UNIX mt h Ou hnh ph bn, trc y chng c s dng trong

cc
mncomputer v cc workstaton trong cc cng s nghn cu khoa hc.
Ngy nay
UNIX - tr thnh h Ou hnh c dng cho c my tYnh c nhn v
phc v
cng vc knh doanh nh kh nng m ca n.
UNIX gng nh cc h Ou hnh khc n p nm ga phn cng v ng
dng.
N c chc nng qun phn cng v qun cc ng dng thc th. Ou
khc
nhau c bn ga UNIX v bEt k h Ou hnh khc s thc th bn
trong v gao
dn.
H Ou hnh UNIX thc s mt h Ou hnh. N bao gm cc thnh
phn trc
y (Phn c bn vn c ca h Ou hnh Unx) v cc thnh phn m
b sung, n
p nm ga phn cng v cc ng dng.
CEu trc c bn ca h Ou hnh Unx nh sau:
Kerne
Phn qun phn cng v cc ng dng thc th g kerne. Trong qun
cc
tht b phn cng UNIX xem m tht b ny nh mt e (c g
devce e).
Ou ny cho php vc truy nhp cc tht b gng nh vc c v gh
trn e.
Vc qun quyOn truy nhp trn cc tht b thng qua h thng kOm
sot bo
mt quyOn hn. Cc process ang thc th c UNIX phn ch t nguyn
bao gm
CPU v cc truy nhp t phn cng.
Kh kh ng my tYnh th mt chng trnh unx c np vo trong b
nh chYnh,
v n hot ng cho n kh shutdown hoc kh tt my. Chng trnh
ny c g
kerne, thc hn chc nng mc thEp v chc nng mc h thng.
Kerne chu
trch nhm thng dch v g cc ch th t b v x my tYnh. Kerne
cng chu
trch nhm vO cc tn trnh v cung cEp cc u vo v ra cho cc tn
trnh.
Kerne tr tm ca h Ou hnh UNIX.
Kh kerne c np vo trong b nh c n - sn sng nhn cc yu
cu t
ng s dng. u tn ng s dng ph ogn v a ra yu cu. Vc ogn

O kerne bt a - vo h thng v cch truyOn thng v chng. O m
Ou ny
kerne g chy ha chng trnh c bt getty v ogn. u tn kerne
g chy
getty. Getty hOn th dEu nhc v yu cu ng s dng nhp vo.
Kh nhn c thng tn u vo getty g chng trnh ogn. Chng trnh
ogn
tht p nh danh cho user v xc nh quyOn ca user ogn. Chng
trnh ogn
kOm tra mt khEu trong e mt khEu. Nu mt khEu khng ng cng
vo s
khng c tht p v b tr Ou khOn cho getty. Nu user nhp
ng mt
khEu chng trnh ogn g Ou khOn t chng trnh m c tn nm
trong
password e. Thng thng chng trnh ny she.
Shell
Vc thao tc trc tp t kerne rEt phc tp v h k thut cao O
trnh s
phc tp cho ng s dng v O bo v kerne t nhng sa st ca ng
s dng
she - c xy dng thnh p bao quanh kerne. Ng s dng g yu
cu t
she, she bn dch chng v sau g t kerne.

Chc nng ca she
Thng v UNIX c ba o she c dng ph bn. C ba Ou nhm mt
mc
Ych cung cEp cc chc nng sau:
- Thng dch nh
- Kh to chng trnh
- nh hng vo ra
- Kt n ng ng
- Thao tc trn e
- Duy tr cc bn
- Ou khOn m trng
- Lp trnh she
Hn nay trn h Ou hnh Unx ng ta ang s dng ch yu ba o
she sau:
Bourne she, Korn she, C she. Bng sau so snh ga 3 o she (Theo t
u
UNIX UNLEASHED - Sams Deveopment Team - SAMS Pubshbng)
1 tt nhEt, 2 trung bnh, 3 yu.
User
Gm cc tn tYch, cc ng dng gao tp v ng s dng.
2. Cc c im c bn
H Ou hnh UNIX c mt s c Om sau:
- a chng trnh
- NhOu ng s dng
- Bo mt
- c p phn cng
- H m
- Dng chung tht b
- T chc tp tn phn cEp
Bng so snh ga UNIX, NetWare v Wndows NT (Theo t u Upgradng
and
Reparng Networks -OUE)
II. Lnh v tin ch c bn
Cc nh v tn Ych ca Unx rEt a dng.
Mt nh UNIX c dng: $nh |cc chn a| |cc s| nh thng ch
nh.
Unx phn bt ch n, nh v ch n.
VY d: $s -c /dev
V ng s dng h thng, ta c thO cha nh thnh cc nhm sau:
1. Cc lnh khi to
ogn Thc hn ogn vo mt ng s dng no
su ChuyOn sang ng s dng t mt ng s dng no
uname Xem mt s thng tn vO h thng.
who Hn n ng ang thm nhp h thng
who am xem a ang m vc t termna
ext Thot kh h thng
env Xem thng tn tEt c cc bn m trng.
man G trnh tr gp
2. Cc lnh hin th
echo HOn th dng k t hay bn n mn hnh
setcoor t mu nOn v ch ca mn hnh
!. "nh h#n$ vo %&
cmd > Fe ChuyOn n dung hOn th ra e
cmd < e LEy u vo t e
cmd>>e N dung hOn th c thm vo e
cmd1 | cmd2 u ra ca nh cmd1 thnh u vo ca nh cmd2
'. (e)kto*+
bc Dng O tYnh ton cc bOu thc s hc
ca Hn ch
date HOn th v t ngy
mesg CEm/ cho php hOn th thng bo trn mn hnh (b wrte/
heo)
spe KOm tra chYnh t
v Son tho vn bn
wrte/ heo Cho php g dng thng bo n nhng ng ang s dng
trong h thng
wa G thng bo n mn hnh ng s dng h thng
,. Cc lnh th&o th m-c v tc .le
cd Thay th mc
cp Sao chp mt hay nhOu tp tn
nd Tm v trY ca tp tn
mkdr To th mc
rmdr Xo th mc
mv ChuyOn/ tn mt tp tn
pwd Hn v trY th mc hn th
s Hn tn e v thuc tYnh ca n
n To n kt e (nk)
sort Sp xp th t tp tn hOn th
cat Xem n dung ca e
ta Xem n dung e t cu ca e
more Hn n dung tp tn trnh by d dng nhOu trang
grep Tm v trY ca chu k t
wc m s t trong tp tn
compress Nn e.
uncompress M nn.
/. In 0n
cance Hu b vc In
p In t u ra my n
pstat Hn trng th hng ch n
1. 2h tn
ma G - nhn th tYn n t
max
3. 45n l6 ti7n t%8nh
k Hy b mt qu trnh ang hot ng
ps Hn cc tn trnh ang hot ng v trng th ca cc
tn trnh
seep Ngng hot ng ca tn trnh trong mt khong th gan
9. :im )ot ;5<=n hn v bo m>t
passwd thay password hoc cc tham s v ng s dng
chgrp Thay quyOn ch s hu e hoc th mc
chmod Thay quyOn hn trn e hoc th mc
chown Thay ng s hu tp tn hay th mc
1?. L5 t%@ v hAi *h-c B@ li5
cpo Lu tr v h phc d u ra cc tht b u tr
tar Lu tr d u ra tape hoc cc e tar
11. Cc th&o tc t%Cn mn$
png KOm tra s tham ga ca cc nt trn mng
netstat KOm tra trng th ca mng hn th
ftp Thc hn dch v truyOn nhn e
tenet Thc hOn kt n v mt h thng
Uutry Kt n UUCP
rcp Sao chp e xa .
