Thit k Mixer v B lc

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Mch lc

1. Khi nim chung v mch lc
B lc l 1 mng li truyn dn tn hiu hon ton vi tn s trong di thng nht
nh v c s suy gim trong vng stopband



L thuyt c bn v mch lc
a. Hm truyn
Hm truyn ca mch lc c nh ngha l t s gia in p tn hiu ra Vo trn
in p tn hiu vo Vi.

- Hm truyn tng qut theo tham s S (S=jw)

H(s)=

ph thuc vo cu to ca mch.
- Hm truyn thng gp c dng
()

, a thc bc 0 vi:

b. Mc ch ng dng
- B lc c vai tr quan trng trong cc mch in t. Nhng phn t c s trong
mch lc ch gm in tr (R), t in (C), v cun cm (L).
- Thng thng gm 2 mch lc RC v RLC. Mch lc RC c dng
nhiu v linh kin r v chim t din tch. Cn mch lc RLC t thng
dng v c in cm (L) kh tiu chun ha v c gi tr rt ln phm vi tn s thp
nn trong thc t kh thc hin v gi thnh t, li cng knh.
- Mch lc s lm suy gim nng lng qua n m khng c kh nng
khuych i. Kh phi hp tng tr vi cc mch ghp.
Thit k Mixer v B lc

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- b tc cc nhc dim trn ngi ta thm vo cc phn t khuch i nh
transistor, vi mch, v.v, c th khuych i tn hiu , phi hp
tng tr, iu chnh suy gim.
2. Phn loi mch lc
Da vo c im cu to, ta phn ra hai loi: mch lc th ng v mch
lc tch cc. C hai loi mch lc ny u c cc dng p ng tn s sau:
- Mch lc thng cao (High pass Filter)
- Mch lc thng thp (Low pass Filter)
- Mch lc thng di (Band pass Filter)
- Mch lc chn di (Reject Band Filter)
Cng sut u ra ca mch lc th ng lun nh hn cng sut u vo trong khi
mch lc ch ng cho php ln hn. Nhng i vi sng siu cao tn th mch lc
ch ng khng p ng kp nn trong n ny ta ch nghin cu v mch lc th
ng. c im ca mch lc th ng l c th m t bng phng php truyn ti
v bng phng php chc nng suy gim bin . Trong tn s thp chng ta dng
chc nng hm truyn miu t, cn trong tn s cao ta s dng chc nng suy gim
bin xt c tnh ca b lc.

a. p ng tn s


Hm truyn:

( )
( )
( ) e
e
e
1
2
V
V
H =

suy hao:

( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
e
e
1
2
10
20
V
V
Log n Attenuatio







Thit k Mixer v B lc

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p ng tn s ca mch lc thng thp






p ng tn s ca mch lc thng cao






p ng tn s ca mch lc thng di



e
c
|H|(e
)|
e
1
Transfer
function
Attenuation/dB
e
0
e
c
3
10
20
30
40
e
Attenuation/dB
0
e
c
3
10
20
30
40
e
c
|H|(e
)|
e
1 Transfer
function
e
1
|H|(e
)|
e
1 Transfer
function
e
2
e
Attenuation/dB
0
e
1
3
10
20
30
40
e
2
Thit k Mixer v B lc

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b. hot ng ca mch lc
tn s cao, mch lc thng s dng cc yu t nh: in tr , cun cm v t in. V
c bn c 2 phng php lc tn s:
- Phng php tham s nh (image-parameter method (IPM))
- Phng php chn-mt (insertion-loss method (ILM))
Phng php tham s nh c c im l thit k tng i n gin nhng c 1 bt li
rng l p ng tn s bt thng khng th thit lp vo h thng c. Phng php
chn-mt chia b lc vo 1 tng mng 2 ca, p ng tn s n nh. V vy trong n
ta thit k mch theo phng php chn-mt da trn s suy gim v chn mt ca b
lc. Suy hao ca mng 2 ca c tnh bi:


( )
2
1
1
load to delivered Power
source the from available Power
e I
= = =
load
inc
IL
P
P
P
I l h s phn x nhn vo b lc
Thit k b lc kiu chn-mt thng ta bt u vi thit k mch lc thng thp cn bn.
Vi in tr ngun v ti l 1 , tn s ct l 1 rad/s.






B lc LPP cn bn vi tn s ct 1
c
e = rad/s
Bng cch thay i v tr ca t in v cun cm ta c cc mch khc nhau. B lc bao
gm cc phn t phn ng thnh 1 bc thang. Bc ca mch lc chnh l s phn t phn
ng. Chuyn i tr khng, tn s thang v tr khng ca ti v ngun c b lc thng
cao v b lc thng di.

