *orces a1out the do-nstrea# toe o* the
di&ersion structure and 7 is the su# o* all &ertical *orces acting on
the di&ersion structure.
1&.&.3 Sliing Safety
The sliding sta1ility o* a di&ersion structure shall 1e 1ased on a li#it
e3uili1riu# approach. This approach shall consist o* deter#ining a
*actor o* sa*ety D0+E against sliding de/ned as
E$. 56
T
cL N
T
T
FS
F
+

tan
-here (
F
is the #a<i#u# resisting shear along the slip plane at
ser&ice conditions ( is the applied shear along the slip plane at
ser&ice conditions & is the resultant o* *orces nor#al to the assu#ed
sliding plane is the angle o* internal *riction c is the cohesion on
the sliding plane and L is the length o* the sliding plane.
"liding sta1ility analyses shall 1e 1ased on *ailure sur*aces consisting
o* a single plane or a co#1ination o* planes that are :ine#atically
ad#issi1le. Cn roc:s the *ailure planes #ay 1e predeter#ined 1y
discontinuities in the *oundation. 4ll the potential planes o* *ailure
#ust 1e de/ned and analy=ed to deter#ine the one -ith the least F".
T-o-di#ensional analysis *or sliding sta1ility shall su>ice *or #ost
cases. Ho-e&er three-di#ensional analysis shall 1e resorted to i*
uni3ue three-di#ensional geo#etric *eatures and loads critically
a>ect the sliding sta1ility o* a speci/c structure.
1&.&.3.1 Single Plane 3nalysis
For sliding o* any sur*ace -ithin the di&ersion structure and on single
planes o* the 1ase the analysis shall *ollo- the single-plane *ailure
sur*ace analysis in -hich
E$. 57

sin cos
tan } sin cos {
W H
cL H U W
FS
+

-here 1 is the total -eight o* the -ater soil roc: and concrete is
the angle o* the sliding plane -ith the hori=ontal 8 is the upli*t
pressure against the sliding plane and H is the hori=ontal *orce
applied to the di&ersion structure.
1&.&.3.2 +!ltiple "ege 3nalysis
7here #ore than one *ailure plane e<ists sliding sta1ility analysis
along the 1ase and -ithin the *oundation o* the di&ersion structure
shall 1e conducted using #ultiple--edge analysis. For this the
di&ersion structure and the *oundation #aterial acting on it shall 1e
assu#ed to act as a syste# o* -edges consisting o* a structural
-edge and dri&ing and resisting -edges and the sliding *actor o*
sa*ety re3uired to 1ring the sliding #ass into a state o* hori=ontal
e3uili1riu# along the gi&en set o* slip planes shall 1e co#puted
depending upon the category o* ha=ard.
1&.&.& 2#erstressing
The total stress on any plane in the di&ersion structure or its
*oundation shall 1e calculated 1y co#1ining the a<ial and 1ending
stresses at the plane due to the total &ertical and lateral loads acting
on or a1o&e the plane. This shall 1e achie&ed through the relation
E$. 5
,
_
t
L
e
L
N 6
1
-here is the total stress on the edges o* the plane under
consideration & is the resultant o* *orces nor#al to the assu#ed
sliding plane e is the eccentricity co#puted using %3. 55 and L is the
length o* the sliding plane.
14.5 S,':)+),2 C&),0&)'
The sta1ility criteria *or concrete di&ersion structures *or di>erent
load conditions shall 1e as indicated in Ta1le 1(.
T.9/) 1"* S6.9%/%6+ -(%6)(%. 71( -10-()6) 8%2)(5%10 56('-6'()5
)oad
condition
2esultant
location
at 1ase
!ini#u#
sliding F"
Foundatio
n 1earing
pressure
0oncrete
co#pressi
&e
stresses
0oncret
e tensile
stresses
Gsual !iddle
third
2.(

allo-a1le
(.3
'
c
f
(
Gnusual !iddle
hal*
1.'

allo-a1le
(.5
'
c
f (.6
3 / 2 '
c
f
%<tre#e 7ithin
1ase
1.3
1.33 <
allo-a1le
(.9
'
c
f 1.5
3 / 2 '
c
f
D"ource@ G"40% 1995aE
Cn the ta1le
'
c
f is the one year uncon/ned cylindrical co#pressi&e
strength o* concrete. 0oncrete allo-a1le stresses are *or static
loading conditions.
15. STRESS ANALYSIS
"tress analysis o* di&ersion structures shall 1e per*or#ed to
deter#ine the #agnitude and distri1ution o* stresses throughout the
di&ersion structure under static and dyna#ic loads and to in&estigate
the structural ade3uacy o* the su1structure and *oundation. The
analysis shall 1e carried out *or the &arious load conditions discussed
in "ection 1$.2.
15.1 S,',)* A.'+21)1
"tatic stress analysis o* a di&ersion structure shall 1e conducted
using appro<i#ate #ethods or the /nite ele#ent #ethod. The
analysis techni3ue adopted shall depend on the degree o* re/ne#ent
re3uired *or the particular le&el o* design the co#ple<ity o* the
geo#etry o* the structure and its loading patterns as -ell as the
nature o* the *oundation #aterial.
