IAS

General Studies Series

Current Affairs (Mains), 2010

by

Abhimanus IAS Study Group
,2010
1
Chandigarh



,2010

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ELEVENTH EDITION , 2010





2

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PREFACE

Abhimanus IAS STUDY GROUP is a PREMIER institute in the northern India for guidance in civil services. IAS STUDY
GROUP, a centre of excellence for the Civil Services Examination was set up with the avowed aim of giving a new orientation to
the studies and preparation for the Civil Services Examination. The principal objective of this venture is to organise classes on
general studies, compulsory subjects, orientation classes, Mock tests (simulated), seminars and interview sessions for Civil
Services Examination.
Current Affairs (Mains) and Current Affairs (Pre) notes are released by the institute every year in the month of September and
April* respectively.
The notes aim at helping the candidates appearing for UPSC and state level civil services exams. The notes are divided into nine
chapters.
The notes have been prepared, taking into consideration the needs of the civil services examination. Although extreme care has
been taken to avoid mistakes, but certain errors are regretted due to vastness of the coverage and time available to prepare these
notes.
Abhimanus IAS STUDY GROUP welcomes any suggestion to further improve this effort, in order to increase its benefits to the
candidates.

Director,
Abhimanus Visions
Chandigarh: Dated 5/10/2010
Suggestions can be sent through E-Mail: iasstudygroup@yahoo.com or www.abhimanu.com

,2010
3
*Previous releases : Mains, 1999, Pre 2000, Mains 2000, Pre 2001, Mains 2001, Pre 2002, Mains 2002,
Pre 2003, Mains 2003, Pre 2004, Mains 2004, Pre 2005, Mains 2005, Pre 2006, Mains 2006, Pre 2007,
Mains 2007, Pre 2008, Mains, 2008, Pre 2009, mains 2009, pre 2010



,2010
Contents

Competition Commission 26 ECONOMIC AFFAIRS 8
Special Economic Zones 26
INTERNATIONAL SCENE 8
Black Berry Controversy 26
Stiglitz Committee 8
INFRASTRUCTURE 27
Food Crisis 8
Roads 27
India And World Bank 9
Power 28
China Overtakes Japan To Become No. 2 Economic Power 9
Electricity Exchange In India 29
China Takes Steps Towards Stronger Yuan 10
Ultra Mega Power Projects 29
Japan Public Debt Hits Record High 10
Airports 30
EU Seizure Of Indian Drugs Improper: WHO 11
Greece Crisis 11
POLITICAL AFFAIRS 31
Europes Predicament Over Its Debt Crisis 11
ISSUES 31 Financial Action Task Force 12
Decoupling Theory 12
Ayodhya Verdict 31
Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP) 13
Naxalism 31
India and Escap 14
Election Commission 32
Delimitation 33 MONETARY SYSTEM 14
New Performance Index 34
Highlights of mid-quarter review of Indias monetary policy 14
Perspective On Delimiting Constituencies 34
Growth Rate 15
Reservation To SC/ST 35
Indices 15
Salwa Judum 35
Combat Battalion For Resolute Action (COBRA) 35 FINANCIAL SYSTEM 16
Mini Pravasi Bhartiya Divas 35
New Pension System 16
Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council 36
Review of Lead Bank Scheme 16
LEGISLATION 36 Rajan Committee 17
Nuclear Liability Bill 36 FISCAL SYSTEM 17
Bill To Protect Whistleblowers Okayed 37
Twelfth Finance Commission (2005-10) 17
Pruned Food Security Act Cleared 37
13th Finance Commission (2010 -15) 17
The Right Of Children To Free & Compulsory Education Bill 37
Tax Reforms Important Facts 18
The Prevention Of Money-Laundering (Amendment) Bill, 2008 37
2020Tax 19
Information Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2008 38
Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Bill, 2007 38 EXTERNAL SECTOR 19
Parents Maintenance Act 38
FOREIGN TRADE POLICY 2009-2014 19
New Rehabilitation Policy 39
Sovereign Wealth Funds 21
Unorganized Sector Workers Act 39
Changes in the Bop System of Recording 21
The Prevention Of Corruption Amendment Bill 2008 40
PLANNING 21
JUDICIARY/JUDGMENTS 40
11
th
Five Year Plan (2007-12) 22
Judgements 40
Socio Economic Profile Of States 23
Armed Forces Tribunal 43
Unorganised Sector 23
Supreme Court (Number Of Judges) Act, 1956 43
National Investment Fund 23
Gram Nyayalayas Bill, 2008 43
FDI Limit Hiked To 74% For DTH Services 24
Judges (Amendment) Bill 2008 44
AGRICULTURE 24
COMMISSIONS/COMMITTEES/PANELS 44
Indian Agriculture- Recent Facts 24
Law Commission 44
Second Green Revolution 25
Eighteenth Law Commission And Its Landmark Recommendation 45
Rainbow Revolution 25
2nd Administrative Reforms Commission

46
INDUSTRY 26
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Raghawan Committee 47


,2010
B.K. Chaturvedi Committee 48 Nirmala Health Insurance Scheme 66
Lyngdoh Panel 48 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme 67
Ganguly Committee 49 Annapurna Scheme 67
Antyodaya Anna Yojana 67
AMENDMENTS 49
HEALTH 67
109
th
Amendment Bill Passed 49
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (Rntcp) 67
STATES 49
National Aids Control Programme (Nacp) 67
Maharashtra 49 Universal Immunization Programme 68
Manipur 50 Pulse Polio Immunization Programme 68
Andhra Pradesh 50 National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme 68
Tamil Nadu 50 Dr. Ambedkar Medical Aid Scheme 68
Tamil Nadu 51 Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojna 68
Rajasthan 51
POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT 69
Karnataka 51
Madhya Pradesh 52 Poverty Estimates For 2004-05 69
Mizoram 52 Poor States 69
West Bengal 52 Govt. Proposes To Launch Urban Employment Scheme 69
POLICIES 52 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 71
Civil Aviation Policy 52 EUROPE 71
PROJECTS 53 Eu 71
Uk 73
NUHM To Cover 100 Cities In Phase I 53
Other Countries 75
Project Arrow 53
ASIA 77
SECURITY ISSUES 53
Nepal 77
National Counter Terrorism Centre Planned 53
Myanmar 78
National Investigation Agency 54
China 81
National Security Commission 55
Japan 82
SOCIAL LEGAL ISSUES 55 Pakistan 83
Bangladesh 86
Important Global Developments 56
Sri Lanka 87
CHILD 56 Australia 89
Iran 90
Drop In Infant Mortality Rate 56
Afghanistan 92
Integrated Child Development Services (Icds) 57
Russia 94
Kishori Shakti Yojana 57
Kyrgyztan 96
Child Labour 57
Israel 97
WOMEN 57 East Asia 98
Fiji And Indias Concerns 100
Women's Reservation Bill 57
Women to Get Permanent Commissioner in Army 58 AMERICAS 102
50 Percent Reservation for Women in Panchayats 58
USA 102
United Womens Front (Uwf) 59
Sex Ratio Highest Among Christians: Survey 59 AFRICA 104
Initiative for Empowerment of Women 59
South Africa 104
MINORITIES 60
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 106
EDUCATION 61
Indo- ASEAN 106
Saakshar Bharat Mission 61 Indias Look East Policy 106
Dedicated University For Humanities 63 India-South Korea 109
National Knowledge Network 63 Indias Look West Policy 110
First Composite Education Development Index (EDI) 63 India - Egypt 112
Right To Education Act, 2009 64 India-Bangladesh 113
Yashpal Committee 65 Indo - Iran 114
Primary Education Schemes 65 Indo-China 115
Indo Srilanka 118
SOCIAL BENEFIT PROGRAMMES 66
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Indo-Bhutan 120


,2010
Indo - Myanmar 121 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 160
Indo - Afghanistan 123
National Internet Exchange Of India (NIXI) 160
Indo - US 125
Indo-Russia 127 NUCLEAR 160
India Pakistan 128
Atmea I 160
India- Africa 131
Kerena 160
Indo E.U. 131
Experimental Test Reactor 160
India - Uk 132
Indo-French 134 BIOTECNOLOGY 161
India South Africa 135
Cloning Of Worlds 1
st
Buffalo 161
Indo-Canada 136
Indo-Japan 138 SUMMITS/CONFERENCES 162
India-Australia 139
UNITED NATIONS 162
Russia - US 141
India and the Issue of Climate Change 163
OTHER COUNTRIES 142
INTERNATIONAL 164
IMPORTANT DECLARATIONS 143
NAM 165
SCIENCE AFFAIRS 145
BRIC Summit 165
97
th
Indian Science Congress 145 G-15 166
Professional Bodies In Science* 145 Chogm 166
Autonomous Institutions* 145 SAARC 167
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research 145 Ibsa 168
Medical Council of India 146 Bimstec 169
NMEEE Approved 146 WEF 169
APEC 169
HEALTH 146
India-Africa Summit 170
Swine Flu 146 Sco-Csto 170
H1N1 147 GCC 171
Red Ribbon Express 148 NATO 171
Asean 172
ENVIRONMENT 148
G-8 173
Important Missions & Project 148 G-20 174
Project Snow Leopard 150 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) 175
Project Tiger 151 Two Summits On Nuclear Issues 175
Project Elephant 151 Sochi Summit 176
Earth Hour 2009 152
REPORTS 177
Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite 152
INTERNATIONAL 177
SPACE 152
State Of World Population: 2009 177
Milestones 152
Human Development Report, 2009 179
Pslv Launches 5 Satellites 153
World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate
Change: 179
Risat-2 Launched 153
Oceansat - 2 154
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 179
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle 154
NATIONAL 180 Indias Lunar Probe Finds Water Traces On Moon 155
Gsat-10 157
Forest Report 180
Indian Institute Of Space Science and Technology (IIST) 157
Tiger Census Report 180
Aditya 157
India-Urban Poverty Report 2009 180
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle 158
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 182
DEFENCE 158
AWARDS 182
Defence University At Binola Near Gurgaon 159
Astra 159 PERSONS 194
Navy Warship Commissioned 159
PLACES 201
Nerpa Lease 159
Interceptor Missile Tested Successfully 159
BOOKS 203
INS Arihant 159
Nirbhay 160
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SPORTS 205


,2010
IMPORTANT DAYS 211
7
COMMITTEES 212



,2010
8
1
ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
1
INTERNATIONAL SCENE
Stiglitz Committee
Setting up the Stiglitz Committee was the first response of United Nations to ongoing global recession.
Stiglitz Committee was set up in October 2008 to restructure the International monetary and financial system
and streamlined it. Prof. Joseph Stiglitz as chairperson of this Committee recognized that the present
economic crisis originated and triggered by the developments engineered in rich countries and the poor
countries and their population are disproportionately affected by this crisis. It suggested to set up a Global
Economic Council as on alternative to G-20. He suggested a globally representative forum to address areas
of concern in functioning of global economic system at a level equavalent to General Assembly or Security
Council. Such forum would be set up on the basis of constituency system and would ensure the participation
of all continents and major economies of world.
Committee also advocates the creation of new credit facility as a matter of urgency. If such a facility could be
created in a timely way it could be a major vehicle for the disbursement of requisite additional funding.
On financial market policies, committee recommended that there must be some global regulatory framework
to establish minimum national standards and also govern the global operations of systemically & relevant
global financial institutions.

Food Crisis
World Food grain production is anticipated to drop in 2009-10 largely due to reduced area sown with these
crops, by farmers in the developed countries. This is in response to a sharp fall in international cereal prices.
According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), cereal output is likely to decline by 3 per
cent from the record 2008 crop.
Causes

1
To be red along with separate documents on Budget 2010-11 and Economic survey 2009-2010



,2010
The lower wheat output is attributed to area cut-back by wheat growers in the US, Canada as well Europe
due to a sharp fall of nearly 40 per cent in the international prices in past one year and continued high input
costs.
The FAO, however, does not expect the lower 2009 cereal harvest to adversely affect supplies in the global
grain market because of anticipated larger carryover stocks from the current season and likely lower
utilization of grains for animal feed and for bio-fuel production.
World Banks 10-points for the food crisis
World leaders met in Rome recently to consider how to solve the problem of food crisis. The meeting was
called by the UN Secretary-General. The World Banks President, Robert Zoellick, in this context, put
forward a 10-point plan for solving the food crisis.
The food crisis has been described by various observers as a silent tsunami. It is not, however, a natural
catastrophic, said Zoellick, but man-made. There is a nexus between high energy prices and food prices.
This includes funding the World Food Programmes emergency needs, support for safety nets, such as
distribution of food in schools , seeds and fertilizer for the coming planting season, to boost agricultural
supply and increase research spending, reversing years of agricultural under investment , the need for more
investment in agribusiness , for innovative instruments for risk management and crop insurance , effects of
subsidies, mandates and tariffs on bio-fuels that are derived from corn and oilseeds. removal of export bans,
which have led to even higher world food prices. Last, the plan calls for greater collective action to counter
global risks.
To support this agenda, the World Bank will launch a global food crisis response facility. The World Bank
President promises fast-track action to address immediate needs arising from the crisis, including $200
million grants, especially to vulnerable countries. Assistance will be for cheap fertilizers, safety net
programmes and budget support. Overall, the World Bank will expand assistance for agriculture and food
related activities from $4 billion to $6 billion over the coming year.
India And World Bank
Indias voting rights in the World Bank group has been increased to 2.91% from 2.77%, while that of China
went up to 4.42% from 2.91%. India is now the seventh largest member of the World Bank in terms of
voting power, after the US, Japan, China, Germany, France and the UK.
India, the single largest borrower from the bank.
China Overtakes Japan To Become No. 2 Economic Power
After three decades of spectacular growth, China passed Japan in the second quarter to become the world's
second-largest economy behind the United States.
The milestone was reached early on 16 august, when Tokyo said that in the second quarter, the Japanese
economy was valued at about $1.28 trillion, slightly below China's figure of $1.33 trillion. The gross domestic
product of the United States was roughly $14 trillion in 2009. Japan's economy grew 0.4 per cent in the
second quarter, Tokyo said, substantially less than forecast.
9

Unseating Japan and in recent years passing Germany, France and Great Britain underscores China's
growing clout and bolsters forecasts that China will pass the United States as the world's biggest economy as
early as 2030.


,2010
For Japan, whose economy has been stagnating for more than a decade, the figures reflect a decline in
economic and political power. Japan has had the world's second-largest economy for much of the past four
decades, according to the World Bank. And during the 1980s, there was even talk about Japan's economy
some day overtaking that of the United States.
But while Japan's economy is mature and its population quickly aging, China is in the throes of urbanisation
and is far from developed, analysts say, meaning it has a much lower standard of living as well as a lot of
room to grow. Just five years ago, China's gross domestic product was about $2.3 trillion, about half of
Japan's.
This country has roughly the same land mass as the United States, but it is burdened with a fifth of the
world's population and insufficient resources. Its per capita income is more on a par with those of
impoverished nations like Algeria, El Salvador and Albania which, along with China, are close to $3,600
than that of the United States, where it is about $46,000.
There are huge challenges ahead, though. Economists say that China's economy is too heavily dependent on
exports and investment and that it needs to encourage greater domestic consumption something China
has struggled to do.
China is also locked in a fierce debate over its currency policy, with the United States, European Union and
others accusing Beijing of keeping the Chinese currency, the renminbi, artificially low to bolster exports
leading to huge trade surpluses for China but major bilateral trade deficits for the United States and the
European Union. China says its currency is not substantially undervalued and it is moving ahead with
currency reform.
China Takes Steps Towards Stronger Yuan
China set the strongest yuan exchange rate in years after Beijing came under renewed pressure at the Group
of 20 summits to let the currency appreciate.
The People's Bank of China said it set the central parity rate the centre point of the currency's allowed
trading band at 6.7890 to the dollar.
It was the strongest level policymakers have set since China un-pegged the currency in July 2005 and moved
to a tightly managed floating exchange rate, but analysts said the move did not signify a major shift.
Japan Public Debt Hits Record High
Japan's government debt hit a record high of more than 10 trillion dollars as of the end of June report,
733.81 trillion yen, or 81.2%, of the total accounted for government bonds.
Per-capita debt is around 7.1 million yen ($83,000).
The debt is a legacy of massive stimulus spending during the economic lost decade of the 1990s, as well as
a series of pump-priming packages to tackle the recession which began in 2008. It crawled out of a severe
year-long recession in 2009, but high public debt as well as deflation and weak domestic demand are
hindering Japan.
10

Japan has faced global pressure to do more to cut its debt in recent months, although with around 95% of
government bonds held by domestic investors, Japans risk of default is seen to be much lower than some
eurozone countries.


,2010
EU Seizure Of Indian Drugs Improper: WHO
India's complaint against the European Union on the unjust seizure of cheap generic drug consignments
meant for Latin America and African nations has received a boost, with the World Health Organisation
terming such action misuse of rules against counterfeit medicines. In a statement issued in Geneva, the
WHO rapped the EU for seizing the Indian generic drugs in transit for patent violation.
Greece Crisis
Greece has requested the European Union and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for a bailout of 45
billion as initial assistance in its economic crisis.
Athens will have to pay out on bonds worth about 8.5bn which mature in May and also has to pay 54bn
this year as debt-servicing on 300bn.
In addition, the country's budget deficit for 2009-10 was 13.6 per cent of GDP, or about 300 billion; the
eurozone rules allow member states only three per cent. As for the bailout itself, the EU as a whole cannot
provide such. Individual member states will contribute 30 billion for three years at five per cent, with
Germany and France providing half that sum; the IMF is due to contribute 15 billion.
Conditions will most probably focus on public-sector cuts and substantial changes to the state-pension
system. Early public reactions in Greece have been hostile, with demonstrators particularly resentful of IMF
involvement. Financial markets have responded selectively, despite Standard and Poor's downgrading of
Greece's debt rating to junk.
Kenneth Rogoff, a former IMF chief economist, points out that national debt defaults and restructurings
usually follow banking crises. He concludes that Greece must do all it can now to maintain international
financial credibility so as to avoid IMF-imposed restructuring in future. But the matter is more complex than
this assessment suggests.
Greece is hardly alone; the U.S. budget deficit for 2008-9 was 9.9 per cent and the U.K.'s was 10.9 per cent
for 2009-10. Sweden has also survived a comparable crisis.
The preceding Greek government, a conservative one, hugely expanded public spending and the budget
deficit, by increasing public-service employment and failing to tackle widespread tax fraud. Meanwhile, the
EU's regulatory bodies did nothing about the country's rising budget deficit, and Greece colluded with an
investment bank to falsify the figures.
Prime Minister George Papandreou has announced measures to crack down on tax evasion, to raise taxes,
and to cut the budget deficit by four percentage points in the current financial year. The EU is also likely to
adopt tougher regulations, which will reduce the capacity of private players to attack member states through
financial markets. The Greek crisis, though serious, gives the EU an opportunity to help a member state,
curb predatory financiers, and improve its own institutions and procedures.
Greece's Defence Minister on Thursday promised colossal cuts in military operating costs to help the debt-
ridden country emerge from its financial crisis and speed up plans to modernise the armed forces.
Europes Predicament Over Its Debt Crisis
11

Greece is hardly alone. The U.K.'s budget deficit was 10.9 per cent for 2009-10. Sweden has also survived a
comparable crisis. The problem for the EU is the internal linkages which localize the problem. For example,
the total debt of Greece is $226 billion while that of Spain is $1.1 trillion almost four and a half times


,2010
larger. Of that, about $220 billion is owed to French institutions, a similar number to German institutions
and about $120 billion to British firms. With 20% unemployment, Spain has one of the weakest economies in
Europe. Meanwhile of Italy's gross debt of $1.4 trillion, about 40% is owed to France, which amounts to
almost half of the latters GDP. The interconnectedness of these economies is such that the weakest link will
determine the strength of the EU.
The text book solution to a sovereign debt crisis and loss of competitiveness as is the case with Greece,
Spain, Portugal and Italy is a substantial cut in government spending and a deep enough currency
devaluation that makes the country's exports competitive. In addition, structural reforms to address the
problem of inflexible labour markets and loss of competitiveness are needed. If there is enough appetite for
the country's exports in the rest of the world, fiscal consolidation and a stable economy should be the end
result. This economic prescription is difficult to follow in crisis-ridden Europe because the eurozone
countries are unable to individually depreciate their currency. This robs these countries of a very potent tool
to address the crisis and regaining competitiveness sans currency depreciation would be harder and more
painful involving recession and deflation.
Financial Action Task Force
India has become a full-fledged member of Financial Action Task Force (FATF), an inter-government body,
responsible for setting global standards on anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of
terrorism (CFT). Earlier, India had become Observer at FATF in the year 2006. Since then, India has been
working towards full-fledged Membership of FATF. FATF membership is very important for India in its
quest to become a major player in the International finance.
It will help India to build the capacity to fight terrorism and trace terrorist money and to successfully
investigate and prosecute money laundering and terrorist financing offence.
India will benefit in securing a more transparent and stable financial system by ensuring that financial
institutions are not vulnerable to infiltration or abuse by organized crime groups.
The FATF process will also help India in co-ordination of AML/CFT efforts at the international level.
Decoupling Theory
Contrary to the decoupling theory emerging economies have been hit by the crisis. The decoupling theory
held that even if advanced economies went into a downturn, emerging economies would remain unscathed
because of their substantial foreign exchange reserves, improved policy framework, robust corporate balance
sheets and relatively healthy banking sector. The contagion of the crisis, however, has spread to India
through all the channels-the financial channel, the real channel, and importantly, as happens in all financial
crises the confidence channel.
12

Insofar as financial channel is concerned, Indias financial market- equity markets, money market, forex
markets and credit markets all came under pressure from a number of directions. First, as a consequence of
global Liquidity squeeze, India banks and corporate found their overseas financing drying up, forcing them to
shift their credit demand to the domestic banking sector. The substitution of overseas financing by domestic
financing brought both money markets and credit markets under pressure. Second, the forex market came
under pressure because of the reversal of capital flows as part of the global delve raging process. Both these
factors put downward pressure on the rupee. Third, the Reserve banks Intervention in the forex market to
manage the volatility in the rupee added to liquidity tightening. Insofar the real channel in concerned, the


,2010
transmission of global cues to the domestic economy has been quite straight forward- through a slump in
global demand for goods and services. The United States, European Union and the Middle East, which
account for three quarters of Indias goods and services trade, have been in synchronize down turn. As a
consequence, services export growth has slowed down in 2009, with the depending of recession and financial
services firms- traditionally large user of outstanding services- are being restructured. Remittances from
migrant workers have been negatively impacted with the Middle East adjusting to lower crude prices and the
advances economies going into a recessionary mode.
Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP)
The Agreement establishing the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP) among developing countries
was signed on April 13, 1988 at Belgrade following the conclusion of the first round of negotiation. The
GSTP came into being after a long precess of negotiations during the Ministerial Meeting of the Group of
77, notably at Mexico City in 1976, Arusha in 1979 and Caracas in 1981. The Ministers of Foreign Affairs of
the Group of 77 in New York set up the GSTP Negotiating Committee in 1982. The New Delhi Ministerial
meeting, held in July 1985, gave further impetus to the GSTP negotiation process. The Brasilia Ministerial
Meeting held in May 1986 launched the First Round of GSTP Negotiations. At the conclusion of the First
Round in April 1988 in Belgrade, the GSTP Agreement was signed on April 13, 1988 it entered into force on
19th April 1989 forty- four countries have ratified the Agreement and have become participants. The GSTP
establishes a frame work for the exchange of trade concessions among the members of the Group of 77. It
lays down rules, principles and procedure for conduct of negotiations and for implementation of the result of
the negotiation. The coverage of the GSTP extends to arrangement in the area of tariffs, para-tariff, non-
tariff measure, direct trade measures including medium and long-term contract and sectoral agreements. One
of the basis principles of the Agreement is that it is to be negotiated step by steip improved upon and
extended in successive stages.
The Third Round of GSTP Negotiations was launched during the Special Minsiterial Session at Sao Paolo,
Brazil on June 16, 2004 with the aim of invigorating and furthering the object of the Agreement though
adoption of a package of substantial trade liberalization commitment on the basis of a mutuality of
advantages in such a way as to benefit all Participants.
A special Ministerial Session of the GSTP Negotiating Committee was held in Geneva on December 2, 2009
Anand Sharma, Minister for Commerces and Industry participated in the ministerial. The GSTP Negotiating
Committee is expected to meet several times during November 2009 to move the negotiations ahead by
trying to form a consensus on the modality of tariff concessions.
The modalities on market access adopted by the Ministers is as under:
Across-the-board, line-by-line, linear cut of at least 20 per centre on dutiable tariff lines;
Product coverage to be at least 70 per cent of detaible tariff lines;
Production coverage shall be 60 percent for participants having more than 50 percent of their national tariff
lines at zero duty level.
Tariff cuts shall be made on the MFN tariffs applicable on the date of importation. Alternatively, participants
may choose to apply the cuts on they MFN tariffs applicable on the date of conclusion of the third round;
The Negotiating Committee shall also consider proposal for revision of the GSTP rules of origin.
Recent deadlock over mode iv
13



,2010
Countries like Indonesia and Philioppines have objected over Indias demand over greater liberalization
under Mode IV due to their own growing unemployement of skilled labourer. Infact Mode IV refers to the
temporary migration of workers, to provide services or fulfill a service contract. Because the current frame
work of Mode IV allows for only temporary movement of workers across borders to provide services, and
their visa as well as their right to stay and work are tied to their original terms of employment or contract and
to their employer.
India and Escap
The Economic and Social survey of Asia and the Pacific-2010 by the United Nations ESCAP has projected
as GDP growth rate of 8.3 percent for India in 2010. India is one of the founding members of ESCAP, the
regional development arm of the United Nations which serves as the main economic and social
development center for the United Nations in Asia and the Pacific. Its mandate is to foster cooperation
between its 53 members and 9 associate members. ESCAP provides the strategic link between global and
arm of economic and social development centre for the United Nations in Asia and the pacific. Its mandate
is to foster cooperation between its 53 members and 9 asociate members ESCAP provide the strategic link
between global and country-level programmes and issues. It supports government of the region in
consolidating regional positions and advocates regional approaches to meet the regions unique socio-
economic challenges in globalizing world.
The 65th Annual Session of ESCAP was held in Bangkok, Thiland from 23-29 April, 2009. The theme topic
for the Session was Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Asia and the Pacific.
India has worked in close cooperation with ESCAP during the year. Government of India committee
continued financial support to the following four regional institutions of ESCAP:
(A) ASEAN and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT), New Delhi, India;
(b) Asian and Pacific Training Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Developemnt
(APCICI), Incheon, Republic of Korea.
(c) Statistical Institute for Asia and Pacific (SIAP), Chiba, Japan; and
(d) Asia and Pacific Centre for Agriculture and Engineering Machinery (APCAEM), Beijing China.
MONETARY SYSTEM
14
Highlights of mid-quarter review of Indias monetary policy
Following are the highlights of the mid-quarter review of the monetary
policy (Sept, 2010) conducted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) , which
focuses on reining in inflationary expectations in the economy.
Repurchase rate or short-term lending rate hiked by 25 basis points to 6 percent
Reverse repurchase or short-term borrowing rate raised by 50 basis points to 5 percent
Policy rates such as cash reserve ratio and statutory liquidity ratio unchanged
Inflation remains the dominant concern in macroeconomic management
Prices of food articles still contributing to the inflationary pressures
Recent monetary actions having impact on both inflationary expectations and demand
Policy rate Percentage
Bank Rate 6%
Repo Rate 6%
Reverse Repo Rate 5%
CRR 6%
SLR 25%



,2010
Risk remains over firming of commodity prices and consequent inflationary pressures
Indias economic growth of 8.8 percent in first quarter indicates recovery is consolidating
High volatility in factory output growth past two months raises doubts over effectiveness of production
index. Growth prospects in agriculture have been boosted by monsoon. All leading indicators of service
sector activity point to sustained growth. Risks on external front will clearly abate despite exports remaining
sluggish. Fiscal deficit seems conforming and target of 5.5 percent unlikely to be breached.
Growth Rate
The RBI has marked up its growth forecast to 7.5 per cent for 2009-10, much higher than its earlier forecast
of 6 per cent with an upward bias. The central bank was earlier seen to be conservative and its projection of 6
per cent in late October was among the lowest by any official forecaster.
Economic growth has accelerated this year from 6.1 per cent in the first quarter to 7.9 per cent in the second.
The new, robust prediction is based on the assumption that industrial production and services will continue
to grow. Agriculture will however remain stagnant.
The RBI has revised upwards its projection for inflation to 8.5 per cent from its earlier 6.5 per cent with an
upward bias. High food prices attributable to deficient monsoons and the absence of seasonal moderation
are among the principal reasons. While viewing it largely as a supply side problem, the RBI has also noted the
emergence of demand side factors. Inflation expectations are on the rise, partly fuelled by high food prices.
Risk factors
Despite a comfortable economic situation, the RBI sees a number of factors that may slow down growth or
aggravate inflation. These include uncertainty about the pace and shape of global recovery, high petroleum
prices in the wake of a sharp global economic recovery, performance of the southwest monsoon in 2010 and
sharp increase in capital inflows.
Indices
Consumer price Indices(CPIs)
The Consumer price index (CPIs) measures the retail price of a selection of goods purchased by a "typical
consumer".
At present, four distinct CPI measures for different references populations are Consumer Price Index for
Industrial Worker (CPI-IW: base year 2001), Consumer Price Index for Urban Non-Manual Employees
(CPI-UN ME: bases year 1985) and Consumer Price Index for Agriculture Labourers and Consumer Price
Index for Rural Labourers (CPI-AL and API-RL, respectively with base year 1986-87).
United Consumer Index
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has suggested construction of a Harmonized Index of consumer prices,
based on existing Four Consumer Price Index Series, which would provide a common measure of consumer
price inflation for the country as a whole and also could facilitate international comparisons of consumer
price inflation.
Wholesale price index
This index measures the change in wholesale price of a selection of goods used by general population
15
Introduced on January 10, 1942. for 23 commodities



,2010
Recently, base has been shifted from 1993-94 to 2000-01 for the revised WPI series.
All the commodities now are broadly grouped into seven categories: cereals and their products; pulses; edible
oils; vegetables and spices; dairy, fisheries and animal products; tea, sugar and salt; and other essential
commodities.
Producer Price Index (PPI) in India
A Working Group on Revision of Wholesale Price Index (WIP) (1993-94=100), under the chairmanship of
Prof. Abhijit Sen, Member, Planning Commission, looking into the feasibility of switching over from WPI to
a Producer Price Index (PPI) in India.
PPI measures price change from producers perspective as against the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which
measures price change from consumers perspective.
MSCI Indices
MSCI Indices are designed to measure the performance and valuation, current and histories, of stock
markets, debt markets around the world.
MSCI Equity Indices track stock markets in 23 developed and 33 emerging markets around the world.
Within these, there are country indices, regional indices and developed market indices and emerging market
indices.
Index of industrial production (IIP)
Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a single representative figure to measure the general level of industrial
activity in the economy. The Office of Economic Advisor, Ministry of Commerce and Industry made a
maiden attempt of compilation and release of the IIP with base year 1937.
With the inception of Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) in 1951, the responsibility for compilation and
publication of the IIP was vested with CSO.
The current series of IIP has 1993-94 as its base. The new series has 543 items clubbed into 287 item groups
comprising 285 items groups from manufacturing and one each from mining and electricity.
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
New Pension System
The New Pension System (NPS) for the unorganized sector was launched on May 1,2009. According to the
Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), all structures are in place and the fund
managers have received the required clearance, NPS, which will offer pension accumulation to all individuals
on the basis of the defined contribution, will be available for investment across the country through the
network of 223 Points of Presence selected by PFRDA. These include institutions like the State Bank of
India, LIC and ICICI bank.
Review of Lead Bank Scheme
Government of India set up a Committee to review the ambitious Lead Bank Scheme under the
chairmanship of RBI Deputy Governor Usha Thorat. The Committee has following recommendations:-
16

A bank should fully cooperate in opening and operating a weekly banking outlet for ensuring full financial
inclusion in village with a population of over 2000.


,2010
The full financial inclusion would be Complete only if facilities like opening of no-frills accounts is backed by
other specialized services like overdrafts, saving, insurance remittance and loan products.
In urban areas, the Know Your Customer (KYC) norms for opening small value accounts may be simplified
with the help of state government where there are large settlement of households and obtaining address
proof is difficult.
Private seems banks have been urged to envolve themselves with district Credit Committees of the banks
where they have presence and extend their services through permitted channels in unbanked and
underbanked areas. It will assist the banks to reduce their priority sector landing targets.
Rajan Committee
The high-level committee was set up in August 2007, with Raghuram G Rajan, Professor, Graduate School
of Business, University of Chicago, as chairman to identify the emerging challenges in meeting the financing
needs/reforms of the Indian economy
Recommendations
alternative bodies like Financial Sector Oversight Agency (FSOA), Financial Development Council (FDC)
and Financial Sector Appellate Tribunal have been suggested (for effective supervision and lessen the
burden of RBI )
Suggested the dismantling of the cooperative banking system.
Mooted the sale of underperforming public sector banks, Another important proposal of the committee is to
allow banks to set up branches and ATM anywhere. ( for fewer constraints on banks and more growth and
competition)
FISCAL SYSTEM
Twelfth Finance Commission (2005-10)
The Twelfth Finance Commission was appointed by the President of India on 1st November, 2002 under the
chairmanship of Dr. C. Rangarajan, the then Governor of Andhra Pradesh.
Raised the share of grants in total transfers to 19 per cent from 13.5 per cent
Widened the scope of a natural calamity requiring assistance from the Centre to include pest attacks,
landslides, avalanches and cloud bursts besides cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, fires, floods and hailstorms.
13th Finance Commission (2010 -15)
It has been set up under the Chairmanship of the former Finance Secretary Vijay L. Kelkar, to make
recommendations on the norms for distributions of the net tax proceeds between the Union and the States.
The Commission is expected to make available its report by October 31, 2009. Apart from Dr. Vijay L.
Kelkar, there are four full time members and Shri B.K. Chaturvedi, Member, Planning Commission will be
the part-time Member
17

Apart from the terms of reference specifically laid down in the Constitution, the 13th Finance Commission
will review


,2010
The state of finances of the Union and the States keeping in view the operation of the States Debt
consolidating and Relief Facility 2005-2010
Suggest measures for maintaining a stable and sustainable fiscal environment consistent with equitable
growth.
Assessment of the resources of the Centre and the States
The requirement of States to meet the non-salary component of maintenance expenditure on capital assets
and plan schemes.
The 13th Finance Commission will also take into consideration the likely impact of the proposed
implementation of Goods including its impact on foreign trade.
The Finance Commission has also been asked to consider the need to improve the quality of public
expenditure to obtain better outputs and outcomes.
The Commission will also review the present arrangements as regards financing of Disaster Management
with reference to the National calamity contingency fund and the calamity relief fund and the funds
envisaged in the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
The need to manage ecology, environment and climate change consistent with sustainable development,
which is an issue of national concern, will also be taken into account by the 13th Finance Commission.
The 13th Finance Commission will also take into consideration the likely impact of the proposed
implementation of Goods and Services tax (GST) with effect from 1st April, 2011, including its impact on
foreign trade.
Tax Reforms Important Facts
18

1985-1991

Modern tax reform was really launched in India by V P Singh during his brief two years as finance
minister in 1985-87.
Reduction in the number of income tax slabs from eight to four, cut the top income tax rate to 50
per cent (from 62 per cent),
Introduced MODVAT (1987)
1991-1996

Man Mohan Singh, starting in 1991 introduced far reaching changes in his five full budgets
reduced income tax slabs to three (20, 30 and 40 per cent),
lowered the basic corporate tax rate to 40 per cent,
virtually abolished the wealth tax
Extended MODVAT to almost the entire manufacturing sector,
Introduced services taxation.(1994)
Reduction of peak customs duties from well above 200 per cent when he came in to 50 per cent
before he left.
1996- 2001

The momentum of Manmohan Singh's tax reforms was largely sustained by Chidambaram and
Yashwant Sinha in the remainder of the 1990s,
reforming excise rates, conflated eleven excise rates to three (in 1999-2000)
single CENVAT rate of 16 per cent in 2000-01
2001-2005 abolition of tax on long-term capital gains (2004)
Reduction in tax on short-term capital gains from 30 percent to a flat rate of 10 percent on
securities transactions. (2004)
Securities transaction tax (STT) on transactions in securities on stock exchanges has been


,2010
introduced. (2004)
State Vat introduced from 1st April 2005
2005-08 The rate under Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) was increased from 7.5 per cent of book profits to
10 per cent.
the peak rate of customs duty on non-agricultural products was reduced from 12.5 per cent to 10
per cent in 2007-08 with a few exceptions
Withdrawal of exemptions to lend simplicity to the tax laws, were some of the important measures
taken in Budget 2006-07.
2020Tax
This is an expression of Interest to replace all current Tax Systems in India with a combined single and
simple 2020Tax system.
2020Tax is not a tax system proposal that advocates lowering the amounts of taxes to be collected. 2020Tax
only concerns itself with the collection process and the efficiency thereof. 2020Tax recognizes the fact that
increased amounts of revenue may be needed in the future when larger public infrastructure projects need
funding such as highways, high speed rail, urban renewal etc. The 2020Tax system is focused on the
maximum efficiency of revenue collection and the least cost and least personal and corporate privacy
intrusion and maximum liberty for free enterprise to operate and prosper.
The basic idea of this 2020Tax proposal is to collect revenue for all levels of government combined with a
single tax at the lowest cost of collection and with the greatest simplicity and convenience for the tax paying
public and businesses and corporations as well. No accounting needed, no filing of tax forms, no audits. The
total savings of cost and effort will save the total Indian economy billions of dollars per year.
2020Tax is a very low percentage excise tax on all monetary transactions. The tax collection is done by the
banking system.
EXTERNAL SECTOR
FOREIGN TRADE POLICY 2009-2014
The year 2009 is witnessed one of the most severe global recessions in the post-war period. Countries across
the world were affected in varying degrees & all major economic indicators took a hit. Though India was not
affected to the same extent as other economies of the world, yet exports suffered a decline due to a
contraction in demand in the traditional markets of exports. The protectionist measures adopted by some of
these countries aggravated the problem.
The foreign trade policy announced in 2004 had set 2 objectives namely:
To double the % of share of global merchandize trade
Use trade expansion as an effective instrument of economic growth & employment generation.
19

In the last 5 years exports witnessed robust growth to reach a level of US$ 168 billion in 2008-09 from US$
63 billion in 2003-04. India's share of global merchandise trade was 0.83% in 2003; it rose to 1.45% in 2008
as per WTO estimates. Share of global commercial services export was 1.4% in 2003; it rose to 2.5% in
2008.On the employment front, nearly 14 million jobs were created directly / indirectly as a result of exports
in the last 5 years.


,2010
The short term policy objective is to arrest & reverse the declining trend of exports & to provide additional
support especially to those sectors which have been hit badly by recession in the developing world. Ministry
of Commerce set a policy objective of achieving an annual export growth of 15% with an annual export
target of US$ 200 billion by March, 2011. In the remaining 3 years of this foreign trade policy up to 2014, the
country should be able to come back on the high exports growth path of around 25% p.a. By 2014, they
expect to double India's exports of goods & services.
The long term policy objective for the government is to double Indias share in global trade by 2020. In
order to meet these objectives, the government would follow a mix of policy measures including fiscal
incentives, institutional changes, procedural rationalizations & enhanced market access across the world &
diversification of exports markets.
HIGHLIGHTS
Higher Support for Market and Product Diversification
26 new markets have been added under focus market scheme (FMS).
These include 16 new markets in Latin America & 10 in Asia-Oceania.
Technological Upgradation
To aid technological upgradation of our export sector, EPCG scheme at zero duty has been
introduced.
EPCG scheme relaxations
To increase the life of existing plant & machinery, export obligation on import of spares, mould etc., under
EPCG scheme has been reduced to 50% of the normal specific export obligation.
Support for Green products and products from North East
Focus Product Scheme benefit extended for export of green products; and for exports of some products
originating from the North East.
Status holder
To accelerate exports & encourage technological upgradation, additional duty credit scrips shall be given to
status holders 1% of the FOB value of past exports.
Stability of he foreign trade policy
To impart stability to the policy regime, Duty Entitlement Passbook Scheme is extended beyond
Dec 12, 2009 till Dec, 2010.
Income tax exemption to 100% EOUs (Export Oriented Units) & STPI(Software Technology
Parks of India) units has been extended for the financial year 2010-11.
Few Sectoral benefits
20

Fisheries have been included in the sector which are exempted from maintenance of avereage EO under
EPCG scheme.


,2010
In an endeavor to make India a diamond international trading hub, it is planned to establish a "diamond
bourse".
To reduce transaction handling costs, a single window system to facilitate export of perishable
agricultural produce has been introduced.
EOUs have been allowed to sell products manufactured by them in DTA up to a limit of 90% instead of
existing 75% without changing he criteria for DTA sale.
Simplification of procedures
To facilitate duty free import of samples by exporters numbers of samples has been increased
from the existing 15 to 50.
To allow exemption for up to 2 stages from payment of excise duty in lieu of refund, in case of
supply to an advance authorization holder by the domestic intermediate manufactures.
No fee sall be charged for grant of incentives under the schemes of FTP.
Sovereign Wealth Funds
A Sovereign Wealth Fund is a state owned fund which comprises stocks, bonds, property precious metals or
other financial instruments.
The source of funds may have their origin in, foreign currency reserves , gold, government savings or other
national assets such as pension investments, oil funds, or other industrial and financial holdings.
There has been rise of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWF) in recent years in many countries. At present there
are 40 SWFs in developed as well as emerging economies. The value of SWFs has grown at 18 percent last
year and reached $ 3.3 trillion and is expected to hit $13 trillion in the coming decades.
Singapore has set up Temasek.
Russia joined the club with its national Well being Fund.
Chinas foreign exchange reserves crossed $1.5 trillion late last year and it set up the China Investment
Corporation (CIC) with a capital of $200 billion.
Changes in the Bop System of Recording
2
The RBI, in conformity with the best international practices and as per the provisions of the IMF, made
certain changes in the system of recording BoP flows.
The changes have been made for recording of international transactions between residents and non-residents,
trade credits or credits for financing imports by Indian residents.
Due to reclassification , the total stock of outstanding external debt has went up.
PLANNING
The eight flagship programmes of the Government continued to receive high priority and significant
including Sarva Siksha Abhiyan, Mid-day Meal Scheme, Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission, Total

21
2
Source : Economic survey 2007-08 ( edited to suit the needs of mains)



,2010
Sanitation Campaign, National Rural Health Mission, Integrated Child Development Programme, National
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.
11
th
Five Year Plan (2007-12)
The National Development Council (NDC) has finally approved the plan in December, 2007. The declared
objective is Faster and More Inclusive Growth.
The features include
Growth targets
GDP growth target 9% per annum.
To increase agricultural growth rate to 4% per annum.
To increase industrial growth rate to 10% and manufacturing sector to 12% per annum.
To reduce poverty by 10% points and to generate 70 million employment opportunities.
Reduce dropout of children from elementary schools to 20% by 2012.
Increase national literacy rate to 85%.
To reduce gender gap in literacy to 10% points.
Reduce IMR to 28 and MMR to 1 per 1000 birth.
Raise sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12and to 950 by 2012-17.
To ensure at least 33% of all direct and indirect beneficiaries of government schemes are women and girls.
To ensure electricity connection to all villages and BPL households by 2009.
Provide all weather road connectivity to all habitations with population above 1000 (500 in hilly areas) by
2009.
To connect every village by telephone by November 2007 and provide broadband connectivity to all villages
by 2012.
Increase forest cover by 5% points and to attain WHO standards of air quality in all major cities by 2011-12.
Increase energy efficiency by 20% points by 2017.
The growth targets for industry and services sectors have been pegged at 9 to 11 percent. The
industrial growth rate in the 10
th
Plan was 8.74 percent, while the services sector grew by 9.28
percent.
Saving and investment
The draft document has envisaged a savings rate of 34.8 percent, which is substantially higher than 30.8
percent recorded in the 10th Plan.
The investment rate has been proposed to be raised to 36.7 percent from 30.8 percent in the previous
plan.
22

The Plan proposes to launch a major National Skill Development Mission, This Mission will expand five
fold the existing public sector skill development infrastructure and will export private skill development
initiatives in 20 high growth sectors to the economy.


,2010
Socio Economic Profile Of States
3

Inequality in terms of
consumption
In rural areas, highest in Kerala, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. Assam has the
lowest inequality
In urban areas highest in Chhattisgarh , Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and West Bengal.
Inequality is lowest in urban Gujarat
Employment Regular
employment
Maharashtra , Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Punjab and Assam depend on regular
employment.

Health Life
expectancy
Highest in Kerala followed by Punjab, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
Lowest in Madhya Pradesh followed by Assam, Orissa, UP and Bihar
Education Gross
Enrolment
Ratios (
elementary)
Madhya Pradesh (114.1 per cent), followed by Tamil Nadu (114 per cent) and Chhattisgarh
(112.6 per cent). It was lowest in Bihar (65.2 per cent) followed by Punjab (72.6 per cent) and
Jharkhand (75.8 per cent).
Basic
Amenities
Electricity ,
toilet facilities
Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Kerala, Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh have much larger percentage of households having electricity than is the case in
Bihar, Assam, Jharkhand, U.P. and Orissa.
Households having access to toilet facilities are high in Kerala, Assam and Punjab and low in
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.

Unorganised Sector
National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) ( chaired by Dr. Arjun Sen
Gupta
4
) has recommended in Nov, 2007 setting up of a National Fund for the Unorganised Sector
(NAFUS) on the pattern of NABARD, exclusively to meet the financing and promotional assistance need of
the non farm unorganised sector. The Commission set up under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises had presented its reports on the Financing of Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector
In November, 2008 a report on statistical issues relating to informal economy has been released by the
commission.
In December, 2008 commission recommended a special programme for small and marginal farmers taking
into consideration their plight.
Earlier, commission had after its inception had given Report on Comprehensive Legislation for Minimum
Conditions of Work and Social Security for Unorganised Workers(2007), Report on Social Security for
Unorganised Workers (2006) and a National Policy on Urban Street Vendors - Report &
Recommendations.(2006)
National Investment Fund
Over two years since approval of its creation, the National Investment Found (NIF) was launched in Oct,
2007 and made operational. As was announced earlier, all proceeds from disinvestment of Central public
sector enterprises (CPSEs) are to be routed to NIF.

3
Economic Survey 2007-08
4
Arjun sen Gupta recently died in September, 2010
23



,2010
The fund is to be maintained outside the Consolidated Fund of India and managed professionally to provide
sustainable returns to the Government, without any depletion of its corpus.
Also, as decided earlier, 75 per cent of the annual income of the fund is to be used for financing select social
sector schemes in the field of education, health and employment. The balance 25 per cent is to be utilized to
meet the capital investment requirements of profitable and revivable CPSEs.
The three AMCs have been appointed as fund managers for NIF, The UTI Asset Management Company Pvt
Ltd, The SBI Funds Management Pvt Ltd and The LIC Mutual Fund Asset Management Company Ltd.
The corpus of around Rs 1,000 crore received by NIF through the sale of Government stake in Power Grid
Corporation of India had been invested in three public sector mutual funds, namely, the SBI MF, LIC MF
and UTI MF for a period of two years with an expected earning of 9 per cent per annum.
FDI Limit Hiked To 74% For DTH Services
Telecom regulator TRAI raised the foreign investment limit for broadcast carriage services like DTH to 74%
and that in FM radio to 26%. The investment limit for news and current affairs TV channels has been
retained at 26%. The Foreign investment limit for Local Cable Operators will be 26%.
AGRICULTURE
Indian Agriculture- Recent Facts
5
2009-10
Total Geographical Area
328 million hectares
Net Area sown
142 million hectares
Gross Cropped Area
190.8 million hectares
Agricultural growth( rate)
4.5 %
Total food grains production
230.7 metric tonnes (MT)
Contribution to GDP
17.8 per cent
Irrigation Potential
6
102.8 million ha
India is the largest producer of coconuts, mango, banana, milk and dairy products, cashew nuts, pulses,
ginger, turmeric and black pepper.
It is also the second largest producer of rice, wheat, sugar, cotton, fruits and vegetables.
India is the third largest producer of fish and second largest producer of inland fish in the world.