III.2hDm nh>* h thEn$ F Cc lnh cGn bn
1. HIt J5 v k7t thKc *hiCn lm vicFLc l>* mMi t%Nn$ h thEn$
Kh bt u m vc trn h thng bn ph ogn. Vc ogn bo cho h
thng bt
bn a v cc ch quyOn m vc ca bn, kh kt thc phn m vc
ph
ogout. Kh khng c mt a khc c thO truy xuEt tp tn ca bn nu
khng
c php. Trong mt h thng c nhOu ng s dng, m ng c mt tn
v
mt mt khEu duy nhEt. Ouy nh tn ca ng s dng khng c nh
hn 2 k
t nu n hn 8 k t th Unx ch Ey 8 k t u.
Lnh env: Hn cc thng tn vO bn m trng.
Lnh su: ChuyOn sang ng s dng t mt ng s dng no .
su <user>
VY d: ang ng s dng anh mun tm chuyOn sang ng s dng root
$su root
H thng s yu cu nhp mt khEu ca ng s dng root
su - <user> - c <command arg>
ChuyOn sang user v g chy nh command
Lnh uname: Xem mt s thng tn h thng hn th.
uname <opton>
-a Hn tEt c cc thng tn.
-A Hn cc thng tn n quan n cense.
-m Hn tn phn cng ca h thng
-r Hn n verson h Ou hnh.
-s Hn tn h thng
Lnh who: Hn mt s thng tn s dng h thng.
who <opton>
-r Ch ra h thng ang chy t eve no.
-n Hn thng tn user ang ogn vo h thng
VY du: $ who
|uucp tty00 Sep 28 11:13
p|h san05 Sep 28 12:08
Lnh who am : Xem a ang m vc t termna
Lnh ext: Thot kh she
Lnh man: G trnh tr gp
man <command>
VY d: Mun xem tr gp nh cp g $man cp
2. Cc lnh hin th
Lnh echo: HOn th dng k t hay tr ca bn n mn hnh.
echo |-n| |arg|
-n In ra chu k t m khng to dng m
Cc k t qu nh khc c quy nh gng nh qu nh trong nh prntf
trong C
(c In dng khng to dng m, t tab, n n dng v to dng m ...)
VY d: $echo Hen en man hnh
$echo $PATH
Lnh setcoor: t mu nOn v ch ca mn hnh.
setcoor <opton>
-b <coor> t mu nOn.
-f <coor> t mu ch.
!. "nh h#n$ vo %& v Nn$ En$+
nh hng vo ra
Cc chng trnh nhn d u nhp v to xuEt Ou c cc knh n c
O chuyOn
cc thng tn . kh cng vc ny c thc hn tng mnh b chng
trnh
m mt tp tn c thO.
Trong UNIX cc tht b c x nh tp tn -> cc thao tc vo ra d dng
c thO
hng vo ra.
UNIX cung cEp mt s phng tn gp cho cc thao tc nh hng vo ra:
cmd > Fe ChuyOn n dung hOn th ra e
cmd < e LEy u vo t e
cmd>>e N dung hOn th c thm vo e
VY d: $ca > cde
Hn n dung ch ra e abc
Cc thao tc hng vo ra c thO kt hp v nhau trong mt nh.
VY d: cat <e1 > e2
ng ng
cmd1 | cmd2 u ra ca nh cmd1 thnh u vo ca nh cmd2
c Om ng ng ca UNIX n kt 1 nh ny v 1 nh khc. c bt
hn n
to xuEt chuEn ca 1 nh thnh nhp chuEn ca 1 nh khc. K hu -
ng ng (|)
c s dng O tht p ng ng.
VY d: $s | sort
Nhn xuEt ca s v g n n nh sort O sp th t.
T hp cc tp tn v nhp chuEn
Trong Unx cc nh ng ng c thO kt hp v hng.
VY d: wc baocao | sort -n > rep-count kt qu s a ra tp tn rep-count.
Cc k ku vo ra chuEn trong nh (0: nhp chuEn, 1: xuEt chuEn, 2: sa
chuEn)
VY d:
spe baocao > baocaodung 2> baocaosa
Trong nh trn cc t sa s c a ra e baocaosa.
Cc nh Desktop
'. (e)kto*+
Lnh bc: Dng O tYnh ton cc bOu thc s hc
VY d:
$ bc
x5
10x
50
d
Lnh ca: Hn ch d dng sau:
$ ca
February 1
S M Tu W Th F S
1 2 3 5
8 10 11 12
13 1 15 1 1 18 1
20 21 22 23 2 25 2
2 28
Lnh date: HOn th ngy g theo khun dng mong mun v cho php
thay
ngy h thng.
VY d:
$date
Sat Sep 28 1:5:58 EDT 18
$date D
0/28/8
Lnh mesg: Cho php hoc cEm hOn th thng bo trn mn hnh (b
wrte/ heo)
mesg |n| |y|
n CEn khng cho hOn th.
y Cho php hOn th.
Lnh spe: KOm tra chYnh t xem c hay khng nu c th hn cc
sa
Lnh wrte/ heo:Cho php g dng thng bo n nhng ng ang s
dng
trong h thng v thc hn trao thng tn trc tp qua mn hnh
termna
wrte <user>
Heo <user>
VY d:
$wrte username
< Cu thng bo cn g >
d
Lnh wa: G thng bo n tEt c mn hnh ng s dng h thng
termna.
VY d:
$wa
Thong bao
d
Lnh v: Son tho vn bn dng n gn trn Unx
O thc hn son tho vn bn dng text n gn, trong Unx h tr ch-
ng trnh
son tho v. Trong son tho phn ra ha ch ch nh v ch
son tho
Ch nh: cho php chn, xo, thay th ...
Ch son tho: cho php son tho vn bn.
O vo trnh son tho v ta nh: v <tn e>
Kh u v t ch nh. O vo ch son tho nh (a, A, , I,
o, ) thot
kh ch ny nh ESC, thot kh v nhEn: x
Mt s tu chn ca v
v <e> Bt u son tho t dng 1
v n <e> Bt u dng n
v /pattern Bt u pattern
v -r tp tn Phc h tp tn sau kh h thng treo
Mt s nh trong command mode ca nh v
0 ChuyOn con tr t u dng
$ ChuyOn con tr t cu dng.
/pattern Tm xu vn bn bt u t dng k tp.
pattern Tm xu vn bn t dng trc vO u.
a Thm text vo sau k t hn th.
b Back up one screen of text.
B Back up one space-demted word.
b Back up one word.
Backspace Move eft one character.
d ChuyOn xung d na trang mn hnh
D Xo n cu dng
d dw Xo 1 t, dd Xo mt dng
Esc ChuyOn t nsert mode sang command mode
f ChuyOn xung mt trang mn hnh
G ChuyOn con tr t dng cu cng ca e
nG ChuyOn con tr t dng th n
h ChuyOn sang tr mt k t.
Chn text (chuyOn sang nsert mode) sau k t hn th.
| ChuyOn con tr xung mt dng.
k ChuyOn con tr n mt dng.
ChuyOn con tr sang ph mt k t.
n Lp tm km.
Thm mt dng m trn dng hn th.
o Thm mt dng m d dng hn th.
Return Bt u mt dng m
u ChuyOn n na trang mn hnh.
U UndoThay th dng hn th nu c thay .
u Undo thay cu cng trn e ang son tho.
W Move forward one space-demted word.
w D chuyOn tp mt t.
x Xo mt k t.