(a)


A Filter
H(e)
V
1
(e) V
2
(e)
R
S
=1
R
L
=1
Attenuation/dB
e
0
e
c
= 1
3
10
20
30
40
L1=g2 L2=g4
C1=g1
C2=g3
RL= gN+1
1
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(b)

Mch lc thng thp s dng thnh phn LC




Mch lc thng cao s dng LC vi v tr L v C i ch cho nhau mch lc thng thp




Mch lc thng di, cc t in c thay th bng mng LC song song, cc in dn
thay bang mch LC ni tip
c.Gii thiu tm tt v thit k b lc thng thp s dng gp cc yu t
C 1 s phng php tiu chun thit k mch lc thng thp. 3 phng php trong s
c bit n l:
- Lc Butterworth
- Lc Chebyshev
- Lc Bessel
tng c bn l tnh xp x p ng bin l tng ca |H(e)|
2
ca b khuch i s
dng a thc butterworth, chebyshev v bessel v 1 s chc nng a thc trc giao khc.
L1=g1
L2=g3 L1=g1
L2=g3
L1=g1
L2=g3
C1=g2 C2=g4
RL= gN+1 g0= 1
L2 L1
C1 CN
C2
L2
L1
C1 L3
C3
CN
LN
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) ( 1 ) (
) (
) (
e e
e
e
N o
o
i
o
P C
K
V
V
H
+
= = (2)
K
0
v C
0
l hng s ph thuc vo loi a thc s dng
P
N
(e) l 1 a thc ca e bc N.
0.1 1 10
30
20
10
0
20 log HB e ( ) ( )
.
20 log HC e ( ) ( )
.
20 log Hb e ( ) ( )
.
e

p ng bin bc 4 (N=4) ca b lc Butterworth, chebyshev v bessel
Mi kiu b lc c 1 li th ring ca n. V d nh, b lc chebyshev cho tn s ct
nhanh hn, nh hnh () l
c
e = 1rad/s, tuy nhin phn di thng s c nhiu gn sng,
khng bng phng. Mt khc, B lc Bessel c tn s ct ln nht, suy gim chm
nht nhng vng di thng li c tuyn tnh bng phng nht. Cn v b lc
Butterworth th mang c im nm gia 2 b lc trn. Da vo c im ca ti nn
ta chn b lc Butterworth thit k, v tnh bng phng trong di thng v p ng tn
s ct t tiu chun cho php.





Amplitude
in dB
Bessel
Butterwort
h
Chebyshev
e
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d. Mch lc thng thp nguyn bn
Mt cch tng hp thay th t chc nng hm truyn (2) s dng cc tiu chun
k thut c lit k trong ti liu
[1] [2]
, ta c bng thng s ca G
1
,G
2
,G
3
,G
N
vi N l
bc ca b lc thng thp LPP.
N g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9
1 2.0000 1.0000
2 1.4142 1.4142 1.0000
3 1.0000 2.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4 0.7654 1.8478 1.8478 0.7654 1.0000
5 0.6180 1.6180 2.0000 1.6180 0.6180 1.0000
6 0.5176 1.4142 1.9318 1.9318 1.4142 0.5176 1.0000
7 0.4450 1.2470 1.8019 2.0000 1.8019 1.2470 0.4450 1.0000
8 0.3902 1.1111 1.6629 1.9615 1.9615 1.6629 1.1111 0.3902 1.0000
Hnh: Bng gi tr ti u cho thit k mch lc thng thp kiu Butterworth (vi g
0
=1,
1
c
e = , N = 110)
Ngun: Reprinted from G. L. Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones,Microwave Filters,
Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures, Artech House, Dedham, Mass.,
1980, with permission

Bng trn l gi tr cc yu t bng phng ti a cho b lc thng thp cn bn ( g
0
=1,
1 /
c
rad s e = , N= 1-10 )
g
0
l in tr vi (a) l in dn vi hnh (b)
g
k
(k= 1- N) l t cm ca cc cun dy mc ni tip, hay l in dung ca t in
mc kiu shunt
thit k b lc ta da vo bng s suy gim bin chn bc b lc cho
thch hp.

Thit k Mixer v B lc

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Hnh: S suy gim bin so vi tn s ca b lc Butterworth

V d: Ta s dng bng trn thit k b lc thng thp bc 4 vi 1 /
c
rad s e = .




L1=0.7654H L2=1.8478H
C1=1.8478F C2=0.7654F
RL= 1
g0= 1
L
1
= g
1
= 0.7654H
L
2
= g
3
= 1.8478H
C
1
= g
2
= 1.8478F
C
2
= g
4
= 0.7654F
Thit k Mixer v B lc

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T b lc thit k trn ta c th thit k c b lc c
c
e v tr khng ty bng cch
phi hp tr khng. Vi cc thng s ban u l: in tr khng ti R
0
, tn s ct
0
e ,
in tr ban u R
n,
in cm L
n
,in dung C
n
, ta tnh ton c s thay i nh sau:


'
n o n
R R R =
' n
n o
o
L
L R
e
= (1)

' n
n
o o
C
C
R e
=
Ta khng cn thay i hnh dng ca mch lc m ta ch cn thay i thng s cc phn
t ca mch.