1).1.1 3ppro:imate 7ec%ni(!es
4ppro<i#ate stress analysis shall generally 1e per*or#ed *or
preli#inary design o* di&ersion structures. These analyses shall 1e
carried out using the gra&ity #ethod *or t-o-di#ensional pro1le#s
and the trial load t-ist #ethod *or three-di#ensional pro1le#s.
1).1.1.1 *ra#ity +et%o
The gra&ity #ethod shall 1e used *or analysis o* di&ersion structures
in -hich the trans&erse contraction ;oints are neither :eyed nor
grouted. The analysis shall 1e per*or#ed under the *ollo-ing
assu#ptions@
a. The di&ersion structure consists o* a series o* &ertical cantile&er
ele#ents.
1. The concrete in the di&ersion structure is ho#ogeneous isotropic
and uni*or#ly elastic.
c. 4ll loads are trans#itted to the *oundation through cantile&er
action o* the di&ersion structure -ithout support *ro# ad;acent
#onoliths.
d. +or#al stresses are distri1uted linearly on hori=ontal planes.
1).1.1.2 7rial6loa 70ist +et%o
The trial load t-ist #ethod shall 1e used *or the three-di#ensional
stress analysis o* straight di&ersion structures -ith :eyed trans&erse
;oints. Ct shall 1e e#ployed in conditions -here the torsional #o#ents
resulting *ro# the interaction 1et-een ad;acent &ertical cantile&ers
#aterially a>ects the -ater load distri1ution 1et-een the#. "uch
conditions #ay arise in@
a. Di&ersion structures located in a narro- canyon -ith steep sloping
-alls.
1. 41ut#ent regions o* di&ersion structures in -ide and ,at canyons
-here the length o* the cantile&er changes rapidly.
c. 2egion o* sharp 1rea: in the cross-canyon pro/le -hich results in
an a1rupt change in the length o* cantile&ers in that region.
d. 2egions -here the *oundation stratigraphy changes.
1).1.2 Finite 'lement +et%o
The /nite ele#ent #ethod shall ordinarily 1e used *or the *eature and
/nal design stages o* the di&ersion structure i* a #ore e<act
in&estigation o* stress is re3uired. Cts use shall also 1e considered *or
di&ersion structures that are cur&ed in plan ha&e unusual
con/gurations or are *ounded on co#plicated *oundations in&ol&ing
&arious #aterials -ea: ;oints on sea#s and *racturing.
)inear elastic /nite ele#ent analyses shall nor#ally su>ice *or
di&ersion structures. 7here re3uired nonlinear /nite ele#ent
analyses that account *or interaction o* the di&ersion structure and
the *oundation #ay also 1e conducted. The #ethod #ay also 1e used
*or #odeling concrete ther#al 1eha&ior in con;unction -ith other
loads.
1).1.2.1 70o6imensional 3nalysis
T-o-di#ensional /nite ele#ent analysis shall nor#ally 1e ade3uate
*or concrete di&ersion structures. Ct shall particularly 1e suita1le *or
analy=ing sections o* structures -here plane strain or plane strains
e<ist. Three-di#ensional e>ects #ay also 1e appro<i#ated 1y #a:ing
a t-o-di#ensional analysis in #ore than one plane. Ho-e&er -hile
interpreting the results o* these analyses the li#itations o* the
appro<i#ations in&ol&ed in representing an actual three-di#ensional
structure -ith a t-o-di#ensional #odel shall 1e 1orne in #ind.
1).1.2.2 7%ree6imensional 3nalysis
Three-di#ensional /nite ele#ent #odeling o* di&ersion structures
shall 1e per*or#ed -hen t-o-di#ensional appro<i#ations #ay not
represent the true 1eha&ior o* the structure and its supporting
*oundation and a1ut#ents. "uch conditions #ay arise -hen the
geo#etry o* the pro1le# is such that the 1eha&ior o* the structure
depends upon stress distri1ution parallel to its a<is as in a structure
cur&ed in plan a structure located in a narro- canyon or -hen the
cross section o* the structure or its loading is not uni*or#.
Cn &ie- o* the large cost and e>ort in&ol&ed in three-di#ensional
#odeling such #odeling shall 1e ai#ed at grasping the glo1al
1eha&ior o* the structure. The local 1eha&ior o* the structure at any
particular section #ay then 1e studied 1ased on the results o* the
three-di#ensional analysis.
1).1.2.3 /nterpretation of Res!lts
The results o* the /nite ele#ent analysis o* di&ersion structures shall
1e used a*ter their &alidation through e3uili1riu# and co#pati1ility
chec:s. This shall 1e done along planes o* i#portance 1y chec:ing
reactions against applied loads and displace#ents against applied
1oundary conditions
15.2 D2.'4)* A.'+21)1
Dyna#ic stress analysis o* a di&ersion structure shall 1e conducted to
deter#ine its response 1ased on the characteristics o* the structure
and the nature o* the earth3ua:e loading. This analysis shall 1e
per*or#ed in the *ollo-ing situations@
The di&ersion structure is 3( # or #ore in height and the pea:
ground acceleration DP84E at the site is greater than (.2 g *or the
!0%?
The di&ersion structure is less than 3( # high and the P84 at the
site is greater than (.$ g *or the !0%?