:e e Son tho e m m khng thot kh v.
:n ChuyOn t e tp trong danh sch e dang son tho.
:q Thot kh nh v v quay tr dEu nhc ca UNIX.
:q Thot kh nh v v quay tr h thng khng gh bEt c
thay no.
:r e c n dung e ch nh v a n vo trong b m hn
th ca nh v.
:w e Gh n dung trong b m ra e ch nh.
:w Gh b m ra a.
,. Cc lnh th&o tc t%Cn th m-cO .le
Cc thao tc trn th mc
Lnh cd: S dng nh O thay th mc m vc hn hnh.
cd |drectory|
VY d: ChuyOn n th mc /usr/ncude: $cd /usr/ncude
ChuyOn tr th mc home: $cd
ChuyOn n mt th mc con ca th mc hn hnh: $cd ccs
ChuyOn n th mc cha: $cd..
Lnh s: S dng nh s O trnh by n dung ca th mc s |opton|
|drectory|
opton:
- Hn ch tt thng tn mt e
-c Hn danh sch cc tp tn theo th t
-a Hn n cc e bao gm c e .<tn e> (vd: .proe)
-F Hn phn bt ga drectory (/), executabe es () v cc e thng
thng.
-u S dng v - hn thay v hn ast access tme s hn ast
modcaton
tme.
-s S dng v - hn e se d dng bocks thay cho dng bytes.
-t S dng v -u sp xp u ra theo tme thay cho tn.
-r o ngc trnh t sp xp
-x Cho php hOn th dng nhu ct
VY d: $s -F
bn/ chmod
etv/ temp
$s -
drwx------ 2 sshah admn 512 May 12 13:08 pubchtm
Lnh mkdr: S dng mkdr O to th mc
mkdr |-p| |drectory|
-p To cc th mc gn tp nu tn th mc gn tp trong ng dn
khng tn t s to.
VY d: to cc th mc gn tp:
$mkdr -p /usr/tam2/duc
th mc tam2 khng tn t do to c th mc tam2 v duc.
Lnh pwd: S dng nh pwd hn ton b ng dn ca th mc hn
hnh
$pwd
/usr/tam1/dung
Lnh rmdr: S dng rmdr O xo th mc
rmdr |-ps| <drectory>
-p h chEp nhn cc th mc b xo.
-s Khng hn thng bo.
VY d: xo 1 th mc rng:
$rmdr dung
Cc thao tc e
Fe System
Fe system e c u trn UNIX. M e system u trong th mc trong h
thng cy thc mc UNIX. Mc nh ca cy th mc th mc gc (root
drectory) bt u bng /. tp sau h thng cc th mc con g tr d
nhEt c thO
ca mt th mc 1,02 k t.
Thng thng Yt quan tm n mc thEp ca mt e u trn h thng
UNIX nhng
O hOu k ta cn quan tm n ha kh nm nodes v superbock.
Mt kh - hOu
n s gp bn thun trong vc qun tr h thng e.
Inodes
Inode duy tr thng tn vO m e v ph thuc vo kOu e, Inode c thO
c cha
hn 0 phn thng tn. Tuy nhn hu nh ch c tc dng v kerne v
khng
n quan n ng s dng. Phn n quan ch yu n ng s dng :
mode: nh dEu quyOn truy nhp v kOu e.
nk count: S n kt c cha node ny.
user ID : ID ca ng ch s hu e.
group ID: ID Group ca e.
se Number: KYch thc e.
access tme: Th m truy nhp gn nhEt.
mod tme: Th Om sa gn nhEt.
node tme: Th Om m cEu trc node thay gn nhEt.
bock st: Danh sch s bock a m c cha segment u ca e.
Superbocks
L thng tn c bt quan trng u trn da. N c cha thng tn nh
hnh ca a
(s head, cynders ...), phn u ca danh sch node, v danh sch bock
t do.
B v thng tn ny quan trng cho nn h thng t ng ga mt
bn sao trn
a trnh vc r ro. N ch n quan n kh m e system b hng
nng.
Cc kOu Fe
Cc kOu Fe
C 8 kOu e : Norma Fes, Drectores, Hard Lnks, Symboc nks,
Sockets,
Named Ppes, Character Devces, Bock Devces.
Norma Fes: L o e s dng thng thng nhEt, chng c thO text
hoc
bnary e tuy nhn cEu trc bn trong khng n quan n quan Om
qun tr h
thng. c tYnh ca e c xc nh b node trong e system m m
t n.
Lnh s - ch ra Norma Fes nh sau:
-rw------- 1 sshah admn 2 May 12 13:0 heo
Drectores: L o es c bt m c cha cc e khc. Ch c mt nh
x t
node t dsk bocks, c thO c nhOu nh x t mt t mt mc ca th mc
t
node. Kh dng nh s - mt Drectore hn nh sau:
drwx------ 2 sshah admn 512 May 12 13:08 pubchtm
Hard Lnks: Hard nk mt drectory entry ngo tr vc thay v tr t e
duy
nhEt n tr t e - tn t. Ou ny to ra c ha e gng ht nhau kh
t k
danh sch e. dng nh s -:
-rw------- 1 sshah admn 2 May 12 13:0 heo
sau kh thc hn Hard nk dng nh s - s hOn th nh sau:
-rw------- 2 sshah admn 2 May 12 13:0 goodbye
-rw------- 2 sshah admn 2 May 12 13:0 heo
Symboc Lnks: Symboc nk khc v hard nk n khng tr t mt node
khc nhng tr t mt ename khc. Ou ny cho php symboc nks thc
hn
n kt cc e systems mt cch thun s dng nh n -s ta thEy e
www
hn nh sau:
drwx------ 2 sshah admn 512 May 12 13:08 pubchtm
rwx------ 1 sshah admn 11 May 12 13:08 www -> pubchtm
Sockets: Sockets dng cho UNIX n kt mng v my khc. Ou ny c s
dng nh network ports. Dng nh s - socket e hn nh sau:
srwxrwxrwx 1 root admn 0 May 10 1:38 X0
Named Ppes: Gng nh socket named ppe cho php chng trnh n c
v
nhau qua e system. Bn c thO s dng nh mknod O to named Ppe.
Dng
nh s - named ppe hn nh sau:
prw------- 1 sshah admn 0 May 12 22:02 myppe
Character Devces: L kOu e c bt dng O n c v cc system
Devce
drver. Dng nh s - character devce hn nh sau:
crw-rw-rw- 1 root whee 21, May 12 13:0 ptyp
Bock Devces: Bock devces hu nh cha s cc c tYnh v cc character
devces
trong th mc /dev, c s dng O n c v cc devce drvers. Om khc
ca
bock devces kh nng truyOn mt kh ng n d u t mt th
Om.
Dng nh s - hn nh sau:
brw------- 2 root sta 1, 2 u 2 12 fd0c
UNIX t chc h thng tp tn bao gm ch mt th mc gc (/) m t
cc th
mc con ca n c gn vo mt cch trc tp hay gn tp. C mt v
th mc
con chuEn /bn, /usr, /etc, v.v... M th mc ny cha cc tp tn hay th
mc
con.
Ta c thO s dng ng dn y O xc nh mt tp tn, vY d:
/usr/NVA/chuong1. Bn cng c thO s dng ch tn tp tn nu tp tn c
cha
trong th mc hn hnh. Thng kh ogn, th mc hn hnh s c t
n
th mc home. y th mc c tht p b ng qun tr h thng
dnh
cho ng s dng.