5
Useful facts can be used in answers/essays
6
81.1 million ha in 1991-92
24



,2010
India ranks first in the world in milk production, which increased from 17 million tones (MT) in 1950-51 to
about 102 MT by 2007-08. About 80 per cent of milk produced in the country is in the unorganized sector
and the remaining 20 per cent is shared equally by cooperative and private diaries.
The average growth rate of agriculture and allied sectors during the last two years i.e. 2006-07 and 2007-08
has been more than 4 per cent as compared to the average annual growth of 2.5 per cent during the 10th
Plan.
In recent years, the agriculture has shown signs of revival after having grown at about 2.5 per cent during the
Ninth and Tenth Five Year Plan periods.
It is important to note that in recent years there has been an increase in the gross capital formation in
agriculture, as a proportion of agriculture GDP (at constant 1999-2000 prices). It has improved from 11.1 per
cent in 2003-04 to 13.4 per cent in 2006-07.
The outlay for National Food Security Mission is placed at Rs. 993 crore in 2008-09. The Rashtriya Krishi
Vikas Yojana has been allocated Rs. 25,000 crore, during the Eleventh Five Year Plan period, of which Rs.
3153 crore is allocated for 2008-09.
The Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) recommends the Minimum Support Prices
(MSPs) for 24 important crops.
Responding to the continuous decline in the rate of creation in irrigation potential, the Central Government
initiated the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP).
The National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) for crops has been implemented from rabi 1999-
2000.The scheme is available to all the farmers irrespective of their size of holding and operates on the basis
of Area Approach. At present, 10 per cent subsidy in premium is available to small and marginal farmers,
which is to be shared equally by the Centre and State Governments.
Second Green Revolution
The Approach Paper to the Eleventh Five Year plan has aptly highlighted such a holistic framework and
suggested the following strategy to raise agricultural output frequently referred to as second green revolution:
doubling the rate of growth of irrigated area, improving water management, rain water harvesting and
watershed development, reclaiming degraded land and focusing on soil quality , bridging the knowledge gap
through effective extension, diversifying into high value added crops.
Rainbow Revolution
New Agriculture policy has been described as Rainbow Revolution which includes the following
Revolutions:
Green (Food Grain Production), White (Milk), Yellow (Oil Seeds), Blue (Fisheries), Red
(Meat/Tomato), Golden (Fruits/apple), Grey (Fertilizer), Black/Brown (Non-conventional Energy
Sources), Silver (Eggs), Round (Potato)
25

The above Rainbow Revolution also includes Food Chain Revolution to put a check on destroying
foodgrains, vegetables and fruits.


,2010
26
INDUSTRY
Competition Commission
After a long wait, Indias official anti-monopoly body the Competition Commission of India finally became
operational from May 20, 2009. Competition Commission of India an independent body responsible for
investigating mergers market shares and conditions Cartelization, abuse of dominance. Price fixing and anti-
competitive practices were set up under the Competition Act 2002 later amended by parliament in September
2007. CCI would replace the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission (MRTPC).
Though MRTPC would continue to deal with pending cases for two years before being dissolved. However it
would not admit any new cases from May 20, 2009.
CCI will have seven members in all, but at present, there are 5 CCI members including the chairman
Dhanendra Kumar.
Special Economic Zones
India was, one of the first in Asia to recognize the effectiveness of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) mode
in promoting exports, with Asias first EPZ set up in Kandla in 1965.
The SEZ Act, 2005, supported by SEZ rules, have come into effect on 10th February 2006. Incentives and
facilities offered to units in SEZs under the Act, for promotion of investment, including foreign investment,
include: duty free import-domestic procurement of goods for development, operation and maintenance of
SEZ units, 100% Income Tax exemption on export income for SEZ units under Section 10AA of the
Income Tax Act for first 5 years, 50% for next 5 years thereafter and 50% of the ploughed back export profit
for next 5 years, exemption from Central Sales Tax, exemption from Service Tax and single window
clearance mechanism for establishment of units.
All the 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) located at Kandla and Surat (Gujarat), Santa Cruz (Maharashtra),
Cochin (Kerala), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh),Falta (West Bengal) and Noida
(U.P.) have been converted into Special Economic Zones.
Black Berry Controversy
Understanding the requirements of Indian security agencies, BlackBerry service providers the Canada-based
company Research In Motion (RIM) has agreed to provide access to some of the communications that are
transmitted through the RIM system through a server in India and in lieu of this the Government of India
has given 60 days time to review the feasibility.
The other service providers including Google, internet phone call provider Skype and service provider
Virtual Private Network (VPN) will also be asked follow these directives and will have comply the orders.
The Luxembourg-based Skype SA provides telephony services over the Internet on personal computers and
mobile phone also uses proprietary encryption and decryption. Basically VPN is a network that uses a public
telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with
secure access to their organizations network. BlackBerry does not allow any third party to have access to its
emails sent through their services.

The Government had set August 31, 2010 as the deadline for RIM to enable security agencies to have access
into data flowing through the BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES) and BlackBerry Messenger (BMS). The
security agencies have already access to monitor voice data, SMS, general emails being sent through


,2010
BlackBerry devices, but security concerns were looming large over the BlackBerry email and messaging
services as these were highly encrypted.

INFRASTRUCTURE
Roads
India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating 3.34 million kilometers.
It comprises 66,590 km of National Highways, 1,28,000 km of State Highways, 4,70,000 km of Major District
Roads and about 26,50,000 km of other District and Rural Roads.
Out of the total length of National Highways, about 32 per cent is single lane/ intermediate lane, about 55
per cent is standard 2-lane and balance 13 per cent is 4-lane width or more.
Though National Highways account for only 2 per cent of the total length of roads, they account for
about 40 per cent of the total traffic.
Three programmes
National Highways Development Project- For national highways, implemented by the National Highways
Authority of India (NHAI)under Ministry of surface transport.
Pradhan Mantri Bharat Jodo Pariyojana or 'PM-BJP'- The Rs 40,000 crore project connecting all the major
cities, not covered by NHDP, by four-lane highways.
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), - connectivity to unconnected rural Habitations as part of a
poverty reduction strategy. ( by Ministry of rural development)
National highways development project
This project is being implemented by National Highway Authority of India. About 14,279 km of National
Highways are to be converted to 4/6 lanes, at a total estimated cost of Rs. 65,000 crore (at 2004 prices).
27

Phase-I and II
Golden Quadrilateral, the North-South & East-West Corridors, port connectivity and
other projects.
The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ 5,846 km) connects the four major cities of Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
The North-South and East-West Corridors (NS-EW 7,300 km) connects Srinagar in the
North to Kanyakumari in the South including spur from Salem to Kochi and Silchar in
the East to Porbandar in the West, respectively.

Under the Port Connectivity Project, roads connecting 12 major ports (380 km) and
Other Projects (962 km) will be improved.

Phase-III
4-laning of 10,000 km of National Highways through BOT basis
Phase-IV
2-laning with paved shoulder for 20,000 km of National Highways
Phase-V
The Government has also approved six-laning of 6,500 km of NHs comprising 5,700 km


,2010
of GQ and balance 800 km of other sections of NHs
Phase-VI
The Government has approved construction of 1,000 km of expressways
Phase-VII
The construction of ring roads, Bypasses, Flyover etc to remove the bottlenecks of
National Highways
Financing of
NHDP
The main source of finance of NHAI for the implementation of various phase of NHDP
is the fuel cess

The present rate of cess is Rs. 2 per litre on both petrol and diesel, a part of which is
allocated to NHAI to fund implantation of NHDP.

Constraints
The implementation of NHDP has been faced with a number of constraints that include
delays in land acquisition and removal of structures, shifting of utilities, law and order
problem in some States and poor performance of some contractors. Regardless of these
constraints, the impact on the economy due to completion of about 96 per cent of the
GQ is already visible
Investment projected for the eleventh five year plan
The Eleventh Five Year Plan places high priority to the expeditious completion of works approved under the
different phases of the NHDP.
For the roads and bridges sector, the Eleventh Five Year Plan envisages a total investment of Rs. 3,14,152
crore over the five year period starting from 2007-08, of this the shares of the Centre, the States and the
private sector are expected to be 34.2, 31.8 and 34 per cent, respectively.
The plan of super national highways
After the National Highways, there is a plan under the consideration of Central Road Transport Ministry to
create Super National Highways.
Through these Super National Highways of about 14,000 km lengths, there is a plan to link big seaports of
the country with important cities.
In the building of these Highways, the role of Private Sector will be important.
This will be done on the basis of BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) by Private Sector.
Power
Electricity and power generation play a crucial economic development.
Total installed generating capacity in the country rose from only 2,300 MW in 1950 to as high as 1, 43,800
MW at the end of March 2006.
Electricity generated rose from 55.8 billion KWH in 1970-71 to as high as 394.5 billion KWH 1996-97 and
further to 663.0 billion KWH in 2006-07.
During the period from 1990-91 to 2005-06 generation capacity grew at the rate of 4.7 percent per annum.
28

The total capacity addition in the Tenth Plan was targeted at 41,110 MW. However the achievement was
only 21,080 MW (i.e. just about half of the target).


,2010
To meet the projected demands by 2012, an additional capacity of 78, 577 MW is envisaged in the Eleventh
Plan-16, 553 MW in hydro, 58, 644 MV in the thermal, and 3, 380 MW in nuclear projects.
The deficit in power supply in terms of peak availability and of total energy availability during 2007-08 was
14.8 per cent and 8.4 per cent
Policy
The National Electricity Policy (NEP), 2003 recognizes electricity as a basic human need and targets a rise
in per capita availability from 631 units to 1,000 units per annum by the end of 2012.
SEB refoms - In February 2000, the Government of India introduced the Accelerated Power Development
Programme (APDP), with the objective of initiating a financial turnaround in the performance of the state
owned power sector, which was subsequently rechrishtened as Accelerated Power Development and
Reforms Program (APDRP).
The Electricity Tariff Policy, which was notified in January 2006, allows a special dispensation for project
development by the State and Central PSUs on the basis of capital cost and norm based tariff to be
determined by the Regulatory Commission.
The Electricity (Amendment) Act, 2007, amends certain provisions of the Electricity Act, 2003. Its main
features are:
The Central Government, jointly with the State Governments will endeavour to provide access to electricity
to all areas including villages and hamlets through rural electricity infrastructure and electrification of
households;
No licence is required for sale from captive units.
Deletion of the provision for elimination of cross subsidies. The provision for reduction of cross subsidies
would continue.
Definition of theft expanded to cover the use of tampered meters and use for unauthorized purpose. Theft is
made explicitly cognizable and non-bailable.
Electricity Exchange In India
Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) is Indias first nationwide, automated, and online electricity trading platform.
The exchange is conceived to catalyse modernisation of electricity trade in the country by ushering in a
transparent and neutral market through technology-enabled electronic trading platform.
Approved by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) on 31st August, 2007, the exchange would
enable efficient price discovery and price risk management in the electricity market besides providing benefits
like transparency and cost efficiency to its members.
India Energy Exchange has six equity partners who have taken stakes in IEX. These include IDFC, Adani
Enterprises, Reliance Energy, Lanco Infratech, Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) and Tata Power
Company.
Ultra Mega Power Projects
29

The Government of India launched an initiative for development of coal-based Ultra Mega Power Projects
(UMPPs), each with a capacity of 4,000 MW or above.


,2010
The projects will be awarded to developers on the basis of tariff-based competitive bidding. To facilitate tie-
up of inputs and clearances, project-specific shell companies have been set up as wholly-owned subsidiaries
of the Power Finance Corporation (PFC) Ltd.
Airports
Greenfield airports
Bengaluru International Airport: A green field 7airport at Devanahalli near Bangalore is being, implemented
on a Build Own Operate and Transfer (BOOT) basis with Public Private Participation.
Hyderabad International Airport: The Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) have selected a consortium
led by M/s GMR Infrastructure Ltd with Malaysian Airport Holding Berhard (MAHB) as the Developer for
Greenfield Airport at Shamshabad near Hyderabad.


30

7
Greenfield Airport means a new airport which is built from scratch in a new location because the existing airport is unable to meet the
projected requirements of traffic.The word greenfield originates from software engineering, meaning a project which lacks any constraints
imposed by prior work. Those projects which are modified or upgraded from existing facilities are called brownfield projects.


,2010
2.
POLITICAL AFFAIRS
ISSUES
Ayodhya Verdict
The centre of the Ayodhya debate concerns the Babri Mosque, which was alleged to have been built on the
foundations of a Ram Janmabhoomi temple. Babar, the founder of the Mughal dynasty, was the namesake
for the mosque. This temple was believed to be the actual birthplace of Lord Rama. The mosque was
destroyed in 1992. Many efforts at reaching a consensus have failed since then.
A title suit on the disputed site was heard on the 30th of September 2010, in which it was established that the
disputed land was indeed the birthplace of Lord Ram on basis of popular belief of Hindus.
The Lucknow bench of the Allahabad High Court pronounced its verdict on the Ayodhya title suit. The
three-judge bench ruled in a majority judgement (2 to 1) that one-third of the disputed land should be given
to the Sunni Central Board of Waqfs (U.P.), one-third to the Nirmohi Akhara and one-third to the party for
'Ram Lalla'. The court further ruled that the area where the idols of Ram are present shall be given to the
Hindus in the final decree, and the rest of the land shall be divided equally by metes and bounds among the
three parties
Naxalism
Integrated Action Plan (IAP) for Naxal-affected districts
The Planning Commission in Sept, 2010 has finalised a Rs 13,742-crore Integrated Action Plan (IAP) for
Naxal-affected districts. The scope of IAP, earlier envisaged to cover 35 Naxal-affected districts, has been
widened to cover governance reforms and devolution of power to grassroot institutions in 60 districts over
the next three fiscal.
31

IAP would cover districts mostly in Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and a few areas
of West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. The plan will be rolled out over remaining quarters of the current fiscal
and next three financial years till 2013-14.


,2010
The districts would need to show marked improvement against certain indicators and then only funds would
be released to them. For instance, appointments of gram sevaks at gram sabha level is vital for better
implementation of NREGS. However, this is not done despite allocation of funds for this purpose. This
would be an indicator under IAP to gauge how the district is faring on NREGS front.
The Planning Commission has set five criteria for districts to take benefit of funds under the plan. These
criteria are district should have 25% of tribal population, 50% poverty ratio, 30% forest cover, security-
related concerns and be covered under Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF). Any district which fulfils
four of five criteria would be covered by the Plan.
A special formula has been worked out assigning different weightage to area of district, population and
proportion of tribal population to gauge quantum of funds to be allocated to a district. IAP will involve
active participation of the civil society at the grassroots.
Operation Green Hunt
It is the name used by the Indian media to describe the Government of India's
ongoing paramilitary offensive against the Naxalite rebels. The operation began in November 2009 along five
states in the "Red Corridor."
The term was coined by the Chhattisgarh police officials to describe one successful drive against CPI (M) in
the state. It was erroneously used by the media to describe the wider anti-Naxalite operations; the
Government of India doesn't use the term "Operation Green Hunt" to describe its anti-Naxalite offensive.

Election Commission
The Election Commission was a single member body till 1991 when the then government by law made it a 3-
member body. In a landmark Dhanoa case, the Supreme Court abolished the two posts of ECs. Later on in
1993, the government again made it a 3-member body. The then CEC T.N. Sheshan moved to the court
against the appointment but the same was upheld by the apex court considering the concentration of power
in a single person.
Transgenders can register as other
The Election Commission, announced that transgenders will hereafter be referred to as other on the basis
of willingness of the individual, instead of mentioning them as male or female in the electoral rolls. This
is to give them an independent identity. This will apply to all registration forms used by the EC.
Controversy on the role of election commissioner
Chief Election Commissioner N. Gopalaswami, while acting on BJPs complaint, suo motu, and citing 12
instances of partisan behaviour, sent a recommendation to the President that Election Commissioner Navin
Chawla should be removed from his office.
The CECs power under Article 324(5) of the Constitution [Election Commissioner shall not be removed
from office except on the recommendation of the CEC] is not a power to punish or get rid of other
Commissioners.

32
The second administrative reforms commission (arc) on cec



,2010
The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) in its fourth report on `Ethics in Governance,
suggested that the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other members of the Election Commission be
appointed by a collegium headed by the Prime Minister. At present, the President appoints the CEC and the
Election Commissioners on the advice of the Prime Minister. The ARC said the collegium should have the
Lok Sabha Speaker, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the Law Minister and the Deputy
Chairman of the Rajya Sabha as members.
Ncrwc on ec
The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other members of the Election Commission be appointed by a
body consisting of the Prime Minister, Lok Sabha Speaker, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha,
the Law Minister and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha as members.
Paper ballot system
The paper ballot system was first adopted in the Australian state of Victoria in 1856 and in the remaining
Australian states over the next several years. The paper ballots system thereafter became known as the
Australian ballot.
An EVM can record a maximum of 3840 votes. As normally the total number of electors in a polling
station do not exceed 150, the capacity of EVMs is more than sufficient.
Demand of evm from abroad
The Namibian government has placed orders for the voting machines; while Ghana, South Africa and
Nigeria have evinced interest as have neighbours Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Bhutan got them for its elections
last year and Nepal has acquired them too.
Election commission put blanket ban on exit polls till last phase of polls
The Election Commission banned dissemination of results of opinion polls during 48 hours before the end
of the poll in case of single-phased election and put a blanket ban on exit polls till the last lap in the even of
multi-phase elections.
The Representation of the People Act, 1950 and the Representation of the People Act, 1951 detail election
procedure, rules for candidate selection and conduct, and the allocation of seats for constituencies. The
Representation of the People (Second Amendment) Bill, 2008 seeks to amend these two Act.
The Bill seeks to amend the Representation of the People Act, 1950 and the Representation of the People
Act, 1951. The Bill bans conducting exit polls and publishing these results from the time the polls start until
all phases of the election are completed. Currently, appeals regarding names on the electoral rolls are
submitted to the state chief electoral officer. The Bill allows appeals to be filed with the district magistrate or
additional district magistrate.
Delimitation
Delimitation literally means the act or process of fixing limits on boundaries of territorial constituencies in a
country or a province having a legislative body.
33

Under Article 82 of the Constitution, Parliament enacts a Delimitation Act after every Census. After the Act
comes into force, the Centre constitutes a Delimitation Commission, which demarcates the boundaries of the


,2010
parliamentary seats. The present delimitation is based on the 1971 Census. The Constitution was specifically
amended in 1976, not to have delimitation till the first census after 2000. Thus, the constituencies carved out
on the basis of the 1971 Census are still continuing.
The Census data of 2001 was released on December 31, 2003. The new delimitation exercise is based on
these figures. However, the total number of seats in the Assemblies and Parliament decided as per the 1971
Census will not change after this exercise, and will, in fact, remain unaltered till the first census taken after
the year 2006. The next delimitation will also take place only then. This exercise does not take into account
Jammu and Kashmir.
Delimitation commission
The job of delimitation is generally assigned to a high power body. Such a body is known as Delimitation
Commission or a Boundary Commission. In India, such Delimitation Commissions have been constituted
four times i.e. in 1952, in 1963, in 1973 and in 2002.
The Delimitation Commission orders can not be called in question before any court. The Delimitation
Commission, set up under the Delimitation Act, 2002, for the redelimitation of all the Assembly and
Parliamentary Constituencies of India (except Jammu & Kashmir) on the basis of 1991 census, has been
carrying out its task for the entire country since the year 2000.
Present delimitation
The 84
th
amendment in 2001 provided that until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year
2026 have been published, it shall not be necessary to readjust the allocation of seats in the House of the
People of the States as readjusted on the basis of 1971 Census and the division of each State into territorial
constituencies as may be readjusted on the basis of the 2001 Census.
New Performance Index
The Ministry of Personnel has brought about changes in the method of evaluating the performance of the
civil servants working under the government. Appraisals will not only depend on achievements, but also on
integrity in handling responsibilities.
Extending the ambit of changes to other civil services, which are not All India Services, the nomenclature of
the Annual Confidential Report (ACR) has been modified as Annual Performance Assessment Report
(APAE). The process had begun two years ago with the introduction of the new All India Services
(Performance Appraisal Report)
Key Recommendations
The report provided for numeral assessment of the officers on a 1-10 scale, which was known as the
benchmark score.
These rules further specified that performance appraisal of AIS officers will not be based solely on their
accomplishments but will also take into account their integrity in handling various responsibilities.
Perspective On Delimiting Constituencies
34

The delimitation process has been completed in all respects for 3,726 assembly constituencies and 518 Lok
Sabha constituencies.


,2010
Between 196271, the total number of seats in Lok Sabha had gone up from 494 to 518 but Tamil Nadus
share had gone down form 41 to 39. Taking into account Marans objections, the govt decided to maintain
status quo. It decided that for 30 yearstill the results of the 2001 census were availablethe number of
seats in Lok Sabha would remain frozen at 543.
In 1999, the Tamil Nadu state assembly passed a unanimous resolution that the number of seats in Lok
Sabha be frozen for the next 20 years. As a result the Lok Sabha decided to extend the freeze process till the
publication of the results of the first census after 2026.
Basis of delimitation
Population is the basis of demarcation. As far as possible, each Assembly and parliamentary constituency in a
state is to have the same population.
Since that may not be practically possible, the Election Commission allows a deviation to the extent of 10 per
cent plus or minus from the state average (total population divided by number of constituencies).

Reservation To SC/ST
Parliament has adopted the constitution (109
th
) amendment Bill 2009 for providing reservation to Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha and the legislative assemblies for another 10 years. The Bill seeks
to extend the reservation beyond January 25, 2010 under Article 334 of the constitution lapses. Bill also
envisages extending the nomination of Anglo-Indians to Lok Sabha and legislative assemblies by another 10
years.
Salwa Judum
Salwa Judum stands for peace mission. It started in June 2005 as an anti-naxalite movement as a self-defence
group of civilians in Chhattisgarh.
Initially started as a peoples movement in which Congress leader Mahandra Kumar played an instrumental
role in mobilizing the civilians of naxal affected areas, later on the state government and police legitimized it
and also provided logistics and monetary support.
Self-defence groups have been popular around the world and even in India the village defence committees in
Jammu and Kashmir have proved successful.
Combat Battalion For Resolute Action (COBRA)
It is a special anti-Naxat force. The clearance to raise the 10,000-strong Combat Battalion for Resolute
Action (COBRA), under the command and control of the CRPF, was given by the Cabinet Committee on
Security chaired by the Prime Minister in August, 2008.
K. Durga Prasad, IPS, took charge of the COBRA force as he has an expertise in handling the anti-Left wing
operations in Andhra Pradesh.
Mini Pravasi Bhartiya Divas
35

The third regional Mini-Pravasi Bharatiya Divas was held in Hague in September, 2009 to bring together
members of the Indian Diaspora in Europe at a common platform to discuss their role in enhancing Indo-
European cooperation in the fields of culture, heritage and tradition.


,2010
The event was held in partnership with the municipality of the Hague and with the active support of Indo-
Dutch organizations in the Netherlands.
Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council
At the tripartite talks the Centre, the West Bengal government and the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha agreed to
abolish the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council and set up an alternative administrative framework in Darjeeling.
It was also decided to appoint an interlocutor to carry forward the discussions and send a Central team to
Darjeeling to review the development works.
Gorkha Hill Council (GHC), previously known as Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council (DGAHC)
and originally known as Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) is an autonomous body that looks after the
administration of the District of Darjeeling in the state of West Bengal, India. GHC has three subdivisions
under its authority: Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Kurseong.
Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council was the result of the Signing of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council
Agreement between the Central Government of India, the West Bengal Government and the Gorkha
National Liberation Front in Kolkata in August 22, 1988.
The signatories to this tripartite agreement were: C. G. Somaih, Union Home Secretary, R. N. Sengupta, the
State Chief Secretary and Subash Ghishing (on the behalf of Gorkha National Liberation Front as the
representative of the people of Darjeeling District.
LEGISLATION
Nuclear Liability Bill
The Lok Sabha passed the civil nuclear liability bill after the government dropped the contentious provision
of "intent" in the case of accident adopting a BJP amendment, paving the way for nuclear commerce with the
world.
The Civil Liability for the Nuclear Damages Bill, 2010 was adopted by the House by a voice vote after it
rejected a CPM amendment that sought to fix the liability cap on suppliers in case of accidents at Rs.10,000
crore instead of the Rs.1,500 crore proposed in the measure.
A total of 18 official amendments were adopted by the House including the one the rephrased clause 17(b)
which read "the nuclear incident has resulted as a consequence of an act of supplier or his employee, which
includes supply of equipment of material with patent or latent defects or sub-standard services."
The bill, which was studied in depth by a Parliamentary Standing Committee, is necessary for full
implementation of the civil nuclear deal signed with the US in 2006.
The amended Clause 17(B) now does not have the word "intent" with regard to suppliers or their employees
in causing an accident in a nuclear plant, a provision that was strongly objected to by BJP and Left parties
which felt it was aimed at diluting the suppliers' liability.
The controversial word "intent" found its mention in an earlier government amendment, which was
different from the one recommended by the Parliamentary Committee that examined the bill.
36

Clause 7, provides for government assuming "full liability" for a nuclear installation not operated by it if it is
of the opinion that it is necessary in public interest. This is aimed at taking insurance cover for a nuclear
installation.


,2010
Bill To Protect Whistleblowers Okayed
The govt. gave its clearance for the proposed legislation to protect whistleblowers and provide for severe
punishment to those exposing the identity of people disclosing information. The govt. also approved a
proposal to set up a watchdog for over 3,600 ADI-protected monuments in the country. The Public Interest
Disclosure and Protection to Persons Making the Disclosure Bill, 2010 was given. It provides the Central
Vigilance Commission powers of a civil court to hand down harsh penalty to people revealing the identity of
whistleblowers. The bill will cover Central, State and Public Sector Employees. The CVC will be the nodal
authority to handle complaints against the State, Central govt . or PSU employees.
Pruned Food Security Act Cleared
Inadequate supply of foodgrain has forced the Sonia Gandhi-led National Advisory Council to settle for a
pruned National Food Security Act. Hamstrung by the problem of low procurement of paddy and wheat,
NAC decided to limit implementation of the universal PDS in its first phase to one fourth of the total
administrative blocks of the country. The decision taken come as a compromise between the competing
demands of the Right to Food compaign and the Planning Commission and the food ministry.
The Right Of Children To Free & Compulsory Education Bill
Sixteen years after the idea was first mooted, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act,
2009 has finally been notified, after receiving the assent of the President of India.
Article 21-A, as inserted by the Constitution (Eighty-Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002, provides for free and
compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right.
Consequently, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, has been enacted by the
Parliament.
The Prevention Of Money-Laundering (Amendment) Bill, 2008
The Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002 was brought into force in 2005 to prevent money-laundering
and to provide for confiscation of property derived from, or involved in, money-laundering.
The Prevention of Money-laundering (Amendment) Bill, 2008 seeks to bring certain financial institutions like
Full Fledged Money Changers, Money Transfer Service Providers such as Western Union and International
Payment Gateways including VISA and Master Card within the reporting regime of the Act. The Bill
incorporates provisions to combat financing of terrorism and it introduces a new category of offences which
have cross-border implications.
The Bill seeks to amend the Act, to provide, inter alia, to
include institutions like Full Fledged Money Changers and Money Transfer Service Providers and to bring
the business activities such as casinos under the reporting regime of the Act;
make provisions for the offences with cross border implications;
ensure that the investigating agency can attach any property and search a person only after completing
investigation and also to enhance the period of provisional attachment of property from 90 days to 150 days;
37

empower the Enforcement Directorate to search the premises immediately after the offence is committed
and the police has filed a report under section 157 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973;


,2010
increase the age of retirement of Chairperson and Members of the Adjudicating Authority from 62 years to
65 years;
provide mandatory consultation with the Chief Justice of India before removal of the Chairperson or a
Member of the Appellate Tribunal;
enable the Central Government to return the confiscated property to the requesting country in order to
implement the provisions of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption.
The passage of the Prevention of Money Laundering (Amendment) Bill, 2009 in both Rajya Sabha and Lok
Sabha enables Indias entry into Financial Action Task Force (FATF), an inter-governmental body that has
the mandate to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.
The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) is an intergovernmental organization
founded in 1989 by the G7. The purpose of the FATF is to develop policies to combat money laundering
and terrorist financing.
The FATF Secretariat is housed at the headquarters of the OECD in Paris.
As of now, India has an observer status in this 35 member body (FATF).
Information Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2008
Parliament in dec, 2008 passed the Information Technology (Amendment) Bill that provides for
imprisonment, which could extend to life term, for those indulging in cyber terrorism and a jail term of up to
five years for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form.
For those indulging in cyber terrorism with the intent of threatening the unity, integrity, security or
sovereignty of the country of striking terror in the people, the Bill stipulates life imprisonment.
Transmitting material containing sexually explicit acts in electronic form would be punishable by
imprisonment of up to five years along with a fine of up to Rs. 10 lakh.
It has also been proposed to set up a Cyber Appellate Tribunal.
Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Bill, 2007
The Lok Sabha passed a Bill in Feb, 2008 providing for enhancement of maternity bonus from Rs. 250 to Rs.
1,000 for working women. The Rajya Sabha has already passed the Bill.
The Maternity Benefit 8(Amendment) Bill, 2007 gives powers to the Union government to enhance this
benefit further subject to a maximum of Rs. 20,000.
Women working in factories, shops plantations and other establishments will benefit.
Parents Maintenance Act
Parliament has approved the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Bill, 2007 with the
Rajya Sabha passing it on December 6, 2007, which aims at protecting the senior citizens and makes
neglecting parents above 60 years punishable by a fine and imprisonment or both.
Within family
38


8
The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 regulates the employment of women in factories, circus industry, plantation and shops of establishments
employing 10 or more persons except those covered under Employees State Insurance (ESI) Corporation. Article 42 {Provision for just
and humane conditions of work and maternity relief}


,2010
The most important provision of the Bill is to make the maintenance of parents by their family as a legal
right.
The bill provides for setting up separate tribunals at district headquarters where elderly parents could move
to claim proper maintenance from their children.
It gives no scope for appeal against the punishment.
State governments shall set the maximum monthly maintenance allowance. The Bill caps the maximum
monthly allowance at Rs 10,000 per month.
Punishment for not paying the required monthly allowance shall be Rs 5,000 or up to three months
imprisonment or both.
The statement of objects of the Bill states that though parents could claim maintenance under the Cr. P.C.,
Wider measures
appropriate mechanism to be set up to provide need based maintenance to the parents and senior citizens.
providing better medical facilities to senior citizens.
For institutionalization of a suitable mechanism for protection of life and property of older persons.
Setting up of old age homes in every district.
New Rehabilitation Policy
The government has approved the new National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement 2007 which has
replaced the policy of 2003.
Due to controversy over land acquisition for SEZs (Special Economic Zones) and other projects,
government has approved this new policy for providing allotment of land in return of land.
The government has also declared to bring a legislation to amend the Land Acquisition Act of 1894 to
implement the new rehabilitation policy.
Policy covers all cases of involuntary displacement.
Public Hearings made compulsory.
Principle of Rehabilitation before displacement.
Skill development support and preference for jobs in the projects coming up on their plots.
Hosing benefits to all affected families, including the landless.
National Rehabilitation Commission for external oversight will be set up.
Unorganized Sector Workers Act
Recently, Parliament in December 2008, passed the Unorganised Workers Social Security Bill, 2008 that
seeks to provide welfare measures for the unorganized worker.
94 per cent of the working class in the country employed in the unorganized sector would get the benefit of
health, life and disability insurance, old-age pension and the group accident scheme.
The term unorganized sector in the body of legislation was further elaborated to specify that in the case of
agriculture, enterprise would mean landholding that was less than two hectares. Therefore, The term
unorganized sector should would include both agriculture or non-agriculture.
39

The bill provides legislative backing to all the social security schemes. These include the Aaam Admi Bima
Yojana, National Old Age Pension Scheme and the Health Insurance Scheme.


,2010
Envisages setting up of Advisory Boards at the national and the state levels.
The Prevention Of Corruption Amendment Bill 2008
The bill seeks to amend the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. The Prevention of Corruption
(Amendment) Bill 2008 seeks to provide a quantum of fine for a person accused of an offence under the Act
so as not to exceed the pecuniary resources or value of property for which the accused person is unable to
account satisfactorily.
The Prevention of Corruption Act applies to a public servant and therefore only a government servant or any
person described as public servant is affected by this Act.
Other may be guilty of breach of trust or cheating or other offences but cannot be termed as corruption as
defined under this Act.
JUDICIARY/JUDGMENTS
Judgements
Judges assets enquiry bill (2009) controversy
Judges Assets Bill is a proposal legislation which would make disclosure of personal assets of judges
mandatory in India. The Bill titled `Judges (Declaration of Assets and Liabilities) Bi.. 2009 was attempted to
be introduced in Rajya Sabha by Justice Minister M. Veerappa Moily. However, it was postponed due to
opposition from both Left and Right about clause 6 of the bill which states that High Court and Supreme
Court judges would declare their assets but the same would not be made public.
The bill would mandate Chief Justice of India and other judges of the Supreme Court and High Court and
their dependents declare their assets.
The Union Ministry of Law and Justice in October, 2009 said it would introduce a new Judges (Inquiry) Bill
in the following Session of Parliament. This Bill would also have a clause making it mandatory for judges of
the Supreme Court and the High Courts to declared their assets on a regular basis to their respective Chief
Justices.
But, more importantly, it was told to the newly-reconstituted Department-related Parliament Committee on
Law and Personnel that the citizens of the country would be able to access details of assets of the judges
under the Right to Information Act, 2005.
Supreme court upholds office of profit law
The Supreme Court held that the Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Amendment-Act, 2006
exempting 55 offices occupied by members of Parliament from disqualification was constituently valid.
Held that Parliament had the legislative competence and was within its power to bring the legislation with
retrospective effect.
The Bench also held that there was no violation of Article 14 (equally before law) in choosing the offices as
each office was different in its own.
Sc issues guidelines to check ragging
40



,2010
The Supreme Court recommended the appointment of a committee of mental health specialists to examine
the impact of ragging on young students as well as the reason why seniors torment their juniors.
It also recommended urgent and mandatory mental health measures to be implemented in, and practiced by,
schools, colleges, and all educational and vocational institutions so as to prevent any future instance of
ragging, bullying and other forms of student abuse.
The Bench said every college should have a psychiatrist to provide counseling to students who indulged in
ragging. In cases of alcoholism, education institutions would take de-addiction measures. All State
governments were asked to give undertakings to the court that they would take steps in accordance with its
directions. The Bench also gave its nod for a proposal submitted by the Ministry of Human Resource
Development to set up a helpline for ragging victims.
The court agreed with a suggestion that the HRD Ministry, in consultation with the UGC, the MCL, the
AICTE and similar regulatory bodies, would set up a central crisis-hotline and anti-ragging database in the
manner suggested by Dr. Rajendra Kachroo to the Raghavan Committee and the UGC.
Delhi high court strikes down section 377 of ipc
In a landmark judgment, the Delhi High court struck down the provision of Section 377 of the Indian Penal
Code which criminalized, consensual sexual acts of adults in private, holding that it violated the fundamental
right of life and liberty and the right to equality as guaranteed in the Constitution.
A Division Bench of Justice A.P. Shah and Justice S. Muralidhar. We declare this Section 377 of the IPC,
insofar as it criminal consensual sexual acts of adults in private is violative of Articles 21 [Right to Protection
of Life and Personal Liberty], [Right to Equality before Law] and 12 [Prohibition of Discrimination on
Grounds of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex or Place of Birth] of the Constitution.
The verdict came on a PIL by Delhi-based non-government organization Naz Foundation that the Section
377 provision criminalizing sexual acts between consenting adults in private violated Articles 14, 15,19 and 21
of the Constitution. The Foundation works among sex workers in Delhi.
Special courts to try cases of atrocities against sc/st
The State governments will set up special courts to try cases registered under the Scheduled Castes and
Schedules Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989 with a view to bringing down pendency and improve the
conviction rate.
This was decided at the end of the two-day annual conference o the State Ministers for Social Welfare and
Justice held in New Delhi in the second week of September 2009. The State governments also agreed to
strengthen investigation and prosecution machinery, for which the Centre would provide assistance from
under the relevant Centrally-sponsored scheme.
The State which have not yet switched over from cash payment of scholarship to payment through post
office/banks, agreed to do so in the next 2-3 months.
Welcoming the proposal to comprehensively amend the People with Disabilities Act, the State governments
assured the Centre that they would send their comments on the proposed amendments by October 15 and
gave a nod to decentralized simplify the procedure for grant for disability certificate before the year end.

41
Supreme court judges agree to make their assets public



,2010
The judges of the Supreme Court, including Chief Justice of India K.G. Balakrishnan, will make public the
statements of assets they declared at the time of their appointment to the Supreme Court and subsequent
additions, if any.
At present, judges disclose their assets to the Chief Justice of India as per the procedure in the 1997
`Restatement of Values. Now it will be put on the website.
The issue of public disclosure of assets by judges came to the foreafter Justice D.V. Shylendra Kumar of the
Karnataka High Court and Justice K. Kannan of the Punjab and Haryana High Court voluntarily disclosed
their assets and made them public.
At present, there is no law governing the declaration of assets by judges. In the recently concluded
Parliament session, the government introduced to Bill to make declaration of assets of judges mandatory. But
since it contained a clause that such a declaration would not come within the ambit of the Right to
Information Act, the Bill was withdrawn. The government has announced that it will be re-introduced in the
winter session with amendments.
Surrogate mother and her childrens citizenship
The Gujarat High Court has held the surrogate mother as the natural mother and her nationality to decide
the citizenship of the new-born babies irrespective of the nationality of the father.
The High Court also asked the central government to immediately frame necessary laws to clear the
complications over surrogacy while directing it to restore the Indian passports to the twin sons of a German
father given birth by an Indian surrogate mother.
The matter was appealed in the Supreme Court later and the apex court on December 4 asked the Centre to
give travel documents to the surrogate twins within 48 hours of parents Jan Balaz and Susane Lohle
approaching the passport authority for its despite the parents expressing fear in the Supreme Court that their
first-borns could be staring at the possibility of being stateless citizens.
The judgment was delivered in the case of a German nation, Jan Balaz, who had sought Indian passports for
his twins, Nikolas and Leonard, born to surrogate mother Martha Khristi, in Anand in central Gujarat last
year. Dr. Naryana Patel, the famous surrogacy expert aided the birth. The German couple who had twins
through an Indian surrogate mother, planned to take the newborns back to Germany as Indian citizens since
German law did not recognize surrogacy as a means of parenthood. Considering the German Laws, the
father of the children appealed to the Gujarat High Court, which held that since the surrogate mother was an
Indian national, the surrogate children would also be treated as Indian nationals and would be entitled to
Indian passports.
Law for 27% obc quota
The Supreme Court upheld the Central Educational Institution (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006,
enacted by the Centre in 2006 providing a quota of 27 percent for candidates belonging to the Other
Backward Classes in higher educational institutions from the academic year 2008-2009
But it is directed the government to exclude the creamy layer among the OBCs while implementing the law.
The institutions will include the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of management.
42

According to decision the 93rd Amendment Act does not violate basic structure of the constitution in so far
as it relates to State, maintained institutions and aided educational institutions.


,2010
Article 15(5) of the Constitution is constitutionally valid and Articles 15(4) and 15(5) are not mutually
contradictory.
It does not violate Article 14, as minority educational institutions are a separate class
The court directed that a review of the lists of backward classes be made after five years. The 2006 Act
cannot be held invalid on the ground that no time limit had been prescribed for reservations.
Armed Forces Tribunal
President Pratibha Patil on August 8, 2009 inaugurated the much awaited Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT).
Armed Forces Tribunal has been set up to meet the long period demand of armed forces as more than 9000
cases are pending before various courts across the country, most of them with High Courts.
Armed Forces Tribunal will be exclusive court for the members of Army, Navy and Air Force for the
adjudication of all issues relating to condition of their service, seniority promotion and pension benefits.
Aggrieved armed forces personnel will now be able to appeal against sentences handed down by court
martial.
Armed Forces Tribunal will provide a judicial forum for redressal of grievances to around 1.3 million armed
forces personnel and 1.2 million ex-serviceman. A decision to set up 15 Armed Forces Tribunal has been
taken.
Government has appointed the former Supreme Court judge A.K. Mathur as chairperson of AFT which will
have 29 members.
Supreme Court (Number Of Judges) Act, 1956
The Union Cabinet, in February 2008, approved a proposal to increase the number of judges in the Supreme
Court from 26 to 31 including the Chief Justirce. A Bill to amend the Supreme Court (Number of Judges)
Act, 1956, would be introduced in Parliament soon. In 1986, the number was raised from 18 to 25 excluding
the Chief Justice.
In 2002, the apex court by a judicial order directed the Centre to increase the number of judges in the apex
court and the High Courts in a phased manner to tackle the mounting arrears.
As far as the High Courts are concerned.
Against the sanctioned strength of 886 judges, only 620 are filled.
Gram Nyayalayas Bill, 2008
The Union Cabinet on April 24, 2008 gave its approval for withdrawal of the Gram Nyayalayas9 Bill, 2007
pending before the Rajya Sabha and introduction of the Gram Nyayalayas Bill 2008 in the Rajya Sabha
The new legislation will reduce considerable number of pending cases in subordinate judiciary.
It will give a system of judiciary which be less expensive, free from protracted procedural wrangles, quick and
available at the gross roots, level, accessible to the common man and render justice to him as enshrined in
article 39A of the Constitution.
As per the Gram Nyayalaya Bill mobile courts or village courts would be set up at Panchayat level and First
Class Magistrate would head such courts.
43


9
When Law Minister H R Bhardwaj presented the idea of Gram Nyayalaya it met with stiff resistance within the government especially
from the Panchayati Raj Ministry. But after much consideration the cabinet approved it


,2010
Judges (Amendment) Bill 2008
Judges (Amendment) Bill 2008 includes a proposal to set up a National Judicial Council to investigate
complaints against higher judiciary and recommend suitable action after following the prescribed procedure.
It makes Supreme Court and High court judges accountable for their acts, including corruption and
incapacity.
If the Complaint is against a Supreme Court Judge, the NJC will consist of the CJI and four senior most
judges of the apex court.If it is against the CJI, the CJI will not take part in the proceedings and the President
shall nominate the next senior most judge.
There is a provision for preliminary scrutiny and verification by the NJC, if a judge is proved guilty, the NJC
can recommend his or her removal through impeachment by the parliament.
In 1997, the Supreme Court passed two resolutions establishing in house procedures for examining any
complaint against a judge, and adopting the Restatement of Values of Judicial Life against which judicial
conduct would be measured.
COMMISSIONS/COMMITTEES/PANELS
Law Commission
Cabinet nod for forming 19
th
law commission
The Union Cabinet approved the constitution of the 19
th
Law Commission for three years with effect from
September 1, 2009.
The non-statutory body was first formed in 1955 and has been reconstituted every three years. The tenure of
the last commission, headed by Justice A.R. Lakshmanan, ended on August 31.
Apart from the Chairman, it consists of three full-time members.
The terms of reference for the new commission will include identification of laws that would be a harmony
with the climate of economic globalization, exploration of measures for equitable redress of citizens
grievances in the field of law, examination of laws that effect the poor and post-audit for socio-economic
legislation.
The commission will also examine laws with a view to promoting gender equality, study the impact of
globalization on food security and employment, and recommend measures for protecting the marginalized.
Further, it will seek to harness the legal process in the service of the poor for elimination of delays, for
speedy clearance of arrears of cases and reduction in cost.
Amend cr.pc
The Law Commission of India, recommended amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code to provide for
restoration of a criminal complaint dismissed in default by a court resulting in discharge or acquittal of the
accused depending on the case being a warrant case or a summon case.
44

The report said Sections 249 and 256 Cr.PC pertained to warrants and summons cases and the absence of
complainant to prosecute the complaint on the day of appearance would result in dismissed of the complaint.
However, non-compoundable and cognizable offences were excluded from the purview of such dismissal.


,2010
Y adding provisions in the Cr.PC for restoration of complaints, the burden on High Courts could be
lessened.
Three regional supreme court benches
The law Commission of India, recommended that a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court be set up at
Delhi and three regional Benches at Chennai/Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai to deal with appeals from
High Courts from the respective regions to exercise cessative jurisdiction of the apex court in each of the
region.
The Commission suggested that all PILs from any part of India should be decided by the apex Constitution
court to ensure no contradictory order were issued and also to halt the mushroom growth of cases.
Make bigamy, on change of religion an offence
The Law Commission recommended amendments to the Hindu Marriage Act (HMA) and other personal
laws to the effects that a person whose marriage is governed by such legislation cannot marry again even after
changing unless the first marriage is dissolved or declared null and void.
The Commission also suggested that amendments be made in the Criminal Procedure Code to make bigamy
a cognizable offence.
The Commission, accordingly, recommended insertion of Section 17-A after 17 in the HMA to the effect
that if such a marriage is contracted it will be null and void and shall attract application of Section 494 and
495 of the Indian Penal Code [relating to bigamy]. A similar provision be inserted in the Christian Marriage
Act, 1872; the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936; and the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act
[DMMA], 1939.
The proviso to Section 4 of the DMMA, saying that this Section would not apply to a married woman who
is originally a non-Muslim if she reverts to her original faith, should be deleted.
In the Special Marriage Act 1954, a provision should be inserted to the effect that if an existing marriage, by
whatever law governed, becomes inter-religious due to a change of religion by either party, it will henceforth
be governed by the SMA, including its anti-bigamy provisions, the report said.
Permanent constitution bench in sc
The Law Commission favoured setting up of a permanent Constitution Bench in the Supreme Court to
exclusively deal with constitutional matters.
As part of judicial reforms the Commission has also been of the view that cessation benches in four
regions of the country should be created to deal with appeals of all kinds arising from the judgments of the
high courts of the region. The cessation benches will have the power to deal with maters falling under the
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Eighteenth Law Commission And Its Landmark Recommendation
The Eighteenth Law Commission was constituted by Government order with effect from September 1, 2006.
It will have a three-year term ending August 31, 2009.
The Commission comprises of the following: Chairman-Dr. Justice A.R. Lakshmanan, Former Judge SC of
India.
45
Member-Prof. Dr. Tahir Mahmood. Member Secretary: Dr. D.P. Sharma



,2010
Importants recommendations
The Law Commission in December 2008, rejected a parliamentary committee recommendation to make
Hindi the official court language for delivering judgments in the Supreme Court and all High Courts and also
to amend the Constitution to enable the Union Legislature department to undertaken original drafting of
laws in Hindi.
The Law Commission, on 28 October 2008, recommended the enactment of a Marriage and Divorce
Registration Act to be made applicable to the whole of India and to all citizens irrespective of their religion
and personal law and without any exception or exemption.
The Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act, 1886 be repealed and Births and Deaths Registration Act,
1969 be re-named as Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act with a provision that officials.
For registration of divorces, the laws which provide for any kind of registration of divorce are that of
Muslims and Parsis. All other marriage registration laws do not provide for registration of divorce although it
is a socially beneficial proposition.
For speedy disposal of cases filed by government servants before administrative tribunals10, the Law
Commission has suggested that appeals be filed directly in the Supreme Court and not in the High Court.
The Law Commission of India, on 21 November 2008, recommended an equal role for the Judiciary and the
Executive in the selection and appointments to High Courts and the apex court.
2nd Administrative Reforms Commission
11
Second Administrative Reforms Commission was constituted in August 2005 under the Chairmanship of ,
M. Veerappa Moily.
The Commission will consider the following:
Organisational structure of the Government of India ,Ethics in Governance, Refurbishing of
Personnel Administration, Strengthening of Financial Management Systems, Steps to ensure
effective administration at the State level, Steps of ensure effective District Administration, Local
Self-Government/Panchayati Raj Institutions, Social Capital, Trust and participative service
delivery, Citizen Centric Administration, Promoting e-governance, Issues of Federal Polity, Crisis
Management, Public Order
It has submitted its first report in June 2006.
Second ARC recent Reports
Report No. Report Title Date of Submission
8. Combating Terrorism June 2008
9. Social Capital a Shared Destiny November 2008
10. Refurbishing of Personnel Administration Scaling New
Heights12
December 2008

10
State and Central Administrative Tribunals were constituted pursuant to the 1985 Administrative Tribunals Act. As per this Act,
appeals against the tribunal orders could be filed directly in the Supreme Court. However, after the judgment in L. Chandrakumars case
in 1997, appeals would have to be filed first in the High Court concerned and then before the Supreme Court.
46

11
First Administrative Reform Commission (1966-70) under the chairmanship of Morarji Desai (later K. Hanumanthaiya). It
produced nineteen reports.


,2010
11. Promoting E-governance: The Smart Way Forward January 2009
10
th
report : refurbishing of personnel administration: scaling new heights
Doing away with the present system of evaluation of performance based on annual confidential report
(ACR).The actual performance should be assessed by a third party.
The panel favoured reducing the upper age limit for writing the civil services examination to between 21 and
25 for general candidates, 28 for the Other Backward Classes (OBC) and 29 for Scheduled Caste (SC) and
Scheduled Tribe (ST) candidates as also those who were physically challenged.
The number of permissible attempts in the civil services examinations should be 3 years, 5 years and 6 years
for the general candidates, OBC, and SC/ST and physically challenged aspirants, the panel has suggested.
According to the report, a Post-School Grooming System for civil services aspirants and a formal degree
course in public policy would be of great help and also discourage the system of coaching centres which have
tended to distort the formal education system.
For a transparent system of appointments in the government, covering all ranks, the Commission has
suggested the setting up of a Central Civil Services Authority. The Authority, should be a five-member body
with the chairperson appointed by the President on the recommendations of the Prime Minister and the
Leader of the Opposition to make it totally apolitical.
11
th
report promoting e-governance: the smart way forward
In this Report on e-Governance, the Commission has examined various aspects of e-Governance reforms in
India.
The Commission has analyzed the progress made as well as the lack of progress in several e-Governance
initiatives including some components of the NeGP.
Raghawan Committee
Raghawan Committee was appointed by the Supreme Court in order to stop the much widely spread
phenomenon of ragging so as to maintain the spirit and the standards of hither education in India.
Recommendations
Every single incident of ragging where the victim or his parent/guardian or the Head of institution is not
satisfied with the institutional arrangement for action, a First Information Report must be filed without
exception by the institutional authorities with the local police authorities. Any failure on the part of the
institutional authority or negligence or deliberate delay in lodging the FIR with the local police shall be
construed to be an act of culpable negligence on the part of the institutional authority.
In addition, it directed that the possibility of introducing in the educational curriculum a subject relating to
ragging shall be explored by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and the

47

12
The most momentous report submitted by the ARC relates to personnel administration. In the report also, its most critical
recommendation is about opening the `road on the top. The Commission wanted to promote specialization among civil servants and to
make even the heaven-born IAS to specialize, thus curtailing its all-purpose character. Selection to the top posts was to be based on the
result of a mid-career competitive examination open to all officers.