Bin i b lc: (a) p ng cng sut b lc nguyn mu 1
c
e = rad/s
(b) p ng cng sut b lc bin i thnh tn s ct
c
e
e. Bin i sang mch lc thng di v chn di
T mch lc thng thp nguyn bn nh ta xy dng trn ta c th bin i
sang mch lc thng di v chn di. Vi
1
e v
2
e l cnh ca di thng th p ng tn
s ca di thng c th c s dng bng cch thay th tn s sau y:
0 0 0
2 1 0 0
1 e e e e e
e
e e e e e e
| | | |
=
| |
A
\ . \ .
(3)
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Page 10

Trong

2 1
0
e e
e

A =

l bng thng phn on ca di thng
Tn s trung tm
0
e c chn l trung bnh nhn ca
1
e v
2
e

0 1 2
e ee =

Sau khi thay th tn s theo cng thc (3) ta c:

Hnh: Bin i tn s thnh thng di v chn di
(a): mch lc thng thp nguyn bn c
c
e =1 rad/s
(b): p ng mch cng sut lc thng di
(c): p ng cng sut mch lc chn di

Cc phn t ca b lc mi sau khi s dung (3) c biu din nh trong bng sau:
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Hnh: Biu din gi tr cc phn t ca b lc mi khi thay th trn mch lc thng
thp nguyn bn.
Qua bng trn ta c th thy trong mch lc thng di cc phn t cm khng c thay
th bng chui phn t LC mc ni tip vi:

0
'
n
n
L
L
e
=
A
v
0
'
n
n
C
L e
A
=

Phn t dung khng c thay th bng chui phn t LC mc song song vi:

'
0
n
n
L
C e
A
=
v
'
0
n
n
C
C
e
=
A









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Thit k v tnh ton mch lc thng thp
a. La chn yu cu di tn ph hp vi ti
Nh ni trn, trong ti ny ta cn lc b lc thng thp cho tn hiu u
vo l 500MHz hay
c
e = 3141.6 rad/s.
Trong khun kh n, ta xt trng hp mch lc thng thp c tn s ct
6
3141.6 10
c
e = rad/s v tn s dng
6
5654.87 10
s
e = rad/s (f
s
=900 MHz)
b. Tnh ton gi tr cc phn t ca mch lc thng thp
Theo phn l thuyt ta c:

900
1 1 0.8
500
s
c
e
e
= =

T hnhta chn N=4 l thit k mch lc ph hp vi bi ton.
T Hnh ta a ra c thng s ca mch:
g
1
= 0.7654
g
2
= 1.8478
g
3
= 1.8478
g
4
= 0.7654
Ta c mch nguyn l:

Vi tn s ct
c
e = 3141.6 rad/s v tr khng ca mch l R
0
=50, theo b cng
thc (1) ta c:


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' 12
1 1
1
6
0 0
0.7654
4.87 10 4.87
50 3141.6 10
c c
C g
C F pF
R R e e

= = = = =



' 9
0 1 0 2
1
6
50 1.8478
29.4 10 29.4
3141.6 10
c c
R L R g
L H nH
e e

= = = = =

Tng t ta tnh c:

'
2
11.76 C pF =


'
2
12.18 L nH =

Thay vo mch nguyn l ta c:


Khi chy m phng trn ADS ta thu c p ng tn s- bin ca mch lc
nh sau:

Thit k Mixer v B lc

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Thit k Mixer v B lc

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Page 15

Nhn xt: Nhn vo th ta thy mch cho p ng tn s ph hp vi yu cu
bi ton t ra.

c. Tnh ton gi tr ca cc ng Transmission line






























6. Mch lc thng di
Thit k Mixer v B lc

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Page 16

Kt hp gia mch lc thng thp v mch lc thng cao ta co mch lc thng
di vi di tn i qua l khong nm gia 2 tn s ct.
Thit k b lc thng di c di tn t 40MHz-60MHz.
0 2
3
3 2
0 0
2 w
2 w
w
R g
L
B
B
C
R
t
t
=
=

0
1 2 2
1 0
1
1 2
0
2 w
w
2 w
R B
L L
g
g
C C
R B
t
t
= =
= =

Vi:
1
1.5963 g =
2
1.0967 g =
ph thuc vo thng s ca vt liu lm mch in
Vy ta suy ra:
3
0.872 L uH = ;
3
0.0145 C nF =
1 2
24.9 L L nH = = ;
1 2
0.508 C C nF = =



p ng tn s:
Thit k Mixer v B lc

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