Tn tp tn trong UNIX c thO d 25 k t, ngo tr cc k t c bt
sau: /
$ < > ( ) | |. . Ngo ra ta cng c thO s dng cc k t sau:
Cc k hu dn:
DEu () dn cho mt, nhOu hoc khng k t no.
DEu () dn cho mt k t n
|...| dn cho mt d-y k t c th t trong bng Aphabet. VY d: t
k tEt c
cc th mc btt u bng ch c, d, e: c |cde|
Lnh e: Nhn bt dng e. Thng thng nh e phn tYch n dung
ca 1 e
v hOn th tYnh chEt ca thng tn cha trong e:
VY d: $ e /etc/passwd > /etc/hosts: asc text
Lnh cat: Xem n dung 1 tp tn v n kt cc tp tn cat |opton| |es|
Lnh more, pg: Dng nh more hoc pg O hn n dung e trn tng
trang mn
hnh:
VY d: more thu
Lnh mv: tn tp tn.
mv <opton> <od><new>
- Nu e - c th nh s h c gh n e hay khng.
-f Thc hn nh m khng h g.
VY d: Thay tn ca tp tn th mc hn hnh:
$mv a.out test
Lnh n: S dng nh n O gn thm 1 tn m cho 1 tp tn
C php: n |-s| <tn> <e, drectory>
n Khng tham s to hard nk.
n -s To symboc nk.
Lnh rm: Xo tp tn rm tp tn.
rm <opton> <es>
-f Xo cc tp tn m khng h, thm chY ch quyOn gh khng cho
php
-r Cho php xo c th mc bao gm c e v th mc.
-: Trc kh xo tp tn s h xc nhn vc xo tp tn
VY d: Xo tp tn thu:
$rm thu
Lnh cp: Sao chp tp tn.
cp <opton> <sou> <des>
- Nu e trn Ych - c th s c h c gh hay khng
-r Copy c th mc
VY d: cp /etc/passwd /usr/dung/passwdod
Lnh nd: Tm km 1 tp tn hoc mt s tp tn tho m-n Ou kn
no
nd <path> <expresson>
-atme <n> ng nu e b truy nhp n ngy trc y.
-mtme <n> ng nu e b thay n ngy trc y.
-user <un> ng nu ch ca es un. Nu g tr s n s so snh v
userID.
-group <gn> ng nu es thuc thnh vn ca nhm gn. Nu gn s
th n s
so snh
v groupID.
-perm <on> Tm es c quyOn truy nhp es ng v g tr on.
-nks <n> Tm es c n nks.
-type <x> Tm e c kOu x.
-newer <fn> Tm e b thay gn hn so v fn.
-oca Ch tm t oca.
-se <n> |c| Tm e c kYch thc n bocks (c ch ra character -byte)
-prnt Hn y ng dn ca es.
-depth Lun ng (cho php tm tEt c cc es trn drectory).
-name <pt> Tm es tho m-n mu tm pt.
VY d: Tm tp tn thu:
$nd . -name thu -prnt
/usr/tam/thu
Lnh grep: Tm km chu vn bn bn trong tp tn
grep <opton> <Chu cn tm> <Fes>
S dng nh grep O tm km mt chu vn bn bn trong cc tp tn
c ch
nh. Nu chu vn bn d hn 1 k t th ph O trong ha dEu nhy.
-c In ra tng s dng c cha mu cn tm.
-h B tn e khng hn n t dng c cha mu tm thEy.
- B qua phn bt ch ho v ch thng.
-n Hn n dng cha mu tm thEy v trc s ca dng trong e.
-v In tEt c cc dng c cha mu tm km.
DEu dn cho mt hoc bEt k k t no.
|character | dn b mt mng cc k t.
VY d: Tm chu k t ma trong tp tn thu: $grep ngan hang thu
Lnh ta: Hn cc dng cu ca es
ta |-f| <e>
-f Hn 10 dng cu v m dng c thm vo t kh g chy nh ta cho
n kh
kt thc n.
Lnh compress: Thc hn vc nn d u. Fe to ra t ng c u .
compress | -cfv | e(s)
-c Wrtes to stdout nstead of changng the e.
-f Cho php nn c e - c nn.
-v HOn th phn trm gm m n nn.
Lnh uncompress: Thc hn vc c nn e d u.
uncompress | -cv | | e(s) |
. In En
Lnh p: Thc hn vc n e my n.
p <opton> <es>
-c Kh nh c g p tc to bn sao ca e v thc hn n trn bn
sao ny.
-d <des> Ych cn n t.
-n <num> S bn n.
-o nobaner Khng n phn trang tu O u tn.
cp<n> S character c n trn 1 nch (10/12 ...)
-q <pr> Mc u tn n (0 cao nhEt ->3 thEp nhEt>
VY d: $p -d epson thu.txt
Lnh pstat: Hn trng th hng ch n ca my n
pstat <opton>
-a Hn danh sch cc prnter.
-d Hn my n ngm nh.
-o <pr>|-| Hn trng th yu cu u ra ca my n pr. Nu c - hn ch
t
trng th.
-p <pr> Hn trng th my n.
-t Hn tEt c thng tn vO trng th.
-v <pr> Hn tn my n v tn ng dn t tht b tng ng.
Lnh cance: Hu b vc In En
cance <request d> <prnter>
. Th tYn n t
Trong Unx h tr chng trnh ma v max cho php ng s dng thc
hn
vc g v nhn ma theo chuEn SMTP
Lnh ma:
Th n t cung cEp cc kh nng c bn O g v nhn thng bo. Ma
s hOn
th thng bo theo th t vo trc ra sau.Sau kh hOn th m thng bo
ma s
hn n dEu O ch nh ca ng s dng.
Gm mt s nh sau:
Hn message tp theo
- Hn mesage trc
d Xo message hn th.
h Hn header ca message.
m <user> G message t user.
p Hn n dung message.
s <e> Gh message ra tp tn hoc mbox
w<e> Gh message ra e nhng khng gh phn header.
q Thot kh ma
x Thot kh ma m khng thay thng bo
nh Thc hn nh Unx
G th : a vo nh ma v a ch ca ng s dng.
VY d: $ma dung@sysdoman
<thng bo>
ctr-d
Nhn th: Kh ogn vo h thng nu c th h thng s thng bo Y
ma kh c thO nh $ma O thc hn cc thao tc trn message.
Lnh max
Max bao gm cc nh O chuyOn v nhn th.: max <opton> <user>
opton -e son message
-v son message bng nh v
-r <e> c e vo message
<nh> Cho php thc hn cc nh she.
Hn s ca message
deete d Xo message hn th
dp Xo message v chuyOn n message k tp
edt e Son tho message.
ext Thot kh max v khng u thay .
headers h Hn header ca message ch nh.
ma <user> m G message t ng ch nh
next n Hn message tp theo
prnt p Hn message n mn hnh.
qut q Thot kh max v hon thnh cc thao tc - thc
hn.
repy r Tr ma t ng g v cc ng nhn.
Repy R Ch tr ma t ng g.
save <e> s Gh message t e ch nh.
Save S Gh message sau kh g n.
undeete u B xo b nh deete.
vsua v Dng nh v O son tho message.
wrte <e> w Gh message m khng gh header.
3. 45n l6 ti7n t%8nh
H thng Unx dng cc tn trnh (process) nh phng tn O qun
cc
chng trnh ang thc hn. M nh m ng dng g thc hn Ou
g mt
tn trnh. M tn trnh ang hot ng Ou bao hm mt s thng tn
n quan
c bt c mt g tr ID O nhn dng. Ngo ra cn cc thng tn khc
nh TTY,
th gan, nh ...