,2010
respective State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT). This aspect can be included in the
teaching of the subjects human Rights.
Anti-ragging help-line
Anti-Ragging helpline has become operational since 20.06.2009.
The Toll-free Anti-Ragging helpline Number' is: 1800-180-5522.
B.K. Chaturvedi Committee
The B.K. Chaturvedi Committee was set up by Prime Minister to look into the domestic oil pricing policy,
which has remained largely controlled despite the dismantling of administered prices in 2002. It submitted its
report in August 2008.
The committee has recommended that any incremental revenue earned beyond $75 a barrel would have to be
given to the government as part of subsidy-sharing in the oil sector.
While public sector oil companies like ONGC and OIL will take a larger share of the subsidy bill by
contributing all revenues barrel to the central exchequer, private oil producers will only have to fork out 50%
of their incremental earning to the government.
Coined as a special oil tax, the committee report seeks to replace the current subsidy sharing system which
is both ad hoc and non-transparent.
The other recommendations of the committee include export parity prices for all fuels price revisions at
regular intervals and transparent subsidy-sharing mechanism.
Lyngdoh Panel
The committee was set up in order to dissect, diagnose and design a remedy in order to change the face of
student politics. After the Supreme Court had directed the Union Human Resource Development Ministry to
set up a committee to examine what ails the present day campus politics.
The committee has submitted its recommendations and the Supreme Court in 2006 ordered to implement
the committees recommendations.
Major recommendations
Fixes 25 years as maximum age to contest student union elections
Rs 5,000 limit on election expenses per candidate
No printed posters, printed pamphlets or any other printed material for the purpose of canvassing
Elections to be held on a yearly basis and the same should be held between six and eight weeks from the date
of commencement of the academic session.
The candidates are specially barred from utilizing funds from any other source than voluntary contribution
from the student body.
No academic arrears for the candidate in the year of contesting elections.
48
A 75 per cent attendance record or the minimum prescribed by university, whichever is higher.



,2010
Ganguly Committee
The Ashok Ganguly Committee, appointed by the Delhi High Court to look into admission procedures to
nursery classes in public schools, July 2007, recommended awarding of five points to the Scheduled Caste
and Scheduled Tribe students.
On the recommendation of the first report of the Ganguly committee, the Delhi High Court had barred
nursery schools from conducting any interviews or interaction with children or their guardians during the
admission process.
While doing away with the interviews, the court had fixed a points system ranging from 1 to 100 for
admissions. While assigning maximum 25 points to the neighbourhood clause, the Committee earmarked 5
points for physically challenged children. The committee left 25 points to the discretion of the school
management.
Stressing on the neighbourhood school model, the court said priority should be given to children staying
within three kms radius of schools giving 20 points. The points would decrease the increased distance from
the school. The wards of teachers and ex-students would get preference in admissions.
AMENDMENTS
109
th
Amendment Bill Passed
Article 334 of the Constitution lays down that the provisions of the Constitution relating to the reservation
of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and the representation of the Anglo-Indian
community by nomination in the House of the People and the Legislative Assemblies of the States shall cease
to have effect on the expiration of the period of sixty years from the commencement of the Constitution.
In other words, these provisions will cease to have effect on the 25th January, 2010, if not extended further.
Although the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes have made considerable progress in the last sixty
years, the reasons which weighed with the Constituent Assembly in making provisions with regard to the
aforesaid reservation of seats and nomination of members have not ceased to exist. It is, therefore, proposed
to continue the reservation for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and the representation of the
Anglo-Indian community by nomination for a further period of ten years.
STATES
Maharashtra
Ram pradhan committee
In a severe indictment of the Maharashtra government, the Ram Pradhan Committee, that probed the 26/11
terror attacks in Mumbai, said the administration failed to act on repeated intelligence inputs on possibility of
a strike on the Metropolis and the top brass of the police department had failed to provide visible leadership
during the crisis, even as it criticised the system of handling 'alerts'.
Mns recognized as a state party
49



,2010
The Election Commission, recognize Raj Thackerays Maharasthra, Navnirman Sena as a State party in
Maharashtra and will allot a permanent election symbol of the partys choice.
The Commission also recognized the All-India Trinamool Congress (AITC) led by Railway Minister Mamata
Benerjee, as a State party in Arunachal Pradesh. It is already a recognized party in West Bengal. It will be
allowed to use its symbol of `Jora Ghas Phul in Arunachal Pradesh too.
Under Section 6B of the Symbols Order, a political party, other than a national party, could get recognition
as a State party in a States or States, if and only if (A)(i) the candidates put up by it, at the last general
election to the House of the People or to the Legislative Assembly, have secured not less than six per cent of
the total valid votes polled in that State at that general election; and (ii) in addition, it has returned at least two
members to the Assembly at the last general election to that Assembly, or (B) it wins at least three per cent of
the total number of seats in the Assembly (any fraction exceeding one half being counted as one), or at least
three seats in the Assembly whichever is more.
Manipur
Irom Sharmila Chanu: "Menghaobi" Irom Sharmila Chanu also known as the Iron Lady of Manipur, is a civil
rights activist, political activist, journalist and poet from Manipur. Since November 4, 2000, she's been on a
political fast demanding the Government of India to withdraw the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958,
also otherwise known as AFSPA, from Manipur and other areas of India's north east. Ten years since it
began in 2000, Irom Sharmila Chanu's fast is unparalleled in the history of political protest. In 2004, in the
wake of intense agitation that was launched by several civil society groups following the death of Manoram
Devi, while in the custody of the Assam Rifles and the indefinite fast undertaken by Irom Sharmila, the
central government set up a five-member committee under the Chairmanship of Justice B P Jeevan Reddy,
former judge of the Supreme Court.
The panel was given the mandate of "reviewing the provisions of AFSPA and advising the Government of
India whether (a) to amend the provisions of the Act to bring them in consonance with the obligations of the
government towards protection of human rights; or (b) to replace the Act by a more humane Act."
The Reddy committee submitted its recommendations on June 6, 2005. However, the government failed to
take any concrete action on the recommendations even after almost a year and a half. The then Defence
Minister Pranab Mukherjee had rejected the withdrawal or significant dilution of the Act on the grounds that
it is not possible for the armed forces to function in disturbed areas without such powers.
The report recommends, "The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958, should be repealed."
Andhra Pradesh
Indias first Kisan SEZ
Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Ltd will establish what it calls countrys first Kisan SEZ at Nellore
district in the state.
Tamil Nadu
Panel recommends 3 per cent reservation for Arundathiyars
50

The MS Janardhanam panel, which studied the modalities of providing reservation for Arundathiyars within
the existing quota for Scheduled Castes, recommended 3 per cent reservation for the community


,2010
The panel recommended that 3 per cent out of the 18 per cent reservation for the SCs could be devolved to
the Arundathiyar community, which included the sub-sects Chakkiliar, Madhari, Adi Andhrar, Pagadai,
Madiga and Thotti.
Launched CM Insurance Scheme for live saving treatment The Kalaignar Insurance Scheme for life saving
treatments worth Rs one lakh would be given to families with annual income less than Rs 72,000.
Tamil Nadu
Hogenakkal Controversy
The state of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are currently under dispute over the Hogenakkal project Hogenkkal
is an integrated drinking water project of Rs. 1,334 which envisages supply of Cauvery river water to fluorosis
affected Dharampuri and Krishnagiri districts of Tamil Nadu.
The Hogenakkal Integrated Drinking Water scheme, envisaging supply of 160 million liters a day to 40.4 lakh
people in Tamil Nadu, is being constructed with the financial assistance of the Japan Bank of International
Cooperation.
To its construction Karnataka has objected, that it would affect its allocated water share according to the
award of Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal.
Rajasthan
Religious Freedom Bill Passed
Rajasthan Assembly passed the contentious Religious Freedom Bill to check conversions by force and
allurement and promote freedom of conscience.
The Bill of 2008 was re-introduced in the Assembly despite the previous Rajasthan Dharma Swatantraya Bill,
2006, still awaiting the assent of President Ms. Patil, as the then Governor of Rajasthan, returned the Bill to
the State Government in May 2006 asking it to get it cleared from the then President, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
Karnataka
Minority status to Sikh populations
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, in April 2008, granted minority13 status to Sikh populations, with a view to
extending benefits to the community under the Prime Ministers New 15-point programme for minorities.
PIO/NRI varsity to come up in Bangalore
The Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) Trust was selected by the government to run the
proposed Persons of Indian Origin (PIO)/Non-Resident Indians (NRI) University- the first of its mind in
the country. As per the proposal submitted by the MAHE Trust, the PIO/NRI University will come up in
Bangalore.
The PIO/NRI University would have deemed university status and the according to the plan it would start
functioning from 2009-10 academic year. Though it was being set up to address the educational needs of
PIOs/NRIs, 50 per cent of the students would be resident Indians.
51


13
Under the National Commission for Minorities Act of 1992, five religious communities-Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Zoroastrians and
Buddhist-were notified as minorities communities. As per the 2001 census, these five religious minority communities constituted 18.42%
of the countrys population.


,2010
Madhya Pradesh
Tribal varsity
The Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Act, 2007 has been passed in dec 2007 paving way to set up a
tribal university at Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh, with campuses in several areas across the country.
Aims at promoting higher education among the Scheduled Tribes, started functioning from this session in
Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh on 16 September 2008. Indira Gandhi National Tribal University (IGNTU),
the first of its kind dedicated for education and research on tribals, gave admission to 150 students in 2008.
Mizoram
Mautam in Mizoram
more than 700 other villages spread over all the eight districts of Mizoram are gripped by Mautam the
phenomena of gregarious bamboo flowering that occurs at an interval 47-50 years and subsequent
destruction of crops by rodents and other insects.
West Bengal
Centre approves plan to study Toto tribe
The Department of Biotechnology under the Ministry of Science and Technology approved proposal of the
city-based Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute (NSCBCRI) to conduct a study on the
health patterns and health management of the Toto Tribal people in north Bengal.
Toto tribe-one of the oldest Indo-Bhutanese tribes-living at Totopara, 100 Endogamous in nature, the
members of the tribe suffer from various inherent genetic disorders as a result of children born out of
wedlock between close relatives and this social trait in the tribe is fast pushing it to the brink of extinction.
Recently, blood tests carried out on 385 unmarried Toto males and females by the NSCBCRI revealed that
14 per cent of them were carriers of the thalassemia virus.
POLICIES
Civil Aviation Policy
In pursuance of open sky policies, Government of India cleared the new Greenfield airport policy.
Under the provision of the policy private sector has been permitted to construct airport14, airstrips and
helipads for private use, but no Greenfield airport is permitted within an aerial distance of 150 km of civilian
airport.
It has sought to speed up the process of airport it has sought to speed up the process of airport infrastructure
development by doing away with mandatory approvals of the central government as currently required.
The proposed Greenfield aviation policy of the Government of India has been significantly benefited to the
infrastructure development in aviation sector in India, thus it would provide better connectivity to far flung
areas of the country besides it would lessen burden on other operational airports in India.

52

14
The Indian civil aviation sector is showing an extraordinary growth rate. With passenger growth standing at 20 per cent-among the
highest in the world, airlines are bulking up on capacity. By 2010, India's fleet strength will stand at 500-550. In the same period, the
domestic market size will cross 60 million and international traffic 20 million.


,2010
53
PROJECTS
NUHM To Cover 100 Cities In Phase I
The National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) will cover 100 cities, including the four metros and Bangalore,
In the first phase of the 429 cities identified for the five-year-mission, which aims at improving the health of
the urban poor and other disadvantaged sections, facilitating access to the health system, the remaining 329
will be covered in the second phase.
All cities with a population above one lakh, State capitals and even district headquarters will be brought
under NUHM purview.
As far as possible, the NUHM would converge with institutional structures such as the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Renewal Mission and the Integrated Child Development Services.
Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) of the NRHM in the cities would be known as Urban Social
Health Activists (USHAs), each catering for a population of 2,000. As many as 25,000 USHAs would be put
in place by 2012.
There was also a provision for community risk pooling through the Mahila Arogya Samiti, which is based on
the concept of self-help groups, so that money would be easily available during a crisis.
Project Arrow
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology launched a new project under the name of
`Project Arrow to re-vitalise post offices and enable it to play a larger role in socio-economic transformation
of the country.
SECURITY ISSUES
National Counter Terrorism Centre Planned
Known in government circles as the 100-day internal security plan, the document aims to create a
National Network Security Architecture to address a gamut of shortcomings that plague the internal
security structure of the country.
Aim
The chief aim is to remove the loopholes in the current infrastructure set up to tackle terrorism and other
problems of internal security.
The larger aim is to end the continuous wrangling between the Centre and State on force deployment and
their operational role.
Structure of the NCTC
The NCTC will largely be on the lines of the US. Counter Terrorism Center. While NCTC will be the apex
body, it will have collation and fusion centres down to the district level so that intelligence can be
streamlined and relayed more effectively.

Every state will have a subsidiary multi-agency centre that will be connected to the NCTC. The goal to
provide professional and analytical treatment to every bit of local intelligence.


,2010
For this, district collation centres will put together relevant intelligence which will be sifted in a fusion
centre and then relayed to the State Multi-Agency Centre thats envisioned as a key filter before the NCTC
take a call.
The report also calls for NCTC to be able to carry out counter-terror operations in any part of the country
with the help of both Central and state forces.
While the NCTC would most probably be under the Intelligence Bureau to begin with, it will have
representation from all relevant agencies, including the military.
National Investigation Agency
National Investigation Agency (NIA) is a new federal agency approved by the Indian Government to combat
terror in India. The agency will be empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special
permission from the states.
The National Investigation Agency Bill 2008 to create the agency was moved in Parliament by Union Home
Minister in December 2008.
NIA was created after the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks as need for a central agency to combat terrorism
was realized.
Radha Vinod Raju, Special Director General of Police in Jammu and Kashmir, is appointed as Director
General of the newly established National Investigation Agency (NIA).
Some of the salient features of NIA are-
The Bill for constitution of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) to be applicable to whole of India,
citizens of India outside India and persons on ships and aircraft registered in India.
Officers of the NIA to have all powers, privileges and liabilities which the police officers have in connection
with investigation of any offence.
The police officer in charge of a police station on receipt of the report of the offence shall forward it to the
state government which in turn will send it to the Centre.
If the Centre feels the offence is terror related, it shall direct the NIA for investigation.
Provision for transfer of investigation and trial of offences to state government with Centre's prior approval.
NIA may investigate other offences connected with terror-related offences.
A state government shall extend all assistance to NIA for investigation of terror-related offences.
Provisions of the Act with regard to investigation shall not affect powers of the state government to
investigate and prosecute any terror crime or other offences.
The Centre shall constitute special courts for trial of terror-related offences.
Special Courts may sit at any place for any of its proceedings.
For speedy and fair trial, the Supreme Court may transfer any case pending with the special court to another
special court in the same state or any other state, and the High Court may transfer such cases to any other
special court within the state.
Offences punishable with imprisonment for less than three years may be tried summarily.
Bill for federal agency tabled in Lok Sabha
Special court to have all powers of the court of sessions under CrPC for trial of any offence under the Act.
54
Proceedings to be held 'in camera' if special court deems it necessary.



,2010
Trial to be held on day-to-day basis on all working days and to have precedence over the trial of other
offences.
State governments empowered to constitute one or more special courts.
No appeal shall be entertained after the expiry of 90 days. Highlights of Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
Amendment Bill, 2008.
Use of bombs, dynamite, poisons or noxious gases, biological radioactive nuclear substances are terror act.
Aiding, abetting or committing a terrorist act shall be punishable with imprisonment up to ten years.
Funding terror activities, organising training camps and recruiting persons for committing terror acts shall be
punishable with at least five years' imprisonment.
Detention of accused up to 180 days if investigation not completed.
No bail shall be granted if accused is not an Indian citizen and has entered the country unauthorisedly.
No accused, if in custody, to be released on bail or on his own bond.
Court shall presume, unless contrary is shown, that accused has committed offence.
National Security Commission
There is a proposal to set up the national security commission for the selection and placement of chiefs of
Central police organizations to ensure that the DGPs of paramilitary forces like the BSF, ITBP, SSB and
CISF are selected in a fair manner and have a fixed tenure of at lest two years. The national security
commission could be headed by the Union Home Minister and comprise heads of Central police
organizations and security exports as members.
In states, the State Security Commission would act as a watch dog and be headed by the Chief Minister or
Home Minister with a DGP as ex-officio secretary. The members of the panel would be chosen in a manner
that would ensure its complete independence.
3.
55
SOCIAL LEGAL ISSUES



,2010
Important Global Developments
Iceland passes same-sex marriage law: Iceland, the only country in the world to have an openly gay head
of state, passed a law allowing same sex partners to get married in a vote which met with no political
resistance.
German court approves mercy killing: In a landmark ruling on assisted suicide, Germans highest civil
court said that terminally ill patients on life support should have the right to die if they want to. Cheers broke
out in the courtroom in the city of Karlsruhe when judges read out the decision, which legal experts and
doctors hailed as a watershed ruling.
Argentina legalizes Gay Marriage: Argentina became the first country in Latin America to legalise same
sex marriage,, the law tweaks the legal code which no longer will refer to husband and wife, but rather to the
marrying parties.
Spains new abortion law: Spains controversial abortion law, which allows girls at 16 and above to
terminate a pregnancy in the first 14 weeks and upto the 22
nd
week in the case of potential risk to the woman
or fetus without informing their parents, has come into force.
Indias middle class drives consumption, growth-ADB: Even as innovative and cheaply priced products
targeted at Indias booming middle class are helping to spur domestic consumption and growth, this segment
of the population remains vulnerable to economic shocks and carefully calibrated policy measures will be
needed to sustain income gains in the linger-term, the Asian Development Baqnk (ADB) has said.
In a special chapter of Key indicator for Asia and the Pacific 2010 report-ADBs flagship annual statistical
publication-the multilateral lending agency has said that the ranks of Indias middle class, defined as those
consuming between $2 and $20 a day (based on survey data in 2005 purchasing power parity), grew by
around 205 million between 1990 and 2008, second only to China.
Frances Burqa Ban Law: French cabinet approved a draft law to ban the Muslim full face veil
from public spaces, opening the way for the text to go before Parliament.
Belgium Bans Burqa: Belgium has become the first state in Europe to ban the burqa in public
places.
CHILD
Drop In Infant Mortality Rate
The infant mortality rate (IMR) in the country went down by two points from 57 to 55 per 1,000 live births
between 2006 and 2007. While the overall figure has shown a decrease, the number has gone up in
Chandigarh, Uttarakhand, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and some North Eastern States. The rural-
urban divide is also visible in the date. The IMR in rural India is 61, while it is 37 in urban areas. The figures
are on the basis of the Sample Registration Survey, providing reliable annual estimates of birthrate, death rate
and fertility and mortality indicators at the national and sub-national levels.
56

Low Performers: While Manipur had an IMR of 11 last year, both in rural and urban areas, the latest statistics
shows that the figure has gone up to 13 in rural areas and slumped to nine in urban areas. Manipur has the
lowest IMR followed by Kerala at 13.


,2010
The worst performers, despite an improvement, continue to be Madhya Pradesh at 72 followed by Orissa at
71, Uttar Pradesh at 69, Assam at 66 and Rajasthan at 65.
Integrated Child Development Services (Icds)
The ICDS scheme is the worlds largest publicity funded programme for early childhood.
Since its inception in 1975, the scheme continues to be the flagship scheme towards promoting the overall
development of the young children (0-6 years)-especially the girl child, and expectant and nursing mothers all
over the country through its holistic package of six basic services-health check up, immunization, referral
services, supplementary nutrition, pre-school education and health and nutritional education through a single
window delivery.
Kishori Shakti Yojana
As a part of ICDS programme, KSY was launched in 2000-01 for adolescent girls in the age group of 11-18
years.
The Ministry of Women and Child Development is implementing the scheme
For addressing their needs of self-development, nutrition and health status, literacy and numerical skills,
vocational skills, etc.
Under KSY, various programmatic options are available to the States and Union Territories to selectively
intervene for the development of the adolescent girls on the basis of specific needs of the area.
This scheme also seeks convergence with schemes of the Health Department in order to improve the
nutritional and health status of the adolescent girls.
Child Labour
Court cautions people against hiring minor as domestic help
A Delhi court cautioned the people who hire minor girls as domestic helps saying such employment without
age and police verification could invite penal actions. Judge also said the family members of such minors and
the placement agencies who sue them for the purpose are also liable to be punished under law.
WOMEN
Women's Reservation Bill
How did the Women's Reservation Bill originate?
The proposed legislation to reserve 33.3 percent seats in Parliament and state legislatures for women was
drafted first by the H D Deve Gowda-led United Front government. The Bill was introduced in the Lok
Sabha on September 12, 1996. Though it has been introduced in Parliament several times since then, the Bill
could not be passed because of lack of political consensus.
What does the Bill provide?
57

Reservation for women at each level of legislative decision-making, starting with the Lok Sabha, down to
state and local legislatures.


,2010
If the Bill is passed, one-third of the total available seats would be reserved for women in national, state, or
local governments.
In continuation of the existing provisions already mandating reservations for scheduled caste and scheduled
tribes, one-third of such SC and ST candidates must be women.
What is the argument in favour of the Bill?
Its proponents say it would lead to gender equality in Parliament, resulting in the empowerment of women as
a whole. Historically, the Bill's supporters say, women are deprived in India Increased political participation
of women will help them fight the abuse, discrimination, and inequality they suffer from.
Why is there opposition to the Bill?
Various political parties have staunchly opposed it because they fear many of their male leaders would not get
a chance to fight elections if 33.3 percent seats are reserved for women. The Bill has also been opposed by
politicians from the socially and economically backward classes. They argue that reservation would only help
women of the elitist groups to gain seats, therefore causing further discrimination and under-representation
to the poor and backward classes
What is the status of the Bill now?
The Bill had been referred to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Law and Justice, and Personnel,
which gave its report in December 2009.
It recommended passage of the Bill in its present form and suggested that the issue should not be left to the
discretion of political parties.
The central government cleared the 108
th
Constitution(Amendment) Bill on February 25, 2010. For such a
bill to pass, the Constitution has laid out an elaborate procedure. So, even if the Rajya Sabha passes the bill its
real impact will be felt only when it passes through the Lok Sabha.
The Upper House Rajya Sabha passed it on 9 Mar 2010 and sent to JPC.
Women to Get Permanent Commissioner in Army
Serving women army officers won their first round of legal battle with the govt. assuring the Supremen
Court that it would consider giving them permanent commission in legal and education branches. However,
the officers demanding permanent commission in combat, infantry and other wings of the Army will have to
wait for a longer period to get this recognition. The govt. gave an undertaining that women serving officers
of Short Service Commission in the Judge Advocate General and educational branches of the Army.
50 Percent Reservation for Women in Panchayats
The Union Cabinet approved fifty percent reservation for women in Panchayats all across the country.
The Cabinet approved the amendment of Article 243 (d) of the Constitution to reserve 50 per cent of the
total number of seats in Panchayats filled by direct election for women.
58

The states which have already implemented 50 per cent reservation for women in Panchayati Raj institutions
are Bihar, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. While Rajasthan has announced
implementation of the proposal in the next Panchayat election in 2010, Kerala recently declared that it would
implement it.


,2010
The 33 per cent reservation for women in Panchayats was achieved through the 73rd Constitutional
Amendment during the regime of Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao, though it was Rajiv Gandhi who first
mooted the idea of empowering women at the grassroots.
United Womens Front (Uwf)
The United Womens Front (UWF)billed as Indias first national political party formed by womenwas
launched with the promise of a new kind of politics. Announcing the launch, the partys national president
Suman Krishan Kant, wife of the former VicePresident Krishan Kant, said the UWF had been formed to
provide women space in Indian polity.
Sex Ratio Highest Among Christians: Survey
Data provided by a National Sample Survey report in 2004-05 shows that the Christian community treats its
women better its sex ratio is the highest among all communities in India. This can also be partly due to the
fact that a significant segment of the Christian population belongs to the tribal areas of the North East, and
the tribal do not endorse the inhuman practice of female feticide or discrimination against the child.
According to the NSS Report, 47% of Christians in urban areas and 38% in the rural areas come within the
top third of monthly earning categories, much ahead of Hindus (24%) and Muslims (20%). Correspondingly,
Christians have the lowest proportion in the bottom third with only 8% belonging to this category, compared
to 12% Hindus and 25% Muslims.
Among Christians, the extent of unemployed has increased from 4% and 4.4% in rural areas, the from 7% to
9% in urban areas between 1999-2000 and 2004-05. Christians have the highest literacy rate among all
religious communities. For men, it is 80% and rural areas and 96% in urban areas. For women, it is 69% in
rural areas and 89% in urban areas. This is way ahead of other communities, especially for women.
Detailed date provided by a National Sample Survey report in 2004-05 shows that a larger proportion of
Christian children start attending educational institutions earlier, and continue till later.
The Christian community has the highest proportion of the elderly-nearly 20% of the total.
Initiative for Empowerment of Women
Swayamsiddha: Formation of self help groups (SHGs); access to micro credit and promoting micro-
enterprises.
Swa Shakti: Centrally sponsored scheme since 1998. Aims at enhancing womens access to resources for
better quality of life.
Swalamban: To provide training and skills to women to facilitate them to obtain employment or self
employment on a sustainable basis.
Swadhar: Scheme launched in 2001-02 by the Central government to provide holistic and integrates service
to women in difficult circumstances.
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK):
Also known as National Credit Fund for Women, set up in 1993. It aims to facilitate credit support or
micro finance to poor women to start income generating activity such as in dairy agriculture, shop keeping,
vending and handicrafts.
Gender Budgeting:
59



,2010
The Tenth Plan reinforced the commitment to gender budgeting to establish its gender-differential impact
and to translate gender commitments into budgetary commitments.
MINORITIES
The government has announced Prime Ministers new 15-point programme for the welfare of minorities in
India. The programme is to be executed by the Ministry of Minority Affairs.
Under the programme, students belonging to minority communities in the country i.e. Muslim, Sikh,
Christian, Buddhist, Parsis could be able to get benefits specified under the scheme.
Programmes
Equitable availability of ICDS Services.
Improving access to school education.
Greater resources for teaching Urdu.
Modernizing Madarsa education.
Scholarships for meritorious students from minority communities.
Improving educational infrastructure through the Maulana Azad Education Foundation.
Self-Employment and Wage Employment for the poor.
Upgradation of skill through technical training.
Enhanced credit support for economic activities.
Recruitment to State and Central Services.
Equitable share in rural housing scheme.
Improvement in condition of slums inhabited by minority communities.
Prevention of communal incidents.
Prosecution for communal offences.
Rehabilitation of victims of communal riots.
Govt. Scraps percentage formula
No state govt. can deny minority status to an educational institution on the grounds that it has not admitted a
fixed percentage of student from its community.
In a landmark judgement on the right of minorities to establish and administer schools and colleges, the
National Commission for Minority Educational Institution abolished the percentage fixation formula as a
criterion to grant minority status to institutes.
60

Commission chairperson Justice MSA Siddiqui ruled that fixed formula system involved abject surrender of
the right of establishment and administration of institutions of choice which minorities of choice which
minorities enjoy under Article 30(1) of the Constitution.


,2010
61
EDUCATION
Saakshar Bharat Mission
The Prime Minister launched Saakshar Bharat, a centrally sponsored scheme of Department of School
Education and Literacy (DSEL), Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India
(GOI), on the International Literacy Day, 8th September, 2009.
It aims to further promote and strengthen Adult Education, specially of women, by extending educational
options to those adults who having lost the opportunity of access to formal education and crossed the
standard age for receiving such education, now feel a need for learning of any type, including, literacy, basic
education (equivalency to formal education), vocational education (skill development), physical and
emotional development, practical arts, applied science, sports, and recreation.
To impart functional literacy to non-literates in the age group of 15-35 years in a time bound manner, the
National Literacy Mission (NLM) was launched in 1988 and it continued through Ninth and Tenth Five Year
Plans. By the end of the Tenth Five Year Plan (March 2007), NLM had covered 597 districts under Total
Literacy Campaign (TLC), 485 districts under Post Literacy Programme (PLP) and 328 districts under
Continuing Education Programme (CEP). As a cumulative outcome of these efforts, 127.45 million persons
became literate, of which, 60% learners were females, while 23% learners belonged to Scheduled Castes (SCs)
and 12% to Scheduled Tribes (STs).
Despite significant accomplishments of the Mission, illiteracy continues to be an area of national concern.
Though precise number of non- literates at this stage is not available and will be known only after 2011
census, 2001 census had revealed that there were still 259.52 million illiterate adults (in the age group of 15 +)
in the country. While further accretion into the pool of adult illiterate persons is expected to recede
significantly on account of enhanced investments in elementary education and a reverse demographic trend,
addition to this pool cannot be ruled out altogether on account of relatively high school drop out ratio. Wide
gender, social and regional disparities in literacy also continue to persist.
Adult education is therefore indispensable as it supplements the efforts to enhance and sustain literacy levels
through formal education.
It was, therefore, considered necessary to continue the NLM during the XI Plan period. While
acknowledging, in principle, the need for continuing and strengthening further the efforts to promote Adult
Education, the Planning Commission agreed to the continuance of NLM during the XIth Plan provided it
was appraised de novo and modified suitably to meet the contemporary challenges. The programme was
accordingly subjected to extensive in-house and external review and evaluation.
This in-depth appraisal had revealed certain inadequacies in the design, architecture and mode of
implementation of the programme, most conspicuous being, non-viability of a single pan Indian solution,
limitations of voluntary approach, limited involvement of the State Governments in the programme, lack of
convergence, weak management and supervisory structures, lack of community participation, poor
monitoring and inadequate funding.

Meanwhile, the Government announced that literacy would be its key programme instrument for
emancipation and empowerment of women. Efforts of the Government to give impetus to school education,
health, nutrition, skill development and women empowerment in general are impeded by the continuance of
female illiteracy. Government expects increase in female literacy to become a force multiplier for all other
social development programmes. However, this is only the instrumental value of female literacy. Its intrinsic


,2010
value is in emancipating the Indian woman through the creation of critical consciousness to take charge of
her environment where she faces multiple deprivations and disabilities on the basis of class, caste and gender.
In the context of Governments overall policy aimed at empowerment of women and in recognition of the
fact that literacy, especially female literacy, is a prerequisite to socio-economic development, it was
considered imperative that the National Literacy Mission (NLM), as a programme instrument, be recast with
an enhanced focus on female literacy. It is also felt that such a repositioning of the mission would have a very
positive impact on re-energizing the literacy movement that, after an initial decade of spirited social
mobilization, had waned over two decades of its operation.
The general opinion expressed is that the new mission ought to take note of considerable demand for female
literacy generated on account of large scale changes at the grassroot level and the new opportunities that have
been created over the past several years, most notably, the increasing vibrancy of Panchayati Raj Institutions
(PRIs), post 73rd Constitution Amendment, the shift to the model of Self Help- Groups (SHGs) that
operate through collectivities for self-employment programmes, the massive new organizational capital being
forged again through work collectives such as National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) , Joint
Forest Management Groups etc.
It is in this background that Saakshar Bharat has been devised as the new variant of National Literacy
Mission. Saakshar Bharat will cover all adults in the age group of 15 and beyond though its primary focus will
be on women. The scheme has not only been relieved of the shortcomings noted in its preceding editions,
but also, several new features added to it. Basic Literacy, Post literacy and Continuing Education
programmes, will now form a continuum, rather than sequential segments. Besides, the volunteer based mass
campaign approach, provision has been made for alternative approaches to adult education. Jan Shiksha
Kendras (Adult Education Centres) (AECs), will be set up to coordinate and manage all programmes, within
their territorial jurisdiction. State Government, as against the districts in the earlier versions, and Panchayti
Raj institutions, along with communities, will be valued stakeholders. Vigorous monitoring and evaluation
systems will be installed. Last, but not the least, budgetary support has been enhanced substantially.
Saakshar Bharat will come into operation from 1-10-2009. Though duration of the scheme, National Literacy
Mission, was valid only till the end of the Tenth Five Year Plan, residual activities under the Mission were
allowed to continue till 30-09-2009, as a special dispensation, so that the ongoing activities could be
completed during the extended period. With the launch of Saakshar Bharat, the National Literacy Mission
and its entire programmes and activities stand concluded on 30.09.2009.
Objectives: The Mission has four broad objectives, namely:
Impart functional literacy and numeracy to non-literate and non-numerate adults
Enable the neo-literate adults to continue their learning beyond basic literacy and acquire equivalency to
formal educational system
Impart non and neo-literates relevant skill development programmes to improve their earning and living
conditions
Promote a learning society by providing opportunities to neo literate adults for continuing education
62

Targets: The principal target of the mission is to impart functional literacy to 70 million adults in the age
group of 15 years and beyond. Auxiliary target of the mission is to cover 1.5 million adults under basic
education programme and equal number under vocational (skill development) programme. Within these
targets, the Mission will primarily focus on, but not limited to, women. Schedules Castes (SCs), Scheduled
Tribes (STs) Minorities, other disadvantaged groups and adolescents in rural areas in low literacy States will


,2010
be other focused groups. For each focused group and area, there will be a specific target and for each target,
an explicit approach and strategy.
Dedicated University For Humanities
The Ambedkar University, Delhi (AUD) will be Indias first university solely devoted to social sciences and
humanities. The AUD was established by the Government of Delhi in July, 2008. Three PG programmes will
be offered by AUD from this year. It will offer MA in development studies, psychology and environment
and development from this year which will be followed by UG and law programmes in 2010.
The university will have 10 schools and five centres. It envisages a teacher-student ratio of 1:15.
National Knowledge Network
President inaugurated the initial phase of the National Knowledge Network (NKN). She stated that the ICT
has increased the access of the ICT users to a wider pool of knowledge, which is now available online. Flow
of information is useful and initiatives like the NKN are heralded as a significant step towards userhing in a
knowledge revolution in the country.
Benfits
Medical and related sciences have experience exponential development of knowledge and techniques. It is
almost impossible for any medical library to store and constantly update such huge knowledge data-bases.
The NKN will be able to address this concern.
The optimum utilization of the intellectual resources of our country and interaction between various
institutions would develop a spirit of camaraderie, so essential to build strong teams of scholars and
researchers.
NKN would provide a high-speed gateway to connect to other similar initiatives worldwide and allow India
to joint eh next generation network.
International connectivity of the NKN will facilitate collaborate research at the international level in
specialized areas like Bio-technology, genetics, energy systems, weather, eco-friendly technologies, among
others.
NKN could be a critical infrastructure for India to evolve as a Knowledge Society.
Technology has a role in transforming society and for promoting inclusive growth. The ICT expansion must
be undertaken in such a manner that it bridges the digital gap.
First Composite Education Development Index (EDI)
Kerala ranks first and Bihar brings up the rear in the first composite Education Development Index (EDI)
prepared to track the progress of States towards providing universal elementary education.
Prepared by the National University of Educational Planning and Administration, the EDI was released
along with the District Report Cards for 2005-06 that are routinely brought out by the District Information
System of Education.
63

Among the best performing States were Kerala, Delhi, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry while Jharkhand,
Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal keep Bihar at the bottom. A break-up of the data shows that Delhi tops
in primary and Kerala in upper primary while Bihar holds on to its position of being the worst performer on
both counts.


,2010
As for retention at the primary level, Tamil Nadu recorded the best at 100 per cent. Next in line is Madhya
Pradesh (95.50) followed Kerala.
Among the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), the enrolment has registered a drop over the
past couple of years.
Right To Education Act, 2009
The Government of India has passed Right to Education act, 2009, prepared by the Human resources
Development Ministry in order to implement Right to Education enacted in 2002, which made right to
education as fundamental rights of the children of 6-14 years of age by 86th Constitutional Amendment
Act15.
Highlights of the act include
The act declares that it will be the responsibility of the State to ensure the availability of a neighbourhood
school for providing free and compulsory education for every child within a period or three years from
commencement of this Act. (in case of non-availability , the State shall provide free transportation
arrangement to the nearest school )
To institute and implement a mechanism for regular monitoring of enrolment, participation and attainment
status of every child, and taking corrective steps.
It shall be the responsibility of every parent/guardian to enroll his child or ward, who has attained the entry
age
All non-enrolled children who are in the 7-9 years' age group at the commencement of this Act are enrolled
in a neighbourhood school within one year of the commencement of this Act.
All non-enrolled children who are in the 9-14 years' age group at the commencement of this Act are enrolled
in special programmes in a neighbourhood school
State schools of specified categories, and unaided schools, to at least 25% of seats would be reserved for the
poor admitted to class 1 and the continued education of such children in the School thereafter till completion
of elementary education in private schools. The schools will be compensated with grants by the Union or
state governments.
School Development Plans: Enforcing quality standards in government schools e.g. minimum standards that
government schools would have to enforce, using the yardstick of teacher-student ratio, availability of
teaching material and books for students.
No teacher shall engage in any teaching activity for economic gain, other than that assigned by his employer
or supervisor.
School Management Committee (SMC) shall be constituted for every State school and aided school,
consisting of elected members of the Local Authority and parents, teachers and community members.
Fixing the minimum age for admission to preschool at 3 years and 10 months further the admission age for
class I is prescribed as 5 years and 10 months before beginning of the academic year.
It shields parents from arbitrary admission rules of private schools
Discontinuing interviews of children or parents in schools.

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15
.Article 21A was inserted into the chapter of fundamental rights, besides Article 51K was inserted into the Chapter of fundamental
duties in the Constitution to make compulsory provision to the parents of children to send their wards to schools.


,2010
Schools would be fined Rs. 25, 000 while a repeated offence will invite a fine of upto Rs. 50,000
The fine imposed would be ten times of what it charges as capitation fee.
state commission for protection of child rights or any other authority Designated By The State Government
to Impose
At The National Level; the national commission for protection of child rights will monitor implementation
of the law.
According to the estimates the cost of implementation the draft bill would be 2, 28,000 crore till 2015.
The Human Resource Development Ministry is to contribute 90 percent cost of implementing law while the
rest would be bear by states.
Yashpal Committee
Prof. Yashpal Committee which was entrusted with the arduous job to advise on renovation and
rejuvenation of higher education.
Apart from raising serious objections to a number of prevailing practices in the higher education sector, the
high-powered Yashpal Committee ahs gone a step further and has strongly recommended the setting up of a
National Commission for Higher Education and Research (NCHER), an overreaching body which will
subsume 13 regulatory agencies in higher education and thus create an enabling environment for universities
to become self-regulatory bodies.
Prof. Yashpal Committee has also recommended that in order to ensure the independence and credibility of
NCHER, its chairperson needs to be chosen by a selection panel comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader
of Opposition and the Chief Justice of India. It also advocates that the proposed seven-member commission
should table an annual `state of higher education report on Parliament. It also clarifies that while the
NCHER is to be formed through an Act of Parliament, the status of the Chairperson should be equivalent to
that of the Chief Election Commissioner and that of the members to the Election Commissioners.
Some most important observations of the Prof. Yashpal Committee are as follows:-
Political interference Interference, from various political or commercial vested interests in the functioning
and priorities of the universities comes in different forms and intensities.
Appointment of teachers In many private educational institutions, the appointment of teachers is made at
the lowest possible cost. They are treated with scant dignity, thereby turning away competent persons from
opting for teaching profession.
Capitation fees Many private institutions charge exorbitant fees and are unable to provide even minimum
competent faculty strength.
Private universities: The behaviour of some private universities has become a matter of serious concern
many of them professional colleges that got approval from regulatory bodies for universities status.
Immediately thereafter, they started admitting five to six times their intake capacity, without a corresponding
increase in faculty strength or academic infrastructure.
Primary Education Schemes
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
65

The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is being implemented in partnership with States to address the needs of
children in age group of 6-14 years.


,2010
National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Education (NPEGEL)
The programme is aimed at enhancing girls education by providing additional support for development of a
model girl child friendly school in every cluster with more intense community mobilization and supervision
of girls enrolment in schools.
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)
The Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) scheme was launched in July 2004 for setting up residential
schools at upper primary level for girls belonging predominantly to the SC, ST, OBC and minority
communities.
National programme of mid-day meals in schools
The programme was extended, with effect from 1.10.2007, to children in the upper primary stage of
education (classes VI-VIII) in 3,479 Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs). Approximately 1.7 crore
additional children in classes VI-VIII in EBBs are expected to be included. In 2007-08, a provision of Rs.
7,324 crore was made under the scheme.
The programme provides a mid-day meal of 450 calories and 12 grams of protein to children at the primary
stage. For children at the upper primary stage, the nutritional value is fixed at 700 calories and 20 grams of
protein. Adequate quantities of micro-nutrients like iron, folic acid and vitamin-A are also recommended
under the programme.
To meet the nutritional norm, the Central Government provides foodgrain @ 100 grams per primary school
child/school day and 150 grams per upper primary school child/school day.
In 2007-08, Central Government also approved the inclusion of Inflation Adjusted Index (Consumer Price
Index) for calculation of Central assistance towards cooking cost once in every two years.
Prarambhik Shiksha Kosh (PSK)
Department of Elementary Education and Literacy issued orders on November 14, 2005 constituting
Parambhik Shiksha Kosh (PSK) to receive the proceeds of the education cess imposed through Finance (No.
2) Act, 2004.
PSK is a separate, dedicated non lapsable fund to be maintained by the Ministry of Human Resource
Development.
SOCIAL BENEFIT PROGRAMMES
Nirmala Health Insurance Scheme
A health insurance scheme launched for the welfare of persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental
Retardation and Multiple Disabilities on March 26, 2008.
It is a cashless scheme under which persons need not pay even a penny for the services offered to them if
they were admitted in the hospital for an expenditure upto Rs.1 lakh.
The scheme also covers OPD services. The premium of the insurance scheme is paid by the National Trust
for the Below Poverty Live persons.
66

In 10 districts on pilot basis. Central Delhi Delhi, Kaimur Bihar, Chandigarh Haryana, Jabalpur
Madhya Pradesh, Agartala Tripura, Rae Bareilly UP, Erode Tamil Nadu, Ernakulam Kerala,
Ahmedabad Gujrat and Bhageshwar in Uttrakhand.


,2010
Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh launched the Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme that would
provide a monthly pension to people over 65 years and living below the poverty line.
A pension of Rs. 200/- per month will be provided and States will be requested to add another Rs. 200/- to
this scheme
Earlier, under the National Old Age Pension Scheme, the Centre give Rs.75 and the States Rs.25. But the
scheme was applicable only to the destitute.
An amount of more than Rs. 4000 crore per annum will be spent under the scheme which will be
administered by the Ministry of Rural Development.
Annapurna Scheme
Launched in 1999-2000, 100% Centrally sponsored to meet requirement of the senior citizens.
10 kgs. Of foodgrain per person per month supplied free of cost.
Antyodaya Anna Yojana
Launched in the year 2000. 2 crore poorest families out of BPL families under TPDS (targeted) are identified.
35kg of foodgrains are to be made available to each eligible families at highly subsidized rates.
Wheat to be supplied @Rs. 2 per kg.
Rs. 3500 crore subsidy on this scheme
HEALTH
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (Rntcp)
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) using Directly Observed Treatment Short
course (DOTS) is being implemented with the objective of curing at least 85 per cent of the new sputum
positive patients initiated on treatment, and detecting at least 70 per cent of such cases.
Pediatric Patient Wise Drug Boxes have been introduced in the programme from January 2007. The
treatment success of new infectious TB cases under RNTCP has consistently exceeded the global benchmark
of 85%.
The national programme has initiated the DOTS plus services for management of Multi drug resistant TB
(MDR-TB). The community based Drug resistant surveillance (DRS) conducted in Gujarat and Maharashtra
recently estimated the prevalence of MDR-TB to be around 3 per cent amount new cases.
National Aids Control Programme (Nacp)
NACP I: The Government of India launched a comprehensive National AIDS Control Programme called
NACP-I from April 1992.
NACP II : NACP II commenced with effect from April 1999. This phase of the programme was launched to
achieve two objectives.
To reduce the spread of HIV infections; and
67



,2010
To strengthen the capacity of central and State Governments to respond to HIV/ AIDS on a long-term
basis.
The programme implementation has been completely decentralized to states and UTs.
NACP III The third Phase of the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) was launched on 06 July
2007.
Universal Immunization Programme
The coverage of the programme, first launched in the urban areas in 1985 was progressively extended to
cover the entire country by 1990.
Hepatitis-B vaccination programme which was started in 2002 in 33 districts and 15 cities as a pilot has been
expanded to all districts of good performing States, Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis was started in
2006.
Pulse Polio Immunization Programme
An outbreak of polio has been witnessed in 2006 with the spread of polio virus. During 2007 a total of 271
cases have been reported.
The initiatives include use of Monovalent Oral Polio Vaccine (mOPVI & mOPV3) in the high risk districts
and States to enhance immunity against P1 and P3 virus, vaccinating the children in transit and covering
children of migratory population from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Special rounds have been conducted in Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat and West Bengal during August,
September, October and November 2007.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is being implemented for prevention
and control of vector borne disease like malaria filariasis, kala-azar, Japanese encephalitis (JE), dengue and
chikungunya.
Dr. Ambedkar Medical Aid Scheme
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is propagating Dr. Ambedkar Medical Aid Scheme
meant to provide medical treatment facility to the patients belonging to SC category, whose annual family
income is less than Rs. 50,000 and who are suffering from serious ailments related to Kidney, Heart, Liver,
Cancer and Brain or any other life threatening diseases including knee surgery and Spinal surgery.
Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojna
68

The Centrally Sponsored Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojna is being implemented for construction of
Hostels for SC Girls and Boys through Field implementing Agencies (States/UTs/Universities/NGOs).


,2010
69
POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT
Poverty Estimates For 2004-05
The Planning Commission as the Nodal agency in the Government of India for estimation of poverty16. It
has been estimating the number and percentage of poor at national and state levels from the large sample
survey data on household consumer expenditure conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization
(NSSO) of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
MRP consumption = Mixed Recall Period consumption in which the consumer expenditure data for five
non-food items, namely, clothing, footwear, durable goods, education and institutional medical expenses are
collected from 365-day recall period and the consumption data for the remaining items are collected from 30-
day recall period.
Date Analsis of Poverty
Rural and Urban areas 1999-2000 2004-05
1 Rural 27.1 21.8
2 Urban 23.6 21.7
3 Total 26.1 21.8
Date Analsis of Poverty for states and Uts ( 2004-05)
Ascending Order among UTs

Chandigarh ( 3.8)

Daman &
Diu(8.0)

Delhi (10.2)

Lakshadweep (12.3)

Lowest among states Jammu & Kashmir
(4.2)
Punjab (5.2) Himachal Pradesh( 6.7) Mizoram (9
Highest among states Orissa (39.9) Jharkhand(34.8) Bihar(32.5)

Madhya
Pradesh(32.4)
Poor States
A new measure, called the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), developed and applied by the Oxford
Poverty and Human Development Initiative with the UNDP claims that eight states (Bhiar, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and WB) put together account for more poor people than those
present in the 26 poorest African nations combined.
Govt. Proposes To Launch Urban Employment Scheme
The Govt. has proposed to launch an Urban Employment guarantee scheme on the lines of NREGA and
give statutory sanctions to minimum wages.
The proposal, which focuses on generating employment and enhancing employability among less advantages,
is part of the short term strategies and targets of the government contained in the first Annual Report to the
People on Employment.
The report has emphasized on achieving an employment growth rate of at least 2.5% per annum compatible
with the 9% growth in the economy.


16
Since, March 1997 it has been using the Expert Group Method (Expert Group on Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor) to
estimate poverty. t


,2010
70

The government has solicited comments and suggestions from the people on major issues highlighted in the
report specially those relating to the employment of youth, women and disadvantaged groups.