The di&ersion structure has gated spill-ay #onoliths -ide
road-ays inta:e structures or other #onoliths o* unusual shape or
geo#etry.
1).2.1 .ynamic +et%os of Stress 3nalysis
Dyna#ic #ethods *or stress analysis o* di&ersion structures shall 1e
1ased on the #odal analysis techni3ue. These techni3ues include a
si#pli/ed response spectru# #ethod and the /nite ele#ent #ethods
using either a response spectru# or acceleration-ti#e records *or the
dyna#ic input. 4 dyna#ic analysis shall 1egin -ith the response
spectru# #ethod and progress to #ore re/ned #ethods i* needed. 4
ti#e-history analysis shall 1e used -hen yielding Dcrac:ingE o* the
di&ersion structure is indicated 1y a response spectru# analysis.
1).2.1.1 Simplifie Response Spectr!m +et%o
The si#pli/ed response spectru# #ethod shall 1e used to co#pute
the #a<i#u# linear response o* a non-o&er,o- section in its
*unda#ental #ode o* &i1ration due to the hori=ontal co#ponent o*
ground #otion. Ct #ay also 1e used *or an ungated o&er,o- #onolith
that has a section si#ilar to a non-o&er,o- #onolith as -ell.
Gsing this #ethod the di&ersion structure shall 1e #odeled as an
elastic #ass that is *ully restrained on a rigid *oundation.
Hydrodyna#ic e>ects shall 1e #odeled as an added #ass o* -ater
#o&ing -ith the structure the a#ount o* the added -ater #ass
depending on the *unda#ental *re3uency o* &i1ration and #ode shape
o* the structure and the e>ects o* interaction 1et-een the structure
and reser&oir. "eis#ic loading shall 1e co#puted directly *ro# the
spectral acceleration o1tained *ro# the design earth3ua:e response
spectru# and *ro# the dyna#ic properties o* the structural syste#.
1).2.1.2 Finite 'lement +et%os
Finite ele#ent #ethods *or dyna#ic stress analysis shall 1e used to
#odel the response o* the higher #odes o* &i1rations o* di&ersion
structures.
'odeling /pproach
Finite ele#ent #odels *or dyna#ic analysis shall accurately #odel the
structureHs geo#etry and in particular shall include &oids and any
lu#ped #asses -hich #ight a>ect the &i1ration #ode shapes o* the
structure. Because &ariations in #odeling para#eters and
uncertainties in #aterial properties signi/cantly a>ect stress
distri1utions in the structure a nu#1er o* analyses shall 1e
per*or#ed to test the sensiti&ity o* the dyna#ic 1eha&ior to &arious
co#1inations o* properties and assu#ptions. The ulti#ate strengths
o* the #aterials #ay 1e used in earth3ua:e analyses using dyna#ic
#ethods.
0inite #lement *esponse +pectrum 'ethod
The /nite ele#ent response spectru# #ethod shall 1e used to #odel
the dyna#ic response o* linear t-o- and three-di#ensional di&ersion
structures. Ct shall 1e used *or #onoliths that cannot 1e #odeled t-o-
di#ensionally or i* the #a<i#u# tensile stress co#puted *ro# the
si#pli/ed response spectru# #ethod e<ceeds 15 percent o* the
uncon/ned co#pressi&e strength o* the concrete.
Cn this analysis hydrodyna#ic e>ects shall 1e #odeled as an added
#ass o* -ater #o&ing -ith the di&ersion structure using
7estergaardHs *or#ula. The *oundation shall 1e #odeled as discrete
ele#ents or a hal* space.
The /nite ele#ent analysis shall 1e used to co#pute the natural
*re3uencies o* &i1ration and corresponding #ode shapes *or speci/ed
#odes. %arth3ua:e loading shall 1e co#puted *ro# earth3ua:e
response spectra *or each #ode o* &i1ration induced 1y the hori=ontal
and &ertical co#ponents o* ground #otion. These #odal responses
shall 1e co#1ined using the co#plete 3uadratic co#1ination #ethod
or the s3uare root o* the su# o* s3uares #ethod *or t-o-di#ensional
structures to o1tain an esti#ate o* the #a<i#u# total response.
+or#al stresses shall then 1e co#puted 1y a static analysis o* the
structure using the seis#ic loading as an e3ui&alent static load.
0inite #lement /cceleration 9 (ime History 'ethod
4n acceleration-ti#e history analysis shall 1e per*or#ed i* the
&ariation o* stresses -ith ti#e is re3uired to e&aluate the e<tent and
duration o* a highly stressed condition. Ct shall also 1e used to
deter#ine the nu#1er o* cycles o* nonlinear 1eha&ior the #agnitude
o* e<cursion into the nonlinear range and the ti#e the structure
re#ains nonlinear.
Cn this #ethod o* analysis hydrodyna#ic e>ects #ay 1e #odeled
using the -a&e e3uation. 0o#pressi1ility o* -ater and structural
de*or#ation e>ects shall 1e included in co#puting the hydrodyna#ic
pressures. The dyna#ic input shall 1e in the *or# o* an acceleration-
ti#e record.