Tn trnh to ra mt tn trnh khc c g tn trnh cha. Cc tn
trnh con
nhn bt tn trnh cha ca n qua ID ca qu trnh cha.
Lnh k: Hy b mt qu trnh ang hot ng.
k <sgna> PID
-0 Kt thc tEt c cc tn trnh trong process group.
- Kt thc tn trnh khng Ou kn.(Uncondtona k sgna)
-15 Kt thc tn trnh- ngm nh (software termnaton sgna)
Lnh ps: Hn cc tn trnh ang hot ng v trng th ca cc tn
trnh bao
gm cc trng thO hn cc thng tn sau:
ps <opton>
-e Hn thng tn vO tEt c cc process ang hot ng.
-d In thng tn vO tEt c cc tn trnh tr phn eader
-a In tEt c thng tn vO process tr cc process khng tng ng v
termna.
-f In y tEt c cc thng tn.
Lnh seep: Ngng hot ng ca tn trnh trong mt khong th gan.
seep <tme>
Th gan c tYnh bng gy 1-553.
Lnh wat: Cho php ch cc tn trnh chy ch background kt thc.
Thng
dng trong cc scrpt O ng b tng tc.
VY d:
cmd1 > e1
cmd2>e2
wat
sort e1 e2
. Cc nh n quan bo mt v quyOn hn
a) Kh nm:
Kh ng s dng c to th cc thng tn sau yu cu c c a vo:
Tn ng s dng
Mt khEu
S nhn dng (ud: user dentfy number)
S ca nhm (gd: group dentfy number)
Ch thYch
Th mc xm nhp (home drectory)
Tn chng trnh cho chy c bt u m vc
Cc thng tn ny c cha trong e /etc/passwd
Nhm ng s dng: 1 nhm ng s dng tp hp ca 1 s ng s dng
c
thO dng chung cc e ca nhau, c m t bng nhng thng tn sau:
Tn ca nhm
Mt m- (c thO c hoc khng c)
S ca nhm (gd)
Danh sch nhng ng s dng thuc nhm
Cc thng tn ny c u trong tp tn /etc/group
Trong mt e c to trong c cc thng tn sau:
-rwxr-xr-- 2 sshah admn 2 May 12 13:0 heo
Nhm u -rwxr-xr
DEu gch u tn thO hn o e.
Nhm tp theo gm 3 nhm nh rwxrwxrwx nhm u thO hn quyOn
hn ca
ng ch s hu tp tn, nhm 2 thO hn quyOn hn ca nhm c quyOn
truy nhp,
nhm 3 quyOn hn ca cc ng s dng khc. M nhm gm 3 g tr r
(c),
w (gh, thay ), x (thc hn).
Tp theo ch ra s n kt trn e (2)
Ng ch s hu ca e (sshah)
Nhm ng s dng c quyOn trn e (admn)
KYch thc e (2)
Th gan (May 12 13:0)
Tn e (Heo)
b) Cc nh
Lnh chgrp: Thay nhm truy xuEt ca tp tn. Ch c superuser hay
ng s
hu m c quyOn thay quyOn s hu e.
chgrp <group> <es>
VY d: $s -a test
-rwx--x--x 1 bn bn 13023 un 21 test
$chgrp data test
$s -a test
-rwx--x--x 1 bn data 13023 un 21 test
Lnh chown: Thay ng s hu tp tn. Ch c superuser hay ng s
hu m
c quyOn thay .
chown <owner> <es>.
VY d: $s -a test
-rwx--x--x 1 bn data 13023 un 21 test
$chown dung test
$s -a test
-rwx--x--x 1 dung data 13023 un 21 test
Lnh umask: t quyOn truy xuEt ngm nh v 1 e hay th mc to.
Sau kh
t umask tEt c cc tp tn v th mc to s nhn quyOn truy nhp. (g
tr ngm
nh 022)
umask <mask>
VY d:
$umask 1
$cat test
...
d
$s - test
-rw------ 1 dung adm 1 Mar 11 10:11 test
Lnh chmod: Thay quyOn hn truy nhp tp tn
O thc hn vc thay quyOn hn trn tp tn th h ng thc
hn nh
ph ng s hu hay superuser (root).
chmod <mode> <es>
VY d:
$s - test
-rw------ 1 dung adm 1 Mar 11 10:11 test
$chmode 5 test
$s - test
-rwxr-xr-- .....
Cc tham s dng v nh chmode <opton> <es>
u: ng s dng (user)
g: nhm (group)
o: chung (other)
a: tEt c (a)
Ton t:
: thm quyOn
-: bt quyOn
: gn g tr khc
OuyOn:
r: c (readng)
w: gh (wrttng)
x: thc hn (executon)
VY d: $s - test
-rwxr-xr-- .....
$chmode g w test
$s - test
-rwxrwxr-- ...... test
1?. L5 t%@ v hAi *h-c B@ li5
Cc tp tn ca nhng h thng thng tn ngy cng n, s cn tht v
mc quan
trng ca cc tp tn ny v cng quan trng.
Cc tht b phn cng khng thO m bo rng khng bao g c s c
nh hng
a, hng tht b u d u ... Cc h thng phn mOm cng khng ph
chy
hon ton khng xy ra s c g.
D u ca cc h thng thng tn x nghp v tc th h kh c
bEt c s
c no xuEt hn m hng d u ca h thng, th ngay sau d u
ph c
kh phc ngay.
Ty theo cc nh cung cEp phn mOm v phn cng khc nhau m h
thng u tr
c nhng chc nng v tn Ych khc nhau nhng Ou c chung mt mc
Ych u
d u.
Thng thng nhng h Ou hnh n hoc nh Ou h tr cc tn Ych
gp cho
vc sao u v h phc d u nhm gm t thOu cc nh hng n h
thngd
u.
Trong cc o h Ou hnh Unx khc nhau c thO c cc cng c v cc
tn Ych
gp cho vc thc hn u tr tuy nhn cc nh hu ht c h tr b cc
o
h Ou hnh Unx.
Lnh tar: Lu tr hoc h phc es t cc tht b u tr.
tar <optons> <tare name> <enames to backup or restore>
Mt s cc opton hay dng.
opton |key|<sub>
Key c To u tr m v thc hn bt u gh t u.
r Fe u tr c gh vo vh trY cu ca tht b u tr.
t Hn danh sch cc e u tr.
u Cp nhp thm nu es cha c, hoc - thay so v n sao chp
trc.
x LEy thng tn t tht b u tr.
<sub> e Cho php gh trn nhOu voume.
f S dng cc s thay cho cc g tr ngm nh.
n Ch tht b u tr khng phae tape
v HOn th tn e sao u hoc h phc
VY d: tar cvf /dev/rmt/0hc /usr/oca/dataes
tar tvf /dev/rmt/0hc > tarst.txt

cd /usr/contrb
tar xvf /dev/rmt/0hc
Lnh cpo: Lu tr v h phc d u ra cc tht b u tr chuEn
cpo -o |acv| Gh d u ra u ra tht b u tr
- |cdmnv| c d u t tht b u tr.
c Gh thm phn header phng trng hp dng trn cc my khc.
d Th mc s c to nu cn.
m D th gan thay trc y.
a Thay th gan truy nhp.
u Sao chp khng Ou kn.
v Hn danh sch tn e.
VY d: s | cpo -oc > /dev/rst0
cpo -cd < /dev/rst0
Lnh dd: Sao u v h phc d u theo ng trng th trn h thng e
(bock
copy)
dd |f ||of |
f u vo chuEn.
of u ra chuEn.