,2010
4.
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
EUROPE
Eu
Elections to european parliamnet
Elections to the European Parliament were held in the 27 member states of the European Union (EU)
between 4 and 7 June 2009. A total of 736 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) were elected to
represent some 500 million Europeans, making these the biggest trans-national elections in history. An
additional 18 observers ("virtual MEPs") were (supposed to be) pre-elected.
In seven EU member-states, other votes occurred alongside the elections to the European Parliament: a
general election in Luxembourg; local government elections in Latvia, part of the United Kingdom, parts of
Germany, Italy, Malta, and Ireland (as well as two by-elections in Dublin South and Dublin Central); regional
elections in Belgium; and a referendum on reforming the succession law in the Kingdom of Denmark that
would give women the same rights through equal primogeniture.
This was the first European Parliament election that Bulgaria and Romania participated in at the same time as
the other member states.
The treaty of lisbon
Initially known as the Reform Treaty, it is a treaty that was signed by the European Union (EU) member
states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. It amends the Treaty on European
Union (TEU, Maastricht; 1992) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC, Rome; 1957).
In this process, the TEC was renamed to Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
71

Prominent changes included more qualified majority voting in the Council of Ministers, increased
involvement of the European Parliament in the legislative process through extended codecision with the
Council of Ministers, the elimination of the pillar system and the creation of a long-term President of the
European Council and a High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to present


,2010
a united position on EU policies. The Treaty also made the Union's human rights charter, the Charter of
Fundamental Rights, legally binding.
The stated aim of the treaty was "to complete the process started by the Treaty of Amsterdam [1997] and by
the Treaty of Nice [2001] with a view to enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union and
to improving the coherence of its action." Opponents of the Treaty of Lisbon, such as the British think tank
Open Europe and former Danish Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Jens-Peter Bonde, argued that
it would centralise the EU, and weaken democracy by moving power away from national electorates.
Negotiations to modify EU institutions began in 2001, resulting first in the European Constitution, which
failed due to rejection by French and Dutch voters in 2005. After some modifications the Lisbon Treaty was
proposed as an amendment of the existing Treaties which implemented many of the reforms included in the
European Constitution. It was originally intended to have been ratified by all member states by the end of
2008. This timetable failed, primarily due to the initial rejection of the Treaty in 2008 by the Irish electorate, a
decision which was reversed in a second referendum in 2009.
The treaty of nice (or nice treaty)
It was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003. It amended
the Maastricht Treaty (or the Treaty on European Union) and the Treaty of Rome (or the Treaty establishing
the European Community). The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union
to withstand eastward expansion, a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam
Treaty, but failed to be addressed at the time.
The maastricht treaty
Formally, the Treaty on European Union, TEU, it was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the
Netherlands after final negotiations on 9 December 1991 between the members of the European
Community and entered into force on 1 November 1993 during the Delors Commission. It created the
European Union and led to the creation of the euro.
The treaties of rome
These are two of the treaties of the European Union signed on 25 March 1957. Both treaties were signed by
The Six: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany.
The first established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the second established the European
Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom). They were the first international organisations to be based
on supranationalism, after the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) established a few years prior.
The treaties came into force on 1 January 1958 and the EEC treaty has been amended many times. The
updated Treaty of Rome is now called the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
The treaty of amsterdam
72

Amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and
certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty, was signed on 2 October 1997, and entered
into force on 1 May 1999; it made substantial changes to the Treaty on European Union, which had been
signed at Maastricht in 1992.


,2010
The Amsterdam Treaty meant a greater emphasis on citizenship and the rights of individuals, an attempt to
achieve more democracy in the shape of increased powers for the European Parliament, a new title on
employment, a Community area of freedom, security and justice, the beginnings of a common foreign and
security policy (CFSP) and the reform of the institutions in the run-up to enlargement.
Movement for european reform
The Conservatives and Ulster Unionists of the United Kingdom, together with the Czech Civic Democrats
might leave the European Democrats (effectively dissolving it through lack of members, as only one Italian
will be left - and has not been reelected), which is currently allied to the European People's Party (EPP);
instead, these parties will form a new parliamentary grouping based on the Movement for European Reform
(MER).
European parliament
The European Parliament (Europarl or EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European
Union (EU). Together with the Council of the European Union (the Council), it forms the bicameral
legislative branch of the EU.
It has been directly elected every five years by universal suffrage since 1979.
The President of the European Parliament (its speaker) is currently Jerzy Buzek (EPP), elected in July 2009.
(He took over from Hans-Gert Pttering. Simone Veil was the first elected President in 1979.) He presides
over a multi-party chamber, the two largest groups being the European People's Party (EPP) and the
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D).
The Lisbon Treaty finally came into force on 1 December 2009, granting Parliament powers over the entire
of the EU budget, making Parliament's legislative powers equal to the Council's in nearly all areas and linking
the appointment of the Commission President to Parliament's own elections.
Schengen at 25
The Schengen area,
17
associated with a single travel visa valid across several countries in the European
Union (EU) and beyond is now 25 years.
It symbolises an arena of relative success in the grand project of regional integration. It is hard to make a
similar claim with equal confidence with respect to the other visible sign of transnational integration the
decade-old single currency in the wake of the handling of the impact of the financial crisis in the 16
countries that constitute the eurozone.
The Schengen area, now comprising 22 of the 27 EU states besides Switzerland, Iceland, and Norway, entails
the absence of internal barriers in a territory along a 42,673 km external sea and 7,721 km land borders.
Uk
Queen elizabeth honours nris

73

17
The Schengen Agreement is a treaty signed on 14 June 1985 near the town of Schengen in Luxembourg, between five of the ten
member states of the European Economic Community. It was supplemented by the Convention implementing the Schengen
Agreement 5 years later. Together these treaties created Europe's borderless Schengen Area.


,2010
Kartar Singh Lalvani, founder of pharmaceutical major Vitabiotics in Britain, was awarded the Order of the
British Empire (OBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in her Birthday Honours List.
Besides him, 18 other Non-resident Indians figured in the List 10 OBEs, eight Members of the British
Empire (MBEs) and one Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO).
The list, drawn up independently of government, was seen in draft form by former Prime Minister Gordon
Brown and cleared by successor David Cameron before being approved by the Queen.
Probe into mi5's role in torture
In a significant break from the policy of the erstwhile Labour government, Britain's ruling coalition has
decided to order an independent investigation into accusations of intelligence agencies' complicity in the
torture of alleged terror suspects by their foreign counterparts such as Pakistan's ISI.
The move is seen as an attempt by the Conservative-Lib Dem government to underline its professed
commitment to civil liberties and openness.
Nri doctor elected mayor of lambeth
Neeraj Patil, a leading NRI doctor, has been elected Mayor of the Borough of Lambeth (London).
England election - tories win all round
The inconclusive general election of May 6, 2010 resulted in the first elected British coalition government
since 1931 (a National Government was convened for World War II).
The Conservatives, led by David Cameron, reached agreement with Nick Clegg's Liberal Democrats, and
their combined strength in the House of Commons will give them an overall majority of 77 seats.
The negotiations, which lasted five days, involved the LibDems in talks with both the Tories and Gordon
Brown's defeated Labour Party. Mr. Cameron, the new Prime Minister, will have Mr. Clegg as Deputy Prime
Minister; the Liberal Democrats are to get four other Cabinet posts and, at least, one junior ministership in
each of 20 ministries.
William Hague, a right-wing Conservative with a hard line on Europe, is the new Foreign Secretary; George
Osborne, a close ally of Mr. Cameron, the Chancellor of the Exchequer; and Liberal Democrat Vince Cable,
who famously predicted the banking crisis, the Business Secretary.
The only female member of the Cabinet is Theresa May, a former Conservative party chairperson, who has
been appointed Home Secretary.
First women muslim mps
Shabana Mahmood, the Labour candidate for Birmingham Ladywood, in central England, and Yasmin
Qureshi, Labour candidate for Bolton South East, in the north-west, easily won seats with majorities of more
than 8,000. A record 22 Asian women stood in this election for all three main parties. Until now no Asian
women have ever been elected as MPs.
74

The first male Asian MP, the Indian Dadabhai Naoroji, was elected in 1892 for Finsbury in central London.
Mohammad Sarwar became the U.K.'s first Muslim MP after winning Glasgow Central in 1997. Sayeeda
Warsi became the first Muslim woman to sit on the front bench for the Conservatives in 2007 as a
baroness (member of the House of Lords) rather than as an MP.


,2010
75
Pay cut for u.k. Ministers
One of the first acts of Britain's new Prime Minister David Cameron was to give a piece of bad news to his
Ministers: they will have to take a 5 per cent pay cut as part of his government's austerity measures to deal
with the huge budget deficit.
The move would save the government nearly 3 million over the next five years.
The announcement set the tone for the difficult economic decisions ahead as Chancellor George Osborne
warned that reducing the multi-billion pound deficit overshadows everything.'' Big spending cuts are
expected in his debut budget, which he has promised to present within 50 days.
U.s., u.k. Have common goals in pakistan: hague
The U.S. and the U.K. share common goals in Pakistan and want to step up their cooperation with the
militancy-infested country, the new British Foreign Secretary, William Hague said.
Mr. Hague, who discussed with his U.S. counterpart Hillary Clinton the situation in Pakistan, said the new
British government had started parleys with the Obama administration on ways to enhance and strengthen
their co-operation with Islamabad.
Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran were the major issues of discussion between Ms. Clinton and Mr. Hague, who
met her while on his first overseas trip as the British Foreign Secretary.
Other Countries
U.k., france recall a defining' moment
Britain and France marked the 70th anniversary of what the two governments portrayed as a defining
moment of the French resistance to Nazi occupation.
It was on June 18, 1940 a day after the fall of France that Charles de Gaulle made his famous radio
broadcast from a small BBC studio in central London declaring himself as the leader of the Free French
and appealing to his compatriots to keep the flame of resistance burning.
Landmark euthanasia ruling
In a ruling that expands the right of dying people to refuse life-prolonging treatment, Germany's top court
has acquitted a lawyer of attempted-euthanasia charges.
Germany has very strict rules against allowing terminally-ill people to die, partly in response to the mass
killing of disabled people under the Nazi regime. The ruling still does not permit mercy killing.
The Federal High Court overturned the conviction and suspended a 9-month prison sentence on the lawyer,
who specialises in medical law. He had advised a client by phone to sever a feeding tube to her nearly
comatose mother's stomach to hasten her death.
Belgium bans burqa
Despite being in the grip of an acute political crisis that threatens its very existence as a state, Belgium
became the first state in Europe to ban the burqa in public places.

The vote on the burqa became a major diversion from the country's monumental woes and Belgium's Lower
House of Parliament on Thursday banned it in public. However, the bill has to be passed by the Senate to
become law and delays are foreseen.


,2010
76
French cabinet approves burqa ban law
The French Cabinet approved a draft law to ban the Muslim full-face veil from public spaces on Wednesday,
opening the way for the text to go before Parliament in July. While Mr. Sarkozy's right-wing majority is
expected to be able to push the law through Parliament, constitutional experts have warned that it could be
thrown out by judges and might fall foul of European law. According to the text of the law, no-one in France
will be allowed to wear a garment designed to hide the face.
6 indians indicted in vienna shooting
The Austrian authorities have indicted six Indian men in connection with the shooting at a temple in Vienna
in May last year. A Sikh preacher was killed and more than a dozen were wounded in the incident. The
rampage triggered riots in several cities in northern India.
Nato invites bosnia
NATO leaders on Friday urged Bosnia to begin the MAP programme that is a crucial stepping stone for
eventual membership, but warned that more needed to be done to transfer military infrastructure to central
authorities. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton told reporters at a meeting of the alliance's
Foreign Ministers in Estonia that she hoped that the membership action plan would help Bosnia, a deeply
divided country, to function more effectively as a state.
Membership action plans, or MAPs, establish criteria and guidelines for candidate-countries to become
NATO members. Bosnia applied for an action plan last year.
Kosovo independence legal
Kosovos unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 was ruled legal by the International
Court of Justice in July 2010. The non-binding, majority opinion of the 15 judges sitting on the United
Nations highest court in The Hague could have ramifications for separatist movements seeking
independence across the world. However, this judgment focused purely on Kosovos declaration of
independence and not on the legality of its secession a deliberate move by the court, apparently, to avoid
setting a precedent to other, would-be breakaway regions. Serbias representatives had argued before the
court that the declaration of independence both challenged its sovereignty and undermined international law.
Kosovo, where about 90 per cent of the two million population is ethnic Albanian but where there is a
sizeable Serbian minority particularly in the north of the country, seceded from Serbia in February 2008 after
almost a decade of international administration following a bloody 1998-99 war. The war left an estimated
10,000 ethnic Albanians dead after a brutal crackdown by Serb forces. Hundreds of Serbs were killed in
reprisal attacks before the war was ended by a 78-day NATO bombing campaign.
Led by the United States, almost 70 nations have so far recognized Kosovo, including most members of the
European Union. However, Greece and Spain, which have separatist problems of their own, both opposed
independence, along with Russia, China and many others. Moscow, a traditional ally of Serbia and facing a
separatist movement in Chechnya, had demanded that Kosovos independence be annulled. Now, though,
the ICJs ruling could lead to other nations recognizing Kosovo, though it will take a minimum of 100 for it
to be admitted to the UN.

Since hearings began last December, the court has heard arguments from almost 30 countries. Serbia itself
claimed that Kosovo had been an integral part of its civilization since the 14th century.


,2010
Despite Serbian opposition to the ruling, the hope is that it will pave the way for a dialogue between Belgrade
and Pristina on how the two nations might form a working relationship. Pressure on Belgrade to enter talks
will come from the EU, which Serbia is anxious to join, while Kosovo will hope that the ruling will enhance
its appeal to foreign investors and resolve the conflict in the north where tensions between ethnic Serbs and
Albanians remain high.
Deal to divide arctic region
After negotaiating for 40 years, Norway and Russia have reached an agreement over the boundaries between
them in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean. The recommended solution involves a maritime delimitation
line that divides the overall disupted area of abut 67,550 square miles.
Czech republics new premier
Czech President Vaclav Klaus appointed right-winger Petr Necas as PM after a centre right coalition won a
parliamentary majority in a general election.
ASIA
Nepal
Nepal constituent assembly fails to deliver
The Constituent Assembly of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal has failed to deliver a Constitution
for the country by the stipulated deadline as its term expires on two years after it was tasked with the process.
77
The Constituent Assembly was formed on May
28, 2008 but it made a timetable to present a
new Constitution only in November that year
and it got a chairman for the constitutional
committee two months later.
The process got further delayed by the political
turmoil in the country. The committee's work
got affected when Madhav Kumar Nepal who
was heading the constitutional committee
became the Prime Minister after Maoist
chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda'
resigned from the post, leaving the earlier post
vacant for three months.
Nilamber Acharya became a new chairman of
the committee in August 2009.
The way forward in nepal
A political and constitutional crisis of sorts was
averted in Nepal when the three biggest parties the Maoists, the Nepali Congress, and the Unified
Marxists-Leninists agreed to extend the life of the Constituent Assembly (CA) by another year.
Maoists leave government
2009 May - Prime Minister Prachanda resigns in protest against
"unconstitutional and undemocratic" move by President Yadav to
block the sacking of the army chief. Maoists leave government
after other parties oppose integration of former rebel fighters into
national army.
Veteran Communist leader Madhav Kumar Nepal named new
prime minister.
Gurkha veterans with at least four years' service in the British army
are given permission to settle in the UK.
2009 December - Four people are killed during clashes triggered
by Maoist-led land grab in far west of country, giving rise to fears
over future of peace process.
2010 January - PM Madhav Kumar Nepal warns that time running
out to consolidate peace process and write new constitution by
May 2010 deadline.
2010 May - Governing coalition and Maoist opposition agree to
extend deadline for drafting of new constitution to May 2011.
2010 June - PM Madhav Kumar Nepal resigns, following
prolonged pressure on him from Maoists to step down.



,2010
Under the interim statute adopted after the overthrow of the monarchy, the CA's term was set to expire on
May 28, 2010, the assumption being that two years was sufficient time to write the new constitution. In the
light of the interminable squabbling among the big three, that goal turned out to be hopelessly ambitious.
Prachanda ready to disband guerilla army
Maoist chief Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda has said he is ready to dissolve the party's paramilitary
organisation and facilitate the integration of its combatants with the Army.
He agreed to dissolve the para-military structure of the Young Communist League (YCL), the youth wing of
the party, within 4-5 days and integrate and rehabilitate the Maoist combatants within four months.
One of the main points of contention between the Maoists and other political parties is the future of about
20,000 former Maoist fighters, who are currently confined in U.N.-supervised camps. The Maoists want them
integrated into the army, but other parties are refusing. The infighting among the main parties has held up
the main task with which parliament was entrusted the writing of a new constitution for the country.
Parliament's tenure was extended by a year after it missed the May 2010 deadline for writing the constitution.
Current scenario
To mount pressure on the Madhav Kumar Nepal-led regime to form a new consensus government under its
leadership, the major opposition party the UCPN (Maoist) held a nationwide mass demonstration.
After weeks of protests and stalemate which paralysed the whole nation, PM Madhav Kumar Nepal finally
put in his papers. This led to political uncertainty and vacuum in Nepal. The election for new Prime Minster
between Maoist leader Pushpa Kumar Dahal Prachanda and the Nepali Congress (NC) candidate, Ram
Chandra Poudel failed to break the stalemate as no candidate emerged as a clear winner despite numerous
rounds of voting.
Prachanda withdrew from the race of Prime Ministership after the Maoist and the other communist party
UML decided to abstain from voting in the election of PM. Even after this the NC candidate, Ram Chandra
Poudel failed to get the required majority until the eighth round of polling.
The continuing political impasse has raised worries whether the constitution can be framed by next year. The
lack of political consensus has led to a virtual political paralysis in the country. Parliament has not functioned
for almost six months. The national budget has not been passed, the economy is stagnant, and development
is at a standstill in one of the world's poorest nations.
Myanmar
Myanmar elections
78
AT-A-GLANCE
Politics: Burma has been under military rule since 1962; the regime
stifles almost all dissent
Economy: Burma is one of Asia's poorest countries; its economy
is riddled with corruption
International: Burma is seen as a pariah state by the West, which
maintains sanctions; China is its main ally
Earlier this year, the State Peace and
Development Council (junta) brought in a new
law requiring that political parties register for
the national elections (expected to be held later
this year) or face dissolution. A party would not
be allowed to register unless it expelled
members who had been convicted.



,2010
The law was clearly aimed at excluding Ms Suu Kyi, who was convicted by the junta of violating the terms of
her house arrest. Faced with the May 6 deadline for registration, the NLD chose principle over pragmatism
and decided that it would disband rather than dump its leader.
It is true that there are signs of fatigue among the people over the prolonged standoff between the junta and
the pro-democracy activists. There have even been suggestions that the NLD might have helped serve the
cause of democracy better by agreeing to participate in the election.
Indeed, some members of the defunct NLD were quick to announce plans to contest the elections under the
banner of a new political party but this is unlikely to take them anywhere.
By now, it is abundantly clear that the kind of democracy the SPDC wants to usher in will be nothing but
military rule in another garb.
The Constitution framed by the junta has a provision reserving a quarter of the seats in parliament for the
military. In addition, several generals who recently stepped down are expected to contest the election as
civilians. This will boost the number of military men in the new parliament. The NLD's participation can
only legitimise a pre-rigged process. By making the difficult choice of staying out, the NLD has ensured that
issues of legitimacy will plague the new set-up. This in turn will have implications for the outside world's
constant search for engagement with fuel-rich Myanmar.
Burmas protracted problems are not totally due the fight for democratization. They are also due in part to
constitutional crisis, because the recent 2008 Constitution sparked conflicts between Myanmars central
government currently the SPDC, and perhaps after the upcoming elections, the USDP and the countrys
ethnic oppositions groups, as well as conflicts between the military government and pro-democracy
opposition groups.
The first constitution, which was drawn in 1947, was a pre-independence constitution; a second in 1974, was
a socialist regime constitution; and finally a third in 2008 by the SPDC, was a way legalize the Burmese
Armys position in power. The track of political development in Myanmar runs backwards. 1948 Constitution
guaranteed the federalism demanded by the frontier ethnic minority groups with full fundamental democratic
freedoms. The advent military rule in 1962, and the 1974 Socialist Constitution totally denied Burmese
citizens fundamental freedoms practiced between 1948 and 1961.
From 1961 to 1974, Burma was under the military rule of General Ne Win and Burmese army commanders;
this group enjoyed political power for over a decade, and then legalized their political power by drawing up a
Socialist Constitution in 1974. Similarly, they called a sham Peoples Referendum, and the constitution was
supposedly approved by 99% of people in Myanmar. Then, they founded the Burmese Socialist Programme
Party (BSPP), which ruled with this constitution until the 1988 pro-democracy uprising.
The Burmese Army seized the political power under another name in 1988, and ruled the country without
any constitution from 1988 until 2008. In 2008, the Burmese Army drew another constitution, and approved
the constitution by another referendum. They will legalize themselves in the upcoming 2010 elections.
Both democratic opposition groups and ethnic nationalities have rejected this latest constitution, because it
cannot solve Myanmars prolonged political problems. At any rate, the SPDCs regime will hold elections in
2010, and is moving forward towards maintaining power after the elections, amid international pressure to
release political prisoners, and make changes in the constitution.
79

There will be another crisis after the upcoming elections because of the 2008 Constitution. This constitution
pressured some ethnic armed opposition groups into laying down their arms and transforming themselves
into militia forces or Border Guard Forces. Some political parties who ran in the 1990 elections are barred


,2010
from participating this year by electoral laws. After the elections, the pro-democracy and ethnic armed
resistance groups will persist in struggling with the Burmese government, because so far, this latest
constitution has not solved Myanmars problems.
Special plea for suu kyi
The apex court in the military-controlled Myanmar has allowed the celebrated democracy leader Aung San
Suu Kyi to submit a special appeal for her unconditional release from house arrest in Yangon.
No date was set for arguments on the admissibility of the petition, which can open the last window of
opportunity to seek her release before the junta-promised elections later this year, according to her lawyers.
Nyan Win, her political associate and lawyer, said the petition was based on Ms. Suu Kyi's innocence and the
prosecution's failure to produce good evidence during the trial last year. She was found guilty of violating
the mandatory restrictions during her pervious term of house arrest. Upon her being sentenced to rigorous
imprisonment, the junta changed that to a new term of house arrest.
Myanmar-thailand border dispute: prospects for demarcation
In recent years, Myanmar-Thailand relations have experienced a surge of positive bilateralism due to their
common membership in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). However, the thaw in relations
still leaves the boundary dispute between two countries largely unresolved. A major clash occurred in
February 2001 and tension on the border still prevails.
Thailand and Myanmar share the long border of 2400 kilometres approximately, out of which around 60
kilometres only is demarcated. The problem lies in the crux of the Burney Treaty which was signed in 1826
by Thailand and Britain after the colonisation of Burma in 1824, establishing the current boundary between
the two countries. After the independence of Myanmar in 1948, Thailand disagreed with the demarcation
emphasising on imposition of the treaty by the British. Since then the border has been at the heart of issues
between two nations that in turn is amplified by problems like ethnic insurgency and illegal immigration. The
February 2001 clashes which led to death of a dozen civilians and almost hundred Burmese soldiers were the
manifestation of these deeper problems. Both the governments presented different accounts of the event as
Myanmar expounded that the fight between the Tatmadaw and the Shan State Army (SSA) spilled into the
Thai territory near Ban Pang Noon causing subsequent clashes, whereas Thai accounts elaborated that the
clashes were provoked when Tatmadaw captured a Royal Thai Army (RTA) base at Ban Pang Noon.
Skirmishes again occurred in May 2002 and SPDC was forced to close the border crossings from May to
October of that year.
With the advent of Thai Rak Thai, new policy of engaging the neighbours came into force. With regard to
Myanmar, Thaksin promoted the policy of forward engagement, whereby economic relations were to be
given a priority. Thaksin eventually managed to replace General Watanachai and the RTA army chief General
Surayud in 2002, the main instigators of the border war, after undertaking a fence mending trip to Yangon.
Myanmar showed reciprocal interest in Thaksins overtures and since then stability in economic relations
have been achieved. Resultantly, Thailand is now the biggest investor in Myanmar and their bilateral trade
touched $2.21 billion in the first three quarters of FY 2009-10. Thailand is a major consumer of the Burmese
gas as it buys approximately 30% of the net output.
80

Surprisingly, harmonious economic relations have had a limited impact on the question of boundary dispute
as major problems related to cross border activities still remain unaddressed. The Joint Boundary Committee


,2010
(JBC) established in 1993 has achieved a limited success and the last meeting was conducted in 2005 with no
follow-up thereafter. Amongst the rampant threats the main ones are trafficking, illegal logging, drugs
smuggling and ethnic insurgency. There are around 500,000 illegal Burmese migrants in Thailand and the
accompanying social issues of health, crime and unemployment add to the governments worries
significantly. Drug trafficking is also a serious problem. On Myanmars side there are similar grievances
against Thailand on illegal logging across the borders and lax response to the insurgency problem.
Being members of ASEAN and obligatory to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC), Myanmar and
Thailand will have to find out a peaceful bilateral solution to their border dispute. It would not be wrong to
claim that both countries are increasingly adopting peaceful means of finding an optimal solution as the JBC
recently prepared a negotiation framework for the Parliaments reading that is awaiting consideration from
the cabinet. It is possible that Myanmar would be more forthcoming this time as in January 2010, it accepted
to resolve the maritime border dispute with Bangladesh on the basis of equity. However solution to the
border remains mired in uncertainty as nationalism has started to take root in the Thai society, adequately
displayed by the Thai-Cambodian border crisis in 2008. Moreover until a democratic government is
established in Myanmar, stability on the borders will remain elusive and given the fact that RTA operates
almost independently of the government in ruling, the Thai army could take radical actions of curbing the
menace which could spiral the tensions out of control. Both Thailand and Myanmar in the near future will
have to deal with ASEANs community spirit on one hand and national sentiments on the other, therefore
demarcation of boundary is indeed going to be a cumbersome process as both history and the future have to
be weighed in equally.
China
Xinjiang party chief removed
The Chinese government removed the powerful head of its western Muslim-majority Xinjiang region,
rethinking its policies that may lead to ethnic unrest.
The decision came amid a tightening of security in the region's capital Urumqi, where local officials and
residents week there were growing fears of a recurrence of last July's ethnic violence.
Tibet railway
China's high-altitude railway line to Tibet, which opened four years ago, has begun to be used as a supply-line
to enhance the mobilisation capabilities of China's Air Force in the region.
The railway line, which runs from Qinghai province to Lhasa in Tibet, is the world's highest railway, running
at an altitude of 5000 metres.
The line was opened in July 2006, with a view to boosting economic development in Tibet and enhancing the
People's Liberation Army's (PLA) mobilisation capabilities. The railway has mainly been used to ferry tourists
and businesspeople from other provinces to Tibet.
China opposes us plans for a nuclear deal with vietnam
81

Chinese strategic analysts have hit out at the United States' move to discuss a nuclear deal with Vietnam,
which would reportedly involve sharing of nuclear fuel and technology and backing Vietnam's right to enrich
its own fuel.


,2010
Chinese fell that any move to allow Vietnam, which neighbours China, to enrich its own uranium would be
double standards on the part of the U.S. and undermine U.S. efforts to strengthen the non-proliferation
regime.
The U.S. is reportedly in advanced discussionswith Vietnam on a deal that would facilitate the sharing of
nuclear fuel and technologies, as well as preserve Hanoi's right to enrich its own fuel. The report has
triggered concerns in China, coming against the backdrop of heightened tensions in relations between China
and its Southeast Asian neighbours, including Vietnam, over long-pending territorial disputes over the South
China Sea. At the ASEAN Regional Forum in Hanoi, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton angered Beijing
by calling for a resolution of the dispute without coercion, and saying it was in the national interest of the
U.S.
China holds major air exercises
China's military launched a major air defence exercise along the country's eastern coast bordering the Yellow
Sea, in the wake of heightened tensions over China's territorial claims in the region.
Military exercise conducted in north-eastern Henan and Shandong provinces, which lie across the Yellow Sea
from the Korean Peninsula.
Named Vanguard-2010, it would be carried out in the two provinces as part of annual exercise aimed at
improving communication between different military regions.
Japan
Hiroshima: a first for u.s.
Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan welcomed the new momentum towards a world without nuclear
weapons under a call by U.S. President Barack Obama.
Addressing the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony, on the 65th anniversary of U.S. nuclear attack on the
Japanese city, Mr. Kan expressed heartfelt welcome to all participants who, he noted, included United
Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and U.S. Ambassador to Japan John V. Roos.
The U.S. Embassy in Tokyo said visit to Hiroshima by Mr. Roos was the first by an American Ambassador
for the annual August 6 event. In a press release, the embassy quoted him as follows: For the sake of future
generations, we must continue to work together to realise a world without nuclear weapons.
The embassy said Mr. Roos attended to express respect for all the victims of World War II.
Domestic politics in flux and okinawa
Japan's new Prime Minister, Naoto Kan, faces unenviable challenges. He was elected to the office by the
Democratic Party of Japan following sudden resignation by Yukio Hatoyama.
Credited with fashioning the election victory of the centre-left DPJ only eight months ago, Mr. Hatoyama
managed to become dramatically unpopular in record time.A controversy over financial irregularities during
the election campaign destroyed the impression that the new government represented change from the sleazy
money politics of the Liberal Democratic Party.
82

But the trigger for Mr. Hatoyama's resignation was the U.S. military presence on the island of Okinawa. Of
nearly 40,000 American troops in Japan under a bilateral security treaty, over two-thirds are in bases in
Okinawa.


,2010
The local population resents them. The DPJ made an election promise to reduce the number of U.S. troops
in Okinawa, and specifically to move the Marine Corps Air Station Futenma off the island. The plan was
fiercely opposed by the U.S., which sees its presence in Okinawa as vital; the island is located strategically
close to North Korea and China. Public anger mounted when it became apparent that the U.S. carried more
weight on this issue than voters, and that all Mr. Hatoyama could do was relocate the base to a less-populous
area on the island. Across the rest of Japan, he was blamed for mishandling relations with an important
international ally.
Pakistan
83
Operation rah-e-rast
By mid May 2009, Pakistan army had launched a military action in the Malakand Division
18
in the North
West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan to hunt down militants and to eliminate their network in order
to weed out the menace of terrorism prevailing inside the country for quite some time.
Within 60 days, Pakistan army has not only gunned down a number of notorious miscreants, it has also
cleaned up the whole Division and started up the process of rehabilitation of over 4.5 million dislocated
people that left the area before the military operation was started.
The beginning of the quick rehabilitation of dislocated people clearly illustrates the grand success of the
Operation Rah-e-Rast, which has set a new example for conflict-ridden zones and where counter-
insurgencies are taking place.
In spite of the peace deal brokered between the Government and the Malakand-based so-called Tehrik-e-
Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM) In Feb. 2009 to end insurgency engineered by Taliban and their
militant followers, security situation remained unimproved.
Within 53 days, the leader of TNSM, Sufi Muhammad, unilaterally denounced the peace deal on April 9,
2009, accusing the government of not fulfilling commitment made under the deal, while government turned
down all such charges as baseless.
The TNSM insisted to nominate Qazies (Sharia judges) at their own and refused to accept nominations made
by the government under the Nizam-e-Adl (System of Sharia Justice) Regulations in order to lay down their
weapons after the implementation of the Nizam-e-Adl Regulations. This led them to retake their arms.
First, Swat fell to them in February 2009, and later, they seized power in Bunir, Lower Dir, and Shang la
districts by mid April 2009. The TNSM and Taliban chapter of the so-called Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan
(TIP) launched militia and brutal offensives against the innocent people of the Malakand Division as well as
police, government officials, security forces, Frontier Constabulary (FC), and Pakistan armed forces by
challenging the writ of the State leading to chaos and ultimate brutal civil war.

18
The Malakand Division comprises seven districts of Malakand, Swat, Bunir, Shang la, Upper Dir, Lower Dir,
and Chitral.The area has a high strategic significance by connecting Pakistan with the People's Republic of
China on north-east and Afghanistan on north-west by separating Pakistan from Central Asian Republic of
Tajikistan through a narrow strip at Wakhan.




,2010
They challenged the Constitution of the land and showed contempt toward principles of democracy in
Pakistan. They threatened and banned media and killed reporters. They launched suicidal attacks and bomb
blasts in all cities and towns in the country. They targeted intelligence agencies, several police stations, hotels
and restaurants.
They kidnapped foreigners and workers of the UN and other international organizations and assassinated
them. They even did not spare the invisible microscopic patriotic Sikh minority by violating the humanistic
principles of Islam and other religions. They destroyed government properties, roads and bridges, and looted
banks. They took over the precious emerald mines in Swat. The whole civil amenities were destroyed and
vandalized.
So much so, militants' brutalities raised fears about the future of nuclear weapons of Pakistan with the
apprehension of falling them into the hands of militants as generally appeared in the Western media. Within a
short span of time, militants converted the Division from an idyllic tourist attraction resort into a militant
fanatic sanctuary and butchery.
Ensuring order and harmony was thus the duty of the state and the government under the principles of the
Holy Koran and a wide number of clauses under the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. With widespread support
from the parliament, political parties, civil society, and the masses, the Pakistan army launched the Operation
Rah-e-Rast to clean up the Malakand Division from miscreants and militants, started in early May 2009.
The international community has also rendered full support to weed out terrorism inside Pakistan. The
operation made significant success within days and weeks. By June 30, 2009, security forces have claimed of
cleaning up of the Swat Valley, Malakand, Mingora, and Charbagh.
The government is in the process of devising future security and re-settlement policy in the Malakand
Division. On June 12, 2009, President Asif Ali Zardari announced the establishment of military cantonment
in Swat. A contingent of army will remain deployed in the Malakand Division for a year or so to re-establish
law and order.
With the success of the Operation Rah-e-Rast, the army is in the process of launching the follow-up
Operation Rah-e-Nejaat to flush out militants' insurgency and militancy led by Baitullah Mehsud in South
Waziristan.
Pakistan, iran sign pipeline deal
Two months after Pakistan and Iran signed a deal for the construction of a pipeline that would allow Iranian
gas to be pumped into Balochistan and Sind, the two countries signed a sovereign guarantee for constructing
the much delayed project that was envisaged as a peace pipeline'' extending right into India.
The two countries had inked the deal on March 17 this year in Turkey as per which a pipeline will connect
Iran's South Pars gas field with Pakistan's southern Balochistan and Sindh provinces.
The pipeline will begin from Iran's Assalouyeh Energy Zone in the South and stretch over 1,100 km through
the country before it enters Pakistan. The initial capacity of the pipeline will be 22 billion cubic meters of
natural gas per annum. It is expected to be later raised to 55 billion cubic metres.
U.s. Warns pakistan on iran pipeline
84

The U.S. has warned Pakistan about the possibility of the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline running into rough
weather because of the sanctions imposed on Iran owing to Tehran's refusal to suspend uranium enrichment
that could produce fuel for a nuclear weapon.


,2010
This word of caution was conveyed to Pakistan by the U.S. Special Representative to Afghanistan and
Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke, during his talks with the country's leadership.
Shortly after Mr. Holbrooke's briefing, Pakistan Foreign Minister Makhdoom Shah Mehmood Qureshi
maintained that the deal would not be impacted by the sanctions; a position that the Foreign Office has held
since this chapter in the ongoing U.S.-Iran stand-off was opened.
Though Mr. Holbrooke did not go into the details of the legislation that is being prepared by the U.S. to
factor in the sanctions, he said it could well be comprehensive and, therefore, cause problems for any
company or country doing business with Iran. Primarily, according to Mr. Holbrooke, the U. S. told Pakistan
not to commit itself too much into the deal till the contours of the legislation are known.
The U. S. warning came a week after Iran and Pakistan inked the last in a series of agreements needed to
operationalise the deal. As per the agreement, Iran will export more than 21 million cubic metres of natural
gas daily from 2014 to Pakistan.
The pipeline will facilitate transfer of natural gas from Iran's biggest gas field in South Pars to Pakistan
through its restive Balochistan province. Iran has already constructed the 907 km-long Asalooyeh Energy
Zone-Iranshahr section of the pipeline and began work last week on the remaining 300 km stretch to the
Iranian port of Chabahar.
Pakistan, which is reeling under a severe energy crisis, has to undertake a feasibility study for building its
section of the pipeline from the border with Iran to Nawabshah.
Originally conceived in the mid-1990s, the pipeline was to be a three-nation venture extending right up to
India. Security considerations and inability to come to an understanding with Pakistan over transmission
charges saw India waver time and again over joining the project amid speculation of New Delhi also coming
under Washington pressure not to do business with Tehran. Now, the sanctions have put another question
mark on the pipeline.
Chinese company confirms pakistan reactor deal
China's biggest operator of nuclear power plants has confirmed that it will export two 340 MW nuclear
power reactors to Pakistan in a $2.375-billion agreement, in a controversial deal that analysts say goes against
internationally-mandated guidelines governing the transfer of nuclear technology.
The China National Nuclear Corporation, which has already set up two civilian nuclear power reactors in
Pakistan, has now signed construction contracts to build two more.
The two governments had in principle agreed on the deal during President Hu Jintao's visit to Islamabad in
2006. But they are yet to publicly formalise the deal.
The CNNC, however, has said in a statement, posted on its website last month, that it had reached the
agreement with the aim of developing an overseas nuclear power electricity market.
The CNNC has already agreed to build two power reactors in Pakistan, the 325 MW Chashma-1, which
started operating in 2000, and Chashma-2, which will be completed next year. The statement said the two
new reactors are 2x340 MW. Chashma-2 will be a benchmark for C-3 and C-4 projects,. On February
12, the two governments had signed a loan contract which went into effect in March, according to the
CNNC.
85

But, Chinese officials continued to deny a deal was in place. One official said while the government had
given its backing to the deal in principle, some final details still had to be ironed out.


,2010
86
Us to oppose chinese plans to build pak reactors
The Obama Administration has decided to oppose Chinas plans to build two civilian nuclear reactors in
Pakistan. China National Nuclear Corporation plans to finance two more civilian reactors at the Chashma
site despite concerns raised about the safety of nuclear material in Pakistan. China earlier built two reactors
for Pakistan. The deal oversteps the guidelines of the 46-country Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), which
bars nuclear commerce between Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) members like China and
nonmember states like Pakistan.
A special leave of the NSG is required before such a deal can be finalised, as was done in the case of the
Indo-US civilian nuclear deal, as India too is not a signatory to the NPT.
China disagrees and maintains that the deal had been grandfathered before it joined the NSG in 2004
because it was completing work on two earlier reactors for Pakistan at the time. Washington appears
unconvinced by the argument. Additional nuclear cooperation with Pakistan beyond specific projects that
were grandfathered in 2004 would require consensus approval by the NSG.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh supreme court gives a historic judgement
The Bangladesh Supreme Court has made a progressive and far-reaching contribution to the project of
national renewal that Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed has undertaken since her return to power in
December 2008.
For much of its nearly four decade-long existence, Bangadesh has had the misfortune of having its national
destiny determined not by the secular founding principles of its 1971 liberation struggle, but by military
adventurers and as in Pakistan their hand-maidens, the religious parties.
Under Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the daughter of Bangladesh's founding father Sheikh Mujibur Rehman,
and herself a participant in the liberation movement, there is a determined mood to reclaim those principles.
With a two-thirds majority in Parliament, the ruling Awami League can easily make the required
constitutional changes.
But it now has a solid legal foundation in the Supreme Court's judgment upholding the annulment of
General Ziaur Rehman's Fifth Constitution Amendment. The amendment, introduced in 1979, legitimised
the regimes that followed Sheikh Mujib's assassination. The Supreme Court has boldly struck down the Zia-
era phrase absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah in the preamble to the Constitution, and
ordered the restoration of the original sentence containing the words secularism, nationalism, democracy
and socialism.
The judgment does not cover the 1988 Eighth Amendment introduced by General H.M. Ershad, making
Islam the state religion. But by explicitly ordering the restoration of secularism in the preamble, the
Supreme Court has left the door open for legal challenges to it. The judgment also makes clear
its abhorrence of military rule.
The reinstatement of Article 12 omitted in Zia's rewriting of the Constitution prohibiting religion-based
political mobilisation could have immediate implications for Bangladesh's rightwing Islamic groups, some of
which are known to have foreign patrons and links with extremist and militant organisations.

The Awami League government must take into account the possible political fallout before seeking to ban
religious parties on the basis of the judgment, considering that these parties, including the Jamaat-e-Islami,


,2010
are aligned with Khaleda Zia's Bangladesh National Party. The atmosphere in Bangladesh is already charged
on account of the ongoing trial by an international war crimes tribunal of Jamaat leaders accused of
collaborating with Pakistan in 1971. The Sheikh Hasina government must be careful not to permit the
country's political polarisation to negate the recent positive achievements towards nation-building.
Bangladesh-russia sign nuclear power deal
Bangladesh and Russia are in the process of finalizing a deal on the first nuclear power plants in
the energy starved South Asian nation. The agreements could be finalized when PM Sheikh
Hasina visited Russia.

Sri Lanka
Commission on lessons learnt and reconciliation
The Commission on Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation constituted by Sri Lankan President Mahinda
Rajapaksa held itsfirst public sitting on August 11.
The Commission has been appointed under Section 2 of the Commission of Inquiry Act to probe the
incidents leading to the war between the LTTE and the security forces.
The Commission will inquire and report on facts and circumstances which led to the failure of the cease-fire
agreement operationalised in February, 2002 and the sequence of events that followed thereafter up to the
May, 2009 and whether any person, group or institution directly or indirectly bear responsibility in this
regard.
The decision evoked mixed reaction. A section of the activists within and outside Sri Lanka have expressed
reservations on its effectiveness.
Sri lanka marks day of victory
Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa pledged to resolve the problems faced from terrorism by the
people in the North by the end of the year and asserted that there could be no imported solution to the
problems faced by the people of the island nation.
Addressing an impressive tri-service victory parade to mark the military victory of the security forces over the
LTTE in May,2009, Mr. Rajapaksa maintained that Sri Lanka would not accept conditional external aid.
Sri lanka rejects eu offer
The European Union (EU) has made a conditional offer to Sri Lanka to extend the GSP+ tariff concessions
in garment exports, due to expire on August 15, for a limited additional period.
The EU said the European Commission has already informed Colombo of its readiness to maintain GSP+
preferences for a limited additional period, subject to a commitment to undertake a well-defined number of
87
Srilanka Time line
Army and Tamil separatists fought a long conflict More than
70,000 killed
1983 - Start of war
2002 - Ceasefire is signed but violence escalates in 2006
2008 - Ceasefire ends, renewed fighting erupts
2009 - Government forces re-conquer all rebel-held territory
Tamil Tigers defeated
2009 May - Government declares Tamil Tigers defeated after army
forces overrun last patch of rebel-held territory in the northeast.
Military says rebel leader Velupillai Prabhakaran was killed in the



,2010
88
human rights related actions within a six-month
timeframe beginning in July.
The Sri Lankan government rejected the
conditional offer made by the European Union
(EU) for extension of GSP+ tariff concessions
for a limited period and said that the conditions
imposed by the EU amounted to interference
into the internal affairs of the island nation.
Addressing a news conference here, Foreign
Minister G.L. Peiris maintained that 15
conditions imposed by the EU on GSP+ tariff
concessions amounting to $150 million
undermined the sovereignty of Sri Lanka and
were not acceptable.
U.n. Panel unwarranted, says sri lanka
Sri Lanka took serious exception to the
appointment of a three-member panel of
experts by U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-
Moon to advice him on accountability issues
relating to alleged violations of international
human rights and humanitarian law during the
final stages of the conflict between Sri Lankan
security forces and the LTTE that ended in
May last year.
The subject has been a major bone of contention between the U.N. and Sri Lanka. Colombo has termed the
panel of experts as unwarranted and unnecessary interference with a sovereign nation.
A spokesperson of the U.N. Secretary-General said in New York that the three-member panel would advise
Mr. Ban on implementing the commitment on human rights accountability made in the Joint Statement
issued by the Secretary-General and Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa after the U.N. chief visited the
island country in May 2009.
Indonesia's Marzuki Darusman will serve as the chair of the expert panel and the other two members are
Yasmin Sooka of South Africa and Steven Ratner of the United States.
Crackdown on separatists, says jayaratne
Sri Lanka asked western countries to crackdown on Tamils trying to revive the Tiger separatist movement,
which was crushed last year.
Declaring that Colombo will not tolerate moves by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
remnants to form a transnational government, the newly-elected Prime Minister, D.M. Jayaratne, said the
government was aware of moves by some sections of the 1.5 million ethnic Tamils living abroad to revive
separatist movement in the North.
fighting. Tamil Tiger statement says the group will lay down its
arms.
2009 August - New Tamil Tiger leader Selvarasa Pathmanathan
captured overseas by Sri Lankan authorities.
First post-war local elections in north. Governing coalition wins in
Jaffna but in Vavuniya voters back candidates who supported
Tamil Tigers.
2009 October - Government announces early presidential and
parliamentary elections.
2009 November - Opposition parties form alliance to fight
elections. The new alliance includes Muslim and Tamil parties and
is led by former prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe.
Government says 100,000 refugees released from camps.
2009 December - European Union says will suspend Sri Lanka's
preferential trade status over alleged human rights concerns.
2010 January - Incumbent Mahinda Rajapaksa wins presidential
election by a big margin but the outcome is rejected by his main
rival Gen Sarath Fonseka.
2010 February - Gen Fonseka is arrested. The government says he
will be court-martialled on conspiracy charges. President Rajapaksa
dissolves parliament, clearing way for elections in April.
2010 March - Gen Fonseka appears before military court on
charges of participating in politics while in uniform. His trial is set
for April, just before parliamentary elections.
2010 April - President Rajapaksa's ruling coalition wins landslide
victory in parliamentary elections.
2010 May - Government says it plans to ease emergency laws in
place for most of past 27 years, in response to its 2009 defeat of
the Tamil Tiger rebels.



,2010
89
Army to vacate jaffna properties
The Sri Lankan military has begun the process of gradual withdrawal from civilian properties under its
occupation in the Jaffna peninsula.
Defence Secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa, on a visit to the Northern Province, told journalists after unveiling a
memorial at the Elephant Pass on Friday that the military would withdraw from the properties.
The continued occupation by the military has been a matter of concern to the Tamil parties and the civilians.
They have been demanding that the owners be given back their properties.
New sri lankan cabinet sworn in
Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa constituted new cabinet consisting of 76 Ministers, 37 of whom
hold Cabinet rank.
G.L. Peris, who held the portfolio of Export Promotion, has been designated as Foreign Minister. The
former Prime Minister, Ratnasiri Wicremanayake, has been inducted into the Ministry with the portfolio of
State Management and Reforms.
Fonsekas court martial
Sri Lankas court of appeal suspended a court martial hearing against Sarath Fonseka, so that a decision could
be made on the validity of the legal proceedings against detained former army chief. The retired general filed
a Writ application in the court of Appeal Challenging the composition of the second court Martial. He has
been charged with alleged contravention of military procurement in the second court martial.
Australia
Julia gillard is australia's first woman prime minister
Julia Gillard was sworn in as Australia's first woman Prime Minister, after she toppled Kevin Rudd as leader
of the ruling Labour party in what was seen across the region as a political coup at the speed of thought.
Ms. Gillard was Deputy Prime Minister under Mr. Rudd who had led Labour to a remarkable victory in the
last federal election in November 2007.
Carbon trading scheme put on hold
The Australian government has shelved an ambitious carbon trading scheme that was the cornerstone of
plans to reduce the country's greenhouse gas emissions by up to a quarter by 2020.
Labour Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said the scheme would be delayed until 2013 because of parliamentary
opposition and slow progress on a global climate change pact.
Mr. Rudd said the government would wait until the first phase of the Kyoto protocol expires in 2012 before
implementing one of the world's most comprehensive carbon-cutting regimes.
Cyber-racism summit in australia
Leaders from the anti-discrimination and Internet communities joined forces to tackle online racism in
Australia, the Australian Associated Press reported.

The Australian Human Rights Commission said instances of cyber-racism, which included racist websites,
images, blogs, videos and comments on website forums, were on the rise.


