Real-time Systems.

Design Principles For Distributed

Embedded Applications.
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1;Table of Contents;8 2;Preface;12 3;Chapter 1 The Real-Time Environment;16 3.1;OVERVIEW;16
3.2;1.1 WHEN IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM REAL-TIME?;17 3.3;1.2 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS;18
3.3.1;1.2.1 Data Collection;18 3.3.2;1.2.2 Direct Digital Control;20 3.3.3;1.2.3 Man-Machine Interaction;20
3.4;1.3 TEMPORAL REQUIREMENTS;21 3.4.1;1.3.1 Where Do Temporal Requirements Come
From?;21 3.4.2;1.3.2 Minimal Latency Jitter;24 3.4.3;1.3.3 Minimal Error-Detection Latency;24 3.5;1.4
DEPENDABILITY REQUIREMENTS;24 3.5.1;1.4.1 Reliability;24 3.5.2;1.4.2 Safety;25 3.5.3;1.4.3
Maintainability;26 3.5.4;1.4.4 Availability;26 3.5.5;1.4.5 Security;27 3.6;1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF
REAL-TIME SYSTEMS;27 3.6.1;1.5.1 Hard Real-Time System versus Soft Real-Time System;27
3.6.2;1.5.2 Fail-safe versus Fail-Operational;29 3.6.3;1.5.3 Guaranteed-Response versus Best-Effort;29
3.6.4;1.5.4 Resource-Adequate versus Resource-Inadequate;30 3.6.5;1.5.5 Event-Triggered versus
Time-Triggered;30 3.7;1.6 THE REAL-TIME SYSTEMS MARKET;31 3.7.1;1.6.1 Embedded Real-Time
Systems;31 3.7.2;1.6.2 Plant Automation Systems;34 3.7.3;1.6.3 Multimedia Systems;36 3.8;1.7
EXAMPLES OF REAL-TIME SYSTEMS;36 3.8.1;1.7.1 Controlling the Flow in a Pipe;36 3.8.2;1.7.2
Engine Control;37 3.8.3;1.7.3 Rolling Mill;38 3.9;POINTS TO REMEMBER;39 3.10;BIBLIOGRAPHIC
NOTES;41 3.11;REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS;41 4;Chapter 2 Why a Distributed Solution?;44
4.1;OVERVIEW;44 4.2;2.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE;45 4.2.1;2.1.1 Form Follows Function;45
4.2.2;2.1.2 Hardware Structure;46 4.2.3;2.1.3 The Communication-Network Interface;46 4.2.4;2.1.4 The
Communication System;48 4.2.5;2.1.5 Gateways;48 4.3;2.2 COMPOSABILITY;49 4.3.1;2.2.1
Definition;49 4.3.2;2.2.2 Event-Triggered Communication Systems;50 4.3.3;2.2.3 Time-Triggered
Communication Systems;51 4.4;2.3 SCALABILITY;51 4.4.1;2.3.1 Extensibility;51 4.4.2;2.3.2
Complexity;52 4.4.3;2.3.3 Silicon Cost;53 4.5;2.4 DEPENDABILITY;54 4.5.1;2.4.1 Error-Containment
Regions;54 4.5.2;2.4.2 Replication;55 4.5.3;2.4.3 Certification Support;55 4.6;2.5 PHYSICAL
INSTALLATION;57 4.7;POINTS TO REMEMBER;57 4.8;BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES;59 4.9;REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS;59 5;Chapter 3 Global Time;60 5.1;OVERVIEW;60 5.2;3.1 TIME AND
ORDER;61 5.2.1;3.1.1 Different Orders;61 5.2.2;3.1.2 Clocks;62 5.2.3;3.1.3 Precision and Accuracy;64
5.2.4;3.1.4 Time Standards;65 5.3;3.2 TIME MEASUREMENT;66 5.3.1;3.2.1 Global Time;67 5.3.2;3.2.2
Interval Measurement;68 5.3.3;3.2.3 p/. -Precendence;69 5.3.4;3.2.4 Fundamental Limits of Time
Measurement;70 5.4;3.3 DENSE TIME VERSUS SPARSE TIME;70 5.4.1;3.3.1 Dense Time-base;71
5.4.2;3.3.2 Sparse Time-Base;72 5.4.3;3.3.3 Space-Time Lattice;73 5.5;3.4 INTERNAL CLOCK
SYNCHRONIZATION;74 5.5.1;3.4.1 The Synchronization Condition;74 5.5.2;3.4.2 Central Master
Synchronization;75 5.5.3;3.4.3 Distributed Synchronization Algorithms;76 5.5.4;3.4.4 State Correction
versus Rate Correction;79 5.6;3.5 EXTERNAL CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION;80 5.6.1;3.5.1 Principle of
Operation;80 5.6.2;3.5.2 Time Formats;81 5.6.3;3.5.3 Time Gateway;81 5.7;POINTS TO REMEMBER;82
5.8;BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES;83 5.9;REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS;84 6;Chapter 4 Modeling
Real-Time Systems;86 6.1;OVERVIEW;86 6.2;4.1 APPROPRIATE ABSTRACTIONS;87 6.2.1;4.1.1 The
Purpose of the Model;87 6.2.2;4.1.2 What is Relevant?;88 6.2.3;4.1.3 What Is Irrelevant?;89 6.3;4.2 THE
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS;90 6.3.1;4.2.1 Task;90 6.3.2;4.2.2 Node;90 6.3.3;4.2.3 Fault-Tolerant Unit
(FTU);91 6.3.4;4.2.4 Computational Cluster;92 6.4;4.3 INTERFACES;92 6.4.1;4.3.1 World and Message
Interfaces;93 6.4.2;4.3.2 Temporal Obligation of Clients and Servers;95 6.5;4.4 TEMPORAL CONTROL
VERSUS LOGICAL CONTROL;97 6.5.1;4.4.1 The Rolling Mill Example Revisited;97 6.5.2;4.4.2
Event-Triggered versus Time-Triggered;98 6.5.3;4.4.3 Interrupts;99 6.5.4;4.4.4 Trigger Task;100 6.6;4.5
WORST-CASE EXECUTION TIME;101 6.6.1;4.5.1 WCET of S-Tasks;101 6.6.2;4.5.2 Preemp EAN/ISBN
: 9780306470554 Publisher(s): Springer, Berlin Discussed keywords: Computer Format: ePub/PDF
Author(s): Kopetz, Hermann
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