VY d:
dd f/dev/dskette0 of/mnt/abc.xx
dd f/mnt/abc.xx of/dev/dskette0
11. Cc th&o tc t%Cn mn$
Lnh png: KOm tra s tham ga ca cc nt trn mng
Lnh netstat: KOm tra trng th ca mng hn th ca h thng oca. N
thO hn
cc thng tn vO gao dn mng, thng tn routng tabe, thng tn vO
Protoco.
netstat <opton>
-a HOn th thng tn tEt c cc nterface
-c Tp tc hOn th v t update sau mt v gy.
- Ch hOn th thng tn vO nterface
-n HOn th a ch thay cho tn.
-r HOn th thng tn vO kerne routng tabe
-t Ch hOn th thng tn vO TCP socket
-u Ch hOn th thng tn vO UDP socket.
-x HOn th thng tn vO socket
VY d:
# netstat -r
Routng Tabe:
Destnaton Gateway Fags Ref Use Interface

ocahost ocahost UH 0 101 o0
rmtnet ws2 UG 0 2008
rmtppp ws2 UG 0 10
subnet1 ws1 U 3 155 e0
22.0.0.0 ws1 U 3 0 e0
defaut gateway UG 0 1100
Lnh tenet: Thc hn kt n v mt h thng cho php tr thnh
termna ca h
thng m n kt n t.
tenet <dest>
Lnh ftp: Thc hn dch v truyOn nhn e.
ftp <dest>
Mun debuge nh ftp dng thm opton -d (vY d: ftp -d ftp.ha.com)
Mt s nh trong ftp:
asc ChuyOn sang ASCII transfer mode.
bnary ChuyOn sang bnary transfer mode.
cd Thay th mc trn ftp server.
cose Kt thc kt n.
de Xo e trn ftp server
pwd Hn th mc hn th trn ftp server
get LEy e t ftp server
hep Tr gp
cd Thay th mc trn cent
mget LEy mt s e trn ftp server
mput TruyOn mt v e n ftp server
open M kt n v ftp a server
put TruyOn e t ftp server
qut Thot kh FTP.
Lnh rogn: Thc hn ogn t my xa, cho php truy nhp t my tYnh
trn
mng gng nh nh tenet.
rogn <hosts name>
Trong trng hp ny user ID trn remote host ph gng user ID trn oca
host.
vY d nh nu testuser ogn vo box1, rogn dng testuser ogn vo box2.
Tuy nhn nu mun sogn vo user ID khc dng opton sau:
rogn <hosts name> - <user>
Lnh rcp: Sao chp e xa
Trc kh s dng nh rcp ng s dng - ph c sn sng trn remote
machne. B v rcp khng s dng authentcaton (khng gng nh rogn).
rcp <opton> <sour> <dest>
-r Ch s dng trong trng hp copy th mc.
<sour> <dest> c vt theo quy nh
hostname:epath
user@hostname:epath
user@hostname.doman:epath
VY d: rcp ha@box1:/export/home/ha/abc.txt box2:/export/home/cc.m
IP.L>* t%8nh Shell
1. Cc c tnh c bn.
Lnh n gn
L nh c g thc hn c tYnh chEt n nh dng sau:
command <opton> <arg>
NhOu nh trn mt dng
Thng thng she thng dch t u tn nh nh cn cc phn sau tr
thnh
cc s ca nh. C 3 k t c bt m kh she thng dch m gp
ph s hOu
sau c mt nh tp theo cn thc hn (), (), (|).
nh trc hon thnh m thc hn n nh tp sau (tng ng v
thc hn cc nh rng r).
VY d: $ who -H df -v ps -e
Lnh sau khng cn ph nh trc kt thc thc hn.
VY d: $who -H df -v ps -e
| S Ey u ra ca nh trc thnh u vo ca nh sau:
nh hng vo ra
Kh she thng dch nh m nhn thEy cc k hu hng vo ra (<),
(>). Cc
nh hng vo ra ny c g t subshe O Ou khOn vc thc hn
nh.
Dng nh d
Trong trng hp dng nh d mun cha thnh nhOu dng th kt thc
dng ph
t k t (). Kh gp k t ny she khng co dng m kt thc ca
u vo.
VY d: $ echo Now s the tme for a good men
to come to the ad of the party.
Bn trong she
Kh she gp k t $ th n hOu t sau tn bn. She s tm bn
- c nh
ngha v Ey g tr ca n. Nu bn cha nh ngha th mt nu strng
s c tr
.
O t g tr cho bn ch cn gn <tn bn>g tr
VY d:
$ drs
$ $dr f
e1
e1a
C thO thc hn gn nhOu hn mt bn trn mt dng nh. Bn s c
gn t
ph sang tr.
VY d: X$Y Yy
echo $X
y
Nu mun Ey u ra hoc kt qu thc hn mt nh m s ca
mt nh khc
th c thO dng dEu (`) O bao Ey nh cn thc hn.
varabe:-vaue Gn g tr ngm nh cho bn.
varabe:vaue Nu bn khc nu th s Ey vaue.
$varabe:message Nu bn khng t g tr th message s c n
ra u
ra
chuEn.
VY d:
$ echo Heo $UNA
Heo
$ echo Heo $UNA:-there
Q75 khMn$ $n t% cho RQS th8 )T hin
Uello the%e
Q75 $n RQSVWohn
ST hin
Uello Wohn
:hi )hell $Xi thYc hin mZt lnh t[ J5 tiCn \c hi5 l lnhO cc
thMn$ tin )&5 )T
\c hi5 l cc Ei )E c]& lnh. "Ei )E J5 tiCn \c $n t#i bi7n ^1O
Ei )E th_ h&i
)T \c $n t#i bi7n ^2 ... ^9. P t% bi7n ^? l5Mn c` ch_& lnh.
^a Ch_& )E Ei )E \c $bi t#i lnh ;5& v t% c]& bi7n.
^^ Ch_& *%oce)) I( c]& *%oce)) hin thNi.
^c C` ch_& t%n$ thi c]& lnh c5Ei cdn$. e&n$ $i t% ? n75 lnh
thYc hin
thnh cMn$O
khc khMn$ n75 c` lfi g50t hin.
^h C` ch_& t0t c *o)ition&l &%$5ment \c $bi t#i chn$ t%8nh.
P B-+ c` mZt )c%i*t .le nh )&5+
a %e)to%e&n<
cB ^ijk:(Ik
c*io Fi ^h lmBevm%mt?
^ %e)to%e&n< .le1 .le2 .le!
Cc .le .le1 .le2 .le! )T \c %e)to%e t[ thi7t b l5 t%@
Lnh )hint+ (dn$ Bch bi7n v t%
P B-+
^1 V F% ^2 V .le1 ^! V .le2
Shint
:7t ;5 l+
^1 V .le1 ^2 V .le2
Hi7n mMi t%Nn$
L cc bi7n m )hell hoc b0t ko mZt chn$ t%8nh no c` th l0<
v t%5< nh>* n`.
C` mZt )E bi7n mMi t%Nn$ n$Jm nh t%on$ )hell nh UjepO eSILO
qS2UO qS1O
qS2 ...
2. L>* t%8nh )hell
2%on$ Shell cc bi7n thMn$ thNn$ \c l5 B#i Bn$ ch&%&cte% thYc
hin cc
tnh ton ton hXc *h&r Bdn$ lnh eg*%.
eg*% linte$e% o*e%&to% inte$e%s
Cc ton tb l tuvO tFvO thvO tmv.
Cc *hw* ton t% v= *hJn n$5<Cn.