,2010
In a bid to solve the problem, the commission has teamed up with the Internet Industry Association to co-
host the summit.
Julia gillard favours timeline for republic
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard proposed that her country turn into a republic at the time of
succession to Queen Elizabeth II in Britain.
She set this timeline while responding to a question in a network interview, a transcript of which was released
by the ruling Australian Labour Party.
Asked why she was not pressing for that now itself, Ms. Gillard said the move to a new monarch in Britain
would be the appropriate transition time.
Elections in australia
Julia Gillard, who surprised everyone by dethroning Kevin Rudd in a political coup, called a snap election to
get a fresh mandate from the people. However, the gains made by the labour party in 2007 under Rudds
leadership were moderated by the resurgent opposition Liberal party under Tony Abott leading to a neck to
neck battle ending in a political uncertainity. It was broken by Green partys lone member and Independents
support to the labour. This finally paved the way for Ms. Gillard entry into PMs office with her own,
however thin, mandate.
Iran
Iran's nuclear plant launched
Russia began the start-up of the reactor at Iran's first atomic power plant in Bushehr.
The ceremony was attended by Rosatom chief Sergei Kiriyenko and Iran's vice-president Ali Akbar Salehi,
who also heads the Atomic Energy Organisation of Iran.
Construction of the plant began in 1974 by but was shelved after the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979.
Russia in mid-1990s agreed to step in and complete the project despite vehement protests from the United
States and Israel. The reactor was originally due to go online in 2007, but was delayed by financing problems
and difficulties in integrating 12 tonnes of installed German equipment with Russian technology.
Brazil and turkey prepare for next round of mediation on iran
Brazil has said that it would continue its participation in efforts to ease tensions surrounding Iran's nuclear
programme provided it received explicit support from the West for its diplomatic intervention.
Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim said France was ready for further mediation by Turkey and Brazil
to help defuse tensions with Iran.
Brazilian and Turkish mediation resulted in the signing of the Tehran declaration, under which Iran agreed to
transfer to Turkey, 1,200 kg of its lightly-enriched uranium stocks. In return, Iran was assured of receiving
moderately enriched uranium for its Tehran research reactor, which produces nuclear medicine to treat
cancer patients. However, shortly after the deal was signed, the Americans circulated a sanctions draft, which
eventually resulted in the imposition of a fourth round of sanctions against Iran earlier this month.
Iran bars two u.n. Inspectors
90



,2010
Tehran said it had banned two U.N. nuclear inspectors from entering the country because they had leaked
false information about Iran's disputed nuclear programme.
The ban is another twist in Iran's deepening tussle with the U.N.'s International Atomic Energy Agency and
the West over its nuclear programme. The United States and its allies warn that Iran's programme is geared
toward making nuclear weapons.
Tehran denies the charge saying its nuclear activities are only for peaceful purposes like power generation.
The IAEA report in question stated that in January Iran announced it had conducted certain experiments to
purify uranium, which could theoretically be used to produce a nuclear warhead. Iran then denied the
experiments had taken place a few months later.
When the inspectors in May visited the Jaber Ibn Hayan Multipurpose Research Laboratory in Tehran, where
the alleged high temperature pyroprocessing experiments were conducted, they said the equipment involved
had been removed.
Iran hangs jundallah chief
Iran on Sunday executed Abdolmalek Rigi, leader of the Pakistan-based Jundallah group, which has taken
responsibility for several violent attacks inside Iran.
Rigi was charged with 79 counts of various crimes including armed robbery, bombing operations in public
places, armed attacks on the Army, police personnel, and ordinary civilians, assassinations, disrupting regional
stability, kidnapping and murder.
Missiles do not threaten europe, says iran
Iran's Defence Minister Ahmad Vahidi denied the assertion by Robert Gates, U.S. Defence Secretary, that
Iran had the capacity to launch scores even hundreds of missiles into Europe.
He asserted that the Islamic Republic of Iran's missile capability has been designed and created for defending
the country against military aggressions and not threatening any other country. He added that by launching a
propaganda campaign against Iran, the U.S. hoped to expand its dominance over Europe, and find an excuse
to avoid the dismantlement of nuclear arms stationed in the continent. Washington also hoped to impose
pressure on Russia, he said.
U.n. Imposes sanctions on iran
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) by a heavy margin imposed a fourth round of sanctions
against Iran. Of the 15 members in the Council, 12 voted in favour of sanctions. Turkey and Brazil opposed
the sanctions, while Lebanon abstained.
However, Brazil and Turkey, both of whom had signed a nuclear swap deal with Iran , warned that the latest
sanctions would impede diplomacy on Iran's atomic programme.
The new sanctions include provisions that prohibit Iran from purchasing heavy weaponry, of various types,
including attack helicopter and missiles.
It recommends all countries to inspect cargo from Iran, suspected of containing banned items at their ports
and airports.
91
Banning licences of banks suspected of funding nuclear activities is also part of the recommendations.



,2010
Besides, a travel ban and asset freezes for a number of individuals, including senior nuclear officials and
associated firms is proposed.
Hours before the UNSC vote, Russia, France and the United States responded to the nuclear swap deal that
Iran, Turkey and Brazil had signed last month.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) head Yukiya Amano conveyed to Iran, the response of the
three countries, the so-called Vienna group apparently wanted some significant changes to the Tehran
document.
Russia furious with eu over iran sanctions
Russia slammed unilateral measures against Iran by the European Union (EU) and the United States
following the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) vote for a fourth round of sanctions against Tehran.
On June 17, EU approved sanctions which bar technology transfers to Iran's giant oil and gas industry,
especially the fields of oil refining and liquefied natural gas. On its part, the U.S. Congress also passed a bill
that bars access to the U.S. market to international companies providing refined oil products to Iran.
Irans swap deal
Iran agreed to swap a major part of its low enriched uranium stocks on Turkish soil for an equivalent amount
of uranium enriched to 19.75%, potentially ending a stand-off with the US and Europe that threatened to
spiral into sanctions. Iran needs the higher grade enriched uranium to fuel the Tehran Research Reactor used
by it to produce medical isotopes. Iran reached the deal after negotiations with mediators Turkey and Brazil.
Afghanistan
Mcchrystal replaced
The top U.S. commander in Afghanistan has been summoned to Washington to explain derogatory
comments about President Barack Obama and his colleagues and was sacked.
General Stanley McChrystal, who publicly apologised for using poor judgment in an interview in Rolling
Stone magazine, was ordered to attend the monthly White House meeting on Afghanistan and Pakistan in
person rather than over a secure video teleconference, according to officials. He was subsequently replaced
by Gen. David Petraeus, architect of the Iraq war turnaround.
Three-day peace jirga
President Hamid Karzai called the jirga to win an endorsement for a peace deal with the Taliban so that it
could be held out as a nationally mandated plan.
The Taliban was not invited; and the non-attendance of some heavyweight opposition politicians took away
from the moment. Still, this traditional assembly, seen as a very Afghan way of taking crucial decisions, has
helped the embattled Mr. Karzai put behind him some of the controversy surrounding his re-election last
year.
92

But the workability of the proposed peace deal is another matter. Foremost among the difficulties relates to
the issue of what can be gained by negotiating with a reactionary and brutal group that rejects every way of
ordering the world except its own, and Al-Qaeda's. Secondly, the Taliban has a strong card to play: it will not
negotiate unless its condition that all foreign troops in Afghanistan must leave is met.


,2010
Mr. Karzai, however, wants to implement his plan under the protective umbrella of the U.S./ NATO security
forces. His game plan is to wean away non-ideological' Taliban fighters with an amnesty, cash, and jobs.
There is talk of offering asylum to hardline Taliban leaders in another country, possibly Saudi Arabia, and of
working on the international community to have some other Taliban leaders taken off a US/UN blacklist.
U.s. Not to abandon afghanistan
93
Elections and after
2009 August - Presidential and provincial elections are held, but
are marred by widespread Taliban attacks, patchy turnout and
claims of serious fraud.
2009 September - Leaked report by the commander of US forces,
Gen Stanley McChrystal, says the war against the Taliban could be
lost within 12 months unless there are significant increases in
troop numbers.
2009 October - Hamid Karzai is declared winner of the August
presidential election, after second-placed opponent Abdullah
Abdullah pulls out before the second round. Preliminary results
had given Mr Karzai 55% of the vote, but so many ballots are
found to be fraudulent that a run-off was called.
The British government says it will send 500 more military
personnel to Afghanistan.
2009 November - Hamid Karzai is sworn in for a second term as
president.
2009 December - US President Barack Obama decides to boost
US troop numbers in Afghanistan by 30,000, bringing total to
100,000. He also says the United States will begin withdrawing its
forces by 2011.
2010 January - Parliament rejects 17 of President Karzai's first list
24 cabinet nominees. In a further vote, MPs reject 10 of Mr
Karzai's second list of 17 nominations.
Taliban gunmen and suicide bombers carry out a bold attacks
2010 February - Nato-led forces launch major offensive,
Operation Moshtarak, in bid to secure government control of
southern Helmand province.
President Karzai angers Western diplomats by issuing a decree
giving him total control of the UN-backed Electoral Complaints
Commission, which helped expose massive fraud in the October
presidential election.
Top Afghan Taliban military commander Mullah Abdul Ghani
Baradar is captured in Pakistan
2010 April - President Karzai says that foreign observers were
responsible for fraud in last year's disputed poll, and accuses UN
and EU officials of involvement in a plot to put a puppet
government in power. The White House calls his remarks
"genuinely troubling".
2010 July - Major international conference endorses President
Karzai's timetable for control of security to be transferred from
foreign to Afghan forces by 2014.
Whistleblowing website Wikileaks publishes thousands of



,2010
94
US insisted that recent tensions between the
US and Afghan governments were
overstated. U.S. President Barack Obama has
moved to mend fences with his Afghan
counterpart Hamid Karzai stating that America
will not cut out and run from the nation.
Reassuring Mr. Karzai that U.S. will not abandon Afghanistan after its proposed troop withdrawal next year,
Mr. Obama gave Afghan President an effusive welcome at the White House saying the two nations shared a
common objective of eliminating terrorism.
Pak-afghan transit trade agreement
A transit deal with neighbouring Pakistan that finally gives Afghanistan access to the sea and markets in India
was a major move towards developing the region and boosting commerce. The agreement signed also won
enthusiastic support from the United States, which hopes it will bring the two closer to fight militants
operation on both sides of the border and help counter the Taliban-led insurgency in Afghanistan.
Russia
Medvedev pledges all-round assistance to abkhazia
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev reasserted Moscow's strong hold on Georgia's breakaway territories,
visiting Abkhazia on the second anniversary of the Russia-Georgia war and pledging all-round assistance to
strengthen the region's independence from Georgia.
He promised to develop good-neighbourly relations with Abkhazia in the political, economic and security
spheres during his first visit to Abkhazia since Russia recognised the independence of Abkhazia and South
Ossetia after foiling Georgia's August 8, 2008 armed attempt to win back control of the separatist regions.
Mr. Medvedev said Russia's decision to recognise the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia was
painfulbut proved to be the right decision over time that averted a protracted bloody conflict.
The Russian leader's trip to Abkhazia was a high-profile demonstration of Moscow's defiance of Western
demands for undoing the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. During her visit to Georgia last
month U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton accused Russia of invasion and occupation of Georgian
territories two years ago and demanded Russian withdrawal from the region.
Russia lists u.s. Violations of start-1
Russia has accused the United States of gross violations of a number of arms-control and non-proliferation
agreements in an apparent tit-a-tat for U.S. charges of Russia breaching the 1991 START-1 nuclear-arms
treaty.
In a 13-page document published on its website www.mid.ru, the Russian Foreign Ministry detailed U.S.
infringements of START-1, international conventions banning chemical and biological weapons, and missile
proliferation pacts.
Moscow said Washington had breached its duties under START-1 when it converted some nuclear missile
launchers into interceptor missile launchers; retrofitted B1 heavy nuclear-capable bombers to carry
conventional weapons; and refused to provide telemetric data on Trident-2 submarine missile launches by
claiming the missiles belonged to Britain.
classified US military documents relating to Afghanistan.
General David Petraeus takes command of US, ISAF forces.
2010 August - Dutch troops quit, Karzai bans foreign security
firms, Eight foreign aid workers killed in Badakshshan province.
2010 September - Violence mars run-up to parliamentary elections
due on 18th.



,2010
In glaring violation of the Missile Technology Control Regime, said the Russian report, the U.S. has been
supplying missile technologies to Israel, Taiwan and some Arab countries. Among other things, the U.S.
helped Israel build the Shavit three-stage solid fuel missile and has been developing jointly with Israel the
Arrow-2 missile interceptor.
The U.S. also breached the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, which banned missiles with
ranges of between 500 and 5,500 km, the U.S. continued to build medium-range ballistic missile targets for
missile-defence tests.
The Russian Foreign Ministry said the U.S. violated the Biological Weapons Convention by developing new
germ agents and refusing to provide information on a network of its military bio-centres in Indonesia,
Thailand, Peru, Egypt and other countries.
The U.S. authorities failed to prevent 1,500 leaks of radioactive materials and nuclear weapons-related
information, including one case in 2006 when confidential data from Los Alamos National Laboratory
landed in the hands of a drug dealing criminal group.
The Russian document was published 10 days after the U.S. State Department in a report on arms-control
compliance said Russia had continued to violate provisions of the 1991 START-1 treaty up until the
agreement expired in December.
Russian naval bases likely in ukraine
Russia plans to open naval bases in Ukraine in response to NATO's eastward expansion. Ukraine may agree
to the re-opening of a Soviet-era submarine base in the Crimea and the establishment of three naval bases on
Black Sea coast according to reports.
Russia, ukraine ratify base deal
The Russian and Ukrainian Parliaments on Tuesday simultaneously ratified a landmark agreement to extend
the lease of a key Black Sea naval base in Sevastopol to Russia by 25 years.
While in Russia's State Duma the accord sailed through seamlessly, with 410 deputies voting for and none
against, in Ukraine's Verhovna Rada the ratification process turned into a violent battle between supporters
and opponents of the pact.
In what looked like a street riot, opposition deputies staged fistfights with pro-government MPs, threw eggs
at the Speaker and set off smoke bombs in a futile attempt to disrupt voting.
Russia-belarus standoff
Russia cut gas supplies to Belarus by 15% pressing its neighbour to pay a $192-million debt and raising fears
of disruptions in deliveries to Europe. Relations between the two have soured since they failed to agree on
unified customs rules and Belarus gave refuge to ousted Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev, despite
Moscows support for the new Kyrgyz leadership. Russia supplies a quarter of Europes gas needs and uses
Belarus, which borders European Union member Poland, as one of two key transit routes or oil and gas to
the continent.
Russia blocks sale of engines for sino-pak fighter jets
95

Russia has blocked the sale of 100 RD-93 engines to China for FC-1, the joint Sino-Pak fighter, which could
emerge as a rival for its MiG-29 fighter in the global markets.


,2010
Kyrgyztan
Kyrgyzstan votes for reform
More than 90 per cent of Kyrgyz voters backed radical changes from a presidential to a parliamentary form
of government even as Russia warned the reform could trigger the country's collapse.
In a referendum on June,27, 91 per cent of voters approved the new Constitution of Kyrgyzstan, the
country's election commission after counting votes from 90 per cent of the polling stations.
The Constitution approved would devolve power from the President to Parliament. This will make
Kyrgyzstan the first state in Central Asia with a parliamentary form of government. Kyrgyzstan will adopt the
new political system this year itself after elections to Parliament are held within the next few months.
Change of guard
Kyrgyzstan in April was witness to a change in regime, when Opposition forces led by Rosa Otunbayeva
came to power following public clashes which had left 80 dead after government forces opened fire. This
brought an end to the regime of Kurmanbek Bakiyev who first went to the Osh region (which is his
stronghold) and tried to stage a comeback but then went into exile to Belarus, promising revenge. The
Opposition blamed Bakiyev for rigged and unfair elections; corruption; oppression; increasing poverty; and
nepotism. His family and supporters have a strong base in the south and control the local administration in
the Osh-Jalalabad belt. This is why the Uzbek victims have shown that the local police and Army stood by
and allowed the carnage. Interim President Rosa Otunbayeva had promised elections and political stability
and has been openly supported by the Medvedev-Putin regime of Russia.
Kyrgyz violence
Reeling from bloody clashes in its southern regions, Kyrgyzstan threatened to shut a key U.S. airbase of
Manas if Britain refused to extradite ousted President Kurmanbek Bakiyev's son who is accused of instigating
the violence.
Mr. Bakiyev's younger son Maxim was detained in London where he arrived to seek political asylum.
96
US base dispute
2009 January - President Kurmanbek Bakiyev announces the
closure of the US air base at Manas, after Russia offers Kyrgyzstan
more than $2bn in loans and other aid. US officials deny having
been notified of the decision and say talks on the base's future
continue.
2009 June - European security organisation, the OSCE, urges
Kyrgyzstan to halt what it calls a wave of attacks against
journalists, ahead of presidential elections scheduled for 23 July.
2009 July - President Bakiyev signs into law a deal to allow the US
to continue using Manas airbase to support troops in Afghanistan,
after US agreed to more than triple the annual rent it pays for the
base to $60m (37m). President Bakiyev wins re-election in a vote
described by European monitors as "marred".Kyrgyzstan
tentatively agrees to allow Russia to establish a second military
base.
2009 October - PM Marat Kadyraliyev and his government resign
after President Bakiyev calls for sweeping reforms. Mr Bakiyev
appoints close ally Daniyar Usenov as new PM.
2009 December - Journalist Gennady Pavluk is murdered in
Kazakhstan. He had been planning to establish a new opposition
newspaper. Human rights groups express concern at increasing
attacks on the media.
2010 January - Former defence minister turned opposition leader
Ismail Isakov is sentenced to eight years in prison for corruption,
sparking opposition hunger strikes and expressions of concern by
the European Union over civil liberties.
Revolution
2010 April - Opposition protests spread from northern
Kyrgyzstan to capital Bishkek, sweeping President Kurmanbek
Bakiyev from power. Opposition leaders form an interim
government headed by former Foreign Minister Roza Otunbayeva.
President Bakiyev resigns and is given refuge in Belarus.
2010 May - Roza Otunbayeva becomes interim president.
2010 June - More than 200 people are killed in clashes between
Kyrgyz and Uzbek ethnic communities in the southern cities of
Osh and Jalalabad. Hundreds of thousands of people flee their



,2010
97
re a
other southern city o
nd looted stores and markets. The Kyrgyz inte posed curfew in the
t
rlier
rgely
esident Ku
lalabad tow
the w
zsta neigh0bouring
i
Deputy Premier in the interim government of
Kyrgyzstan Azimbek Beknazarov told a press
conference in the capital Bishkek that Britain
was just as interested in keeping the airbase
near Bishkek open as the U.S. and should
lso seeking extradition of the former President
f Jalalabad. Kyrgyz and ethnic Uzbek groups set
rim government, which im
therefore extradite junior Bakiyev. Kyrgyz authorities a
who has fled to Belarus, but the latter has refused.
Deadly riots swept through Osh and an
ablaze cars, a
entire Jalalabad region, allowed police and troops to shoo
Tensions between Kyrgyzs and Uzbeks have erupted ea
ouster of the president in April. Local Uzbeks la
to kill in order to control the riots.
too, and appear to have been reignited by the
support the countrys new leadership in a
rmanbek Bakiyev.
ns. They are reported to be safe.
orld. UN chief Ban Ki-Moon said the UN was
n and that a separate appeal for
predominantly Kyrgyz stronghold of the former pr
There are about 116 Indians trapped in Osh and Ja
Humanitarian aid poured into Kyrgyzstan from all over
launching a $ 71 million humanitarian appeal for Kyrgy
Uzbekistan, where tens of thousand have fled from the v
Israel
olence.
Israel's attack on aid flotilla
tivis
of them
e vessels in
ong those locked up by the Israelis
a number of journalists from around the world who had joined the flotilla to cover the story. Israel cut
world in June 2007 as a means of weakening the political hold Hamas has on
e a pretext for the blockade, which quickly escalated into a full-scale war

breach of international humanitarian law.
attack on the flotilla. It must move beyond this now and actively work for the lifting of the
inhuman blockade.
Israels attack on an unarmed, humanitarian flotilla of ac ts carrying relief supplies for the besieged and
blockaded people of Gaza was condemned all over the world. As many as 10 activists, several
Turkish nationals, died when Israel Defence Forces commandos swooped down on th
international waters and used grossly disproportionate force to overcome the not unexpected resistance they
encountered.
The boats, their passengers, and cargo have all were illegally detained. Am
are
off Gaza from the rest of the
the territory. The rocket attacks wer
on the people of the territory. Gaza suffers all the evils of occupation despite the withdrawal by the Zionist
forces in 2005.
The Israeli invasion of 2008-09 led to the commission of war crimes as documented by the UN-mandated
Goldstone Commission. And the blockade of Gaza and its people amounts to collective punishment of
civilians, another grave
The crime that played out on the high seas on May 31 is very much part of the crime of occupation. There is
little sense in the UNSC asking for an inquiry into the incident when previous inquiries into Israeli behaviour
notably the Goldstone report ended in the dustbin. At the very least, the international community
must ensure the immediate end of the Israeli embargo on Gaza. No goal or logic can justify subjecting an
entire civilian population to an economic blockade. India has joined democratic forces round the world in
condemning the
homes. More than 90% of voters in a referendum approve a new
constitution reducing the powers of the presidency and turning
Kyrgyzstan into a parliamentary republic.
2010 July - Interim leader Roza Otunbayeva sworn in as caretaker
president to prepare for new elections in October 2011.



,2010
98
Chomsky denied entry into israel
Political activist and noted American linguist Noam Chomsky was denied entry into Israel without citing any
reasons.


enior government source described the situation as a total cockup.
e would be permitted to cross the border, Prof. Chomsky discovered there
Mr. Chomsky, who was scheduled to deliver a lecture at the Bir Zeit University near Jerusalem, told the
Right to Enter' activist group by telephone that inspectors had stamped the words denied entry onto his
passport when he tried to cross from Jordan over the Allenby Bridge.
He delivered a lecture to Palestinian students by video link from Amman. After hours of questioning by
border officials, his passport was stamped with Denied Entry and he was sent away. Israel's Interior
Ministry insisted the incident was a misunderstanding and said the 81-year-old professor had not been
blacklisted, while a s
Though Israeli officials insisted h
was no official guarantee he would be allowed in, so he decided to give the lecture by video link.
r raid drill Israels ai
issiles were launched from the Gaza
E
Israel launched its biggest air raid exercise to test its preparedness against possible missile strikes from Iranian
sponsored militant group as international tensions rose over Tehrans nuclear programme. The exercise
focused on Municipal authorities responses to a scenario in which m
Strip, controlled by Hamas Islamists and by Hezbollah guerrillas in Lebanon. Both are allies of Iran. The five
day drill debbed Turning Point 4 has sparked nervousness in the region as diplomatic efforts intensity to
curb Irans nuclear mission.
ast Asia
Emergency in thailand
Thaksin Shinawatra
accused of whipping
, the deposed Prime Minister of Thailand who is presently living in Europe has been
up a political crisis in Thailand. Owing to the court order in February 2010 for the
ity Act and sought court intervention for prosecuting protestors. The
tional court rebuffed him with a remark that he already has all authority. This shows that Abhisit is
wary of the backlash and the after effects in case of the deaths of protestors. This would translate into
eign direct investment, negative effect on stocks as well as a slump in the tourism

confiscation of the Thaksin Shinawatra property worth US$2.8 billion, the Thaksin supporters took to the
streets since 12th March and after more than three weeks of protests swarmed the Thai Parliament on 7th
April. The protestors retreated after their leaders urged them to do so in order to maintain the non-violent
character of the demonstrations. But the intrusion in to the Parliament led to the imposition of emergency
by the Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva. Mr. Vejjajiva, leader of Peoples Alliance for Democracy (PAD),
invoked the Internal Secur
Constitu
reduced inflow of for

sector. Abhisit has been accused of playing into the hands of military and Bangkok based elite and
undermining the interests and welfare of the rural electorate.
The leaders of the United Front for Democracy against dictatorship (UDD) have given a call to the rural
populations residing in the northern and western parts of Bangkok, a Thaksin electoral stronghold, to
descend in to the Thai Capital. Larger mobilization of red shirts in the coming days are expected but
imposition of emergency would imply the military gaining powers in terms of controlling media, suspension
of legal rights and harsh methods to disperse protestors which the military has been desisted from doing till
date. Pro-Thaksin supporters (red shirts) have been rallying for early elections and dissolution of Parliament.


,2010
99
months.

previously known as Thai Rak Thai
and fled to UK in August while the yellow shirts led by PAD continued their
Abhisit Vejjajeva, Prime Minister of Thailand and leader of Peoples Alliance for Democracy (PAD) has been
promising elections within nine months which is not acceptable to protestors. Though after two rounds of
failed negotiations, the de-facto leader of the protestors former General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, Chairman of
Pheu Thai Party (previously known as Peoples Power Party i.e. Thai Rak Thai Party) has stated that the
government might take a call on elections within three to four
It seems that PM Abhisit Vejajeva is losing ground and he might announce elections in Thailand in the next
three to four months. Thaksins popularity in north and western Thailand is undisputed and even if the Pheu
Thai Party (erstwhile Peoples Power party) contests elections, it is sure to gain the majority vote. In any case
the military may extend support to keep Abhisit in power. One thing is for sure that military is bound to play
a major role and if things do not turn the way military wants then there might be usurpation of power by the
military, as happened in 2006.
In the 2006 military coup orchestrated by General Sonthi, it was argued that the continued protests by the
PAD have jeopardized the law and order situation in the country and so the military had taken up the reins
of the government after the directives of the revered King Bhumibol Adulyatej. Thereafter, the interim
government which was formed remained in power till December 2007. The elections which were held in
December 2007 provided majority votes to the Peoples Power Party(
party), and with the help of five smaller parties formed the government at the centre. The government was
led by Samak Sundaravej who was removed in September 2008 owing to his appearances in cookery
programs in televisions. He was succeeded by Thaksins brother in law Somchai Wongsawat who was
subsequently removed by the constitutional court owing to irregularities in elections. He was barred from
contesting elections for the next five years. In the meanwhile Thaksin who had returned to Thailand in
February 2008 jumped the bail
protests for removal of government. In a number of instances these protests turned violent, even swarming
airports, highways and blockading both air and vehicular traffic. Prior to the resignation of the Prime
Minister, the Peoples Power Party renamed itself and formed a new party Pheu Thai Party the same month
with more than 80 members of parliament. Though PAD leader Abhisit became the Prime Minister but he
himself had to face the red shirts protests during the April 2009 East Asian Summit. Thailand is subtly
plunging into political crisis and the role of military, the king and political parties shall decide the political fate
of the country. The recurrent political crisis in Thailand is a matter which should be addressed by
neighbouring countries. The Thai people along with ASEAN have to work together for a long term solution.
Fresh us sanctions on north korea
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton announced that Washington would impose new sanctions on
communist North Korea in a bid to stem the regimes illicit atomic ambitions. The sanctions were part of
measures designed to rein in the regimes nuclear activities bystamping out illegal moneymaking ventures
used to fund the programme. The UN Security Council has imposed stiff sanctions on North Korea in recent
years to punish the regime for defying the world body by testing nuclear weapons and long range missiles and
illegally selling arms and weapons.




North korea-south korea relations
North Korea announced that it was serving all relations with South Korea as tensions soared on the Korean
Peninsula. The announcement was a tit-for-tat response to Seouls imposition of sanctions on the North for


,2010
sinking one of its warships. North Korea said that it would cut all communications with South Korea and
would not resume any contact during the tenure of South Korean President Lee Myung-bak.
Lee had announced tough trade measures against North Korea earlier, including a ban on all imports and
exports with the North and the closure of South Korean waters to ships from the North. Earlier, his
government had released the findings of an international investigation that blamed North Korea for firing a
torpedo that sank South Koreas wa

rship on March 26, killing 46 sailors.
government officials would be expelled from the Kaesong industrial park,
border between the two Koreas that has been a major source of hard

It was also said that South Korean
a North-South venture near the
currency earnings for the impoverished government of Kim Jong-il (North Korea).
As part of the freeze the statement said the North Korea would close a 39 year old Red Cross liaison office at
the Panmunjom border village and begin in full force counter attack against the puppet regimes
psychological warfare against North Korea.
It is common knowledge that South Korea is fully supported by the US and is an ally of the latter. It is in the
context that North Korea dubs it as a puppet regime.
Two women appointed shariah court judges
In a historic moment for Malaysia, two women have been appointed as Shariah court judges in the Muslim
majority state; with Premier Najib Razak saying that Islam does not limit females to advance and this showed
that women in the country enjoyed equal treatment as men. He was commenting on the appointment of
Fij
ced on 10 April 2009 that he had abrogated Fijis 1997
constitution, appointed himself head of state, revoked the appointment of all judicial officers and would
parliamentary elections by September 2014. The Presidents

and Bainimaramas actions have entrenched a new political and economic reality for
Fiji.

that elections
dhry charges of money laundering and tax evasion could be the trigger of
more insecurity among the Indian community and even for mass emigration from the island nation.
Suraya Ramli and Rafidah Abdul Razak, who were made Federal Territory of Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur
Shariah Court judges, respectively.
i And Indias Concerns
Fijis President Ratu Josefa Iloilovatu Uluivuda announ
direct an interim government to hold
announcement followed a Court of Appeal judgement on 9 April which ruled that Commodore Voreqe
Bainimaramas December 2006 coup was illegal and directed the President to appoint an independent third
person to lead an interim government and call for fresh elections under the 1997 constitution.
On 11 April, President Iloilo reappointed Bainimarama as interim Prime Minister, who subsequently imposed
strict censorship on the media.
The Presidents decision
The developments in Fiji have attracted international condemnation, including most loudly from Australia
and New Zealand. Fiji is likely to be suspended from the Pacific Islands Forum and the Commonwealth.
The problems in Fiji are multi-faceted. First, Fijis present ruler and Prime Minister Commodore Frank
Bainimarama appointed himself as Fijis ruler in a military sponsored coup in December 2006. He proclaimed
like all dictators do that the democratic institutions in Fiji were steeped in corruption and that he had come
as a saviour. So far, the only assurance that the world has received from the Fiji leadership is
100

will be held in September 2014 under a constitution. Second, the biased judiciarys pushing hard on ousted
Prime Minister Mahendra Chau


,2010
Mahendra Chaudhry is a charismatic Indian community leader who became Fiji's first ethnic Indian leader
when elected prime minister in 1999 and was overthrown a year later in a coup led by dictator George
ians

ed with their military
Speight in May 2000. Because of the repeated military coups and counter-coups from 1987 to 2006, the
Indian population had decreased from 52 per cent of the total in 1986 to 44 per cent in 2007. Many Ind
had even left behind their properties and had emigrated to Australia and New Zealand.
Against this background, one can understand the plight of Indians in a country where ethno-nationalism is
supported by a revisionist state. On the other hand, the problems in Fiji could also be attributed to the legacy
of the colonial British administration. The Indian community was imported on a large scale by the colonial
British establishment in the late 19th century to work in the sugarcane fields of Fiji. The Indian community
settled in Fiji and started contributing substantially to the Fijis economy. However, with the increase in the
Indian population fissures started between the indigenous community and Indo-Fijians. Indo-Fijians get tacit
and active support from Australia. From Australias point of view, it has become a political issue with the
ruling Australian Labour Party (ALP) playing to the Indian gallery. Projecting military-led Fiji as a revisionist
state, the Labour party wishes to get the support of the Fiji Indian community and Indian community who
have empathy towards the situation in Fiji.
On the ground in Fiji this conflict is very much felt. Many Indo-Fijians are disappoint
government as this prevents them from emigrating to Australia and New Zealand. Many Indo-Fijians wish to
emigrate to these countries for work and study. Though the Australian leadership had made public its
intention of not instigating a conflict between the indigenous Fiji community and the Indian community, the
recent expulsion of Australian High Commissioner Sarah Roberts by the self-appointed Prime Minister of
Fiji Commodore Voreqe Bainimarama can be understood in that context.
Chinas role
Fijis and Chinas mutual attractions are understandable. Fiji was expelled from the Commonwealth and the
Pacific Islands Forum for its failure to establish liberal democratic rule. Politically isolated in the international
community both at the regional and multi


-lateral levels, it has found an apt ally in China to ward off any

e countries such as Australia, New
Zealand or any other Western power, China does not demand any democratic or human rights track record
grants and aid. China wants a market to sell its products and Fiji is ready to accept the deal. On
further pressure including in the form of United Nations Security Council resolutions. As a permanent
member of the UNSC, China can veto any resolution against Fiji brought by the United States and Great
Britain.
With Fijis military government cozying up to China, and isolated in the region because of its rulers, the
Indian community which accounts for 44 per cent of the population, are caught in a fix.
From Fijis point of view the attraction of China is understandable as unlik
in return for
101

the other hand, Bainimarama has astutely boosted Fijis relations with China since assuming power by
appointing the former Finance Minister Sir James Ah Koy to its embassy in Beijing. Beijing also likes Fiji to
be its arm candy in the Southern Pacific.


,2010
102
AMERICAS
USA
Obama crticised for supporting ground zero mosque
After he broke months of silence on the issue and threw his weight behind the proponents of the Cordoba
House community centre, planned two blocks away from the site of the 9/11 attacks, Barack Obama found
himself lacking the support of Senate Majority leader Harry Reid, and watched as Republicans began to
he subject. attack his position on t
Us makes history by attending the hiroshima memorial
anniversary of the bombing.

ays later, about 80,000 people died after the United States attacked
Nagasaki. Japan surrendered on Aug. 15, ending World War II.
US sent its Ambassador John Roos to attend the 65th
It is seen by many as potentially paving the way for President Barack Obama to visit Hiroshima - which
would be unprecedented for a sitting U.S. leader.
About 140,000 people were killed or died within months when the American B-29 'Enola Gay' bombed
Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945. Three d
Us doubles h-1b fee to fund border policing
Ignoring the concerns of Corporate Amercia and India, US President Obama signed into law a new Border
Security Bill proposing a steep hike in some categories of H-1B and L-1 visa fees. The move is expected to

badly hurt Indian IT firms which may have to shell out an additional $250 million annually of the next five
year. The money thus raised by this steep increase in the visa fee would be used to strengthen security along
the porous US-Mexico border, by deploying an additional 1,500 National Guards, unmanned drones and
other measures.
National security strategy document
The Obama administration will pursue a different national security strategy to that of the earlier
administrations by focusing more on cooperative alliances with foreign powers rather than adopting a
unilateralist approach, according to the just-released National Security Strategy document.
U.s. Press freedom act named after daniel pearl
In a move that ai ms to strengthen the U.S.' monitoring and, where possible, enforcement of press freedom
ama on Monday signed the Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act into
tion to how other
e press.
the world over, President Barack Ob
law.
Named after the Wall Street Journal reporter who was kidnapped and killed by militants in Pakistan in 2001,
the bill was signed in the presence of Mr. Pearl's wife and son and described by Mr. Obama as a strong
message from the U.S. government and State Department that we are paying atten
governments are operating when it comes to th
Arab-american is miss usa
Rima Fakih, a 24-year-old Lebanese immigrant, was crowned Miss USA making her the first ever Arab-
Amer

ican to win the title.



,2010
Ms. Fakih was born in Lebanon and immigrated to the United States as a child. She grew up in New York.
Indian-americans appointed to key posts
The Obama administration has appointed Indian-Ameri can Kshemendra Paul to a key IT position, making
him head of an agency that facilitates the sharing and access of terrorism-related information within various
ent.
s Agency for International Development.
wings of the U.S. governm
Another Indian-American, Nisha Desai Biswal, has been nominated to the post of Assistant Administrator
for Asia in the United State
Haley wins nomination
n nomination for the governorship of South Carolina. The Indian-American Nikki Haley won the Republica
victory places her one step closer to become the states first woman governor.
isro on moon mission Nasa discusses cooperation with
s with the National Aeronautics Space
Administration (NASA) on its space exploration programme.
SA on the Chandryaan mission, the ISRO is in talks with Boeing, which has a
Station.
Seeking to expand cooperation with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on its moon mission,
the United States is offering assistance through Boeing, which partner
Having worked with NA
commercial crew development contract with NASA, as a key teammate to initiate the design and
development architecture of a commercial transport to and from the International Space
Climate bill
U.S. Senators are on working energy law betting on the spectre of environmental disaster raised by the BP oil
spill to build support for a comprehensive overhaul of America's energy strategy.
But despite a strong push from the Obama administration, there are concerns that the debate about the

e economy
away from coal and oil and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Climate legislation passed by the U.S. Senate
ck a major obstacle which prevented agreement on a binding global deal at last year's
energy future could be lost in the wrangling about offshore oil drilling permits.
The official roll-out by Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman caps eight months of negotiations with
political figures and industry executives aimed at getting broad support in Congress for shifting th
could unblo
Copenhagen summit.
Obama signs historic finance reform bill
US President Barack Obama signed into law the most sweeping reform of the US finance industry since the
103

1930s promising US tax payers would no longer get the bill for Wall Street excess. The legislation introduced
new consumer protections, checks the power of big banks and cracks down on deceptive practices by credit
card firms. Obama said the bill would repair the fractures and abuses of which the financial meltdown was
born.


,2010
104
AFRICA
South Africa
Medvedev wants south africa in bric
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev voiced support for South Africa's bid to join the BRIC group, which
unites Brazil, Russia, India and China.
Kenya's new constitution
w Constitution, written to alleviate longstanding problems that have undermined good governance
ming approval from voters in a referendum.
The new Constitution is expected to be a crucial turning point in this country's post-colonial history by finally
olitical issues that have dogged this East African powerhouse since independence in
cess.
Kenya's ne
here for decades, received overwhel
Sixty-seven percent of voters approved the Constitution, compared with 33 per cent who voted no, and the
turnout was as high as 80 per cent in some areas, the results showed.
addressing many of the p
1963.
To prevent any sort of repeat, the Kenyan government overhauled the entire election pro
Mass starvation warned in west africa
Starving people in drought-stricken West Africa are being forced to eat leaves and collect grain from ant hills,
say aid agencies, warning that 10 million people face starvation across the region.
With f ood prices soaring and malnourished livestock dying, villagers were turning to any sources of food to
In Niger, which the United Nations classifies as the world's least developed country, starving families are
d boiled plants.
omes a full-blown humanitarian
stay alive, said Charles Bambara, Oxfam officer for the West African region.
eating flour mixed with wild leaves an
More than 7 million people almost half the population face food insecurity in the country, making it
the hardest hit by the crisis.
According to U.N. agencies, 2,00,000 children need treatment for malnutrition in Niger alone.
Niger is at crisis point now and we need to act quickly before this crisis bec
disaster, said Caroline Gluck, an Oxfam representative in the country.
First democratic poll in guinea

of military rule by General Lansana

ara's opponents brutally murdered.

Since then Guineans were delivered a transition government.
Guineans headed to the polls is the West African nation's first democratic election since independence in
1958, hoping to end half a century of military and civilian dictatorships.
The West African country is held its first free election since independence in 1958. Guinea's father of
independence turned President-for-life Ahmed Sekou Toure ruled repressively for 26 years and his sudden
death in 1984 was quickly followed by a coup which led to 24 years
Conte.

After Conte's death in 2008, another military junta led by Captain Musa Dadis Camara, promising elections,
the happiness of the people and a fight against corruption, quickly led the country into disaster. This election
took place nine months after an army massacre left at least 156 of Cam


,2010
105
Allegations of repression before ethiopian vote
Diplomats, human rights groups and witnesses say the Ethiopian government is methodically stifling dissent
in the prelude to this weekend's national elections, denying food aid to opposition supporters, jailing political
oppone

nts and possibly killing a few activists, part of a broader pattern of repression in several of America's

reward political allies and literally starve out
closest allies in Africa, especially during election time.
Ethiopia is one of the poorest and most aid-dependent countries in the world, and the American government
and the World Bank, two of its biggest donors, are investigating potential leaks in the aid system and
allegations that the government is manipulating food aid to
political opposition.
Islamists attack somali presidential palace
Somalia's Al-Qaeda-inspired Shebab rebels attacked the presidential palace in Mogadishu, sparking a battle
that left at least 14 civilians dead.
The Islamist insurgents fired salvos of mortar rounds and clos

ed in on the presidential area even as the world
was pledging renewed support to Somali President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed at a conference in Turkey.
Nile basin pact
Egypt objected to an agreement signed by four Nile Basin countries in Uganda for changing the way the river
a permanent body to manage it.
from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean. The Nile is a vital water
t gives Cairo the power to veto dams and other water projects in upstream
eam countries signed a new agreement in Uganda to set up a body to overlook the
waters are shared, even as the deal created
River Nile stretches more than 6,600 km
and energy source for the nine countries through which it flows.
The original colonial-era agreemen
countries. Though the Nile waters are divided by means of an agreement that dates back to 1929, Egypt and
Sudan being upstream countries insist that the old agreement still holds.
Four of the seven upstr
distribution of Nile waters in a different way against the will of both Egypt and Sudan.
Despite strong opposition from their northern neighbours, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Ethiopia signed
the agreement. While Kenya, Burundi and the DR Congo were expected to sign it within the 12 months
allowed by the accord. Egypt has expressed vehement objection to the agreement signed by a number of Nile
Basin countries changing the way the Nile Waters are shared.

5.


,2010
106
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Indo- ASEAN
ASEAN and India signed the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods (TIG) Agreement in Bangkok on 13 August
2009, after six years of negotiations. The signing of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement paves the
way for the creation of one of the worlds largest FTAs a market of almost 1.8 billion people with a
combined GDP of US$ 2.8 trillion.
-India FTA will see tariff liberalisation of over 90 percent of products traded between the two
ha-am Hua Hin, Thailand on 24 October 2009 agreed to revise the

7-08. FTA was signed after a intense

other and will cover 11 countries with a combined Gross

ed 489 items from agriculture, textile and chemicals in Negative list
s specially of South India, block tea, coffee, pepper and rubber has
ted.
draft new Plan of Action, which is expected to be adopted at the 8
th

Indias Look East Policy
The ASEAN
dynamic regions, including the so-called special products, such as palm oil (crude and refined), coffee,
black tea and pepper. Tariffs on over 4,000 product lines will be eliminated by 2016, at the earliest. The
ASEAN-India TIG Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2010.
The 7th ASEAN-India Summit in C
bilateral trade target to 70 billion USD to be achieved in the next two years, noting that the initial target of
USD 50 billion set in 2007 may soon be surpassed.
ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) is a fourth largest trading bloc of India. Indias bilateral
trade with ASEAN Countries were approximate & 40 billion in 200
negotiations of 6 years.
The agreement has following features:
FTA opens the 1.7 billion consumer market to each
Domestic Product of over & 2 trillion.
FTA makes possible the duty-free import and export of nearly 4000 products ranging from steel to apparels
to sugar and tobacco.
Under the trade pact, India has includ
meaning these product will be kept outside the duty reduction.
In order to save the interest of farmer
been included in the sensitive list which means duty will be cut by 2019 only. However duty on these items at
no time will be elimina
Present FTA consists of duty free trade in goods only, similar pact to cover the trade in services will be
concluded soon.
FTA agreement is not only a significant step to open up the Indian economy but also it would be a decisive
element in Indias look east policy.
ASEAN and India are working on a
ASEAN-India Summit in October 2010 in Ha Noi.
Highlights



,2010
Organizing Milana congregation of navies organized by the Indian Navy biennially since 1995 in Port
Blair involving social and professional interactions, including combined exercises. In 2008, 11 Navies
icipated.
Becoming a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)1996.
of the 160 Km India-Myanmar Friendship road from Tamu to Kalemyo to Kaletwa built by the

ement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (for establishing a FTA in
ered into with some ASEAN nations
d Cooperation on which ASEAN was formed in (1967)2003.
skies policy, today, there are over 215 direct flights every week between India and Singapore,
roject in 2009 especially in the context of Bangladesh being
t
in order to accelerate the growth in the bilateral relations in all
including Australia part
Completion
Border Roads Organisation2001
Becoming a summit level partner of ASEAN2002.
Entering into a Framework Agre
a time frame of 10 years)2003. Similar FTAs have been ent
independently
Acceding to The Treaty of Amity an
Becoming a founding member of EAS2005.
South East Asia was the focus in the India International Trade Fair (IITF) in 2005 which happened to be the
Silver Jubilee of the fair. Companies from Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand took part in the fair.
Under the open
115 with Thailand and 50 with Malaysia.
Finalizing the Kaladan Multimodal Transport p
reluctant to allow transit facilities. By this the port of Sittwe in Myanmar (250 Km from Mizoram border)
will be connected to the Indian ports and Kaletwa (Myanmar)will be linked with the National Highway 54 a
Nalkawn in Mizoram
Appointing an Ambassador to ASEAN
spheres of activity
Shortcomings
India still remains outs ide the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum
such accords has been poor. The Indian industry has doubts about its own competitive
efficiency or it does not want competition at home or it is scared of cheaper exports to India from these
tion, East Asian observers

ts. India does not take an assertive role perhaps due to it limited military capability
er harsh criticism for
India has entered into a number of pacts, agreements and FTAs with nations of ASEAN but its record for
implementation of
countries.
India lags behind China and Japan in almost all spheres of Pan East Asian coopera
reckon that India has so far appeared less proactive than China on some critical issues.
Some analysts feel that Indias Look East Policy lacks a strategic vision despite seeking defense cooperation
with some ASEAN nations (Myanmar, Indonesia and Vietnam) and securing a role for joint patrolling in the
Malacca Strai
There are some domestic political compulsions which impinge on the desired reforms and the struggle the
liberalization process is undergoing in the minds of our people. India has come und
the big negative items list and the delay of over six years in finalizing the ASEAN-India FTA.

107

Next Phase Of Look East Policy: A Perspective
Nearly two decades since India initiated its Look East Policy (LEP), there has been substantial progress in
expanding economic and strategic engagement with the rest of Asia. The ancient civilization links have been


,2010
bolstered by deepening economic and strategic relations, though the linkages between the two require
substantial strengthening.
India is now a member of the East Asian Summit (EAS), comprising 16 countries, which in clude the 10
members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Japan, China, Republic of Korea,
imultaneously in economic areas has mutual benefits.
pass not just the merchandise trade, but also trade in a wide variety of services, bi-
e it benefits from ASEANs

2020. The Indian economy is also undergoing significant structural transformation,

s well for deeper intra-industry linkages with the recipient countries, including in Asia. It is
l avenue for diversifying their
ween $30 billion and
Australia and New Zealand.
The EAS better represents Asia as all major Asian powers are its members. India has bilateral or broader
economic agreements in place (or they are being negotiated) with all the members of the EAS. India is also a
member of the ASEAN Regional Forum, which promotes dialogue among Asian and select major non-Asian
powers on security issues.
As a member of G20, India also has an opportunity to regularly interact with other Asian countries and
entities such as ASEAN. Indias economic engagement with China has deepened, and both are finding that
competing and cooperating s
Indias relations with Japan and with the Republic of Korea have also undergone significant qualitative
upgradation. After initial hesitation, Japanese companies have been deepening and diversifying their
investments and partnerships with Indian firms both in Japan and in India.
The economic links encom
directional investments and manpower flows. Indias global trade in goods and services was over $700 billion
in 2008, and is expected to grow significantly over the next decade, providing considerable opportunities to
its trading partners.
In 2009, ASEAN exhibited a surplus of $14 billion with India in merchandise trade. If net exports are used as
one of the indicators of economic and employment impact that a partner generates, then India is positively
contributing to sustaining ASEANs growth and employment, whil
competitiveness in manufacturing, plantation and agricultural crops, and in commodities and natural
resources.
Indias GDP in 2009 was about $1,300 billion, and at projected achievable growth rates, is expected to reach
around $5,000 billion by
though significant economic management and governance challenges remain.
Indias outward foreign direct investment (FDI) was $10.3 billion in 2008-09, and $16.2 billion in 2009-10. Its
destination is in all parts of the globe, including Africa and Latin America. Nearly half of the outward
investment is in manufacturing, and many projects are by small and medium size firms.
This augur
anticipated that India will soon acquire a sizable stock of outward FDI in the coming years. This has also
qualitatively altered Indias core interests globally, including with the rest of Asia.
These countries will increasingly find Indias outward FDI as an additiona
global investment sources and risks, particularly as most of Indias outward FDI is led by the private sector
whose investment motivation is commercial and not state directed strategic interests.
Indias inward FDI has also become more significant in recent years. It has ranged bet
108

$35 billion annually in recent years. India is considering allowing foreign individuals to invest in the countrys
stock markets directly. This is expected to increase portfolio investments, which amounted to around $80
billion in mid-2010.


,2010
As the policymakers consider the next phase of LEP, there are strong arguments for focusing on expanding
Indias geo-economic and geo-strategic options.
The next phase of LEP, therefore, will be much more complex as Indias increasing ly global economic and


lobal terrorism and non-traditional threats to security will become less likely;
and
h rates and address its governance and economic management
g that even as policymakers must prepare to address the challenges arising from other
proving the
countries are within the purview of the LEP, coalition building with them for more plural and
strategic interests require capacity for undertaking coordinated responses involving economic, commercial,
cultural and strategic diplomacy. LEP will be only one of the important elements of expanding such options
globally. India must become adept at projecting various dimensions of its power constructively in defending
its core interests.
There are several strategic scenarios for which India should be ready to respond in a flexible and a measured
way.
The four possible global scenarios in 2020:
First, the US will attain a technological edge in energy resources and other areas, and thereby continue to be
a dominant power;
Second, the relative power of the US will decline and a multi-polar world will emerge in which coordinated
action to address g
The third envisages the US and China to establish a duopoly of power, freezing out other countries including
India;
Finally, India will continue to grow at hig
challenges to emerge relatively stronger in comparison with the US and China.
It needs emphasizin
scenarios. Indias overall security, influence and policy options will ultimately depend on its performance and
the perception both domestic and international of the extent to which it is succeeding in im
quality of life of its citizens. It should, therefore, focus on this with utmost urgency.
As all these
flexible economic security arrangements, and welcoming participation of the US, Russia and other major
powers in Asian dialogue, will help expand Indias options.
The next phase of LEP will be far more complex, requiring much greater economic and strategic capacities
and domestic and international coordination. The role of non-government actors, including the Diaspora,
will need to be more attuned to Indias geo-economic and geo-strategic interests as this will help expand their
own options and leverage.
India-South Korea
The Nuclear Enterprise
South Korean President Lee Myung-baks visit on the occasion of Indias 61st Republic Day marked the
beginning of a new era in India-South Korea relations. His visit not only brought the expansion of trade and
commerce but also a possible civilian nuclear tie up between the two countries. India and South Korea are
politically and economically liberalized. Trade between the two has thrived right from the beginning of this
evident from the various treaties and MoUs signed by the two countries. Bilateral trade
amounted to US$15.6 billion in 2009 and the targets have been set to double it to
reover, the South Korean Pohang Iron and Steel Company (POSCO) steel project
decade which is
between the two countries
US$30 billion by 2014. Mo
109

in the southern state of Orissa is the single largest foreign direct investment in India amounting to US$12
billion.