The acceleration-ti#e history #ethod shall yield the natural
*re3uencies o* &i1ration and corresponding #ode shapes *or speci/ed
#odes. The response o* each #ode in the *or# o* e3ui&alent lateral
loads shall 1e calculated *or the entire duration o* the earth3ua:e
acceleration-ti#e record starting -ith initial conditions ta:ing a
s#all ti#e inter&al and co#puting the response at the end o* each
ti#e inter&al. The #odal responses shall 1e added *or each ti#e
inter&al to yield the total response. Therea*ter nor#al and principal
stresses shall 1e co#puted 1y a static analysis *or each ti#e inter&al.
1).2.2 Performance Criteria for Response to Site6.epenent 'art%(!akes
0oncrete di&ersion structures shall 1e capa1le o* sur&i&ing the
controlling !0% -ithout a catastrophic *ailure that -ould lead to loss
o* li*e or signi/cant da#age to property. Cnelastic 1eha&ior -ith
associated da#age shall 1e per#issi1le under the !0%. Further#ore
they shall 1e capa1le o* resisting the controlling 9B% -ithin the
elastic range re#ain operational and not re3uire e<tensi&e repairs.
16. PIERS
9n uncontrolled o&er,o- sections piers shall pri#arily 1e pro&ided
as supports *or 1ridges. 9n controlled spill-ays piers shall 1e used to
di&ide the o&er,o- section into a nu#1er o* 1ays so that the ,o- o&er
the o&er,o- section can 1e controlled -ith gates. They shall also
contain the anchorage or slots *or the crest gates and #ay support
/<ed hoists *or the gates.
Piers shall 1e erected o&er the crest pro/le and shall generally 1e
located in the #iddle o* the #onolith. The spacing 1et-een piers shall
depend on the si=e o* the gates? ho-e&er it shall 1e su>iciently large
to reduce the ris: o* ti#1er and ice 1loc:ing the o&er,o- 1ays.
16.1 P&#$#&,)#.).%
The di#ensions o* the pier shall 1e /<ed 1ased on considerations o*
,o- conditions loads and re3uire#ents o* appurtenances supported
1y the piers.
16.1.1 "it% of Pier
The -idth o* the piers shall 1e /<ed considering the *ollo-ing *actors@
a. Forces and #o#ents trans*erred 1y the pier to the o&er,o-
section.
1. "i=e o* gates.
c. !ini#u# thic:ness re3uired at the 1loc:-outs *or the crest gates
and stop log groo&es.
d. !ass o* the pier re3uired *or counteracting upli*t pressure.
The -idth o* the pier shall generally not 1e less than 2.5 to 3 #.
Further#ore the separation 1et-een 1loc:-outs on either *ace o* the
pier shall not 1e less than 6(( ##.
16.1.2 ,engt% of Pier
The length o* the piers shall 1e /<ed 1ased on the *ollo-ing
considerations@
a. !ini#u# re3uire#ents o* 1ridge and hoist 1ridge pro&ided *or
operation o* the gates and stop logs.
1. "pace re3uired *or housing instru#ents i* any.
c. 7idth o* groo&es *or crest gates and stop logs.
d. "pace *or storage o* stop logs.
e. Pre&ention o* cross ,o-s.
16.1.3 $eig%t of Pier
9n the upstrea# side the pier shall generally 1e constructed a1o&e
the pond le&el aAu<ed HF) -ith ade3uate *ree 1oard. The height
shall 1e /<ed as per re3uire#ent o* the #ass o* the pier in
counteracting upli*t pressure. Ct shall also 1e such that a1out 1 # o*
the gate still re#ains -ithin the gate groo&e -hen *ully raised
position a1o&e the aAu<ed HF)Bpond le&el.
9n the do-nstrea# side the piers shall generally 1e constructed at
least one #eter a1o&e the high ,ood le&el up to a distance o* 1 to 2
# as necessary 1eyond the end o* the 1ridges and instru#entation
plat*or# i* any. Therea*ter the height could 1e reduced according to
lo- ,ood le&els on the do-nstrea# side. Cn portions -here 1ridges
are pro&ided the height o* the piers shall 1e /<ed such that the
1earings o* the 1ridges are not hit 1y ,oating de1ris during high
,oods.
Cn the #ain gate portion the height o* the pier shall 1e /<ed such
that the 1otto# o* the gate is at least 1 # clear o* the aAu<ed HF).
For reducing the loads and #o#ents due to earth3ua:e ho-e&er the
top le&el o* the pier could 1e restricted to the top le&el o* the
a1ut#ents and steel trestles pro&ided o&er the piers *or housing the
hoist 1ridges.
16.1.& Pier Cap
Properly designed pier caps shall 1e pro&ided under 1ridges. Their
thic:ness shall not 1e less than 3(( ##.
16.2 S,&-*,-&'+ D01)%.
The piers shall 1e designed to resist the #ost critical co#1ination o*
a<ial 1ending shear and torsional stresses de&eloped under the
-orst condition o* loading.
16.2.1 ,oa Cases
The loads to 1e ta:en into consideration *or the design o* piers shall
1e as *ollo-s@
a. "el* -eight o* pier.
1. 7eight o* 1ridges on the pier
c. Gpli*t pressure on piers.
d. 7eight o* hoisting e3uip#ent.
e. Gp-ard -ater pressure on gates.