P B-+
^ eg*% , u 1 m !
1
Q5ll comm&nB i Bin bi B05 t+v
" l0< B@ li5 t%Yc ti7* t[ n$Ni )b B-n$ Bdn$ lnh %e&B
^ %e&B v&%1 v&%2 v&%!
Uello m< n%ienB
^echo ^v&%1 ^v&%2 ^v&%!
Uello m< n%ienB
&v Lnh i=5 kin
Lnh t%5e v n&l)e+ 2%5e l5Mn t% $i t% ?O n&l)e l5Mn t% $i t% 1
Lnh te)t+ :im t%& i=5 kin gem Kn$ h&< )&i
te)t conBition
2e)tin$ Ch&%&cte% (&t&
)t%1 V )t%2 "Kn$ n75 )t%1 $iEn$ ht )t%2 tv= Z Bi v k6 tYv
)t%1 xV )t%2 "Kn$ n75 )t%1 khc )t%2
Fn )t%1 "Kn$ n75 chi=5 Bi )t%1 l#n hn ? ti) not n5llv
Fy )t%1 "Kn$ n75 )t%1 l n5ll tchi=5 Bi V?v
)t%1 "Kn$ n75 )t%1 khc n5ll
2e)tin$ Q5me%ic (&t&
int1 Fe; int2 "Kn$ n75 int1 bzn$ int2
int1 Fne int2 "Kn$ n75 int1 khc int2
int1 F$t int2 "Kn$ n75 int1 l#n hn int2
int1 F$e int2 "Kn$ n75 int1 l#n hn hoc bzn$ int2
int1 Flt int2 "Kn$ n75 int1 nh{ hn int2
int1 Fle int2 "Kn$ n75 int1 nh{ hn hoc bzn$ int2
2e)tin$ no% |ile)
F% .lenm "Kn$ n75 5)e% c` ;5<=n Xc .lenm
F} .lenm "Kn$ n75 5)e% c` ;5<=n $hi t%Cn .lenm
Fg .lenm "Kn$ n75 5)e% c` ;5<=n thYc hin .lenm
Fn .lenm "Kn$ n75 .lenm l %e$5l&% .le
FB .lenm "Kn$ n75 .lenm l th m-c
Fc .lenm "Kn$ n75 .lenm l ch&%&cte% )*eci&l .le
Fb .lenm "Kn$ n75 .lenm l block )*eci&l .le
F) .lenm "Kn$ n75 kch th#c .lenm khc ?
Ft nn5mb "Kn$ n75 nn5mb t1 b< Ben&5ltv l te%min&l Bevice
Sho%th&nB eethoB on (oin$ 2e)t)
Hi v8 lnh te)t l mZt t%on$ nh@n$ lnh ;5&n t%Xn$ b>c nh0t
t%on$ )hell cho )hell
$Jn v#i cc n$Mn n$@ l>* t%inhn khc n$Ni t& ~ th&< te)t bzn$ b&o
`n$ tv.
P B-+
^ int1V'
^ ^int1 F$t 2
^ echo ^c
?

inFthen
in comm&nB1
then
comm&nB2
comm&nB!
.
Q75 comm&nB1 2hYc hin thnh cMn$ th8 comm&nB2O
comm&nB! m#i \c thYc
hin ti7* theo.

inFthen Fel)e
in comm&nB1
then
comm&nB2
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P. St&%tin$ R* &nB Sh5ttin$ (o}n
1. Hootin$ the S<)tem
Trc kh bn c thO s dng my tYnh ca bn, ph kh ng h Ou
hnh. Ou trnh kh ng h Ou hnh c g bootng. Kh h thng
- c kh ng th cc devce, appcaton, v servce trn my tYnh -
sn sng cho vc s dng.
B v UNIX mt h Ou hnh a nhm v a ng s dng, nn
nhOu tn trnh c g thc hn ngay ban u. u tn UNIX chy phn
kh ng h thng O t ng h, cEu hnh tht b v to UNIX
kerne m (nu cn tht). Sau h thng bt u chy cc tn trnh
tng ng v cc trang th kh ng rng bt c phn ra trn h thng.
Trong hu ht cc h Ou hnh Unx vc kh ng h thng thng theo
cc trnh
t sau:
1 Xc nh tht b boot.
2 Np kerne t tht b boot.
3 Tm v kh ng cc tht b ngo v.
Kh to cc tc v h thng c bn.
5 Chy cc scrpt m cc chng trnh to ra O cung cEp cc dc v.
Bt u cc ng dng khc.
Thng thng h thng chy ngm nh trng th 3. Trng th ny sn
sng
cho nhOu ng s dng trong m trng mng (Bao gm c e sharng).
Ou
ny c ngha tEt c cc h thng e c n kt (mounted) trn h
thng cc
tn trnh nOn (daemon) c bt u cho php ng s dng ogn, v
qu trnh
Ou khOn vo ra ca mng cng c bt u.
Ta c thO thc hn cc mc hot ng khc nhau v cc mc truy nhp
khc nhau
bng cc t trng th boot hoc bng cc thay trng th trong kh
h thng
ang chy. Trng th 3 fu network/mutuser, trng th 1 v 2 snge-
user/mted access.
Kh ta kh ng my tnh m c h Ou hnh UNIX, Phn kh ng
ban u
c qun b mt tn trnh g nt. Int x cc tn trnh trong
cch thc
trn c s trng th nh ngha trong e /etc/nttab.
Tn trnh nt khOm tra v kh ng cc tn trnh trong e
/etc/nttab. Cc tn
trnh c co nh sysnt processe. Sysnt processes cc tn trnh m
bo cho h thng hot ng mt cch ng n, chYnh xc.
VY d:/etc/nttab:
cr::sysnt:/sbn/ckroot >/dev/sysmsg 2>1
ck::sysnt:/sbn/setck >/dev/sysmsg 2>1
mm::sysnt:/etc/conf/bn/dmodreg >/dev/sysmsg 2>1
dmd::sysnt:/etc/conf/bn/dmodoad >/dev/sysmsg 2>1
ap::sysnt:/sbn/autopush f /etc/ap/chan.ap
bchk::sysnt:/sbn/bcheckrc </dev/consoe >/dev/sysmsg 2>1
bu::sysnt:/etc/conf/bn/drebud reboot </dev/consoe >/dev/sysmsg 2>1
a::sysnt:/sbn/creatadb </dev/consoe >/dev/sysmsg 2>1
- ckroot c cc tham s ca mount cho root e system trong e
/etc/vfstab. Cc tham s bao gm cc kOu e h thng, Ou ny cn
tht
to root e system sn sng cho h thng. Ckroot cng thc hn vc
kOm
tra h thng e (v nh fsck) nu nh n xc nh c c vEn O trong
h thng e. VY d nh: Nu ta tt my m khng thc hn shutdown, h
thng a ra thng bo kOm tra h thng kh n thc hn vc g quyt
cc
s c m n tm thEy.
- setck t ng h cho h thng UNIX.
- dmodreg Np danh sch cc kerne modues trong e /etc/modregster.
- dmodoadNp danh sch cc kerne modues trong e /etc/oadmods.
- autopushCEu hnh mt danh sch cc modues c t ng Ey vo
cc
Streams devce kh cc devce c m. Danh sch cc modues trong e
/etc/ap/chan.ap c Ey trn nh ca consoe montor devce O cung
cEp
cc thng tn theo cc dng v kOu quy nh.
- bcheckrcKh ng mt v tc v bao gm t tn h thng
mountng
/proc (processes) v /dev/fd (oppy dsk) devces, thc hn kOm tra v
n
kt cc tht b thm vo c n quan n oppy dsks.