,2010
110

r it to build four more reactors at Kundankulam. On the other hand, India has much to gain from

The proposed India-South Korea nuclear cooperation would be a stepping stone in transforming the bilateral
relations between the two nations from an economic partnership to the level of a strategic partnership. In
fact, South Korea supported the Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) waiver offered to India to engage in nuclear
trade and commerce. India has already signed civil nuclear agreements with the United States, Russia, France,
Argentina, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Namibia, while the civil nuclear cooperation deal with Canada is
expected to be completed by June this year. Russia is already building two reactors and a deal has now been
signed fo
AREVA NP, Arevas subsidiary in charge of building the European Pressurized Reactors (EPR) in France,
an advanced third generation nuclear reactor.
India has a lot to gain from a civil nuclear cooperation with South Korea. South Korea is the worlds fifth
largest atomic energy producer which accounts for 40 per cent of South Koreas power generation.
S.M. Krishnas Visit To Seoul
The meeting of the India-South Korea Joint Commission in Seoul considered expanding trade and business
ties, cooperation in the defence sector and explored a civilian nuclear agreement.
He met his counterpart Yu Myung-hwan and


Defence Minister Kim Tae-young, addressed the Institute of
ge-based
gh-technology, energy, automobiles and components, small and medium
ltural ties, parliamentary and people-to-people exchanges.
ugust last and it became
Ind
Foreign Affairs and National Security and called on President Lee Myung-bak.
India and South Korea identified a number of high priority areas. These included IT, and knowled
industries, science and technology, hi
enterprises, defence, space, cu
Bilateral trade stood at $15 billion during 2008, and the two countries decided to double it by 2014. India and
South Korea signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement in A
operational in January.
ias Look West Policy
Why Central Asia Matters ?
India has had its eye on Central Asia for a long time. Its primary interests there are in energy, minimizing
Asians.
Pakistani influence, and establishing itself as a significant player in the interplay of outside powers that is
taking shape. The main difficulties lie in connecting Central Asian resources to the Indian market a familiar
problem for the Central
Economic Interests And Geo-Strategic Importance
viet Union in 1991, five new Central Asian republics emerged as new neighbours
access to Afghanistan, where India wants to be a significant player and to
blunt Pakistani influence. Indias involvement in Central Asia includes energy ties, trade and investment, and
After the collapse of the So
to India: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Central Asias abundant energy
resources and Indias relentless energy needs, combined with Indias aspirations to be a major regional and
global player, have been the key driving forces behind Indias growing presence in the region. Central Asia is
also important as an avenue for
the beginnings of a military relationship.

Diversifying and expanding its international sources of energy has been a major Indian policy thrust for the
past decade, so it is no surprise that energy co-operation is at the heart of Indias engagement of Central Asia.
Kazakhstan has substantial oil; Turkmenistan has gas; Uzbekistan has more modest hydrocarbon resources;


,2010
and Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have surplus hydro power. The big challenge that remains unresolved,
however, is how to get Central Asian energy resources to the Indian market. Kazakhstan has the largest oil
resources in the region, with three of the worlds richest hydrocarbon fields. The international arm of Indias
public sector energy company, ONGC Videsh (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation), already has a 15 percent
ownership stake in Kazakhstans Alibekmola oil field and has announced a $1.5 billion investment in the
joint Russian-Kazakh Kurmangazy oil field in the Caspian Sea. Authorities in both India and Kazakhstan are
as yet unclear about how they are going to transport Kazakh oil to India. Additionally, Kazakhstan has
offered India rights to develop the Karzahanbas oil field. ONGC Videsh has also expressed an interest in
investing heavily in Uzbekistans oil and natural gas fields. India is also actively looking into importing gas
from Turkmenistan via a potential Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline. This is a more
uncertain venture, however, because Turkmenistan is sending most of its already discovered gas out via
pipelines through Russia, and has been unwilling thus far to provide the long-term supply commitments
needed to finance a new pipeline. In any event, a pipeline from Turkmenistan to India would need to go
through Afghanistan and Pakistan, with all the political and security complications that implies. Export of
electricity to India has also been under discussion. Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan have developed only a relatively
low percentage of their potential hydro generating capacity. Their period of surplus production is in the
summer, typically a time of unmet demand in northern India. Moving electricity to India would require a
substantial investment in new dams and generating plants, as well as new transmission lines going through
Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the same security problems as for the Turkmenistan pipeline. It would also
involve complicated price negotiations.
Nine Ways To Look West
The region stretching from Pakistan to the Horn of Africa via the Persian Gulf is in the middle of a great
turbulence. Among the many gathering storms in this arc of crisis are: the potential failure of the
international coalition in Afghanistan amidst the resurgence of the Taliban; mounting political tensions
between Kabul and Islamabad; the political instability in Central Asia; the likely break-up of Iraq; Irans
nuclear defiance of the international com


munity; the collapse of the old order in the Middle East; and failing
states in the Horn of Africa.
growing interests in the western neighbourhood from energy security to counter-

ndias interests in the region stand on their own. Nor is the US policy a static
To be able to secure our
terrorism India will have go beyond ad hoc responses to individual crises. It must define what we might
call a Look West policy. Here are nine possible elements that could go into it.
The first is an independent approach to the region. Too often an independent foreign policy has been
defined as simply opposing Washington. Even Iran with all its hostility to the Big Satan doesnt buy that
line. The Bush administration and the Islamic Republic of Iran, for example, were the two cheerleaders of
Saddam Husseins hanging. I
one. So long as the US remains the principal power shaping the region, New Delhi must find ways to
maximize regional cooperation with the US, where our interests converge and minimize the negative
consequences when they diverge.
111

The second is a commitment to omni-directional engagement. The arc of crisis is beset by severe internal
contradictions. Given their multiple interests in the Middle East, great powers do not take sides between
Arabs and Israel, the Shia and Sunni, or even Kabul and Islamabad until it becomes absolutely unavoidable.
India too must shed its past ideological approach and focus on pragmatic engagement of all sides.


,2010
112

he Islamic. Indias links to its western neighbours are multifarious and
h Pakistan
es with the Gulf, or limiting the threat of Islamic

tegration with Pakistan, the Gulf and Africa. Fast-forwarding free trade negotiations

e
cope with territorial changes in the Gulf. Since the American occupation of Iraq, India has
Ind


The third is sustained diplomatic outreach. The PM and the foreign minister need to frequently show the
flag and listen to the rulers in our western neighbourhood.
The fourth is about leveraging t
include the cultural, political, economic and religious. If New Delhi has the political imagination, the Indian
Muslim community, instead of being seen as a political entity, could easily become a potent force in Indias
Look West policy.
The fifth is the centrality of Pakistan. Whether we like it or not, normalization of relations wit
holds the key to a successful Look West policy. Whether it is in gaining overland access to Afghanistan and
Central Asia, ensuring Indias energy security, expanding ti
extremism and terrorism in the subcontinent, cooperation with Pakistan is essential. Dr Singh should no
longer delay his already much delayed visit to Pakistan. He must not only explore ways to resolve such
bilateral disputes such as Jammu and Kashmir but also seek to promote regional security along with
Afghanistan.
The sixth is an enduring commitment to stability in Afghanistan. Preventing a destabilization of Kabul by
the Taliban has already emerged as one of the highest priorities for Indias national security strategy. As Pak-
Afghan ties sink to lower depths, India faces a new tension between improving ties with Pakistan and
strengthening the Karzai regime. The answer must necessarily lie in New Delhi taking the initiative for a
triangular political and economic cooperation and encouraging Islamabad and Kabul to limit their conflict.
Seventh, accelerate economic integration. New Delhis policy inertia has allowed Beijing to steal a march
over it on economic in
with the six-nation Gulf Coordination Council, overcoming obstacles to economic cooperation with
Pakistan, and raising Indias commercial profile in Africa must be at the top of the agenda for a Look West
policy.
The eighth element is defence diplomacy. As conflicts deepen in our western neighbourhood, many nations
would look towards increased security cooperation with New Delhi. India, in turn, needs an activ
engagement with the armed forces of the region, which should include arms transfers. India also needs new
guidelines on when it would deploy its armies in the region. India has a long tradition of sending troops to
the Middle East and Africa on peacekeeping missions. It will now need to relate military missions with
national interest in a more fundamental manner.
Finally,
consistently stood for the unity and integrity of Iraq. So has much of the world and the Bush administration,
at least until now. That does not necessarily mean Iraq will hang together forever amidst the expanding
sectarian divide. If it does not, the region could be drawn into a wider conflict that could tear up the
territorial map of the Middle East drawn up by Britain and France after the First World War. While hoping
for the best, Indias Look West policy must be prepared to deal with the worst in the region.
ia - Egypt

Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh participated in the XV NAM Summit held in Sharm El Sheikh in July
2009. On the sidelines of the visit, the Prime Minister had a bilateral meeting with President Mubarak.
An Egyptian Cultural Week was held in New Delhi in October 2007. The reciprocal "Days of Indian
Culture" was held in Egypt on 10 17 November, 2008. India was the Guest Country of Honour at the Cairo
International Film Festival (CIFF) from 10th to 20th November 2009.


,2010
India-Bangladesh
Sheikh Hasinas Visit To India
Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina paid a State visit to India from January 10-13, 2010. On J anuary
transfer of sentenced persons and
national terrorism; organized crime and illegal drug trafficking; a Memorandum of
Understanding on cooperation in power sector and a cultural exchange programme were signed.
it of US$ 1 billion for a range of projects pertaining to railway sector,
greed to declare Ashuganj and Silghat as ports of call;
12, 2010 Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina was conferred the prestigious Indira Gandhi Prize for
Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2009.
Three agreements on mutual legal assistance in criminal matters;
combating inter
India announced a line of cred
procurement of buses and dredging of rivers. India agreed to supply 250 MW electricity from its grid and
support Bangladesh in dredging of rivers. India agreed for making Rohanpur-Singabad broad gauge railway
link available for transit to Nepal. Both sides a
operationalise land customs stations at Sabroom-Ramgarh and Demagiri-Thegamukh and organise border
haats on a pilot basis at selected areas.
Cultural Relations
To promote bilateral cultural exchanges, the Indira Gandhi Cultural Centre (IGCC) of Indian Council for
Cultural Relations was inaugurated at Dhaka on March 11, 2010 by President, ICCR Dr. Karan Singh.
In order to promote people to people exchanges, hundred (100) scholarships are being granted by ICCR
every year to students from Bangladesh for pursuing general courses in arts, sciences, engineering and also
specialised courses for culture, drama, music, fine arts and s



ports, etc. During Bangladesh PM Sheikh
Hasinas visit in January 2010, India has offered to provide 300 more scholarships annually for five years to
gladesh for studying and training in Universities and training institutions in India. students from Ban
Pranab Mukherjees Visit To Dhaka
The publicly-stated purpose of Indias Minister for Finance, Pranab Mukherjees visit to Dhaka on 7 August
2010 for about six hours is to witness the signing of the US$1 billion loan agreement to Bangladesh for 14
projects related to infrastructure, river dredging and power transmission from India. The mainstream
opposition party BNP, however, strongly criticized the agreement for harsh and unfair conditions of the
loan, alleging that the projects covered by the loan would benefit India more than Bangladesh an
upon the government to cancel the loan agreement, while the government of Sheikh Hasina stoutly defe
d called
nded
infrastructure of interconnectivity and would make the country a hub of

sit facilities through Bangladesh to northeastern India and denial of
sanctuary for Indian insurgents in Bangladesh, Bangladeshs top priority rests on water sharing, and water
the loan which would be used for
113

economic activities within the region.
Analysts say the real purpose of Muhkerjees visit is to calm down the anxiety within the Bangladesh
government leaders about the painfully slow implementation of matters that were accorded priority in
Bangladesh, in the joint communiqu released after the Bangladesh Prime Ministers visit to New Delhi
from 10-13 January. It may be recalled that the visit of Bangladesh Prime Minister to New Delhi this year
ushered in a new era of opportunity in bilateral relations and put in place a comprehensive framework of
cooperation in all possible areas.
While India gives top priority to tran


,2010
management of common rivers (54 rives flow to Bangladesh from India), implementation of land border
agreement of 1974 and duty and hassle free access of Bangladeshs products to Indias market. With regard to
bilateral trade, both countries agreed to address removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers and establishing
border hats on selected areas including on the Meghalayan border. Bangladesh wanted to open the border
hat on Bangladesh-Meghalaya border on 14 April (1st day of Bengali Year) but could not be opened.
Recently Bangladesh Commerce Minister expressed his disappointment at the delay in establishing border hat


ujral doctrine which means strict reciprocity is not intended for
Ind
0th

and removing tariff and non-tariff barriers
People expected that by this time at least an ad-hoc water sharing accord on the Teesta River would be
concluded and no Bangladeshi national would be killed because it was agreed that respective border guards
would exercise restraint to prevent loss of lives but as of mid July, 101 Bangladeshi nationals have been
killed by the BSF. Furthermore, nothing tangible occurred with regard to the implementation of the 1974
Bangladesh-India Border Agreement. It is noted that although extensive discussions are taking place at the
government-to-government level on bilateral issues, the public in Bangladesh want results on the ground.
Many Bangladesh people believe that India with its vast resources and more than a trillion dollar- economy,
would be forthcoming in following the G
smaller neighbours and whatever accommodation India is able to give, it provides without reciprocity.
Regrettably many in Bangladesh take Indias promises with caution because in the past, either the promises
were not delivered or were put into cold storage due to the federal-state bureaucratic maze in India.
o - Iran
Joint Business Council (JBC): Both India and Iran hold Joint Business Council meetings regularly. The 1
meeting was held in India on 13 November 2009.
India plans to hold its Days of Culture in Iran in 2010.
Ink Air, Energy Pacts
Undeterred by recent sanctions against Tehran, India signed six agreements, including air services an d energy
an and both sides also decided to cooperate closely in stabilizing the violence-torn Afghanistan.
es also agreed to expand counter terror cooperation and signed an agreement on transfer of
efforts to boost bilateral trade from $15 billion to $30
as, petrochemicals, mining, transport, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, textiles and agriculture as priority areas of economic cooperation. They also agreed to give
tions on double taxation avoidance treaty and a bilateral investment pact that could give

will provide Indian goods an alternative access route to Afghanistan, bypassing Pakistan, said the sources.
pacts, with Ir
The two sid
sentenced persons. The pacts, including an air services agreement and memorandum of understanding
(MoU) in new and renewable energy, are part of
billion. The two sides identified infrastructure, oil, g
an impetus to negotia
114

a big boost to trade and investment between the two sides. Two more pacts on science and technology
cooperation were inked.
The next meeting of the joint commission will be held in Tehran. The air services will increase the number of
flights between the two countries and add two more cities to the schedule. Besides giving a boost to
economic ties, the two sides, which backed the Northern Alliance in the run up to the ouster of the Taliban
regime in 2001, decided to give a strategic cast to their relationship by agreeing to cooperate closely in
helping stabilise Afghanistan. They have decided to hold 'structured and regular consultations' on the issue,
said reliable sources. The Iranian side assured India of accelerating the pace of work at Chabahhar port that


,2010
115
Af-Pak Terrorism A Common Challenge To India, Iran: Larjani
India and Iran discussed the Af-Pak situation with the influential Majlis Speaker, Ali Larjani, noting that

Ind
f diplomatic ties between India and China. Amid
s, news from the economic front is also exciting:
ut 2,000 kilometers of border, and the boundary has never been formally
. Many confrontations between countries have been ignited by disputes in their border area. The
two sides should quicken their steps on demarcation consultations that began in the 1980s.
ust between the two countries.
d international
ian side needs to
terrorism emanating from these two countries was a common challenge and both New Delhi and Tehran
shared a commonality of outlook on the issue.
India and Iran also agreed to hold a meeting of the Joint Commission (JC), described by officials as the
most important instrument to review and give an impetus to bilateral ties covering the entire gamut of
issues including the gas pipeline.
o-China
This year marks the 60th anniversary of the establishment o
a series of exchanges of high-level congratulations and visit
The first two months of the year saw a 55 percent increase in bilateral trade as compared to 2009. All this
seems to show that the relationship between the worlds two most populous countries is faring well and will
grow even stronger.
Behind this promising picture, however, a few gnawing issues are still standing in the way between the two
titans. If not handled properly, the road ahead for them would not be as smooth as expected.
First, China and India share abo
delineated
Second, as China gains an increasing sphere of influence in the world arena, many Indians, including high-
ranking officials, see China as a potential rival or even a threat to India. This may partly explain why India has
yet to recognize Chinas market economy status, while over 60 countries have granted such status to China.
Such anti-China sentiments will not help cultivate a friendly atmosphere for bilateral ties to grow, but rather
sow the seeds of distr
Third, India has always harbored a grudge over Chinas all-weather friendship with Pakistan. The China-
Pakistan relationship is based on mutual trust and mutual support in nation building an
cooperation. To maintain a peaceful external environment, China also wants to build closer ties with India. If
China could become a mutual friend to the two Asian rivals, it will contribute more to regional peace and
stability. This will eventually serve Indias interests as well. To address these issues, the Ind
show real sincerity in forging a more friendly relationship with China. An Asia century will remain only a
dream until the two Asian giants can treat each other with mutual trust and respect.
India-China Relations: Current Issues And Emerging Trends
The relations between these two neighbors have alwa ys been tenuous, riddled with contentious border issues
. Chinas fears regarding
India, such as their belief that India is a part of the US plan to encircle their country (a claim which China

and territorial claims, and made even more muddled by the lack of a clear historical record demarcating the
borders. The burgeoning border disputes, partly a result of the British Rajs lack of setting clear borders, were
exacerbated by Chinas occupation of Lhasa in 1962 and then by Indias retaliatory occupation of the Tawang
region. Attempts to resolve these border issues from Chinas package deal offer in 1986 to their revised
proposal in 1988 have proved unsuccessful, and now neither country is willing to further negotiate on their
dispute.
In todays political context these two neighbours still show an unrelenting rivalry


,2010
feels is evidenced by the US-India Civilian Nuclear Agreement) encourages Chinas desire to trip India
et) to succeed upon the passing of the current Dalai Lama which will further create tension


before the military asymmetry will begin to close. Further adding to the preexisting distrust between the two
countries is Indias economic growth, specifically as Chinas GDP growth rate is expected to decline in the
recent future while Indias is supposed to steadily increase. Other political factor that continues to deepen the
India China divide is the issue of Tibet. Ever since India granted political asylum to the Dalai Lama, China
has accused India of being pro Tibet (despite Indias acknowledgement of Tibet as a Chinese territory). There
is also the coming crisis of the Dalai Lamas, where two Dalai Lamas will rise (one from Dharamsala and one
from Tib
regarding this issue. The political stability of other key regional countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and
Myanmar all have the potential to impact India-China relations as well.
Indian interests in respect to China in the long-run include the following key concepts: avoiding an arms race
with China, avoiding entanglement in the US-China rivalry, and avoiding being kept in check by China.
Indias aim for the future is to walk softly but carry a big enough stick to keep the dragon at bay.
In respect to recent Indo-Chinese cooperation (specifically at the Copenhagen Conference on Climate
Change), it can be noted that while they were rivals, they were not enemies, and that they knew how to work
together with common interests in mind. To reassert this point, one can exemplify their burgeoning trade
relationship, and the potential for the two countries to work together on a number of key security issues,
such as terrorism and drug trafficking.
Celebrating Chindia At Sixty
The bilateral relationship presents an interesting combination for China and India to revisit, re-envision and
reformulate their bilateral relations as they celebrated 60 years of their diplomatic recognition that was
formally accorded by India to China on 1 April 1950. Both sides have planned a series of events that will

f both China and India. The Indian Foreign Ministers visit also
involved several official engagements including meetings with Chinas Premier Wen Jiabao and Foreign
een Krishnas first visit to China yet he and Yang Jiechi have been

China-

planned cultural events for show-casing India in 33 Chinese cities. This cultural bonding will cement their
continue throughout this year and these should bring positive synergy to the Chindia paradigm that has
suffered frequent demarches given the spate of irritants in China-India relations during recent times.
Indias Foreign Minister, S M Krishna, is visited China during 5-8 April to launch these year-long cultural
celebrations as part of the Festival of India in China. These efforts sought to frontload their cultural interface
which remains the unique strength o
Minister Yang Jiechi. This may have b
meeting frequently on the sidelines of various international meetings and the two have come to develop
certain chemistry in their personal equation. Krishna has come to be recognized in China as a calming
influence on Sino-India relations.
This visit by Indias Foreign Minister also included the 14th round of China-India Special Representatives.
The two Special Representatives had signed their last agreement way back in April 2005. Starting from
116

India interactions during the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, there has been a positive upturn in
their relations. Also, India will now be represented by new National Security Advisor and well-known China-
hand and former Ambassador to China, Shivshankar Menon.
Meanwhile in New Delhi, the 1st of April was being celebrated by Chinese Ambassador, Zhang Yan, and
Indias National Security Advisor, Shivshankar Menon, by inaugurating a Conference on China and India:
Public Diplomacy, Better Understanding at the Indian Council of World Affairs. Similarly, India has


,2010
mutual friendship and create cushion to soak any future fluctuations in their political equations. Besides, as
China and India begin to emerge as global players, they will become increasingly dependent on their social
moorings and cultural heritage to make any value addition to the extant western dominated global
deliberations, evidenced by their role played at the Copenhagen Climate Conference and their rising
contribution to global trade.
Perception Of China Not A Media Creation: Envoy
Public perceptions in India will always be coloured by how China treated India's core interests, according to
Indian Ambassador to China S. Jaishankar.
If there is an image of China with the broader public, it is tested against what the public believes are the core
interests of India, Mr. Jaishankar said in an interview with China's official State-run broadcaster China
Central Television (CCTV).

Buddha Relics Enshrined At Chinese Temple
Relics believed to be part of the skull of Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, found three years ago,
were enshrined on Saturday a

t the Qixia Temple in Jiangsu province in China.
The relics were sent to the country from India by Emperor Ashoka and buried beneath a Chinese temple
y the monks.
tures, Emperor Ashoka collected all of Buddha's's sarira and stored them in
fferent parts of the world.
m. Search is on for the rest. These caskets were not opened
over 1,000 years ago.
The casket, in which the relics known as sarirars (parts of the body of Buddha) were preserved in two
different boxes, was opened amid chanting b
The casket, containing a small-size stupa of Emperor Ashoka in which the relics were preserved, is the largest
and finest ever found in China.
According to Buddhist scrip
pagoda-shaped shrines, before sending them to di
China is believed to have received 19 of the
fearing bad luck.
Presidents China Visit
Chinese leaders told Pratibha Patil that they are ready for a new starting point to improve relations
es face in their efforts to start afresh, with issues
ation of India's position that it recognised Tibet as a part of China and did
d coordination between the two countries on multilateral issues, including climate
change and trade.
ending market access issues Indian companies faced in China. She sought greater
between the two countries, after six decades of ups and downs.
But talks also underscored the difficulties the two countri
that had challenged the relationship in the past, from Tibet to trade, expectedly finding mention.
Chinese officials sought a reiter
not permit anti-China activities by any Tibetans resident on the Indian soil. The issue has routinely figured
in most bilateral talks.
The Foreign Secretary said that during the two days of talks, Chinese leaders repeatedly called for both closer
co-operation an
Ms. Patil raised long-p
117
access for Information Technology and pharmaceutical companies, and for China to address the fast-
widening trade imbalance.



,2010
Indo Srilanka
The nearly three-decade long armed conflict between Sri Lankan forces and the LTTE came to an end in
May 2009. During the course of the conflict, India supported the right of the Government of Sri Lanka to
act against terrorist forces. At the same time, it conveyed at the highest level its deep concern at the plight of
the mostly Tamil civilian population, emphasizing that their rights and welfare should not get enmeshed in
hostilities against the LTTE.
In June 2009, Prime Minister announced IRs.500 crores as a grant for relief and rehabilitation in Sri Lanka.
Sri Lanka is India's largest trade partner in SAARC. India in turn is Sri Lanka's largest trade partner globally.
Sri Lankan President Visits India To Improve Relations
Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajap akse visited India for four days in June 2010 making his first state visit
a second term of office in January.
dias regional rival, for support.
t
s
r

since winning
Tensions between the two countries arose after Rajapakse plunged Sri Lanka back to war in July 2006.
Although New Delhi backed Colombo and supplied equipment to the Sri Lankan military, it faced
widespread opposition in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, particularly as civilian casualties mounted in the
lead up to the LTTEs defeat in May 2009. At the same time, India became increasingly concerned as
Colombo turned to China, In
Having consolidated his hold on power, Rajapakse is trying to patch up relations, not only with India, bu
also the US and EU which are similarly concerned about Chinas influence. He appointed Peiris, who i
known for his sympathies to the West, as foreign minister. Peiris visited Washington last month on a simila
mission to ease tensions with the US.
A major motivation is aid and investment. The Sri Lankan economy has been ravaged by a quarter century of
war and is heavily indebted, particularly as a result of Rajapakses huge military budgets. The global economic
crisis hit the islands exports hard, forcing the government to take out a $2.6 billion International Monetary
Fund (IMF) loan last year. India is keen to forge closer economic ties with Sri Lanka to expand its influence
and counter China.
At the same time, Rajapakse is seeking to fend off calls by the US and EU for an international inquiry into
war crimes by the Sri Lankan military, which killed tens of thousands of civilians in the final months of
operations. The EU is threatening to end preferential trade arrangements with Sri Lanka over the
governments human rights record.
During the four-day visit, India offered substantial aid to rebuild infrastructure. An agreement to provide an
$800 million concessionary loan was signed to reconstruct railway lines. Indias state-owned IRCON will
work on the Madhu-Thalaimannar railway in the islands northwest. Another deal was previously reached for
the northern Omanthai-Pallai line toward Jaffna.
The two leaders agreed to resume the ferry services between northern Sri Lanka and southern India, which
were halted during the war. India will assist in the rehabilitation of the Palaly airport and Kankesanthurai
harbour on the northern Jaffna peninsula. In the meantime, China has funded the construction of a major
118

port and an international airport in the southern town of Hambantota.
India and Sri Lanka will expedite work on a joint venturea 500 MW coal-fired power plant at Sampur in
the islands eastern province. The project, in one of the first areas seized from the LTTE, was delayed after
the Sri Lankan government bowed to chauvinist opposition to Indias influence in the country. Rajapakse and


,2010
Singh plan to finalise discussions within three months and India has offered a $200 million concessionary
loan to build the plant. The two leaders agreed to a feasibility study into the connection of the Indian and Sri
Lankan electricity grids.
Despite the significant Indian economic aid, Rajap akse did not discuss a proposed Comprehensive Economic
ent faced opposition at home. While

ountries. India pushed for the commission to reconvene as a means of boosting its

ilding

It seeks a power-sharing arrangement between
ies
Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between the two countries. The countries already have a Free Trade
Agreement, which is limited to trade in goods. India hoped to sign the CEPA, which would cover investment
and services, and which it regards as a model for similar agreements with other South Asian countries.
Negotiations over the CEPA began in 2005, but the Sri Lankan governm
big business is generally supportive, organizations representing professionals and smaller businesses
protested against the agreement just before Rajapakses departure. The opposition Janatha Vimukthi
Peramuna (JVP) has openly criticized the CEPA as not transparent and declared that the agreement would
pave the way for Indian domination of the islands economy.
Rajapakse did support the revival of the Joint Commission mechanism set up in 1991 to address economic
issues between the two c
influence in Colombo. However, the Sri Lankan president gave the green light for India to establish two new
consulatesin Jaffna and Hambantota. The latter is clearly aimed at keeping an eye on Chinas activities.
On the other key issuea settlement to Sri Lankas civil warthe two leaders did little more than restate
their positions. Singh called for a political solution based on a meaningful devolution package, bu
upon the 13th Amendment. The 13th amendment to the Sri Lankan constitution was part of the Indo-
Lanka Accord signed in 1987 as the prelude to Indias dispatch of so-called peace-keeping troops to northern
Sri Lanka in a failed bid to end the war.
Singhs push for a limited political devolution on a provincial level to the North and East of Sri Lanka has
nothing to do with defending the democratic rights of Tamils.
the Tamil and Sinhalese ruling elites on the island. Singh routinely appeals for a political solution in order
to fend off criticism from his allies in Tamil Nadu. During his visit, a delegation of Tamil Nadu politicians,
including from the Dravida Munnethra Kazagam (DMK), went to New Delhi to try to pressure Rajapakse.
Rajapakse told Singh that he was determined to evolve a political settlement acceptable to all communit
and to continue to implement in particular the relevant provisions of the Constitution. He accepted $250
million in Indian assistance to rebuild 50,000 houses destroyed during the war, but has no intention of
making any significant concessions to the Tamil bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka. When he speaks of a solution
acceptable to all communities, Rajapakse means above all to the most chauvinist sections of the Sinhalese
elite on which he rests politically.
Despite a significant Indian aid package, Rajapakse kept Singh at arms length over two key issuescloser
economic integration and the resolution of the islands longstanding communal tensions. As the global
economic crisis worsens, Sri Lankas attempts to diplomatically manoeuvre and balance are likely to fall apart
as the island is drawn into the sharpening rivalry between the various regional and major powers.
119

Navy Chief Discusses Cooperation In Colombo
Chief of Naval Staff Nirmal Verma called on Sri Lankan Defence Secretary Gothabaya Rajapaksa and
exchanged views on promotion of bilateral cooperation, including enhancing security in the Indian Ocean.
Admiral Verma was on a five-day visit and is the senior-most Indian military official to have travelled to the


island nation in the last five years.


,2010
120

ect, Indian Naval Survey Ship Nirupak began hydrographical survey of the
Admiral Verma visited the Kankesanthurai Harbour in Jaffna where he discussed the refurbishment of the
KKS harbour. To initiate the proj
harbour on June 30.
China: A New Factor In Indo Sri Lanka Relations
Chinas proactive diplomacy in South Asia is the most glaring challenege facing the Indias diplom ats. China
has been making inroads into what India considers its own sphere of influence. Chinas presence in Sri Lanka
the block, the most important being the Hambantota port,
office. Increase in bilateral interactions and exchange of visits. Sri Lanka
o develop close relations with China and Pakistan. India cannot legitimately oppose it.
At the same time, the Government of India has a duty to take note of the various aspects of the relations,
ity and evolve an appropriate policy response, which could
the huge Indian market easily accessible to the goods and services of

rge sections of SL society etc.


efore it starts blooming.
m December
is expanding with about a dozen projects on
which India fears might eventually become a Chinese naval base, thereby becoming another Pearl in the
Chinese string in the Indian Ocean.
Under President Mahinda Rajapaksa, Chinese presence and influence in Sri Lanka have increased.He has
visited China thrice since assuming
opened a consulate-its second one in China-in Chengdu, where Pakistan already has an active Consulate. The
Chengdu Military Region coordinates Chinas military strategy in South Asia.
Sri Lanka has a right t
which could be detrimental to our national secur
be either actively countering their influence in Sri Lanka or actively promoting our interests in Sri Lanka or a
mix of both. Another response could be in the form of a mix of incentives and disincentives incentives to
make it worthwhile for Sri Lanka to have closer relations with India than with China or Pakistan and
disincentives if it is insensitive to Indias concerns and interests.
A good incentive could be by making
Sri Lanka, by making it worthwhile for Sri Lankan students to study in India, by sharing our IT expertise with
Sri Lanka, by encouraging networking between the corporate worlds of the two countries etc.
A strong disincentive could be by using our traditional pressure points in Sri Lanka such as the dependence
of Sri Lankas tourism economy on Indian tourists, the goodwill for India in la
But unfortunately, we are yet to work out a comprehensive and workable policy response. Chinas policy, on
the other hand, caters to its interests of today as well as its likely interests of tomorrow and the day after.
India is a South Asian and Indian Ocean power, but its South Asian and Indian Ocean influence is being
eroded by the increasing inroads of China at the expense of India.
We should be alert to the possibility of China and Pakistan acting in tandem in Sri Lanka and the Maldives to
undermine the Indian influence, but there is as yet no evidence of this possibility becoming a reality, but it
could in the long-term.Our policy response should nip this bud b
Indo-Bhutan
King of Bhutan, His Majesty Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, paid a State Visit to India fro
21-26, 2009. This was his first State Visit to a foreign country since his coronation as the King of Bhutan in
November 2008.

The Royal Bhutan Consulate in Kolkata was inaugurated by the Governor of West Bengal in the presence of
the Bhutanese Foreign Minister on 17 December 2009 (102nd National Day of Bhutan).


,2010
During the visit of His Majesty Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck in December 2009, twelve (12) MOUs/
Agreements in areas of hydropower, IT, health/ medicine, narcotics, civil aviation, agriculture and
environment were signed. These are:
Four (4) MoUs for preparation/updation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) of the Amochhu Reservoir
Hydroelectric Project (HEP), the Kuri Gongri HEP, the Chamkharchhu-I HEP and the Kholongchhu HEP;

mand Reduction and Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic

sit to Bhutan in June 2009.
been commissioned by end March 2007. GOI
sistance to Bhutan in developing the hydropower sector and to purchase at least
ts have been agreed
g held in Delhi in March 2009. Of these 10 projects,
ned between the
ave been completed and implementation agreements for these two projects is expected to be signed
Project


Ind
MoU for the Development of ICT in Bhutan;
MoU for the Establishment of the Bhutan Institute of Medical Sciences;
MoU on Drug De
Substances and Precursor Chemicals and Related Matters;
Air Services Agreement;
MOU for Harmonisation of Seed Quality Testing and Standards for SAARC Countries;
Agreement for Search and Rescue Operation Services;
MoU on Technical Assistance to the National Environment Commission of the RGoB; and
MoU for Consultancy Services for the Preparation of the National Transmission Grid Master Plan of
Bhutan.
The MOU on Nehru-Wangchuk Scholarship was signed during EAMs vi
Bilateral cooperation in the hydropower sector has been carried forward with the formal inauguration of the
60 MW Kurichhu Hydroelectric project in April 2006, and commissioning of the 170 MW first unit of 1020
ect in July 2006. All six units have TALA Hydroelectric Proj
has agreed to provide as
10,000 MW of power from Bhutan by 2020. For the purpose ten hydropower projec
during the first Empowered Joint Group (EJG) Meetin
the agreement on the implementation of the Punatsangchhu-I Hydro Electric Project was sig
two governments on 28th July 2007, while the DPRs for Punatsangchhu II and Mangedechu Hydroelectric
projects h
shortly. The agreement for preparation/ updation of DPRs the Amochhu Reservoir Hydroelectric
(HEP), the Kuri Gongri HEP, the Chamkharchhu-I HEP and the Kholongchhu HEP have been signed. For
other 3 projects (Sunkosh Reservoir, Wangchu Reservoir and Bunakha Reservoir), these are in advance stages
of completion.
GOI is also committed to the establishment of a 1 million tonne cement project, Dungsum Cement Plant at
Nganglam. During his visit to Bhutan Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh announced the construction of
the first ever rail link between India and Bhutan, connecting Hashimara to Phuentsholing, called the Golden
Jubilee Rail Line. The technical studies on the alignment of the rail line have started.
About 50 Bhutanese and 45 Indian companies participated in the Bhutan-India Regional Friendship Trade
Fair held in Gelephu from 8-12 January 2010.
o - Myanmar
Senior General Than Shwes India Visit
The recent visit to India by Senior General Than Shwe, Myanmar's strong man, indicated that India-
121

Myanmar relationship has grown in range, depth and vitality in the past decade, but it is not without
vulnerable spots.


,2010
122

g to support the cause
c' visit to India in October 2004. He conveyed to how he was
India. Between then and his second visit last week, both countries worked hard to strengthen
two kinds of criticism on its Myanmar policy. Realists argued that its




In the early 1990s, the government of India showed the capability to take a long-term view by shifting to a
two-track' policy on Myanmar. It chose to build state-to-state relations while continuin
of democracy. The policy was backed by a wider political consensus. Varoius ministerial exchanges prepared
the ground for Gen. Than Shwe's first, histori
impressed with
their relations.
Over the years, New Delhi has faced
pro-democracy stance had driven Myanmar into China's lap. Later, they maintained that the engagement
was moving too slowly. They failed to recognise that it was never in Myanmar's interest to choose China over
India. Now curiously enough, there is talk of Myanmar playing China against India and India against China.
The best policy for Myanmar,of course, is to befriend both.
The other criticism stemmed from ideologues and supporters of democracy in Myanmar who freely advised
India to sacrifice its interests. It was difficult to heed their advice or expect them to appreciate the complex
argument of realpolitik. As a democratic country, India would love to see democracy prevail in the whole
world but it is not our mission in life to spread it globally. Nevertheless, we do sympathise with the victims of
the regime, including refugees, the exiled and prisoners of conscience. Above all, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi's
commitment to Gandhian principles, courage and contribution to Myanmar is appreciated widely in India. In
fact, many of us who had the unique privilege of meeting and interacting with her came away with a clear
impression that she is an outstanding personality of our age.
Against this backdrop, it is noteworthy that the impact of the pro-democracy camp on India-Myanmar policy
seems to have diminished considerably. This was evident throughout Gen. Than Shwe's visit as well as in the
joint statement issued in New Delhi on July 27 which reflected India's emphasis on comprehensively broad-
basing the national reconciliation process and democratic changes being introduced in Myanmar. This,
together with informal indications available from the visiting delegation, left one in little doubt about the
political realities. Even after the elections, expected to be held towards the year-end, there may not be any
material change in the military's role. It is set to continue calling the shots.
Among political issues, a shared satisfaction with progress in bilateral relations was noted. Both ASEAN-
related and sub-regional cooperation are significant, but what really matters is that India and Myanmar relate
to each other as immediate neighbours, linked by geography, history and age-old ties of religion, culture and
interaction at people's level. There is still insufficient realisation in India of what a powerful magnet our
Buddhist sites represent for visitors from Myanmar. It was no coincidence that Gen. Than Shwe included a
24-hour stay in Sarnath and Bodh Gaya on a full moon night to pray to Lord Buddha, seeking spiritual solace
and enlightenment.
The other important political issue was a common perspective on the reform of United Nations institutions,
especially Myanmar's reiteration of support to India's candidature for permanent membership of the Security
Council.

Border security and development appear inter-linked issues in dialogue. Activities of smugglers, insurgents
and terrorists constitute a continuing threat to both countries. Hence it is logical for them to enhance their
cooperation. Hopefully, the treaty on mutual assistance in criminal matters, signed during Gen. Than Shwe's
visit, would spur new measures. However, India needs to do more to address the internal dimension of
insurgency in Manipur and other border areas. Myanmar too will need to assist India more effectively,


,2010
matching its words with determined and visible action. This may well be a critical test for our friendship with
Myanmar.
Economic cooperation is now viewed as the central theme in bilateral relations. A target of $1 billion in
bilateral trade has been achieved, albeit after a delay of three years. The balance of trade is unfavourable to
India in a 5:1 ratio, posing a challenge to Indian companies. Are they going to be content with exports valued

g implementation of the flagship Kaladan multimodal transit transport project. When ready, it
Ind
diplomatic contact with Afghanistan


K region.
as committed $1-2 assistance to the present government for the reconstruction and
development of Afghanistan. India has undertaken various development and training programmes which are
acked Indian Embassy in July 2008,
gy the US tried to persuade India to ease tension with Pakistan so

ngress on June 17, 2009 under the PEACE Act,
rist and militants against India.
at only $200 million to Myanmar which is hungry for Indian products and services? Specific areas have to be
identified; constraints need to be eliminated; and business promotion should be stepped up. Consensus on
these issues emerged at an excellent meeting arranged by the FICCI with the business delegation, which
included three Cabinet Ministers.
The basket of development projects has been expanding at a rapid pace. About two-thirds of the joint
statement related to them. After years of discussions, studies and negotiations, the stage is now set for
commencin
should contribute to the development of our northeast. The trilateral highway project too has been a subject
of discussions and negotiations for long; it needs priority attention now. The range of areas covered by
Indian projects is impressive roads, railways, telecom, power, energy, hydrocarbons, remote sensing,
agriculture, industry, IT and education.
o - Afghanistan
India was the first country to start
India has vital sake in the future developments of Afghanistan due to strategic location of Afghanistan and
involvement of other national interests.
First, both India and Pakistan have been keen to install the government of their choice in Afghanistan. Thus,
during the period of Soviet intervention 1988-98 India did not oppose the military presence of Soviet troops.
Thereafter Pakistan supported the Taliban-led government.
The second factor is emergence of terrorism in Afghanistan with close links with Pakistan, which poses a
security threat to India particularly in J &
Thirdly, India h
not appreciated by anti-government forces. Consequently terrorists att
but India was not deterred.
Fourthly, under the new AF-PAK strate
that latter may focus on fighting terrorists in North-West Frontier province.
Fifthly, India did not appreciate the grant of US aid to the tune of $ 1-5 per annum for five years to fight
terrorism in Pakistan. The grant was sanctioned by the US Co
2009 (Pakistan Enduring Assistance and Cooperation Act, 2009). The reason for Indias displeasure is that
such US aid in the past to Pakistan has been used to train terro
Finally, however, India is interested in a stable and democratic government in Afghanistan. It is believed that
the fundamentalists dominated set-up shall prove a security threat to India also.
stan Indian Involvement In Afghani
123



,2010
There has been a considerable shift in New Delhis thinking in the political uncertainty following the
recently-held Afghan polls. India expressed support for a national unity government. There is also
recognition of the need for a reconciliation process in building a politically inclusive order.
This could have been construed as weaning away the reconcilable tribal fighters from the ideologically
sponse mechanism of attack
on the embassy to project the Taliban as not amenable to talks or reconciliation, thus denying India a larger
n political and economic influence is increasing in Afghanistan, including

come a long way
s, dams, hospitals, educational institutions; and in



confidence-building measures among the regional
hardened leadership separating the fish from the pond a classic counter-insurgency principle India
has used in its own counter-insurgency campaigns. This could have triggered a re
political role in Afghanistan. India
significant development efforts and financial investment.
India, being the sixth largest bilateral donor, has pledged around $1.2 billion in several reconstruction and
development projects within Afghanistan. In fact, Indias engagement in Afghanistan has
since the closure of its embassy in Kabul in September 1996 to the August 2005 visit of the Indian Prime
Minister, the first in 29 years. Since the January 2002 Tokyo Conference for the reconstruction of
Afghanistan, India has committed an assistance of $550 million. India has been involved in training
programmes and in humanitarian and infrastructure development projects in Afghanistan. Indias
contribution in the training of Afghan diplomats, judges, police officers, doctors; developing Afghanistans
civil aviation and transport sectors; construction of road
establishing telecom and power transmission lines is a widely acclaimed fact.
Interestingly, Indias aid diplomacy has generated intense domestic debate, given the vulnerabilities its
projects and personnel face in Afghanistan. While some would want India to send troops, others propound
continuation of the aid only policy. While the latter option would not be in Indias long-term strategic
interests, an outright military response of troop deployment, apart from its limited utility, would work
straight into propaganda of the Taliban and its sponsors.
What India needs in the near-term is a reinvigorated policy in terms of protecting its projects and carving out
a larger regional role in the long-term stability of Afghanistan. Amid talks of U.S. withdrawal, India needs to
consider long-term scenarios of its political, diplomatic and military options.
In a revamped diplomatic strategy, India can work towards the creation of a concert of powers a
regional grouping including the U.S., Russia, the EU, India, Iran, CAR (Central Asian Republics) and China.
While the American policymakers are looking for an exit strategy, Indian policymakers will have to take bold
and innovative ideas of evolving regional mechanisms for anti-terror activities. There is need for seamless
information-sharing, joint patrolling, border regimes and
powers.
Af-Pak: Kabul Conference And After
The Kabul Conference got over on 20 July 2010; three issues emerged clear. First, President Karzai wants to
take over the complete security of Afghanistan as early as possible, perhaps sooner than the internationa
124
l
forces want to leave; second, he wants Afghan ownership of the administration and distribution of aid; and
third, the international community has decided to leave Afghanistan as early as possible.
India To Play Guide To Afghan Civil Services



,2010
Continuing with its assistance to Afghanistan, India will now send officers from the Civil Services to train the
Afghan Civil Services that is in its infancy. The Indian bureaucracy, established by the British, is more than
120 years old. The UNs is keen to draw upon that collective institutional frame work to train the Afghans.
Indian had signed a tripartite memorandum of understanding with the UNDP and Afg hanistan earlier this
e in Afghanistan. It was then decided to take the help of
ernance system in Afghanistan.
year to establish the national building programm
Indian officers to establish a robust civil gov
The UN wants officers with a minimum of 10 years of experience. The tenure of posting in Afghanistan will
be for one year and a salary of $10,000 per month is promised to the official. This is more than six times the
amount an officer of that seniority gets in India.
Indo - US
Manmohans State Visit
The bilateral visit of Prime Minister to Washington from November 22-26, 2009 as the first State Guest of
President Barack Obama has reaffirmed the global strategic partnership between India and the United States.
A Joint Statement titled India and the United St ates: Partnership for a Better World was issued by Prime
r and President Obama on November 24th 2009, which highlights the main areas of cooperation.
Both the leaders recognized that the India-US partnership is indispensable for global peace and security and
mon threat that international terrorism poses to regional and global security. The
Ministe
acknowledged the com
Statement also focused on trade and investment, clean and efficient energy, science and technology, space,
high technology, education, health, agriculture and counter-terrorism. The two sides launched a Knowledge
Initiative with a total funding of USD 10 million that will be allocated to increasing university linkages and
junior faculty development exchanges between U.S. and Indian universities and they also agreed to launch
the US-India Financial and Economic Partnership to strengthen engagement on economic, financial and
investment related issues.
Inaugural India-U.S. Strategic Dialogue
The inaugural India-United States Strategic Dialogue took place in Washington DC between June 1 and June
4. The dialogue was led by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Indian Minister for External
Affairs S.M. Krishna.