*. 7eight o* gate to 1e resisted 1y pier.
g. 2eaction due to li&e load on the 1ridge including i#pact.
h. 0rane loads i* pro&ided.
i. Trans&erse -ater pressure on the pier.
;. Force due to 1ra:ing e>ect o* &ehicles.
:. Frictional resistance at the 1earing o* the road 1ridge.
l. Pin reaction in trans&erse direction due to -ater pressure on
radial gate -ith inclined ar#s.
#. 7ind load.
n. %arth3ua:e loads including hydrodyna#ic *orces.
o. )ongitudinal static -ater pressure on the pier.
p. Forces due to -ater current.
16.2.2 ,oa Conitions
The pier shall 1e designed *or the #ost critical co#1ination o* loads
listed in "ection 16.2.1. "ince each pier supports a gate on each side
the *ollo-ing pier loading conditions DTa1le 11E shall 1e in&estigated.
0ases 1 and 3 shall 1e considered to calculate the #a<i#u#
hori=ontal shear nor#al to the a<is o* the di&ersion structure and the
largest o&erturning #o#ent in the do-nstrea# direction. 0ase 2 shall
1e used to deter#ine the lateral 1ending #o#ent due to the -ater
,o-ing through the open gate and the torsional shear in the
hori=ontal plane introduced 1y the reaction o* the closed gate acting
on one side o* the pier.
Ta1le 11@ )oad cases *or design o* piers
0as
e
Description
1 Both gates closed and -ater at the top o* gates.
2 9ne gate closed and the other gate -ide open -ith -ater at
the top o* the closed gate.
3 9ne gate closed and the other open -ith stop logs in place
and -ater at the top o* the closed gate.
16.2.3 Block6o!t ;ones
Bloc:-out =ones shall 1e designed to -ithstand the stresses due to the
-orst co#1ination o* *orces and #o#ents listed in "ection 16.2.2 and
the di>erential hydrostatic pressure -ith gate closed on one side and
stop logs dropped on the other ad;acent side. 4de3uate do-el 1ars
and secondary rein*orce#ent shall 1e pro&ided to e>ecti&ely 1ond the
second stage concrete to the #ain pier concrete.
16.2.& Reinforcement .esign
The pier rein*orce#ent shall 1e designed assu#ing the pier as an
eccentric colu#n *or the &ertical and hori=ontal loads and 1ending
#o#ents. Ct shall 1e properly anchored in the o&er,o- section. The
#ini#u# pier rein*orce#ent shall not 1e less than 25 ## dia#eter
1ars spaced at 3(( ## centers.
1. DIVIDE WALLS
Di&ide -alls shall 1e pro&ided in an o&er,o- section *or any one or
#ore o* the *unctions@
a. To separate 1ays ha&ing di>erent types o* energy dissipation
arrange#ents.
1. To separate 1ays ha&ing the sa#e type o* energy dissipation
arrange#ent -hich ha&e di>erent le&els or para#eters 1ecause o*
geological or other considerations.
c. To allo- *or unsy##etrical operation o* crest gates in order to
#ini#i=e cross or return ,o-s eddies etc.
1.1 P&#$#&,)#.).%
Cn order to #ini#i=e distur1ance to the ,o- di&ide -alls shall
nor#ally 1e pro&ided in line -ith the crest piers. Their sections shall
1e #ade as thin as possi1le.
The height o* di&ide -alls shall 1e /<ed 1ased on the re3uire#ents
*or clear separation o* ,o-. 7here clear separation is re3uired the
-alls shall 1e pro&ided -ith su>icient *ree1oard o&er the #a<i#u#
tail-ater le&el. "u1#erged -alls shall 1e pro&ided in situations -here
clear separation o* ,o- is re3uired at lo-er discharges only. Cn this
case the e<tent o* su1#ergence shall 1e decided 1y #odel tests.
The di&ide -all shall usually e<tend up to the do-nstrea# end o* the
energy dissipators. Ho-e&er its length #ay 1e deter#ined 1ased on
#odel studies.
1.2 S,&-*,-&'+ D01)%.
"tructural design o* a di&ide -all shall 1e per*or#ed to deter#ine the
rein*orce#ent needed *or resisting stresses de&eloped in the# under
the -orst condition o* loading.
1-.2.1 .esign ,oas
The *ollo-ing loads shall 1e considered *or the design o* the di&ide
-alls@
a. Dead loads?
1. 7ater pressure including hydrodyna#ic pressures?
c. Gpli*t pressures and
d. %arth3ua:e *orces.
1-.2.1.1 Comp!tation of ,oas
Dead load shall consist o* the sel* -eight o* the di&ide -all. 4ny
superi#posed load on the -alls #ay also 1e included in the
co#putation o* the dead load.
The upli*t pressure shall 1e assu#ed to act o&er 1(( percent o* the
1ase area o* the -all. Ct shall 1e assu#ed to &ary uni*or#ly along the
1ase -idth. Ct #ay 1e sa*e to assu#e that upli*t pressures are not
a>ected 1y an earth3ua:e.