- drebudKOm tra xem kerne c ph rebut hay khng nu c th chy
nh dbud O to n. Kerne cn ph c to m kh thm vo tht
b m hoc kh thay cc tham s.
- creatadbTht p h thng bo mt.
Kh m chc nng kh ng h thng c tht p, nt kOm tra cc mc
kh
ng ngm nh trong nttab O xc nh mc chy m h thng.
:hi nim S<)tem St&te)
Trong Unx ng qun tr h thng c thO tht p h thng my tYnh n
trong
snge-user mode, m khng c phn mng hoc termnas ogn. Trong tr-
ng hp ny ng qun tr c thO kOm tra xem xt h thng trc kh c yu
cu khc vY d
nh c t h thng. H thng gm cc eve sau:
- 0 - L mc shutdown. Kh thay sang mc 0 th tEt c cc tn trnh
Ou b
ngng hot ng.
- 1 (s or S)ng v mc snge-user. C 3 trng th c thO thay t
snge-
user : 1, s, v S. Ta t h thng trong mc snge-user nu ta mun
khng
cho cc ng s dng khc truy nhp h thng. Om khc ga mc 1, s, v
S : 1TEt c cc h thng e vn c mount, tEt c cc kt n mng b
ngt b, tEt c cc tn trnh termna Ou b ngt b. Mc s hoc S
y
mc bt u h thng Nu khng c e /etc/nttab. Nu thay n
trng
th ny, termna ca ng s dng s system consoe, cc termna Ou
b ngt b v cc h thng e vn c mount. Kh h thng chuyOn sang
mc ny ch c mt s cc cc h thng e c mount vY d: /, /var,
/proc...
- 2L mc nhOu ng s dng. Mc ny kh ng tEt c cc scrpt trong
th mc /etc/rc2.d, gm nhOu tn trnh cho php nhOu ng s dng.
Nu mun s dng h thng v hu c mng v m trng nhOu ng s
dng th ph chy mc 2 (hoc 3).
- 3L mc cho php cha s d u v cc h thng xa. Nu c t
NFS
H thng t ng thng bo v mount c h thng e xa bng NFS..
- L mc kh ng h thng. kh thay sang mc h thng
shutdown v kh ng .
- Ngo ra cn mt s mc kh ng khc tu theo o h Ou hnh Unx
m
c cc h tr v mc vchs khc nhau.
H thng c thO t cc mc 1, s, S, 2, hoc 3 m mc ngm nh
O chy. Thng
thng mc 2 hoc 3 trn cc h thng Unx. O thay trng th ca
h thng
s dng nh nt (hoc tent).
Initi&liy&tion 2&ble tinitt&bv
Fe /etc/nttab c cha cc tn trnh m c kh ng kh nt thc hn
kh
ng h thng hoc kh thay trng th. Mt s thnh phn trong
nttab chy
d ch nOn mt s khc nh /etc/rc2, c s dng O tht p cc tn
trnh
khc cho mc chy rng.
M mt thnh phn trong e nttab bao gm cc trng sau:
dtag:runstate:acton:process
Idtag mt th no ( t 1- k t) xc nh mt mc. Runstate
trng
th h thng m thnh phn s chy trong n. Ta c thO c mt v trng
th
h thng gn cho mt thnh phn.
Acton t kho tng ng v mt trong cc : respawn (Nu tn trnh b
mEt th t bt u ), wat ( tn trnh kt thc trc kh thc hn tp
thnh phn bn d, once (Chy mt tn trnh, cho n kt thc v
khng
kh to ), boot (Chy tn trnh n u chuyOn sang trng th nhOu
ng s dng v khng tn trnh kt thc), bootwat (chy tn trnh
n
u, chuyOn sang trng th nhOu ng s dng, cho tn trnh kt
thc,
v sysnt (chy tn trnh kh h thng bt u).
- Process nh thc s chy kh cc tu chuEn trc runstate v
acton
c p ng.
VY d:
co:1235:respawn:ttymon g v p Consoe Logn: d
|cc|/dev/consoe consoe
Mc ny co, chy mc 1, 2, 3, , v 5. Nu tn trnh b mEt th
n t ng
kh ng . Tn trnh ny chy nh ttymon(termna montor), m cho
php ta
thc hn vc ogn t system consoe.
k5n St&te (i%ecto%ie) t%cc.Bv
Cc ng dng m cn c cc tn trnh chy ch nOn hoc yu cu
mt v thnh
phn c kh ng kh h thng bt u hot ng, thng thng c cc
scrpt trong th mc xc nh trng th chy ca h thng. Gm cc th mc
sau:
/etc/rc0.dc cha cc quan h scrpt kh ng ban u v trng th
shutdown (0) v reboot (5 v ).
/etc/rc1.d c cha cc quan h scrpt kh ng ban u v trng th
snge-user (1, s, v S).
/etc/rc2.d c cha cc quan h scrpt kh ng ban u v trng th
mutuser (2 v 3).
/etc/rc3.d c cha cc quan h scrpt kh ng ban u v trng th
e-
sharng (3).
/etc/shutdownTng thYch v cc h preSystem V, Reease 3 gm cc
scrpt
c g chy kh h thng shutdown. Thng thng th mc ny rng
ngo tr cc scrpt m ta thm vo.
/etc/rc.dTng thYch v cc h preSystem V, Reease 3 gm cc scrpt
chy
kh h thng kh ng. Thng thng th mc ny rng ngo tr cc
scrpt m ta thm vo.
/etc/nt.dThc hn nh n cha cc startup scrpt. Cc Scrpt khng
thc
s chy t th mc ny, nhng n n kt v cc th mc rc.d tng ng.
St&%t5* Sc%i*t)
Startup scrpt nh chy kh kh ng h thng, shutdown h thng
hoc kh thay
trng th h thng. Nu thc hn xem n dung cc e ny bng
nh cat hoc
pg ta s nhn thEy hng ot cc nh she v cc tu chn start hoc stop.
Kh ng dng thm vo mt startup scrpt. th n thm scrpt vo th mc
/etc/nt.d.
sau thc hn nk n t mt hoc nhOu th mc v tn e bt u
bng S (for
start) hoc K (for k).
Ta h-y xem xt vY d vO mouse manager:
Kh c t UnxWare, mt she scrpt cho vc kh ng v kt thc
tn trnh
qun mouse trn ng dng gao dn ho e /etc/nt.d/mse, c
nk thnh ha e khc /etc/rc2.d/S02mse v /etc/rc0.d/K02mse.
Cc nh trong e scrpt nh sau:
case $1 n
start)
/usr/b/mousemgr

stop)
pd/usr/bn/ps e | /usr/bn/grep mousemgr |
|cc|/usr/bn/sed e s/ // e s/ .//
f | $pd |
then
/usr/bn/k $pd
F

)
echo Usage: /etc/nt.d/mse start | stop

esac
Kh kh ng h thng tn trnh nt kOm tra e /etc/nttab tm cc
mc m ph
hp v trng th chy ngm nh, thng thng trng th 3. Thc hn
vc tm
r2, chy nh trong /sbn/rc2 v kOm tra tEt c cc scrpt trong th mc
/etc/rc2.d.
Sau chy cc e bt u bng K v tu chn stop v bt u chy
cc scrpt m
bt u bng ch S v tu chn start. Trong vY d trn th nh chy
S02mse :
S02mse start. ng v tu chn start nh /usr/b/mousemgr c thc
hn v
tn trnh tp tc chy cho n kh c thay trng th h thng.