Ctbt
States might press India to accede to the Comprehensive Test Ban
a, Iran, Israel, North Korea, and Pakistan...
U.S. argues that the ratification of the CTBT by these countries was necessary for the treaty to enter into
. U.S. also aims to get India and the other listed countries negotiating a verifiable FMCT.
There are indications that the United
Treaty and the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty during President Barack Obama's November visit. U.S. has ony
more than one occasion vowed to strengthen our efforts to achieve ratification of both treaties by ... China,
Egypt, India, Indonesi
force
Mr. Obama has consistently emphasised on getting both treaties ratified during his time in office, a priority
he outlined in a defining speech he made in Prague last year.
Indo-Us Totalisation Agreement
125



,2010
India is expected to take forward the discussions on the totalisation agreement that would enable expatriate
workers repatriate their social security contribution.
US have reportedly sought some clarification as India does not have social security system in place. What
India has are slightly different systems for social security.
ause workers employed in another country could end up paying social
and where he works.
Totalisation agreements are needed bec
security taxes in both his country
India's IT industry alone contributes about $1 bn in social security contributions to the US economy.
India Opposes The Us Senate Bill
India launched a formal protest against the proposed U S Senate bill that will raise funds for the Mexico
ct that it applies only to the US-based companies that
rigin as
most of them have employed majority of their staff from India even though the total number of such
2% of the total visas issued by the US.
ave to pay this levy.
border security by more than doubling visa fees for Indian tech professionals.
The discriminatory nature of the bill arises out of the fa
have more than half their employees on H1-B or L-1 visas. This will affect companies of Indian o
employees account for less than 1
US companies, on the other hand, issue a much larger number of H1-B and L-1 visas in total, but generally
have more US citizens on their payroll than foreigners and will, therefore, not h
The Indian software industry is already deeply burdened in the absence of a Totalisation Agreement,
requiring them to pay more than $1 billion every year to the US in the form of social security.
India, U.S. Review Defence Cooperation
New Delhi and Washington exchanged notes on fostering defence cooperation through more equipment
sales, greater joint exercises, frequent high-level exchanges and the possibility of inking three military
interacted with
its Indian counterparts to prepare for a meeting of the Defence Policy Group, the joint committee headed by
nce Ministries that charts bilateral defence cooperation.
this interaction, she provided more details of why the U.S. wants India to ink the

are the next
agreements.
Led by Under Secretary of Defence on Policy Michle Flournoy, a team from the Pentagon
top civilian bureaucrats in the two Defe
Ms. Flournoy described the three military agreements, which the U.S. has been pursuing with India, as
foundational in nature. This is the same terminology she used while interacting with journalists in the U.S.
last month. But during
agreements despite its having been cold-shouldered on this count for nearly two years.
The three foundational agreements being offered have been inked with many close partners, and this has
enabled the Pentagon to offer cutting-edge defence technology. They also allow the U.S. to sh
higher level of technology.
After Strategic Dialogue, Big Push To U.S.-India Cooperation
At the end of the first round of strategic dialogue, India and the United States have significantly expanded

nt, science and technology, climate change mitigation, energy and food security,
education, agriculture, healthcare and empowerment of women.
126

the breadth of their collaboration across a range of areas.
These include counter-terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, United Nations Security Council
reform, trade and investme


,2010
In a rare symbolic gesture designed to underscore the importance of the U.S.' relationship with India,
President Barack Obama made a brief visit to the State Department during a reception for select officials and

gional and global developments and remain
the media. He announced that his much anticipated visit to India would come in early November.
The dialogue, led by External Affairs Minister S.M. Krishna and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, saw both
sides pledging to continue to consult each other closely on re
sensitive to each other's interests, given their role as strategic partners.
Round II Of U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue In The Works
With President Barack Obama's upcoming visit to India in the backdrop, the State Department has
confirmed that discussions were held with Indian government representatives focussing on the next round of
the United States-India Strategic Security Dialogue scheduled for this fall in Washington.
Manmohan-Obama Meeting At G-20 Summit
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh pressed United States President Barack Obama to convince Pakistan to
take strong action against terrorists involved in anti-India activities in that country following disclosures made
by Lashkar-e-Taiba operative David Headley. The two leaders discussed the situation in the region and they
spoke of counterterrorism cooperation in Afghanistan to stabilise the situation there.
initiatives had their place, it was for Pakistan to show whether it

Dr. Singh told Mr. Obama that while peace
was serious about using that information to tackle terror in the region.
The issue of extradition of the former Union Carbide chief, Warren Anderson, did not come up during the
meeting.
India, Us Sign Pact To Counter Terror
India and the US signed a Counter Terrorism Initiative that would fac ilitate access to the data of criminals,
was signed by Union Home Secretary G.K. Pillai and US Ambassador to India Timothy J. Roemer
on behalf of the two nations. India and the US would take various steps, including strengthening capabilities
otion of exchanges regarding modernization of techniques, sharing of


oject (Chandrayan-2), the Human Space Flight Project
ent of the Indian-Russian Student Satellite Youthsat to be launched by Indias
ongoing flagship projects. A new area, involving the joint manufacture of satellite navigation
sers based on the Russian GLONASS system, is an area of cooperation that has

terrorists, sharing of real time intelligence and building up of security network alongside forensic laboratories.
The pact
to effectively combat terrorism, prom
best practices on the issues of mutual interest, development of investigative skills and promotion of
cooperation between forensic science laboratories.
Indo-Russia
Recent developments
India collaborates closely with Russia in several space technology based cooperation projects. Russias
cooperation in Indias Unmanned Space Flight pr
(HSP) and the developm
GSLV are
equipment for civilian u
127

recently commenced (March 2010).
At the (15th) meeting of the IRIGC-TEC in Moscow in October 2009, both sides identified the need to
enhance business to business interaction and focus on key priority areas in order to enhance overall trade and


,2010
investment. A new trade target of US $ 20 billion by 2015 was also agreed to (the earlier target of US$ 10
billion by 2010 is on track to be achieved).
ingh and President Dimitry Medvedev.
a in March 2010, an Inter

facture of satellite navigation

ed).
f technologies, Medical Research, Metrology & Standardization,
Ind

anch to Pakistan by seeking foreign secretary-level talks between the two nations. Pakistan Foreign
man Bashir met his Indian counterpart Nirupama Rao in New Delhi on February 25. But the
meeting turned out to be a damp squib and failed to produce any concrete results. The two
The system of Annual Summit meetings between the Prime Minister of India and the President of the
Russian Federation is the most important mechanism for interaction; meetings are held alternatively in India
and Russia. Since 2000, 10 Summits have been held. The 10th Summit was held in Moscow in December
2009 between Prime Minister Manmohan S
Russia is a long standing partner for India in the field of Nuclear Energy. Construction of Units 1&2 at the
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project (KKNP- two VVER 1000 units) is presently taking place. In 2009, the
Government designated Haripur (West Bengal) as an additional site for the construction of nuclear power
plants with Russian cooperation. During the visit of Prime Minister Putin to Indi
Governmental Agreement on broad based cooperation (Cooperation in the Field of use of atomic energy for
peaceful purposes) and a Road Map for our future cooperation, was signed.
India collaborates closely with Russia in several space technology based cooperation projects. Russias
cooperation in Indias Unmanned Space Flight project (Chandrayan-2), the Human Space Flight Project
(HSP) and the development of the Indian-Russian Student Satellite Youthsat to be launched by Indias
GSLV are ongoing flagship projects. A new area, involving the joint manu
equipment for civilian users based on the Russian GLONASS system, is an area of cooperation that has
recently commenced in March 2010).
At the (15th) meeting of the IRIGC-TEC in Moscow in October 2009, both sides identified the need to
enhance business to business interaction and focus on key priority areas in order to enhance overall trade and
investment. A new trade target of US $ 20 billion by 2015 was also agreed to (the earlier target of US$ 10
billion by 2010 is on track to be achiev
The Working Group on Science and Technology under the aegis of IRIGC-TEC, and the Integrated Long
Term Program (ILTTP) are the two principle institutional mechanisms for S&T cooperation with Russia.
The Working Group focuses on collaboration activities in mutually agreed priority areas -biotechnology,
building Materials, Industrial Realization o
Meteorology, Oceanology and Seismology. The ILTP program focuses on collaborative research in the Basic
Sciences and in Inter-Academy exchange programmes. The ILTP was recently extended for a further ten 10
years beyond 2009 with a renewed mandate for "Innovation Led Technology Growth". The "ILTP Joint
Council" reviews the functioning of the "Joint Centres of excellence" that have been established in India and
Russia.
ia Pakistan
After a series of top-level meetings fizzling out in misunderstandings since 26/11, India finally offered the
olive br
Secretary Sal
much-hyped
128

countries promised to 'stay in touch', but differed strongly on the 'core issues' that plagued bilateral ties.While
India wanted a commitment from Pakistan about curbing terrorism, Islamabad tried to raise its pet issues of
Kashmir and the water dispute. Bashir made matters worse during the press conference held after the
meeting. He defended the release of Lashkar-e-Tayiba founder Mohammad Saeed and claimed that the
dossiers provided by India were 'literature rather than evidence'.


,2010
129

the channels of dialogue between the two

t the reasons why

e time, he did not hesitate to highlight directly

illai with Lashkar-e-Taiba
The first positive meeting between the two nations after 26/11 took place between Dr Manmohan Singh and
his Pakistani counterpart Yousuf Raza Gilani on April 29 in Thimphu on the sidelines of the SAARC
summit. Both leaders asked their foreign ministers and foreign secretaries to set the modalities to find out
what ails the bilateral relations. Dr Singh and Gilani decided that
countries should be kept open to restore 'trust and confidence' in the bilateral relationship.
Making the first effort to bridge the trust deficit between the two countries, the foreign secretaries of India
and Pakistan discussed all issues of mutual concern on June 24. They described their parleys as 'cordial and
constructive'. Rao, the first senior Indian official to travel to Pakistan after the Mumbai terror attacks,
asserted that the orientation of the re-engagement between the two countries was to look a
there was a trust deficit and how it can be bridged.
P Chidambaram, the first Indian home minister to visit Pakistan in three decades, met his counterpart
Rehman Malik on June 25. Chidambaram had traveled to Islamabad to attend the SAARC home ministers'
meeting. Chidambaram took care not to directly blame Pakistan for the acts of terrorism in Indian territory
committed by Pakistan-based terror organisations. At the sam
or indirectly Pakistan's inaction or unsatisfactory action against anti-India terrorists in general and the
Lashkar-e-Tayiba in particular. He emphasised that India had no role to play in fomenting terror in
Balochistan and sought action against Lashkar terrorist Mohammad Hafiz Saeed.
This was followed by the much-awaited July 15 India-Pak talks which unfortunately ended in acrimony. The
talks aimed at decreasing the trust deficit between the old South Asian rivals turned out to be a blame game
in which Pakistan Foreign Minister Shah Mohammed Qureshi was the solo player. He committed many
Diplomatic gaffes, especially when he equated Indian home secretary G K P
terrorist Hafiz Saeed in the presence of Indian External Affairs Minister.
Indo- Pak Water Dispute
Pakistan sent a note verbale to India on May 17 on the disputed Kishanganga project, clearly indicating its
intention to set up a Court of Arbitration as provided in the dispute settl


ement mechanism under the Indus
Waters Treaty (IWT).
erbale that Pakistan has sent to India in two months over the project in Jammu and
esponded to Pakistan's first note verbale in which Islamabad has asked New Delhi to
d amicably.
This is the second note v
Kashmir. The first one was sent on April 9 where it informed India of its decision to invoke Article IX of the
IWT to seek World Bank arbitration.
India till date has not r
decide on its two negotiators for the arbitration process and also inform the World Bank about the need to
appoint a neutral expert as the two countries have been unable to resolve differences within the Permanent
Indus Waters Commission.
The second note verbale, according to Foreign Office officials, has to do with disputes relating to water
flows while the first was about differences over technical issues of the project. We hope India would
respond positively so [that] we can proceed ahead and have our differences and disputes over the
Kishanganga project resolve
Indus Water Commission 2010



,2010
The India-Pakistan Indus Water Commission (IWC) held its 104th meeting in Lahore from 29-31 March this
he Indus River in
informed Indian officials, India is within its rights to construct the Kishenganga Project and has
o Pakistan, even during the wars. He said that people in Pakistan
ng the water
undance and when
the
reserves of water, which could have been harnessed, to just flow unutilized into the Arabian Sea.
year and at the end of three days of talks, no major breakthrough was achieved. The countries decided to
continue the talks at the next meeting which would be held in New Delhi in May this year.
At the meeting, Pakistan objected to the 45MW Nimoo-Bazgo hydel power project on t
Leh district of Jammu and Kashmir because it said that it violated the 1960 Indus Water Treaty (IWT). It
claimed that India did not provide Pakistan with enough notice (6 months under the IWT) before the
construction of the dam even though India maintains that it did. Pakistan also raised the issue of the
Kishenganga power project. Pakistan claims that this Project will divert the waters of the Kishenganga, called
Neelam in Pakistan, and will also lead to a 27 per cent shortage in water in Pakistan. It will also interfere with
Pakistans proposed Neelum-Jhelum hydropower project that has been designed to generate 969MW of
electricity.
According to
been working on it since the 1980s. According to the IWT, the country that completes the project first will
have priority rights over the water use. Under this pressure, Pakistan has been experimenting with various
options to speed up the process, including tunnel boring machines that will reduce the construction time of
the Neelum-Jhelum Project by two years. According to officials, under the IWT, any country that starts a
project on a shared River must ensure that the then existing uses of the other country are protected. The
Kishenganga Project was started by India in the 1980s, and at that time there was no use of the waters by
Pakistan. If Pakistan had been using the waters at that time, it must substantiate that with data, something
that has not been provided so far.
India had never stopped water flows t
questioned the IWT but the treaty actually assigned 80 per cent of the waters to Pakistan. Moreover, under
the IWT, India has limited use of waters from the western rivers of the Indus (that were given to Pakistan),
and that has not been used so far. According to an Indian official in the Indian Ministry of Water, India also
has storage entitlement of 3.6 MAF on the western rivers but it has not built any storage so far.
Pakistan has gone as far as calling the IWT an inefficient forum for resolving water issues; elevati
issue to a core issue; and including it in the composite dialogue, but India has refused to discard the IWT.
At the March meeting of the IWC, Pakistan threatened to take these issues before an external arbitration
panel, a provision given under Article IX of the IWT, but something that has never been used before.
Pakistan had also asked the US to intervene to help resolve this issue but the US refused.
It must be appreciated that the IWT was signed at a time when water was available in ab
climate change was not affecting water supplies. Moreover, being a water separation and not a water sharing
treaty, the IWT includes very limited areas of cooperation between the two countries. Instead of abandoning
a treaty that has managed extremely well despite three wars between the two countries; new and innovative
areas of cooperation, outside the Treaty should be envisaged. Islamabad has suggested joint water shed
management and joint commissioning of environmental studies that would address emerging concerns
arising from reduced flows. The countries could also look into joint electrical projects and energy swaps.
It cannot be denied that Pak is facing water shortage. Water availability in Pakistan has fallen 70% since
130

early 1950s to 1500 cubic meters per capita but that is caused by a motley of factors. India insists that the
shortage in water in Pakistan is due to climatic changes. Pakistans problems have also been compounded by
the inter-provincial fighting on Kalabagh, which has delayed the construction of the dam. This leads to huge


,2010
131

information
Ind
India has consistently maintained that it has never violated the Indus Water Treaty and all its projects have
been constructed according to the requirements of the Treaty. There is a need to spread this
more publicly within Pakistan and India so that the public gets a more holistic view of the scenario and is not
swayed by the venomous rhetoric being fanned by the media in Pakistan. It is imperative to work on
resolving this issue before it becomes so huge that it manages to claim core issue status.
ia- Africa
Recent developments
Indo-Africa Summit, involving key leaders from the African continent and their Indian counterparts began in
, 2008. The two day summit is the first of its kind between the countries of African

Mrisho Kikwete, Algerian president Abdelaziz Bouteflika who will be

t President Laurent Gbagbo conferred his countrys highest civilian award on
between India and Africa. Sharma,

wo sides to $70 billion by

d to a sumptuous Indian lunch by Prime Minister Manmohan Singhs wife

d strengthening relations between India and South Africa. Both the leaders
Ind
The 10th India-EU Summit was held in New Delhi on 6 November 2009. India was represented by Prime
Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and the EU was represented by Mr. Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime Minister of
Sweden and European Commission President Jose Manuel Durao Barroso.
New Delhi on April 8
continent and India. Major countries of the African continent, from Egypt in the north to South Africa in the
south are going to be a part of the summit at New Delhi. The summit is aimed at India making inroads into
the African continent in a big way.
The summit includes an impressive line up of African ministers, which includes South African PM Thabo
Mbeki, Tanzanian president Jakaya
joined by the head of the states of Uganda, Ghana, Senegal. Minister of state for external affairs, Anand
Sharma while talking to reporters, remarked that India and African countries would issue two documents, a
joint declaration and a cooperative framework which would further strengthen the relations between the
participants of the summit.
India-africa business partnership summit 19-20 january 2009
On Jan 16 2009, Ivory Coas
Minister of State for External Affairs Anand Sharma for forging close ties
who visited Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast Jan 12-15, was given the award in recognition of his distinct role
in strengthening Indias relationship with Ivory Coast and the African continent.
Undeterred by the current global financial downturn, India in March 2009 said it will invest $500 million in
key projects in Africa and called for the doubling of bilateral trade between the t
2014. Bilateral trade between India and Africa reached around $36 billion in 2007-2008, a 12-fold increase
from $3 billion seven years ago.
On April 8 2009 as the African leaders discussed the future direction of India-Africa relations through their
summit, their spouses were treate
Gursharan Kaur. The first ever India-Africa summit, which began in New Delhi, is being attended by leaders
from 14 African countries.
On June 9 2009, Africa National Congress (ANC) President Dr. Jacob G Zuma met Congress President
Sonia Gandhi and discusse

reviewed the ongoing efforts to strengthen and consolidate political, economic, trade and cultural relations
between the peoples of the two countries.
o E.U.


,2010
The Summit reviewed India-EU Relations and exchanged views on developments in India and EU;
recognized the need to pursue the reform of the principal UN bodies with a view to enhancing the
gy; agreed to work towards early



o the economic and financial crisis.

licy developments in the

representativeness, transparency and effectiveness of the system; resolved to jointly fight terrorism in all its
forms and manifestation; took note of the signing of the India-EU Agreement in the field of nuclear fusion
energy research underlining the importance of energy security and clean ener
conclusion of the Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement and the Maritime Agreement. The leaders
also identified trade and investment, energy, counter-terrorism, science and technology, climate change, and
movement of peoples and as priority areas of cooperation.
Earlier
On 29 June 2009, Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, Benita
Ferrero-Waldner, participated in the EU-India Foreign Ministers Troika in Prague.
The meeting with the recently appointed Indian Foreign Minister, S.M. Krishna, put emphasis on a range of
es, particularly on common strategies and responses t global issu
Furthermore the high level meeting discussed cooperation in the field of energy and climate change and how
both partners can reinforce their ambition to achieve concrete progress at the December Copenhagen
conference. Other topics included the fight against terrorism and recent foreign po
region.
Eu keen on closer security ties with india
India and the European Union (EU) exchanged notes on closer partnership in intelligence sharing and anti-
piracy operations during EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton's
two-day

interaction with top policy makersof India.
nsion to the partnership, Ms. Ashton termed counter-terrorism a
with both sides discussing the progress on

e relevant organisations and agencies interact. The EU
information necessary to forestall the attack was

Ind
til was on a State visit to the UK from 27-29 October 2009 which was the third
ony, President received the Baton from the
Queen as a curtain raiser to the 2010 Commonwealth Games to be held in New Delhi.
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh met PM Gordon Brown on April 1, 2009, on the sidelines of the G-20
Summit in London. The two leaders discussed the global economic crisis and also the situation in
In an attempt to give a strategic dime
significant feature of EU-India security cooperation,
cooperation between the European Police Office and India.
In discussions with National Security Advisor Shiv Shankar Menon, Ms. Ashton touched upon the possibility
of India joining the fusion centres in which all th
official felt exchange of intelligence and face-to-face meetings had become more important in the light of
U.S. President Barak Obama's intention of reducing forces in Afghanistan from next year.
She cited the September 11, 2001 attacks when most of the
available in the security, intelligence and law enforcement systems but was not properly put together to allow
the full picture to be seen.
In anti-piracy operations, a working relationship has been established between the EU Naval Force and India
to facilitate the programming of patrols and escorts, she said.
ia - Uk
President Smt. Pratibha Pa
132

State visit of an Indian President to the UK and the first State visit after the commencement of the Strategic
Partnership between India and the UK in 2004. At a cerem


,2010
Pakistan/Afghanistan. The two leaders again met in LAquila in July 2009 on the sidelines of the G-8 Summit
and in Pittsburgh on 25 September on the sidelines of the G-20 Summit. Prime Minister had another meeting

e 2009. EAM visited

of State for External Affairs, Ms. Preneet Kaur, received the Sikh of the Year 2009 award
prevention, detection, investigation and
with UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown in Trinidad and Tobago on the sidelines of the Commonwealth
Heads of Government Meeting Summit on 27 November 2009.
UK Foreign Secretary David Miliband, visited India in January 2009. The last meeting between EAM Shri
S.M Krishna and UK Foreign Secretary David Miliband took place in Trieste on 26 Jun
UK from 26-30 January 2010 to attend the Afghanistan Conference in London. He met UK Foreign
Secretary Miliband on 27th January 2010 during which important bilateral and regional issues were discussed.
Chief Justice of India Dr. K.S. Balakrishnan, accompanied by a delegation was in London from 13-15 June
2009 to attend the International Conference of Jurists for Judicial Reforms. Minister for Law & Justice Shri
Veerappa Moily, visited London from 29 September-2 October to attend opening of the legal year in
England and Wales.
Sh. Anand Sharma, Minister of Commerce, accompanied by a high-level CII delegation of CEOs was in
London from 21 to 24 June 2009. He again visited on 17-18 September 2009 to participate in Emerging
Markets Summit.
Minister of Finance Shri Pranab Mukherjee, led a delegation to London on 4-5 September 2009 to participate
in G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting.
Minister for Road Transport & Highways Shri Kamal Nath led a delegation to London on 1-2 September
2009 to participate in a road show titled Building India-Road Infrastructure Summit.
Honble Finance Minister, Sh. Pranab Mukherjee attended the meeting of Finance Ministers and Central
Bank Governors of the G 20 countries which took place in Scotland, UK, on 7 November.
Honble Minister
from the Sikh Forum International in London on 26 November 2009.
Memorandum of Understanding to facilitate cooperation in the
combating of customs offences between Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) of India and HMRC
of UK was signed in London on 9 November 2009.
The British Museum organised an exhibition titled Garden & Cosmos focussed on Rajasthan in the summer
of 2009, while the Victoria and Albert Museum hosted an exhibition on the Maharajas of India from 10
October 2009.
U.K. For Enhanced Partnership With India
Britain's new government said it would seek an enhanced partnership with New Delhi as a recognition of
India's status as an emerging global power, and the two countries shared interests in open democracy
and liberal economics.
In a gesture, seen as a sign of the importance accorded to relations with India, the Queen, in her speech to a
joint session of Parliament made a special reference to India saying: My government looks forward to an
enhanced partnership with India.''
Britain The Challenges To Increased India Focus By
les for students, spouses and tourists brought into force recently.
133

From Indias point of view, New Delhi has been taking note of the criticisms by various organisations in
India and the UK of the new governments determination to cap immigration from non-EU countries and
the more stringent visa ru


,2010
Secondly, while the Cameron government is eager to take its ties with India to a higher level, it is aware of the
competition from the US on that issue. Britain had been partially eclipsed by the US, which signed a nuclear
co-operation deal with India in 2008. That was a game-changer for India in terms of its relationship with the
US, when it came in from the cold after its nuclear tests and sanctions were lifted.
Will Not Lecture India And Pakistan: Hague
Foreign Secretary William Hague has said Britain would not lecture India and Pakistan on how to resolve
their differences as he called for further normalisation of their relations saying it was impo

rtant for regional

stability and world peace.
This has been Britain's official line for many years but his Labour predecessors often made statements on the
Kashmir issue that were seen in New Delhi as an attempt to interfere in what India has always maintained is
a bilateral dispute.
Camerons Visit
Newly elected Prime Minister David Cameron visited India in late July. The Telegraph noted, Mr Camerons
visit with the largest senior Cabinet delegation in recent memory heralds the arrival of an Indian century.
This was a follow up of Mr Camerons campaign promise of a new era of engagement with India. He was
uccessful and a step towards new warmth in Indo-UK relations.
Indo-French
also accompanied by a large business delegation signifying Indias economic clout. During the wide-ranging
discussions, he reiterated Britains support for Indias candidature as a permanent member of UNSC. The
visit proved to be s
Recent developments
Indias PM was the Guest of Honour at the French National Day (14th July) celebrations in 2009 and
President Sarkozy also made the special gesture of inviting a 400-strong Indian armed forces contingent
which led the military parade on the occasion.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and President Sarkozy have also met during 2009 at international
conferences - the G-8 + 5 in Italy and the G-20 Summit in London (April 2009) a


nd Pittsburg (Sept 2009).
aders held a separate meeting on the sidelines of the CHOGM in Trinidad & Tobago on 27
2009 and discussed both bilateral and global issues.
e instituted a high-level, Strategic Dialogue at the level of National Security Advisors
nistry in November 2009 to organize cultural
The two le
November
France and India hav
which provides both sides an opportunity to review the evolution of the overall global security situation and
emerging challenges in various parts of the world. The 21st round of Strategic Dialogue took place in New
Delhi, on 18 January, 2010.
Annual Foreign Office Consultations are held at the level of Foreign Secretaries of the two countries. The
last Consultations took place in Paris on 5th February, 2009. The next round is scheduled to be held in April
2010.
An MoU was signed between ICCR and the French Foreign Mi
134

festivals of the two countries from 2009 till 2011. Under the three-month French Festival "Bonjour India"
major cultural events were organized in 7 major cities of India from Nov. 2009. The Indian cultural Festival
"Namaste France" will be held for over a year from March 2010 and will feature events covering the entire


,2010
diversity of Indian culture including art, music, dance, fashion, tourism, films, and literature as also business
and education.
French aid to improve genetic stock of dairy cattle
The Kerala Livestock Development Board has signed a partnership agreement with UMOTEST-COOPEX,
a cooperative of Montebeliarde cattle-breeding farmers in France, for improving the genetic stock of dairy
cattle in Kerala. The cooperative agreed to provide 2,000 doses of frozen semen from 10 superior
Montbeliarde bulls and 50 embryos of the breed for starting a technical programme in the State to improve
milk production

, Food and Civil Supplies.
d In ia South Africa
South Africa hosts India business summit
The first Durban-India Business Summit was hosted on March 27th, 2009 to encourage trade and
investment between the two countries.
The aim of the summit was to reach out to companies that were not yet involved in business in India but
which had the potential to engage with


the subcontinent. South Africa is Indias biggest investment
a.
Indian High Commissioner Rajiv Bhatia justified the summit in the current deepening global economic crisis,
uth African economies have been affected negatively by the crisis,
lued at only $1.3 billion in 2000-01, had increased to $6.27 billion in
ics.

couraging their carriers to put in place more flights on the basis of a multi-

raging Indian business people to visit South Africa more as their
destination in Afric
as he noted that both the Indian and So
even though perhaps we have not experienced its intensity as much as those in the developed world.
Noting that bilateral trade, which was va
2007-08, a growth of 382 percent in seven years; he urged the delegates to focus on five key sectors -
Manufacturing and Infrastructure, SMME & Skills Development, ICT & Services, Tourism & Entertainment
and Maritime & Logist
In fact, the basic thrust of this conference should be on studying in depth the investment climate, the factors
that encourage the two-way flows and an identification of the existing constraints, which if removed, would
see a much bigger progress in this area.
He highlighted two issues which could assist in easing business links - faster visa processes and the possibility
of increased air links.
The high commissioner said the two governments had recently reached agreement on liberalizing the civil
aviation regime, thereby en
designation system.
He added that the South African authorities had shown their goodwill by liberalizing their business visa
regime, to a certain extent, thus encou
business needs grew in future.
135

South Africa to speed up preferential trade agreement with India
The South African government is to press its regional partners in the Southern African Customs Union
(SACU) to speed up

the finalisation of the preferential trade agreement with India that could double the
current $6-billion trade between the two countries.
SACU consists of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.


,2010
136
Jacob zuma's first visit to india as president
New Delhi and Pretoria discussed permanent membership to the United Nations Security Council, closer
defence ties and expansion of

the Brazil-Russia-India-China grouping during Jacob Zuma's first visit after
ampered by the Treaty of Pelindaba, which
Ind
taking over as President of South Africa.
However, there were no talks on nuclear cooperation. Pretoria is h
prohibits African nations from nuclear commerce with countries that have not signed the NPT.
o-Canada
Harpers Visit To India
At the invitation of the Indian PM Dr. Manmohan Singh, Canadian PM Mr. Stephen Harper paid his first
utually beneficial linkages in science, technology and innovation as
India will be
n locations across Canada in 2011. Two important MoUs were signed, namely, MoU for
Cooperation in the area of Energy and the MoU for the setting up of a Joint Study Group that will explore
ehensive Economic Partnership Agreement between India and Canada.
official visit to India from 15-18 November 2009. The two Prime Ministers reviewed bilateral relations and
discussed regional and global issues of shared interest including G-20, counter-terrorism, etc. and agreed on
initiatives to strengthen and diversify bilateral relations. Both the leaders recognized education as an area of
new momentum, the need to facilitate m
well as to build synergies between institutions of higher learning in India and Canada. The two leaders set a
trade target of $ 15 billion annually in the next five years. It was also announced that the Year of
celebrated i
the possibility of a Compr
India, Canada Civil Nuclear Deal
India and Canada signed a civil nuclear cooperation agreement and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
described it as breaking new ground in the history of our cooperation in this sector.
Driving home the point about India's new status, he said: It reflects the change in international realities.
India and Canada have had a long but rocky relationship on nuclear cooperation after the nuclear test at
Pokhran in 1974.




Issue Of Visa Denial Servicemen
Canada regretted the use of the language that cast false impressions in the denial of visa to former or
forces and security institutions and assured India that it is reviewing
in the legislation on visa policy.
curity and intelligence
and member of the Prime Minister's advance party for the G-20 Ottawa summit, the
Home Ministry had threatened to apply similar criteria for Canadian armed forces and intelligence officers
Afghanistan.
serving members of the Indian armed
the admissibility policy set forth
This followed a belated, but sharp Indian reaction to the Canadian authorities citing reasons such as human
rights violation while declining visas to Indians who were or are associated with the se
organisations.
In a similar instance, offended by the issuance of a different category of visa, than the normal one, to an
intelligence officer
bound for the war on terror in


Civil Nuclear Deal: Rediscovering Partnership
Despite being one of the first countries to support Indias n uclear programme, Canadian shipments of
nuclear equipment and material were abruptly suspended by Ottawa after Indias first test in 1974. Even


,2010
though the two countries have always had a very deep and dynamic relationship due to common values and
shared traditions of democracy, the rule of law and pluralism, Canada severely criticized the nuclear test and
expressed its deep disappointment in view of the fact that India used Canadian nuclear technology to build a

US. Canada sold two CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium)
reactors to India in 1963 and 1966, which have been cloned since then. This isolation has never been total
tted to meet their Indian counterparts as part of the CANDU
h India, namely: Argentina, France, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Namibia, Russia and the United States

represents more
Findlay, who affirms that the real

bomb.
The original bilateral deal included an agreement that India would only use Canadian nuclear support for
peaceful purposes and would therefore be provided with a CIRUS (Canada India Research US) which is a
nuclear reactor using heavy water supplied by
because Canadian scientists were still permi
Owners Group, an informal club of CANDU operators, in order to share public information on safety.
Furthermore, the fact that today one million Canadians are of Indian origin connects India and Canada in a
special way. It could be argued that renewed civil nuclear cooperation was therefore inevitable, since the
Indo-US nuclear deal of 2005 re-opened the doors for nuclear cooperation between India and the
international community. Canada finally joined the group of seven countries already having a civil nuclear
deal wit
and is thus bridging the 33-year gap of negotiations between the two countries.
The Indian and Canadian Prime Ministers discussed their nuclear issues during Stephen Harpers visit in early
November, and while meeting on the sidelines of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
(CHOGM) in Port of Spain, where they finally reached an agreement for a civil nuclear deal which is to be
completed in 2010 during Manmohan Singhs visit to Canada. Since the 45-nation National Suppliers Group
(NSG) lifted a 34-year old ban on New Delhi to join international nuclear trade last year, there are no
significant stumbling blocks, which could hinder further collaboration on the nuclear issue. It has always
been in the Canadian interest to deepen its ties with India due to its importance as an emerging economic
market, where Canada could risk losing its niche to a competitor like France. The fact that Canada is the
worlds largest producer of uranium and sells about US$ 500 million worth of uranium per year, of which 85
per cent is exported, shows its relevance for Indias nuclear programme.
It is becoming clear that Prime Minister Stephen Harpers favourable attitude towards India
than a diplomatic handshake, with Canadian sales set to expand the US$5 billion-a-year trade between
Ottawa and New Delhi in the following years. Even though both the Prime Ministers praised each other for
their work and negotiations on the impending civil nuclear deal, it seems that the memories of the betrayal of
Canadian confidence are still fixed in some minds and disarmament advocates are calling for India to sign a
moratorium on fissile material and to agree on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). However, there
are also voices defending Indo-Canadian nuclear cooperation, such as Ernie Regehr of Project Ploughshares.
He states that there is a special problem with nuclear proliferation. If [Canada sells] uranium to India, the
danger is not that it will be used for building weapons. But it will ease the pressure on Indias domestic
resources so it can use its own (uranium) for its military program. Additional support is coming from
Carleton Universitys expert on nuclear arms and disarmament, Trevor
137

benefit for Canada is its heavy water technology. Only two countries in the world, India and Canada, use it.
Theyve been in two separate tracks, but now theres an opportunity to get together and sell technology.
Support for the Indo-Canadian civil nuclear deal therefore clearly exists and will lead to its completion in
2010. The deal does not just represent a tremendous change in Indo-Canadian relations, but also stands for
another step out of nuclear isolation for India after its nuclear test explosions of 1974. However, points of


,2010
concern remain with regard to a new civil nuclear deal for India, with Pakistan feeling more and more
isolated by the international community. Further deals could threaten the stability of the South Asian region
due to the fact that Pakistan is developing the sentiment of a need for nuclear start up in order to catch up
with India. Such a situation would complicate the trilateral relations of China, India and Pakistan,
unbalancing their current status and therefore affecting the global community as well.
o-Japan Ind
India, Japan Set Up Working Group On Nuclear Cooperation
India has opened talks on civil nuclear energy with Japan and both sides have decided to set up a working
group to examine the possibility of cooperation during an extended interaction between Japanese Minister
for Economy, Trade and Industry Masayuki Naoshima and Planning Commission Deputy Chairman Montek
Singh Ahluwalia.
Japan is the most reluctant among countries with either uranium reserves or nuclear reactors to enter into
cooperation with countries reluctant to accede to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
Japan has expertise in advanced uranium mining techniques, which it now shares wit

h Kazakhstan that has
s the world's biggest supplier of uranium and which, like Japan, is reluctant to enter into nuclear
tacle to civil nuclear cooperation with Japan but

portance of India signing the CTBT given that China and the U.S. agreed to ratify the

he action and commitments made in September 2008 in a letter

Energy Agency (IAEA), Additional Protocol and the

uclear energy, Shyam Saran. He had engaged energetically with the Japanese on the issue. This was
emerged a
cooperation until some of the hurdles are crossed.
India's refusal to sign the NPT might not be a major obs
Tokyo expects New Delhi to take some concrete steps such as signing the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
(CTBT).
In this respect, during the December visit to India by Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama indirectly
mentioned the im
treaty.
More than signing the NPT, Japan's cooperation will depend on how India plays a role in world politics on
nuclear weapons and how it abides by t
written to the Nuclear Suppliers Group by then Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee.
The letter had assured the world community of India's commitment to sticking to a moratorium on nuclear
tests, cooperation with the International Atomic
separation plan for civilian and strategic use reactors.
The path to initiating talks on civil nuclear cooperation is credited to the former envoy of the Prime Minister
on civil n
followed up by talks with Foreign Office officials.
ndhi Plan: A Valuable Solution Rajiv Ga
ctivists, he was protesting against Tokyo
For India, a country that takes particular pride in its non-proliferation credentials, the stance taken by the
Mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with regard to the first round of talks between New Delhi and Tokyo on
civil nuclear cooperation in June must have come as a disagreeable surprise.
138

Days after the talks were held in Tokyo, Hiroshima Mayor Tadatoshi Akiba, a Magsaysay award winner this
year for his principled and determined leadership in mobilising public opinion against nuclear weapons, met
Japanese Foreign Minister Katsuya Okada. Along with other a


,2010
entering into a civil nuclear agreement with a country that has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT).
India, along with Israel and Pakistan, refused to sig n the NPT. But the similarity in their stands ends with the
fact that all the three countries termed it discriminatory.
hted right from 1954, when it gave a call for an end to all
on-Violent World Order.'

ity hostage to the presumed security needs of a few.
point caught up in the Cold War and dominated by
Ind
tion council and to extend exchanges in the field of
xchange programme.
the Right to Education Act in India and the Governments objective of increasing the number
and vocational training students, open up enormous opportunities for Australian educational
ast two years the
India's abhorrence to nuclear weapons was highlig
nuclear testing. The apogee was marked by the seminal speech made in June 1988 by Prime Minister Rajiv
Gandhi at the United Nations General Assembly proposing a world free of nuclear weapons, an end to be
achieved through an Action Plan for Ushering in a Nuclear-Weapon Free and N
India has been periodically testing nuclear-capable missiles and has made known its determination to secure
its assets in space, but Rajiv Gandhi's proposal for a nuclear-free world has ensured that India has never used
its potential nuclear arsenal as a tool of foreign policy.
Rajiv Gandhi had termed nuclear deterrence to be the ultimate expression of the philosophy of terrorism,
holding human
He proposed a three-stage process of total disarmament with the accent on a regime that was global,
universal and non-discriminatory. Had the West, at that
conservatives, heeded the call, the world today would have been nearer to the proposal's ultimate aim of a
binding commitment by all nations to eliminate nuclear weapons in stages by 2010 at the latest.
ia-Australia
India and Australia in April 2010 inked a major education deal to expand exchanges in the sector as both
sides sought to take their relationship forward after a series of vicious attacks on Indian students. Under
the deal, the two sides agreed to set up a joint educa
education. An India-Australia Education Council comprising experts from both sides will be formed and a
joint ministerial statement has been signed to expand the education e
Over 100 cases of attacks on Indians were reported last year in Australia, including the murder of 21-year-old
Nitin Garg, straining ties between the two countries. They also led to the Indian government issuing a travel
advisory asking students to exercise caution while in Australia, and were followed by a flurry of high-profile
visits by Australian dignitaries, including Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, to India.
Mr. Sibal said
of university
institutes. Its in that context we are reaching out to Australia, saying you have enormous opportunities in
India to partner with us at the school, vocational education and training level, higher education and research
level. Its very important for both of us at the two ends to develop the skills which allow our human
resources to take advantage.
Recognizing the implications of India's rise for Australia's national interests, over the l
Australian Government has moved towards placing India firmly in the front rank of Australia's international
partnerships. And not just because of India's rise, but because of the strong convergence of interests and
values that we share: trade and investment, strategic and security, people to people links we are natural
partners.
139

As the Australian Prime Minister's visit to India in November last year illustrated, we are building a
comprehensive, enduring strategic partnership between India and Australia.


,2010
140

ttacks on Indian students and others of Indian origin in Australia have cast a

st year the Prime Minister established a special task force to deal with these attacks, chaired by the
National Security Adviser.
Over the last decade Australia has emerged as a major destination for Indian students studying abroad.
Enrolments of Indian students in Australia have increased at an average annual rate of over 40 per cent since
2002. Recent contemptible a
long shadow, not only over our education links, but across our broader relationship and bilateral agenda.
These attacks are inexcusable. Australia needs to take this seriously.
We also need to accept and to understand that it has considerably damaged Australia's reputation in India
and among the Indian people. Indeed it has been widely noticed beyond India and South Asia.
In June la
Strategic Partnership
There is a concerted effort at the government-to-government level to take our bilateral relationship to the
next level by encouraging high-level dialogue and engagement. Ten Indian ministers have visited Australia
since early 2008. Ten Australian ministerial visits to India took place over the same period, as well as a Prime
Ministerial visit.


ategic Partnership between Australia and India.
Australia and India have both welcomed the decision to make the G20 the premier forum for international
. Australia has been working closely with India in the G20 over the past year to frame

and a member of APEC.
mit as an observer for the first time in April 2010. We will work with India
ial military and civilian
Australia-India Foreign Ministers' Framework Dialogue in New Delhi hosted by Minister of External Affairs
SM Krishna in October, 2009.
When Prime Minister Rudd visited Delhi in November 2009, Prime Minister Rudd and Prime Minister Singh
announced the establishment of a Str
economic cooperation
and implement a global policy response to the gravest international economic crisis we have confronted since
the great depression.
Australia also firmly believes India should become a permanent member of a reformed United Nations
Security Council
Australia and India have many shared interests in South Asia.Australia will attend the South Asia Association
for Regional Cooperation Sum
and other South Asian nations to forge greater regional cooperation.
Both nations wish to see stability in Afghanistan. Australia is making a substant
investment in Afghanistan's future, while India has provided Afghanistan with approximately $1.5b in
development assistance.
Economic Links
Fast-growing trade and investment links are key drivers of the Australia-India relationship. Within a few
years, India is likely to become Australia's third largest export market behind China and Japan.
on. That was a 55 per cent jump on the

y, but in agriculture, information technology and consulting as well.
In 2008-09, India was Australia's fourth-largest merchandise export market and seventh largest merchandise
trading partner.
Two-way trade - including goods and services - was nearly $A22 billi

previous year, making India Australias fastest growing major trading partner.
In recent years, Indian companies have also shown a great interest in investing in Australia, not only in the
minerals resources industr


,2010
Australia is already a key supplier of the resources India needs to fuel its economic growth and is well
positioned to meet India's energy demand into the future.
Australia's Stand On Uranium Sales To India

dia is reopened in the present

ew round of talks on a follow-up to the Cold War-era Strategic
limitation that expires at the end of this year.

adow over the nuclear arms talks.
d his Russian counterpart Dmitry Medvedev reached a joint understanding earlier this year
nuclear warheads held by each to between 1,500 and 1,675. The
ng warheads
und of US-Russia talks is expected to focus on trying to pin more concrete numbers on the


to deploy missiles near
on the Ekho Moskvy radio station that US President Barack Obamas decision earlier

ent of the threat from Iran. Moscow fiercely opposed the plans as a
ad planned in response to the deployment of missile shield elements in Eastern
Australia's Labour government, which sailed with the U.S. without demur in the NSG in September 2008,
has not evinced interest in selling uranium to India. Canberra's reasoning, in this context, is that India
remains outside the NPT framework. So, with Julia Gillard having now assumed office as Australia's Prime
Minister it will come as a surprise if the closed issue of uranium sales to In
context.
Russia - US
Fresh round of START negotiations
Geneva, US and Russian officials began a n
Arms Reduction Treaty (START) on nuclear arms
A US official said the session in Geneva would remain open until Oct 2, much longer than had initially been
anticipated.
The talks come in the wake of US President Barack Obamas announcement of the scrapping of plans for a
US missile defence shield in Poland and the Czech Republic. Moscow had rejected the plans, which had cast
a large sh
Obama an
which aims to reduce the number of
maximum is 2,000 under START.
The two nuclear powers would also strive to reduce the number of missiles capable of deliveri
from the current maximum of 1,600 allowed for each side to between 500 and 1,100.
The latest ro
general range.
However, officials have said time is slipping away, as the December expiry date for START looms. The
Washington Post reported over the weekend that in the US there was no longer a strong belief that a new
deal could be reached before 2010.
If that were to happen, both sides would likely aim to extend the existing agreement until they could hammer
out a follow-up treaty.
Russia scraps Kaliningrad missile plan
Moscow, The Russian defence ministry confirmed that the country scrapped plans
Poland after the US shelved its nuclear missile shield plans for Europe.
Vladimir Popovkin said
this week made the deployment of Iskander tactical missiles in the Baltic exclave of Kaliningrad unnecessary.
Obama announced earlier that Washington would not deploy a radar in the Czech Republic and a missile
base in Poland, due to a re-assessm
national security threat.
The measures Russia h
Europe will certainly be abandoned.
141



,2010
142
OTHER COUNTRIES
Angola
On January 21, 2010, the National Assembly approved the new Constitution and the President promulgated
to the National Assembly become due.
the new Constitution on January 29, 2010. According to new Constitution the majority party in the National
Assembly will elect the President and the Vice President. The Presidential elections are expected to be held in
2012, when the elections
Austria
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Smt. Meira Kumar led an Indian Parliamentary Delegation to Austria from
14-17 September 2009.
ral Minister of Finance, Mr. Joseph Prll accompanied by Federal Minister of
y, Family & Youth, Mr. Reinhold Mitterlehner, and a 50-member business delegation, visited India
-19 February 2010.
, metallurgy through a large number of
ations, technology transfers and joint ventures.
uly 2009, 'Szene Salzburg' organised Indian Classical Music performances in Salzburg with support
ing about 100 works of Indian artists. The exhibition was inaugurated by Dr. Heinz
dible India TV Commercial.
Vice Chancellor and Fede
Econom
from 17
The Indo-Austrian Joint Economic Commission (JEC) established in 1983 is active and on-going (12th
session was organized in Vienna on 12-13 October 2009) between the governmental Ministries and
Chambers of Commerce and Industry of the two countries. There has been cooperation in the fields of steel,
manufacturing technology, railway and transport, equipment
collabor
In June-J
from the Embassy/ICCR. A Chalo India exhibition was organized by the Mission in association with Essel
Museum Vienna display
Fischer, Federal President of Austria on 1 September 2009. Mission also organized an Incredible India
Evening in Vienna on 13 November 2009 on the occasion of winning of Grand Prix Award from the
CIFFT, Vienna by the Incre
Azerbaijan
The first meeting of the India-Azerbaijan Inter-Governmental Joint Commission (IGC) on Trade,
Economic, Scientific and Technological Cooperation was held in New Delhi on 26 November, 2009.


Bahrain
Minister of State for External Affairs paid an official visit to the Kingdom of Bahrain on 4-5 October 2009.
During the bilateral discussions Bahrain reiterated its position that Indias Permanent Membership in the
UNSC would be a stabilising influence in the whole region. It would also support Indias candidature for a
Non-Permanent seat in the UNSC for 2011-12. India committed its support for Bahrains candidature for a
Non-Permanent Seat in the UNSC in 2026-27.

ncing the pace of negotiations for concluding Indo-GCC Free Trade

It was also agreed to work towards enha
Agreement.
Belarus
and Pharmaceuticals were held in February 2010 in Minsk under the
harmexcil.
A Buyer-Seller-Meet on Indian Drugs
aegis of P



,2010
Defence cooperation is an important aspect of Indias bilateral ties with Belarus. There is India-Belarus Joint
Commission on Military Technical Cooperation. The 2nd meeting of the Joint Commission was held in New
Delhi in May 2009.
Central african republic
A delegation of Minister of Small & Medium Enterprises, Deputy Minister for Finance and Dr. Michel Koyt
visited New Delhi for 6th CII-EXIM Bank conclave held from March 14-16, 2010. On the sidelines of the
conclave, a Memorandum of Understanding for establishment of IT Center was signed.
Cuba
Keeping in view the e xcellent bilateral relations and Cubas ongoing agricultural reforms, in November 2009,
India extended a Line of Credit of 5 million USD to Cuba for the purchase of agricultural machinery from
India.
IMPORTANT DECLARATIONS
Abuja Declaration India signed with Nigeria setting up the stage for a strategic partnership with the
worlds fifth largest producer of oil.

India and Brazil issued a 23 point Red Fort Declaration 2007, reaffirming their resolve
to deepen their ties in diverse fields, including Defence, space and oil sectors, and
Red Fort Declaration
work together at multilateral for a such as the UN and WTO.

India-Sri Lanka Free Trade
Agreement (ISLFTA)

India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement, signed in December, 1998 and in operation
since March, 2000, provided for tariff reduction/elimination in a phased manner on
all items except the negative list and tariff rate quota (TRQ) items.
o countries have since initiated negotiations in August 2004 on Comprehensive
mic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) which covers trade in services and
investment.
The tw
Econo

SAFTA

Trade Area (SAFTA) was signed during the 12th
AARC Summit on January 6, 2004 in Islamabad. Since then, negotiations on four
143

T
S
he Agreement on South Asia Free
annexes Rules of origin, Sensitive lists, Revenue compensation for LDCs, and
Technical assistance to LDCs have been completed. The tariff liberalization
programme under the Agreement has been implemented from July 1, 2006.

Comprehensive Economic
Cooperation Agreement (CECA)
India-Singapore CECA, signed on June 29, 2005, came into force on August 1, 2005.
The Agreement provides for Early Harvest Scheme, phased reduction/elimination of
duties on products other than those in the negative list by India by April 1, 2009,
whereas Singapore eliminated duties on all products originating from India from
August 1,2005. CECA also covers investment, services, Mutual Recognition
Agreement, and customs cooperation.

India-Afghani
Trade Ag
stan Preferential
reement

A Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) between India and Afghanistan was signed on
March 6, 2003.


,2010
144
India MERCOSUR Preferential
Trade Agreement (PTA)

A PTA was signed between India and MERCOSUR (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and
Paraguay) on January 25, 2004 in New Delhi.
Riyadh Declaration The 3rd Summit of OPEC member countries concluded on November 18, 2007 in

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia stressed on stability of global energy markets, sustainable
development and emphasizing the importance of protecting environment.

Bangkok Agreement

acceded to this Agreement in 2001. This
greement has been renamed as Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) from
November 2, 2005.

Bangkok Agreement is a PTA signed in July 1975 among Bangladesh, Republic of
Korea, Sri Lanka and India. China
A




,2010
145
6.
SCIENCE AFFAIRS
97
th
Indian Science Congress
In 2010 , 97th Indian Science Congress will be held at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
Professional Bodies In Science*
Body Headqarter Year of estb.
The Indian Science Congress
Association
Kolkata 1914
The National Academy Of Sciences Allahabad 1930
Indian Academy Of Sciences
19
Bangalore 1934
Indian National Science Academy New Delhi 1935
Indian National Academy Of
Engineering
New Delhi 1987

Autonomous Institutions*
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has set up of an Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research (AcSIR) as an institution for imparting instruction and awarding degrees in frontier areas of science
and technology. The academy will focus on research and imparting training in areas that are not ordinarily
provide by the existing universities across the country. The curricula, pedagogy and evaluation will be
innovative and directed towards creating highest quality personnel in cross disciplinary areas.