%sti#ates o* hydro-dyna#ic pressures due to tur1ulence and surges
shall 1e 1ased on #odel studies. Ho-e&er till results o* such tests are
a&aila1le esti#ates o* these pressures #ay 1e #ade 1ased on
si#pli/ed assu#ptions.
1-.2.2 ,oa Conitions
The di&ide -all shall 1e designed *or the load conditions listed in
Ta1le 12.
1!. CONTRACTION JOINTS
Trans&erse contraction D#onolithE ;oints shall 1e pro&ided in concrete
di&ersion structures *or the *ollo-ing purposes@
a. Pre&ent the *or#ation o* hapha=ard ragged crac:s resulting *ro#
&olu#e changes that cannot 1e pre&ented in the #ass concrete.
1. Di&ide the structure into con&enient si=ed #onoliths to per#it
con&enient and syste#atic construction.
T.9/) 12* L1.8%0& -108%6%105 71( 8%2%8) 4.//5
0ondition )oads
Gnsy##etri
cal spill-ay
operation
Dead loads
Hydrostatic and hydrodyna#ic loads due to
unsy##etric ,o- in the energy dissipator
including centri*ugal *orces in the case o* ,ip
1uc:ets
0orresponding *ull upli*t
"pill-ay not
discharging
Dead loads
Hydrostatic and hydrodyna#ic loads on only
one side o* -all
0orresponding *ull upli*t
%arth3ua:e *orces
1!.1 A&&'.%040., #8 J#).,1
The ;oints shall 1e &ertical and nor#al to the a<is o* the di&ersion
structure and they shall e<tend continuously through its section. Cn
order to assure *reedo# o* &olu#etric change o* #onoliths they
;oints shall 1e constructed so that 1onding does not e<ist 1et-een
ad;acent #onoliths. 2ein*orcing should not e<tend through the ;oints.
41o&e the #ini#u# pool le&el the ;oints shall 1e cha#*ered at the
*aces o* the di&ersion structure *or appearance and *or #ini#i=ing
spalling.
1!.2 L#*',)#. './ S$'*).%
The trans&erse contraction ;oints shall generally 1e spaced uni*or#ly
across the a<is o* the di&ersion structure 15 to 25 # apart. The
location and spacing o* the ;oints shall 1e decided considering the
physical *eatures o* the site details o* appurtenant structures results
o* te#perature studies place#ent rates and #ethods and the
pro1a1le capacity o* the concrete #i<ing plant. Factors such as
a1rupt discontinuities in the pro/le o* the di&ersion structure
#aterial changes de*ects in the *oundation and the location o* other
*eatures shall also 1e considered in deciding these para#eters. Cn the
o&er,o- section *actors such as gate pier si=e and other
re3uire#ents shall also 1e ta:en into account *or deter#ining ;oint
spacing.
1!.3 S(0'& K021
7here *oundation conditions o* the di&ersion structure are such that
undesira1le di>erential settle#ent or displace#ent #ay occur shear
:eys #ay 1e *or#ed in the contraction ;oints DFigure 23E. These ;oints
#ay 1e *or#ed &ertically hori=ontally or as a co#1ination o* 1oth
depending on the direction o* the e<pected displace#ent. The :eys
#ay 1e rectangular or circular in shape.
The shear :eys shall 1e capa1le o* -ithstanding the shear stresses
due to trans*er o* loads *ro# ad;acent #onoliths. Their structural
design shall 1e per*or#ed 1ased on the concept o* shear *riction.
1!.4 W',0&1,#$1
4 dou1le line o* -aterstops shall 1e pro&ided near the upstrea# *ace
at contraction ;oints to pre&ent lea:age o* -ater through the#
DFigure 2$E. +or#ally poly&inyl chloride DPF0E -aterstops shall 1e
used *or this purpose.
The -aterstops shall 1e grouted $5( to 6(( ## into the *oundation or
sealed to the cuto> syste# and shall ter#inate near the top o* the
di&ersion structure. For gated o&er,o- sections the tops o* the
-aterstops shall ter#inate near the crest o* the ogee. 4 single line o*
-aterstops shall also 1e placed around all galleries and other
openings crossing #onolith ;oints.
7ater"top
4 4
0ontraction
;oint plane
7ater"top
%le&ation
"ection 4-4
F%&'() 23* T+,%-./ -106(.-6%10 ?1%06 5D).( <)+5
Flo-
GB "*aceo* da#
To gallery
,oor drain
0onstruction ;oint
PF0 -ater stop
For#ed trap drain
F%&'() 24* T+,%-./ 4.6)(561, %056.//.6%10
1!.5 F#&40/ D&').1
4 15( to 2(( ## dia#eter *or#ed drain shall generally 1e pro&ided
1et-een the t-o -ater stops DFigure 2$E. Cn the non-o&er,o-
#onolith ;oints the drains shall e<tend *ro# the #a<i#u# pool
ele&ation and ter#inate at a1out the le&el o* and drain into the
gutter in the grouting and drainage gallery. Cn the o&er,o- #onolith
;oints the drains shall e<tend *ro# the gate sill to the grouting and
drainage gallery.
1". GALLERIES AND OTHER OPENINGS
4 syste# o* galleries adits cha#1ers and sha*ts shall usually 1e
pro&ided -ithin the 1ody o* the di&ersion structure *or the *ollo-ing
purposes@
a. To pro&ide drainage -ay *or -ater seeping through the upstrea#
*ace o* the di&ersion structure and *ro# the *oundations.
1. To *urnish #eans o* access and space *or drilling and grouting.
c. To pro&ide #eans *or installation operation and #aintenance o*
accessories and utilities in the di&ersion structure.
d. To pro&ide access to the interior o* the di&ersion structure *or
inspection.
1".1 T2$01 #8 G'++0&)01 './ O$0.).%1
To #eet the a1o&e-listed purposes the galleries and openings
discussed in the *ollo-ing sections shall 1e pro&ided -ithin the
di&ersion structure. These *acilities shall 1e arranged in the di&ersion
structure considering their *unctional use*ulness and e>iciency and
their location -ith respect to #aintaining the structural integrity.
19.1.1 *ro!ting an .rainage *allery
The grouting and drainage gallery shall e<tend the *ull length o* the
di&ersion structure *or grouting the *oundation cuto> and *or
collecting seepage *ro# *oundation drainage holes and the interior
drainage holes. 8enerally it shall 1e pro&ided *or di&ersion structures
-hose height a1o&e the nor#al *oundation le&el e<ceeds 1( #.
The gallery shall 1e located near the upstrea# *ace and as near the
roc: sur*ace as *easi1le to pro&ide the #a<i#u# reduction in o&erall
upli*t. 4 #ini#u# distance o* 1.5 # shall 1e #aintained 1et-een the
*oundation sur*ace and the gallery ,oor. The #ini#u# distance
1et-een the upstrea# *ace and the gallery upstrea# -all shall 1e the
greater o* 3 # or 5 percent o* the pool head #easured *ro# the +7)
to the *oundation le&el. The #ini#u# si=e o* the gallery shall 1e 1.5
# -ide 1y 2.25 # high? ho-e&er a larger di#ension a1out 2 # -ide
1y 2.5 # -ide shall 1e pre*erred to *acilitate drilling and grouting
operations.
19.1.2 *ate C%ambers an 3ccess *allery
8ate cha#1ers shall 1e located directly o&er the ser&ice and
e#ergency sluice gates. These cha#1ers shall 1e si=ed to
acco##odate the gate hoists along -ith related #echanical and
electrical e3uip#ent and shall pro&ide ade3uate clearances *or
#aintenance. 4ccess galleries shall 1e o* su>icient si=e to per#it
passage o* the largest co#ponent o* the gates and hoists and
e3uip#ent re3uired *or #aintenance.
19.1.3 /nspection *allery
Cnspection galleries shall 1e pro&ided in a di&ersion structure *or
access to the interior #ass
o* the structure and to study the structural 1eha&ior o* the structure.
8routing and drainage galleries #ay also 1e used *or this purpose. Cn
o&er,o- sections -ith height greater than 25 # inspection galleries
#ay 1e pro&ided at di>erent le&els a1o&e the grouting and drainage
gallery. Ho-e&er the top o* the gallery at the highest le&el shall not
1e located -ithin ' # o* the crest le&el o* the o&er,o- section. The
si=e o* the gallery shall 1e 1.5 # -ide 1y 2.5 # high.
19.1.& /nstr!mentation *allery
The nu#1er and location o* instru#entation galleries shall depend
upon the e<tent o* instru#entation pro&ided in the di&ersion
structure. The galleries shall generally 1e aligned perpendicular to
the a<is o* the di&ersion structure. They shall generally ha&e a
rectangular cross-section 1.5 # -ide and 2.25 # high.
Cn di&ersion structures o* lo- height -here separate instru#entation
galleries cannot 1e pro&ided instru#entation #ay 1e installed in a
suita1le space in the grouting and drainage gallery.
19.1.) S!mp "ell an P!mp C%amber
"u#p -ells shall 1e pro&ided in the deepest location. Their nu#1er
and si=e shall depend upon the 3uantity o* -ater seeping through the
*oundations and the 1ody o* the di&ersion structure.
0ha#1ers *or housing pu#ps *or pu#ping o> the -ater collected in
the su#p -ells shall 1e located ad;acent to an inspection gallery. Ct
#ay also 1e located in an area that can 1e easily assessed in the
e&ent o* the drainage gallery 1eing ,ooded.
19.1.6 S%afts
"ha*ts *or staircases and ele&ators shall 1e pro&ided *or access to
galleries *ro# the top o* the di&ersion structure. They shall 1e located
in the non-o&er,o- section generally near the inter*ace o* the non-
o&er,o- section -ith the o&er,o- section.
1".2 G'++0&2 D0,')+1
8alleries #ay 1e usually arranged as a series o* hori=ontal runs and
stair ,ights or ra#ps -ith slopes pre*era1ly not e<ceeding 1(S -ith
the hori=ontal. The stairs and ra#ps shall 1e pro&ided -ith sa*ety
treads or a non-slip aggregate /nish. !etal treads #ay 1e pre*era1le
-here it is pro1a1le that e3uip#ent shall 1e s:idded up or do-n the
steps. 7here practica1le the -idth o* tread and height o* riser shall
1e uni*or# throughout all ,ights o* stairs and shall ne&er change in
any one ,ight. +or#ally steps shall not cross contraction ;oints
1et-een ad;acent #onoliths.
4ll galleries shall 1e pro&ided -ith gutters to carry a-ay seepage
-ater -hich gets collected into the gallery. 9n hori=ontal runs the
depth o* the gutter #ay &ary *ro# 225 to 3'5 ## to pro&ide a
drainage slope. The drainage slope shall not 1e ,atter than 1 in
1(((.
1".3 S,&-*,-&'+ D01)%.
"tructural design o* galleries and other openings shall ai# at
strengthening the concrete around the# to resist the high
co#pressi&e and tensile stresses de&eloped in these regions. This
shall 1e achie&ed through the analysis and design procedures
discussed in the *ollo-ing sections.
19.3.1 Stress 3nalysis
"tress analysis shall 1e per*or#ed to deter#ine the stress
distri1ution around galleries and openings. For this purpose a t-o-
di#ensional analysis assu#ing plane stress or plane strain #ay
generally su>ice. Ho-e&er three-di#ensional analysis #ay 1e
re3uired at intersections o* t-o or #ore openings.
For the stress analysis the o&erall stress /eld pre&ailing at the center
o* the gallery shall 1e deter#ined 1y appro<i#ate #ethods such as
the gra&ity #ethod D"ection 15.1.1.1E or the /nite ele#ent #ethod.
The stress distri1ution around the opening under the o&erall stress
/eld #ay then 1e *ound appro<i#ately *ro# closed *or# analytical
solution *or circular or elliptical openings or *ro# stress coe>icients
de&eloped *or rectangular openings o* &arious -idth and height.
Finite ele#ent analysis #ay 1e conducted *or openings that ha&e
co#ple< *or#s and load conditions. This analysis #ay 1e needed *or
openings located close to the *ace o* the di&ersion structure or near
the *ace o* a 1loc: *or #ultiple openings in on plane and *or
intersections.
19.3.2 ,oa Conitions
8alleries and openings shall 1e designed *or the o&erall stress /eld
resulting *ro# the #ost ad&erse co#1inations o* loads acting on the
di&ersion structure. For this purpose the load cases discussed in
"ection 1$.2 and the load conditions listed in "ection 1$.3 shall 1e
used? ho-e&er upli*t shall not 1e considered.
19.3.3 Reinforcement
2ein*orce#ent shall 1e designed *or the total tensile *orce across the
plane considered *or design. This *orce shall 1e deter#ined 1y
integrating the tension stress on the plane. The area o* steel
rein*orce#ent shall 1e calculated 1y di&iding the tensile *orce 1y the
allo-a1le tensile stress o* the rein*orce#ent.
2ein*orce#ent pro&ided *or resisting tensile stresses shall consist o*
hori=ontal and &ertical 1ars on the periphery and diagonal 1ars at
corners. These 1ars shall 1e anchored in a =one o* co#pression. The
spacing o* 1ars shall generally not 1e less than 15( ## centers and
not greater than 3(( ## centers. The #ini#u# clear co&er to
rein*orce#ent shall 1e 15( ##. The #ini#u# dia#eter o*
rein*orce#ent 1ars shall 1e 16 ## *or #ain rein*orce#ent and 12
## *or distri1ution rein*orce#ent.
26. BRIDGES ACROSS OVERFLOW SECTIONS
Bridges shall 1e pro&ided across o&er,o- sections to *urnish access
*or pedestrian and &ehicular tra>ic 1et-een the non-o&er,o-
sections to pro&ide access or support *or the operating #achinery *or
the crest gates? or usually to ser&e 1oth purposes. Cn the case o* an
ungated spill-ay and in the a1sence o* &ehicular tra>ic access
1et-een the non-o&er,o- sections #ay 1e pro&ided 1y a s#all access
1ridge or 1y stair sha*ts and a gallery 1eneath the spill-ay crest.
26.1 D01)%. C&),0&)'
The class o* 1ridge design loading shall nor#ally not 1e less than
Cndian 2oad 0ongress DC20E 0lass 44 loading. "pecial loadings
re3uired *or operation and #aintenance *unctions and those that the
1ridge is su1;ected to during construction shall 1e ta:en into account
including pro&isions *or any hea&y concentrated loads. Hea&y
loadings *or consideration shall include those due to e3uip#ent
transported during construction #o1ile cranes used *or #aintenance
and gantry cranes used to operate gates and to install stop logs *or
the o&er,o- section. C* the structure carries a high-ay the design
shall usually con*or# to the standard speci/cation *or high-ay
1ridges in +epal.
26.2 M',0&)'+1
!aterials used in the design and construction o* the 1ridge shall 1e
selected on the 1asis o* li*e cycle costs and *unctional re3uire#ents.
Floors cur1s and parapets shall 1e rein*orced concrete. Bea#s and
girders #ay 1e structural steel precast or cast-in-place rein*orced
concrete or prestressed concrete.

Part 2B - Concrete Diversion Structures

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Part 2B - Concrete Diversion Structures

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PART 2B CONCRETE DIVERSION

i.e. the pressure at the gi&en section 1eco#es e3ual to the

-here e is the eccentricity -ith respect to the centroid o* the 1ase

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