19
By Professor C. V. Raman



,2010
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) established in 1942, is an autonomous body and India's
largest Research and Development (R&D) organization.
CSIR is mainly funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, it operates as an autonomous body
registered under the Registration of Societies Act of 1860.
The research and development activities of CSIR includes various fields such as aerospace engineering,
Structural engineering, ocean sciences, molecular biology, metallurgy, chemicals, mining, food, petroleum,
leather, and environment.
Medical Council of India
President signed ordinance on MCI: President of India gave assent to an ordinance dissolving scam-
tainted Medical Council of India (MCI) and replaced it with a seven member panel of eminent doctors. The
panel will be in charge till the next one year. MCI went into crisis after its former President Ketan Desai was
arrested by CBI with his associates on charges of corruption.
The Medical Council of India was first established in 1934 under the Indian Medical Council Act of 1933.
The Council was later reconstituted under the Indian Medical Council Act of 1956.
The main functions of the Medical Council of India are the following:
Recognition of medical qualifications granted by medical institutions of India.
Recognition of foreign medical qualifications in India.
Accreditation of medical colleges (medical schools).
Maintenance of uniform standards for undergraduate medical education.
Regulation of postgraduate medical education in medical colleges accredited by it. (The National Board of
Examinations is another statutory body for postgraduate medical education in India).
Registration of doctors with recognised medical qualifications. (Registration of doctors and their
qualifications is usually done by state medical councils).
Keeping a directory of all registered doctors, called the Indian Medical Register.
NMEEE Approved
The government has approved the establishment of a National Mission of Enhanced Energy Efficiency with
the aim of building a Rs. 75,000 crore market for enerty-efficient product. NMEEE is approved by the
Cabinet with a bujdgetary support of Rs. 235.38 crore with the initiative to help save nearly 23 million tones
of oil equivalent and reduce green house gases emission of 98.55 million tones.
HEALTH
Swine Flu
The outbreak began in the state of Veracruz, Mexico.
Symptoms in severe cases
146

In adults: Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen, Sudden
dizziness, Confusion, Severe or persistent vomiting, Low Temperature


,2010
In children: Fast breathing or working hard to breathe, Bluish skin color, Not drinking enough fluids, Not
waking up or not interacting, Being so irritable that the child does not want to be held. Flu-like symptoms
that improve but then return with fever and worse cough, Fever with a rash, Being unable to eat, Having no
tears when crying
H1N1
Who declares hini a public health event of international concern
WHO continues to help all Member States respond to pandemic influenza. The goal is to reduce the impact
of the pandemic on society.
WHO has raised level to pandemic influenza from that of epidemic.
Epidemics and pandemics refer to the spread of infectious diseases among a population. The difference
between an epidemic and a pandemic is two-fold. First a pandemic is normally used to indicate a far higher
number of people affected than an epidemic, and a pandemic refers to a much larger region affected. In the
most extreme case, the global population is affected by a pandemic.
Swine influenza (also called Pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu) is an infection by any one of several
types of swine influenza virus. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or S-OIV (swine-origin influenza virus) is any
strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs.[2] As of 2009, the known SIV strains include
influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.
Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs
to humans is not common and does not always lead to human influenza, often resulting only in the
production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission does cause human influenza, it is called zoonotic swine
flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection. The meat of an infected
animal poses no risk of infection when properly cooked.
Of the three genera of influenza viruses that cause human flu, two also cause influenza in pigs, with influenza
A being common in pigs and influenza C being rare. Influenza B has not been reported in pigs. Within
influenza A and influenza C, the strains found in pigs and humans are largely distinct, although because of
reassortment there have been transfers of genes among strains crossing swine, avian, and human species
boundaries.
Influenza C: Influenza C viruses infect both humans and pigs, but do not infect birds. Transmission between
pigs and humans have occurred in the past. For example, influenza C caused small outbreaks of a mild form
of influenza amongst children in Japan and California. Because of its limited host range and the lack of
genetic diversity in influenza C, this form of influenza does not cause pandemics in humans.
Influenza A: Swine influenza is known to be caused by influenza A subtypes H1N1, H1N2, H2N3, H3N1,
and H3N2. In pigs, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2) are the most common
strains worldwide.
Swine influenza was first proposed to be a disease related to human influenza during the 1918 flu pandemic,
when pigs became sick at the same time as humans. The first identification of an influenza virus as a cause of
disease in pigs occurred about ten years later, in 1930.
147

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in humans the symptoms of the 2009
"swine flu" H1N1 virus are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general. Symptoms
include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. The 2009 outbreak has shown an


,2010
increased percentage of patients reporting diarrhea and vomiting. The 2009 H1N1 virus is not zoonotic
swine flu, as it is not transmitted from pigs to humans, but from person to person.
Two types of influenza vaccines are available:
TIV (flu shot (injection) of trivalent (three strains; usually A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B) inactivated (killed)
vaccine) or
LAIV (nasal spray (mist) of live attenuated influenza vaccine.)
TIV works by putting into the bloodstream those parts of three strains of flu virus that the body uses to
create antibodies; while LAIV works by inoculating the body with those same three strains, but in a modified
form that cannot cause illness.
LAIV is not recommended for individuals under age 2 or over age 50, but might be comparatively more
effective among children over age 2.
If a person becomes sick with swine flu, antiviral drugs can make the illness milder and make the patient feel
better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if
started soon after getting sick (within 2 days of symptoms). The use of Tamiflu (oseltamivir) or Relenza
(zanamivir) for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses is recommended.
Red Ribbon Express
The Red Ribbon Express specially designed seven-coach train to spread awareness on HIV was flagged
off on the occasion of World AIDS Day.
ENVIRONMENT
Important Missions & Project
Eight national missions
There are Eight National Missions which form the core of the National Action Plan Climate Change.
1. National solar mission finalised
The Unique Government finalized the draft for the National Solar Mission. It aims to make India a global
leader in solar energy and envisages an installed solar generation capacity of 20,000 MW to 2020, of 1,00,000
MW by 2030 and of 2,00,000 MW by 2050.
Implementation will be in three phases. The first phase of solar deployment (2009-2012) will aim to achieve
rapid scaling-up to drive down costs. It will spur domestic manufacturing through the consolidation and
expansion of on-going projects for urban, rural and off-grid applications. This will involve the promotion of
commercial scale solar utility plants, mandated installation of solar rooftop or on site photo-voltaic
applications in buildings and establishments of government and public sector undertakings. The target is 100
MW installed capacity here.
148

In the second phase, to be implemented between 2012 and 2017, the Mission will focus on the commercial
deployment of solar thermal power plants. This will involve storage options, and the promotion of solar
lighting and heating systems on a large scale in market mode. This will be without subsidies but could include
micro-financing options.


,2010
Finally, between 2017 and 2020, the target is to achieve tariff parity with conventional grid power and achieve
an installed capacity of 20 gigawatts (Gw) by 2020. The installation of one million rooftop systems with an
average capacity of 3 kilowatts (KW) by the same year is also envisaged.
2. National mission on strategic knowledge for climate change
To enlist the global community in research and technology development and collaboration through
mechanism including open source platforms, a Strategic Knowledge Mission will be set up to identify the
challenges of and the responses to, climate change. It would ensure findings of high quality and focused
research into various aspects of climate change.
The Mission will also have, on its research agenda, socio-economic impacts of climate change including
impact on health, demography, migration patterns and livelihoods of coastal communities. A Climate Science
Research Fund would be created under the Mission to support research. Private sector initiatives for
development of innovative technologies for adaptation and mitigation would be encouraged through venture
capital funds.
3. National water mission
A National Water Mission will be mounted to ensure integrated water resources management helping to
conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure more equitable distribution both across and within states. The
Mission will take into account the provisions of the National Water Policy and develop a framework to
optimize water use by increasing water use efficiency by 20% through regulatory mechanisms with
differential efficiency by 20% through regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements and pricing. It
will seek to ensure that a considerable share of the water needs of urban areas are met through recycling of
waste water, and ensuring that the water requirements of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of
water are met through adoption of new and appropriate technologies such as low temperature desalination
technologies that allow for the use of ocean water.
4. National mission for a green india
A National Mission will be launched to enhance ecosystem services including carbon sinks to be called Green
India.
The Prime Minister has already announced a Green India campaign for the afforestation of 6 million
hectares. The national target of area under forests and tree cover is 33% while the current area under forests
is 23%.
The Mission on Green India will be taken up on degraded forest land through direct action by communities,
organized through Joint Forest Management Committees and guided by the Departments of Forest in state
governments. An initial corpus of over Rs. 6000 crore has been earmarked for the programme through the
Compensatory Afforestation Managemetn and Planning Authority (CAMPA).
5. National mission on sustainable habitat
149

A National Mission on Sustainable Habitat will be launched to make habitat sustainable through
improvements in energy efficiency in buildings, management of solid waste and modal shift to public
transport. The Mission will promote energy efficiency as an integral component of urban planning and urban
renewal through three initiatives.


,2010
150
6. National mission for sustainable agriculture
The Mission would devise strategies to make Indian agriculture more resilient to climate change. It would
identify and develop new varieties of crops and especially thermal resistant crops and alternative cropping
patters, capable of withstanding extremes of weather, long dry spells, flooding and variable moisture
availability.
New credit and insurance mechanisms will be devised to facilitate adoption of desired practices.
Focus would be on improving productivity of rainfed agriculture. India will spearhead efforts at the
International level to work towards an ecologically sustainable green revolution.
7. National mission for enhanced energy efficiency
The Energy Conservation Act of 2001 provides a legal mandate for the implementation of the energy
efficiency measures through the institutional mechanism of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BSE) in the
Central Government and designated agencies in each state. A number of schemes and programmes have
been initiated and it is anticipated that these would result in a saving of 10,000 MW by the end of 11
th
Five
Year Plan in 2012. To enhance energy efficiency, four new initiatives will be put in phase. These are:
A market based mechanism to enhance cost effectiveness of improvements in energy efficiency in energy-
intensive large industries and facilities, through certification of energy savings that could be traded.
Accelerating the shift to energy efficient appliances in designated sectors through certification of make the
products more affordable.
Creation of mechanisms that would help finance demand side management programmes in all sectors by
capturing future energy savings.
Developing fiscal instruments to promote energy efficiency.
Implementation of Missions
These National Missions will be institutionalized by respective ministries and will be organized through
inter-sectoral groups which include in additional to related Ministries, Ministry of Finance and the Planning
Commission, experts from Industry, acade-mia and civil society.
Each Mission will be tasked to evolve specific objection spanning the remaining years of the 11
th
Plan and
the 12
th
Plan period 2012-13 to 2016-17.
8. National mission for sustaining the himalayan ecosystem
A Mission for sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem will be launched to evolve management measures for
sustaining and safeguarding the Himalayan glacier and mountain eco-system. Himalayas, being the source of
key perennial rivers, the Mission would, inter alia seek to understand, whether and the extent to which the
Himalayan glaciers are in recession and how the problem could be addressed.
Project Snow Leopard

The government launched `Project Snow Leopard to safeguard and conserve Indias unique natural heritage
of high-altitude wildlife populations and their habitats by promoting conservation through participatory
policies and actions. India is endowed with the unique wildlife assemblage of global importance in Himalayan
and Trans Himalayan zones. Project Snow Leopard is an initiative for strengthening wildlife conservation in
the Himalayan high altitudes, covering Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal


,2010
Pradesh and Sikkim with active support from wildlife institute of India and the Mysore based Nature
Conservation Foundation.
Snow Leopard is Gloablly endangered species as well as the most important flagship species of the mountain
region.

Project Tiger
Project Tiger is a wildlife Conservation movement initiated in India in 1973 to protect the Bengal Tigers.
The project aims at tiger conservation in specially constituted tiger reserves representative of various
biogeographically regions throughout India. It strives to maintain a viable population of this conservation
reliant species in their natural environment.
In 2008, there were more than 40 Projects Tiger Tiger Reserves of India. Project Tiger helped increase the
population of these tigers from 1,200 in the 1970s to 3,500 in 1990s. However, a 2008 census held by
Government of India revealed that the tiger population had dropped to 1,411. since then the government has
pledged to further land the project, set-up a Tiger Protection Force to combat poachers, and fund the
relocation of villagers to minimize human-tiger interaction.
At the turn of the 19
th
century, one estimate of the Tiger population in India placed the figure at 45,000. The
first ever all-India tiger census was conducted in 1972 which revealed the existence of only 1827 tigers.
The landmark report, Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India, published by the National Tiger
Conservation Authority estimates only 1411 adult tigers in existence in India (Plus uncensused tigers in the
Sundarbans). The project was launched in 1973 in Corbett national park and various tigers reserves were
created in the country based on a `core-buffer strategy.
Global organizations, such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) contributed much funding to Project Tiger.
Initially, 9 tiger reserves were established in different State during the period 1973-74. These nine reserves viz
Manas (Assam), Palamau (Bihar), Similipal (Orissa), Corbett (U.P.), Kanha (M.P.), Melghat (Maharashtra),
Bandipur (Karnataka), Ranthambhore (Rajasthan) and Sunderbans (West Bengal). There are 28 tiger
reserve in India. According to the latest census figures as of 2007, the tiger population in India has further
dropped particularly in the state of Madhya Pradesh, where 65 percent of the tigers have vanished, and the
states of Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, where there are less than 100 tigers each. The primary
reason attributed to this increasing drop in numbers is poaching. However, the method used to count the
number of tigers earlier was by identifying pugmarks, which could have resulted in figures larger than actual.
The latest method which includes analyzing habitat, prey based densities and camera trapping is more precise
and scientific.
Project Elephant
Project Elephant (PE) was launched in 1992 by the Government of India Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MOEF) to provide financial and technical support wildlife management efforts by states of their
free ranging population of wild Asian Elephants. Project Elephant are supporting research of the ecology and
management of elephants, creating conservation awareness among local people, providing, improved
veterinary care for captive elephants and addressing the issues of human-elephant conflict.
Elephant reserves
151



,2010
25 Elephant Reserves (ERs) have been formally notified by various State Government till now and consent
for establishment of Baitarini ER & South Orissa in Orissa and Ganga-Jamuna (Shiwalik) ER in U.P. has
been accorded by MOEF. The concerned State Governments are yet to notify these ERs. Bhadra Wildlife
Sanctuary will be accorded Project Elephant Status in financial year 2010/11.
Earth Hour 2009
Earth Hour is a global event organized by WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature, also known as World
Wildlife Fund) and is held on the last Saturday of March annually, asking households and businesses to turn
off their non-essential lights and other electrical appliances for one hour to raise awareness towards the need
to take action on climate change.
Earth hour was conceived by WWF and The Sydney Morning Herald in 2007, when 2.2 million residents of
Sydney participated by turning off all non-essential lights.
Following Sydney's lead, many other cities around the world adopted the event in 2008.
Earth Hour 2010 will take place on March 27, 2010 from 8:30 pm to 9:30 pm, local time.
Earth Hour 2009 was from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. local time, March 28, 2009. 88 countries participated in
Earth Hour 2009.
One billion "votes" was the stated aim for Earth Hour 2009, in the context of the pivotal 2009 United
Nations Climate Change Conference.
Among the participants in 2009 was, for the first time, the United Nations headquarters in New York City.
Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite
Japan Launches The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite, The Worlds First Satellite Dedicated To
Monitoring Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Tanegashima:
The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite or GOSAT, also known as Ibuki meaning "breath" or "Vitality"
in Japanese, is an Earth observation satellite and the world's first satellite dedicated to greenhouse-gas-
monitoring, which will be used to measure densities of carbon dioxide and methane on the Earth's
atmosphere.
The GOSAT was developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and launched on January
23, 2009, from the Tanegashima Space Center.
GOSAT was launched along with seven other piggyback probes using the H-IIA, Japan's primary large-scale
expendable launch system
SPACE
Milestones
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2010
GSLV-D3 launched from Sriharikota (Apr 15, 2010). GSAT-4 satellite could not be placed in orbit as flight testing of
the Indigenous Cryogenic Stage in GSLV-D3 Mission was not successful.
2009


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PSLV-C14 successfully launches Seven Satellites - OCEANSAT-2, Four CUBESAT Satellites and Two RUBIN-9
from Sriharikota (Sept. 23, 2009).
PSLV-C12 successfully launches RISAT-2 and ANUSAT from Sriharikota (April 20, 2009).
2008
PSLV-C11 successfully launches CHANDRAYAAN-1 from Sriharikota (October 22, 2008).
PSLV-C9 successfully launches CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1 and 8 foreign nano satellites from Sriharikota (April 28,
2008).
PSLV-C10 successfully launches TECSAR satellite under a commercial contract with Antrix Corporation (January 21,
2008). 2007
Pslv Launches 5 Satellites
The ISRO scored yet another success with its workhorse PSLV placing into orbit 5 satellites after a textbook
liftoff from the launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. Besides, two
Indian satellites-the Cartosat 2B and Studsat, three foreign satellites-Algerian, Canadian and Swiss were also
launched as part of a commercial operation. With these, so far, the number of launches by the PSLV since
1994 has reached 22. With the successful launch of Cartosat-2B India has reached a critical constellation of
10 active remote sensing satellites in space. A combination of four Cartosat (1,2,2A and 2B) hovering 630 km
above earth allows India to keep areas under close and prolonged wurveillance. Multiple satellites ensure that
a particular geographical area can be revisited every 48 hours.
Later Cartosat-2B sent high quality images of the Indian landmass, including Allahabad in UP and Madurai in
Tamil Nadu. The images were taken by the satellites panchromatic camera, which has a high resolution of
0.8 metre. That is , it can image even small objects such cycles and mopeds on the road, and sheep and cattle
grazing on meadows.
Risat-2 Launched
RISAT-2 or Radar Imaging Satellite 2 is an Indian radar reconnaissance satellite that is part of India's RISAT
programme.
It was launched aboard a PSLV-CA on April 20, 2009 from the Second Launch Pad at the Satish Dhawan
Space Centre.
The ANUSAT student microsatellite was flown aboard the same rocket as a secondary payload.
The spacecraft was built by ISRO, with a primary sensor from the Israel Aerospace Industries. Israel offered
the synthetic aperture radar to India in return for launch services for TecSAR. These sensors allow RISAT-2
to return images at any time of day, and in any weather conditions.
RISAT-2 was built at an accelerated pace after 2008 Mumbai attacks, due to delay with the indigenously
developed SAR forRISAT-1. This is India's first dedicated reconnaissance satellite. It will be used to monitor
India's borders & as part of anti-infiltration & anti-terrorist operations. The satellite has a mass of 300
kilograms (660 lb).
Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) is a form of radar in which multiple radar images are processed to yield
higher-resolution images than would be possible by conventional means.
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Carl A. Wiley, a mathematician at Goodyear Aircraft Corporation in Litchfield Park, Arizona, invented
synthetic aperture radar in June 1951 while working on a correlation guidance system for the Atlas ICBM


,2010
program. In early 1952, Wiley, together with Fred Heisley and Bill Welty, constructed a concept validation
system known as DOUSER. During the 1950s and 1960s Goodyear Aircraft (later Goodyear Aerospace)
introduced numerous advancements in SAR technology.
The RISAT series are the first all-weather earth observation satellites from ISRO. Previous Indian
observation satellites relied primarily on optical and spectral sensors which were hampered by cloud cover.
After the November 26, 2008 Mumbai attacks, the launch plan was modified to launch RISAT-2 before
RISAT-1, since the indigenous SAR to be used for RISAT-1 was not ready. RISAT-2 used an Israel
Aerospace Industries (IAI) SAR sensor similar to the one employed on TecSAR.
Oceansat - 2
India successfully launched its 16th remote-sensing satellite Oceansat-2 and six nano European satellites with
the help of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV- C-14) from Sriharikota. The first PSLV flight took place
on September 20, 1993.
Oceansat-2 is an Indian satellite designed to provide service continuity for operational users of the Ocean
Colour Monitor (OCM) instrument on Oceansat-1. It will also enhance the potential of applications in other
areas. The main objectives of OceanSat-2 are to study surface winds and ocean surface strata, observation of
chlorophyll concentrations, monitoring of phytoplankton blooms, study of atmospheric aerosols and
suspended sediments in the water.
Oceansat-2 is ISROs second in the series of IRS satellites dedicated to ocean research, and will provide
continuity to the applications of Oceansat-1 (launched in 1999).
Six nano satellites riding piggyback, four are from Germany and one each from Switzerland and Turkey.
These are educational satellites from universities named Cubesat 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Rubin 9.1 and 9.2 and are
intended to test new technologies.
We have so far put 16 foreign satellites from countries such as Belgium, Canada, Korea, Germany, Japan and
Indonesia in space, mostly riding piggy back with our own satellites.
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
Commonly known by its abbreviation PSLV, it is an expendable launch system developed and operated by
the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous
orbits, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV, commercially viable only from Russia.
PSLV can also launch small size satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).
The PSLV has launched 41 satellites (19 Indian and 22 from other countries) into a variety of orbits till date.
In April 2008, it successfully launched 10 satellites in one go, breaking a world record previously held by
Russia.
The PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage is one of the
largest solid-fuel rocket boosters in the world.
The second stage employs the Vikas engine.
Variants:
ISRO has envisaged a number of variants of PSLV to cater to different mission requirements.
PSLV (Operational)
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The standard version of the PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately and
six strap-on boosters. It currently has capability to launch 1,600 kg to 622 km into sun synchronous orbit.
PSLV-CA (Operational)
The PSLV-CA, CA meaning "Core Alone", model premiered on April 23, 2007. The CA model does not
include the six strap-on boosters used by the PSLV standard variant. Two small roll control modules and two
first stage motor control injection tanks were still attached to the side of the first stage. The fourth stage of
the CA variant has 400 kg less propellant when compared to its standard version. It currently has capability
to launch 1,100 kg to 622 km sun synchronous orbit.
PSLV-XL (Operational)
PSLV-XL is the uprated version of ISROs Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in its standard configuration
boosted by more powerful, stretched strap-on boosters. Weighing 320 tonnes at lift-off, the vehicle uses
larger strap-on motors (PSOM-XL) to achieve higher payload capability. PSOM-XL uses larger 13.5m, 12
tonnes of solid propellants instead of 9 tonnes used in the earlier configuration of PSLV. On 29 December
2005, ISRO successfully tested the improved version of strap-on booster for the PSLV. The first version of
PSLV-XL was the launch of Chandrayaan-1 by PSLV-C11. The payload capability for this variant is 1800 kg
compared to 1600 kg for the other variants. Future launches include the RISAT Radar Imaging Satellite.
PSLV-HP (Under development)
PSLV project director N Narayanamoorthy spoke of another version being planned called the PSLV-HP,
standing for high performance. It will have improved strap-ons motors, and the payload capability will be
raised to 2000 kg. The HP version will be used to launch a constellation of seven navigation satellites
between 2010 and 2012. Among other things, the efficiency of the stage 4 engine will be improved in this
version.
PSLV-3S (Under development)
ISRO is also considering the development of a three-stage version of the rocket (with the second stage of the
four-stage version removed) which will be capable of placing 500 kg to LEO.
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is generally defined as an orbit within the locus extending from the Earths surface
up to an altitude of 2,000 km.
Indias Lunar Probe Finds Water Traces On Moon
Bangalore, In a discovery hailed as path-breaking, Indias maiden lunar mission Chandrayaan has found
evidence of water on the moon.
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) confirmed that Chandrayaan-1 has detected
presence of water on the moon.
Excellent quality data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) instrument of the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) had clearly indicated the presence of water molecules on the lunar surface
extending from lunar poles to about 60 degrees latitude.
M3 principal investigator Carle Pieters in a paper published in Science Express, said that Chandrayaan-1
found evidence of water on the lunar surface.
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M3 was one of the 11 scientific instruments onboard Chandrayaan that ISRO launched Oct 22, 2008, but the
moon mission had to be aborted Aug 30 after Chandrayan lost radio contact with the earth.


,2010
Acknowledging that analysis of the data from M3 had led to a path-breaking finding, ISRO quoted from the
paper that hydroxyl, a molecule consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, was also found in
the lunar soil.
The scientific team was led by Pieters, a planetary geologist at Brown University in Rhode Island, and J.N.
Goswami, principal scientist of Chandrayaan-1 from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) of the Indian
Department of Space.
The team had concluded that there were traces of hydroxyl (OH) and water (H2O) molecules on the surface
of the moon closer to the polar region.
The experts also concluded that traces of OH and H20 were in the form of a thin layer embedded in rocks
and chemical compounds on the surface of the moon and the quantity were extremely small - of the order of
about 700 parts per million (ppm).
These molecules could have come from the impact of comets or radiation from the sun. But most probable
source could be low energy hydrogen carried by solar wind impacting on the minerals on lunar surface. This
in turn forms OH or H2O molecules by deriving the oxygen from metal oxide, the statement explained.
With these findings, the team revisited the data from NASAs Deep Impact Mission of 2005, which carried
an instrument similar to M3.
The Deep Impact Probe observed the moon for a week June 2-9, 2009.
This data, along with some laboratory tests carried out from samples brought from Apollo missions,
confirmed that the signature is genuine and there is a thin layer of surface mineral which contains traces of
hydroxyl and water molecules, ISRO reiterated.
The M3 observations are strengthened by results obtained from the analysis of archived data of lunar
observation in 1999 by another NASA mission, Cassini, on its way to Saturn. This data set also revealed
signatures of both OH and H2O absorption features on the lunar surface.
The NASA payload also found water molecules and hydroxyl at diverse areas of the sunlit region of the
moons surface, but the water signature appeared stronger at the moons higher latitudes.
Scientists have speculated that water molecules may migrate from non-polar regions of the moon to the
poles, where they are stored as ice in ultra-frigid pockets of craters that never receive sunlight.
Though the abundances are not precisely known, about 1,000 water molecule parts per million could be in
the lunar soil, the paper noted.
Harvesting one ton of the top layer of the moons surface will yield as much as 32 ounces of water,
scientists involved in the discovery said.
Chandrayaan project director M. Annadurai said the discovery of water on the moon was one of the
scientific achievements of the countrys maiden lunar mission.
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on December 15, 2007 added a new 32 Metre Indigenous
Antenna in Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu, Bangalore to accomplish its planning of tracking
space far and deep that would help ISROs First Moon Mission Chandrayaan-I as per tracking and sending
commands to ISROs control room.
Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR, Sriharikota by PSLV-
XL (PSLV-C11) on 22 October 2008. In this initial orbit, Chandrayaan orbited the Earth once in about six
and a half hours.
156
Chandrayaan-1 (moon-traveller, or moon vehicle) was India's first unmanned lunar probe.



,2010
It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August
2009.
The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor.
India launched the spacecraft by a modified version of the PSLV, PSLV C11 on 22 October 2008 from
Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, making India the fourth country to place its flag on the Moon.
The remote sensing lunar satellite carried high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared,
and soft and hard X-ray frequencies.
Over a two-year period, it was intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its
chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography.
The Polar Regions are of special interest as they might contain ice.
The lunar mission carries five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other space agencies including NASA,
ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency.
After suffering from several technical issues including failure of the star sensors and poor thermal shielding,
Chandrayaan stopped sending radio signals on 29 August 2009 shortly after which, the ISRO officially
declared the mission over.
Chandrayaan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but the mission achieved 95
percent of its planned objectives.
Gsat-10
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh gave his approval to a ambitious project to develop a communication
satellite that would have a GPS based navigation system. The design and development of GSAT-10
spacecraft would cost Rs. 735 core with a foreign exchange component of Rs. 634 crore.
The 3.3. Tonne satellite developed by ISRO will replace. INSAT-2E and INSAT-3B. GSAT-10 satellite will
have 12 high power Ku-band transponders, 12 C-band and 12 extended C-band India coverage transponders
that would create additional capacity for direct to home like operations.
Beside this, the cabinet approved the revision of pay scales of faculty design and scientific staff and other
academic staff of centrally funded institutions. Centre would provide the financial assistance to states to
recruit and retain quality facility.
Indian Institute Of Space Science and Technology (IIST)
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), being established with the objective of offering
high quality education in space science and technology to meet the demands of Indian Space Programme,
was inaugurated by Dr. G. Madhavan Nair, Chairman, ISRO on 14 September, 2007 at Thiruvananthapuram.
Aditya
In the midst of the buzz about Chandrayaan, the moon mission, the Indian Space Research Organization
(ISRO) is planning to launch a satellite to study the sun.
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Aditya should be up in space by 2012 to study the dynamic solar corona, the outermost region of
the sun.


,2010
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
Agile
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) successfully made the first commercial launch of a foreign
satellite through the Polar Satellite Launch of a foreign satellite through the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
(PSLV C-8).
Tecsar
Indias Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C10, successfully put the Israeli Tecsar into orbit. The PSLV
lifted off on January 21, 2008 from Sriharikota, injecting Tecsar into its precise orbit.
Risat-2 and anusat
ISROs Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C12) successfully placed two satellites - RISAT-2 and
ANUSAT - in the desired orbit on April 20, 2009.
RISAT-2 is a Radar Imaging Satellite with the capability to take images of the earth during day and night as
well as cloudy conditions
ANUSAT is the first experimental communication satellite built by an Indian University under the over all
guidance of ISRO and will demonstrate the technologies related to message store and forward operations.
DEFENCE
Milestones
First, the country successfully tested Agni-III, an intermediate-range missile, which had met its watery grave
last year in the Bay of Bengal.
Ten days later a surface-to-surface version of BarhMos supersonic Cruise missile was tested from the Interim
Test Range at Chandipur in Orissa. The Army will soon start deploying it.
Since early 1990s, India is developing a cruise missile system, Sagarika, capable of launching warheads from
aircraft and submarines. Still under development, the vertically-launched missile is at least five years away
from induction.
It will be able to carry a 500 kg. warhead up to a range of 1,000 km. One of the key challenges in fielding a
nuclear tipped variant of Sagarika would be to miniaturize a nuclear warhead to fit around a 6 metre long
missile.
The latest version of BrahMos missile(The name is derived from the two great rivers of India and Russia
Brahmaputra and Moskova), tested on April 22, has a range of 290 km and can carry 300 kg conventional
warhead. It can be launched from land, ships, submarines or aircraft, traveling at a speed of up to Mach 2.8.
The missile is jointly produced by DRDO and Russias NPO Mashinostroyenia under a project codenamed
PJ-10. It was first tested in June 2001.
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India successfully tested the indigenously developed Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA) Lakshya from a defence
base in Orissa for the second time.


,2010
Defence University At Binola Near Gurgaon
The Union Cabinet gave its approval to set up the nations first defence university at Binola near Gurgaon. It
would aim at imparting education on strategic challenges to armed forces officials, bureaucrats, academicians,
parliamentarians and trainees at military academies.
Astra
for the first time, India conducted the night trail of its indigenously developed beyond visual range (BVR) air-
to-air missile Astra in inclement weather.
The sophisticated missile was test-fired from a launcher in launch pad number two of the Integrated Test
Range complex at Chandipur.
The single stage, solid fuelled Astra missile was more advanced in its category than the contemporary BVR
missile and was capable of engaging and destroying highly maneuverable supersonic aerial targets.
It can carry a warhead containing explosives weighing 15 kg and can be fitted to any fighter aircraft.
Navy Warship Commissioned
Two state of the art high speed warships, INS Cankarso and INS Kondul were commissioned in the naval
fleet.
Nerpa Lease
Russia has finally made official the leasing of its advanced Nerpa nuclear attach submarine to India for a
period of ten years. As per the first official confirmation of the leasing of the Akula 2 class submarine, the
vessel will be received by India in October-November this year.
Interceptor Missile Tested Successfully
The DRDO carried out its fourth consecutive successful interceptor missile test against an incoming ballistic
missile. The missile fired in endo-atmospheric regime achieved a direct hit.
The single stage interceptor missile fitted with directional warhead and other advanced system has neutralized
the target, which was mimicking incoming enemy ballistic missile.
To mimic the incoming enemys ballistic missile trajectory, a target missile was launched from Launch
Complex-III, Interim Test Range, Chandipur.
INS Arihant
26 July 2009 was a historic day for Indian defence when Gursharan Kaur Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan
Singhs wife launched Indias first nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine INS Arihant.With this launch,
India joins an exclusive club of five other nations United States, Russia, China, Britain and France, which
possess similar submarine. At this historic moment, India acknowledged the contribution of Russia to help
India to achieve this historic milestone.
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INS Arihant, a nuclear powered submarine was equipped with anti-ship missiles, torpedoes and sensors to
keep it undersea for a prolonged period of time. INS Arihant will be fitted with Indias own K-15 missiles
that can be launched from underwater. These missile can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads.
They have range of 700 km.


,2010
Nirbhay
DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) scientists are currently working on a long-range,
subsonic cruise missile, Nirbhay. Nirbhay is a hindi word which means dauntless or fearless.
As of now, India had been very successful with six missile projects. They are, Agni, Prithvi, Brahmos, Akash,
Trishul and Nag. Nirbhay is the seventh missile development project in India. Nirbhay comes under the
same class as the American Tomahawk which gave a shock during the 1991 Gulf war and Nirbhay would
have a range of 1000km which is 300km longer than Pakistans subsonic cruise missile Hatf-VII Babur.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
National Internet Exchange Of India (NIXI)
National internet Exchange of India (NIXI) has been set up by DIT. Government of India to ensure that
Internet traffic, originating and destined for India, should be routed within India.
It is expected that NIXI will take appropriate steps for increasing the utilization of such facilities.
NUCLEAR
Atmea I
The Atmea I is a new evolutionary reactor design targeted towards both developed and developing
economies. It will be developed through a joint venture with Mitsubishi called Atmea. Current plans are
targeting power output of about 1,100 MWe, but the design could be scalable to produce different levels of
power output to fit different size grids. Current plans call for the design to be ready for licensing applications
by the end of 2009.
Kerena
Areva has announced that its 1,250 MWe Generation III+ boiling water reactor (BWR) design, provisionally
known as SWR-1000, will henceforth be called Kerena. The Kerena design was developed from that of the
Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant by Areva, with extensive German input and using operating
experience from Generation II BWRs to simplify systems engineering.
Experimental Test Reactor
A low power Critical Facility at BARC, Trombay attained first criticality at 1900 hrs on Monday, 7th April,
2008.
BARC is developing a 300 MW(e) Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) which, in its equilibrium
condition, will derive two-third of its energy from thorium based fuel.
AHWR will serve as a technology demonstrator to facilitate development of several enabling technologies for
large scale thorium utilization in the third stage of Indian nuclear power programme20.

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20
(i)Natural uranium fuelled Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs),(ii) Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) utilising plutonium based
fuel, and,(iii) Advanced nuclear power systems for utilisation of thorium.


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161
BIOTECNOLOGY
Cloning Of Worlds 1
st
Buffalo
IN A landmark achievement for India, the scientists at Karnal-based Indias National Dairy Research
Institute (NDRI) successfully cloned the worlds first ever buffalo calf. The scientists at NDRI are said to
have used a technique superior than that used in cloning the famous sheep- Dolly. The buffalo calf was born
on Feb 6 at NDRI campus. However, this jubilation was cut short, as the buffalo calf died, on Wednesday
(Feb 11) night due to pneumonia.
The female calf named Garima was born at the National Dairy Research Institute in the city of Karnal.
India cloned the world's first buffalo in February, but it died of pneumonia within a week of its birth after
being created from the ear tissue of a female buffalo.

Scientists cloned Garima using tissue from a foetus as part of a "hand-guided cloning technique" which
allows the sex of the calf to be chosen.













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162
7.
SUMMITS/CONFERENCES
This part consists of various summits, conferences held through out the world in the preceeding year
UNITED NATIONS
Dispute-free village scheme to get united nations recognition
The United Nations has decided to recognise the Mahatma Gandhi Tanta Mukti Gaon Mohim (Dispute-free
Village Scheme) of the Maharashtra government. The scheme was introduced as a way to get rid of small
disputes in the village and thus bring about harmony. It was also seen as a measure to reduce the work
pressure on policemen.
Access to clean water and sanitation as a human right
In a landmark resolution, the United Nations General Assembly has recognised access to clean water and
sanitation as a human right.
The 39-state proposal, initiated by Bolivian President Evo Morales, was passed by 122 votes to zero, with 41
member states abstaining.
The negotiations leading to the vote, however, were detailed and tense, and showed clear political divisions
on North-South lines.
The major opposition came from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Japan and
several other industrialised countries together with developing countries known for siding with the U.S. and
former colonial powers.
Indeed, had Germany and Spain not stated that they would not oppose the resolution, opponents such as the
U.K. and Sweden may even have succeeded in conveying the impression that the European Union as a whole
had achieved a consensus against it. Some delegations, implausibly in this electronic age, said they did not
receive their governments' instructions in time for the vote. Campaigning groups have also said that an
attempt was made within the U.N. to derail the resolution, in the form of a prior letter sent by the U.N.
Secretary General's Advisory Board to the President of the General Assembly suggesting alterations to the
draft resolution; some have implied that this constituted an attempt to impose a neoliberal tone on the draft.
Waste-pickers oppose u.n. Plan



,2010
The waste-pickers have opposed the U.N. plan, which they claim is forcing them out of work and increasing
climate change emissions.
Their complaint, heard in Bonn where the U.N. global climate change talks resumed. The pickers say the
clean development mechanism (CDM), an ambitious climate finance scheme designed to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions in developing countries, has led to dozens of giant waste-to-energy incinerators being built to
burn municipal rubbish, as well as hundreds of new landfill schemes designed to collect methane gas.
U.n. Chief urges support for migrant families
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on Saturday urged governments to implement policies that
help migrants adapt and prosper in their host countries in a bid to focus on the social and cultural
contributions of migrants as well as on the challenges they face.
In his message for the International Day of Families, observed annually on May 15, he noted that despite its
many benefits, migration places heavy burdens on family members.
Review panel judges see a culture of u.n. Secrecy
Independent judges appointed to revamp the way the United Nations reviews decisions on matters like
hiring, firing, promotions and raises accused Secretary-General Ban Kimoon of shielding an unhealthy
culture of secrecy and trying to undermine the new system.
The U.N. Dispute Tribunal, inaugurated last July to replace a process so deteriorated that employees
challenging employment decisions sometimes waited years for answers, has succeeded in shrinking a backlog
of about 300 cases.
But some of the decisions issued by the tribunal contend that Mr. Ban and the highest levels of management
are determined to preserve a system in which their personnel decisions remain absolute. One judge even
characterised their lack of cooperation as an attack on the rule of law.
India and the Issue of Climate Change
Climate change: india shows flexibility in stand
India has displayed flexibility in its climate change position by offering to adopt the international guidelines
under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) while reporting to
Parliament on its unsupported domestic efforts to deal with climate change.
This move can be viewed as a significant step. It conveys to the global audience that Indias reporting would
be at international standards, at the same time the government would be able to tell the domestic audience
that it has not submitted to international review.
India believes in the trimurti of UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and Bali Action Plan. The mandate enables
existing two track approach of Kyoto Protocol and the Longterm Co-operative Action to move ahead.
The two tracks must be completed latest by 2010. India has consistently opposed any attempts to dilute the
Kyoto protocol. India intends to negotiate the launch of the second commitment period of 2013 to 2017
under the Kyoto Protocol, which is what is being discussed. The developed nations have to agree to this.
Stage set for basic meet in delhi
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With an eye on the climate change conference in Mexico, the BASIC countries are considering ways to mend
fences with the small island states and less developed countries. At the BASIC meeting held in January 2010,


,2010
India put forward a proposal for a fund to help vulnerable countries to deal with the effects of climate
change.
The BASIC meeting in New Delhi focused on post-Copenhagen scenario. With the groupBrazil, South
Africa, India and Chinanow focusing on climate change negotiations leading to the conference at Mexico,
it will need to work out ways in which it can make common cause with the rest of the developing bloc. There
has been a sense that in Copenhagen, the emerging economies or the more advanced developing countries
had broken ranks with the G-77. For the BASIC to retain its negotiating strength it will need to reach out to
the vulnerable countries in the developing group.
The fund could serve this purpose. The proposed fund will be bilateral in nature and not under the auspices
of the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change. The fund is unlikely to be a formal set up
as that would require setting up of structures. Instead each of the four countriesBrazil, South Africa, India
and Chinawill co-ordinate their climate related aid to vulnerable countries.
The idea of a fund was proposed by India, and is likely to gain currency with both Brazil and South Africa.
Both these countries have been re-evaluating the Copenhagen Agreement and its implications. South Africa
has been having discussions with members of the African group. Brazil too has been making efforts to build
bridges with other Latin American countries. A fund like the one being proposed by India will find
acceptance of these two countries. Brazil is likely to agree to such a proposal especially as President Luiz
Inacio Lula da Silva had at Copenhagen committed to contribute funds for less developed and vulnerable
countries.
The underlying presumption during the eleventh-hour negotiations at Copenhagen was that the Accord
would be followed by decisions by the Conference of Parties. The COP is the association of all countries and
is the highest decision making body in the UNFCCC system.
An adoption by the COP would have make it possible to operationalise all aspects of the Accord, including
finance, technology and REDD. These are critical pillars of the Bali Action Plan. However, the fact that the
Accord was only taken note of by the assembly allows for a limited operationalisation, only the emission
reduction commitments of the developed countries and actions of developing countries under the
Copenhagen Accord will be operationalised.
However, for the small island states and the less developed countries that are looking to receive funds, the
Accord will not have much meaning. This is likely to increase the sense among vulnerable countries that the
BASIC had not kept their interest in mind while negotiating the Accord. The proposal of a fund could
address this as well.
INTERNATIONAL
164

United Nations Conference on the world Financial and Economic Crisis and its import on Development:
was held in New-York on 24 June 2009. India was represented by Minister of State for External Affairs
Preneet Kaur. Her participation is seen in the context with Indias proactive and constructive engagement
with global community in order to address and meet the challenges posed by global financial and economic
crisis.


,2010
NAM
15
th
Non-Aligned Movement Summit was held on 15-16 July 2009 at Sharm-el-Sheikh in Egypt. A bloc of
118 nations discussed the issues of international ramifications such as recent economic crisis, terrorism,
representation of Developing countries in international financial institutions, climate change and peace in
Middle East. NAM summit assume more significance in the backdrop of meeting of India and Pakistans
leaders to restart their dialogue process. On 16 July 2009 NAM leaders issued their declaration.
NAM leaders in concluding declaration emphasis on the need for collective action on the principal global
issue of the day. On disarmament, the NAM leaders agreed to engage constructively with concrete actions
the nuclear weapons states are obliged to take towards disarmament to make world free of nuclear weapons.
NAM leaders strongly endorsed the need for a just and comprehensive peace in the Middle East. They called
for the establishment of an independent, contiguous and viable state in Palestine with east Jerusalem as its
capital and said they stood firmly against all settlement activity illegally undertaken by Israel in the occupied
territory.
On the issue of reforms in Security Council, declaration emphasized the need to restore the balance between
the principal organs of United Nations and reaffirm the role and authority of General assembly. NAM
leaders also favoured the expansion of permanent category of Security Council and to restructure it according
to present world order.
Joint declaration also called for early finalization of the draft. Comprehensive Convention on international
terrorism an Indian sponsored initiative reflecting differences over some clause of the proposed terrorism
compact.
Formulation on climate change calls for strengthening the political momentum in the run-up to Copenhagen
Conference in a manner that duly reflects the view of NAM Countries with regard to mitigation, adaptation,
finance, technology, transfer common but Differentiated Responsibilities.
BRIC Summit
The first-ever summit of BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) was brief but historic
event. It was held in Yekaterinburg in Russian in 16 June 2009. On the sideline of Shangai
Cooperation Organisatino meet BRIC Countries unveil their collective agenda as a 16 point joint
statements after the summit.
Political dialogue between the BRIC countries began in New York in September 2006, with a meeting of the
BRIC foreign ministers. Four high-level meetings have followed, including a full-scale meeting in
Yekaterinburg, Russia, on May 16, 2008.
Joint Statement:
BRIC countries are committed to advance the reform of international financial institutions so as to reflect the
changes in the world economy.
In their joint declaration, they condemned the western domination on international financial institution like
IMF an World Bank They called for greater representation and voice for emerging and developing
economies in their functioning.
165

Joint Statement also contained a veiled attack on the dollar, whose role as the primary international reserved
currency have questioned by BRIC countries. Leaders of BRIC countries believed that there should be a
stable, predictable and more diversified international monetary system.


,2010
On the issue of food security, they emphasis on the need for a comprehensive and balanced outcome to
WTOs Doha Development Round. They also strongly opposed the protectionism adopted by for countries
to save their economy.
On Indias initiative, the statement strongly condemned terrorism in all its form and manifestations and
reiterated that there can be no justification for any act of terrorism anywhere or for whatever reasons.
BRIC Countries also recognised the need reforms in United Nations and streed to raise the status of India
and Brazil to play greater role in U.N.
In joint statement, BRIC countries insist on four world order and ensure the safety and security of their
people. They insist on that all the decision important for international community should be taken on fairer
bases.
Recent summit
Brasilia hosted BRIC (Brazil-Russia-India-China) and IBSA (India-Brazil-South Africa) heads of
state during two summits that took place between April 14 and 16, 2010
China and Brazil bolstered their growing ties with trade and investment agreements
Brazil, Russia and India appreciate the offer of China to host the III BRIC Summit in 2011.
G-15
The 14
th
G-15 summit on 15-17 May 2010 in Tehran was overshadowed by Brazilian President Luiz Inacio
Lula da Silva's parleys with top Iranian leaders to resolve the standoff between the West and Tehran over the
uranium enrichment issue.
The issue at stake is Iran exchanging its 3.5 per cent uranium with 20 per cent enriched uranium from
another country for research and medical purposes.
The U.S.-Europe combine does not want Iran to further enrich uranium as it suspects it could be diverted to
make nuclear weapons. Iran, however, protests that it is not interested in making a bomb but simply wants to
achieve the complete nuclear cycle for civilian purposes which is allowed to all Nuclear Non- Proliferation
Treaty signatories. The trilateral deal reached between Brazil, Iran and turkey could prove to be an elusive
out of the box solution that had so far eluded the diplomatic initiatives. But the opposition from US and
EU has complicated the situation.
Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa took over the chairmanship of the Group of 15 countries (G15)
from his Iranian counterpart Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at the summit in Tehran.
Chogm
Pakistan returned to the Commonwealth in May 2008 after its suspension from the 53-member body was
revoked following restoration of democracy in that country.
Pakistan was suspended at the Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) meeting in Kampala in
November 2007 following President Prevez Musharrafs decision to impose Emergency, curb media freedom
and arrest opposition activists.
166

41st chogm summit at Port of spain the capital of the island nation of Trinidad and Tobago was
held in Nov, 2009.


,2010
SAARC
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
Established 1985, Dec, 8
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan , Afganistan and Sri Lanka
15
th
summit
The 15th SAARC Summit at Colombo August, 2008. The summit adopted the Colombo Declaration titled
Partnership for growth of our people.
SAFTA

Recommended a three-year moratorium on admission of new observers ( China, the EU, Iran, Japan,
Republic of Korea, Mauritus and the US are the observers).

The representations from Australia and Myanmar for observer status were approved in the summit.

16
th
Summit started on 26th April in Thimpu.
16th saarc summit
The 16th summit of the eight-nation South Asian Regional Cooperation (SAARC) concluded on March 29,
2010 in Bhutanese capital Thimphu, vowing to plant 10 million trees over the next five years so that there
is a green and happy South Asia. It also resolved to boost trade cooperation among the member states and
pledged to concentrate on the uplift of poverty stricken people in the region that is home to 1.5 billion
humans a fourth of the world population. Climate change and Socio-economic development were, thus,
the two principal themes that the summit focused on.
SAFTA
One of the success stories that SAARC officials highlight is the implementation of South Asia Free Trade
Agreement (SAFTA). Intra-SAARC trade touched US $ 529 million in 2009, a considerable jump from the
previous two years since SAFTA was implemented. Under SAFTA, it was agreed in principle to prune the
sensitive lists by twenty per cent. SAARC Member States have also agreed to reduce tariffs on 30% of tariff
lines outside the Sensitive Lists to Zero.
However, the fact remains that the countries of the region prefer bilateral mechanism to boost their trade to
the SAFTA route. India, for instance, has preferential or free trade agreements with some SAARC countries
on a bilateral basis. The intra-South Asian trade is almost 11 billion US dollars. But under SAFTA, which was
implemented in 2006, the trade figure is only about 50 million dollars. Of course, one could argue that the
figure has gone up from the 2006 mark of 11 million dollars. But the discrepancy between 11 billion dollars
through bilateral trade and half a billion dollars under SAFTA tells the story. Besides, when one talks of the
SAFTA figure of 50 million dollars, that is essentially the trade between India and Bangladesh.
167

As far as Sri Lanka, Bhutan and with Nepal are concerned, India has a very open trading regime with them.
India-Pakistan official trade is very poor, given Pakistans reluctance to implement SAFTA with India or
offer the MFN status as a WTO member. It is only Bangladesh that has been able to take a lot of advantage


,2010
of the opening up of trade controls under SAFTA. So, a large proportion of the increase in the volume of
trade under SAFTA is accounted for by Bangladesh-India trade.
Future of SAARC
The fact that SAARC as a regional grouping has not lived up to expectations could be attributed mainly to
the very nature of South Asia as a region. In South Asia, India overwhelmingly dominates over others in size,
population and economy. Except with India, no SAARC nation shared border with another SAARC nation
before Afghanistan joined the group (it shares the border with Pakistan). Politically, apart from India and Sri
Lanka, no other SAARC country can boast of having strong democratic roots.
Ethnically, India has got communities which have strong civilisational and cultural affinities with a section of
community in each of the other SAARC countries Tamils in Sri Lanka, Bengalis in Bangladesh, Biharis and
those from Uttar Pradesh with Madhesis in Nepal, North Indian Muslims with the so-called Mohajirs in
Pakistan etc. As a result, the India-link becomes a political factor in almost all the SAARC countries. And
above all, there is the legacy of partition of India in 1947, giving birth to a new country called Pakistan and
subsequently Bangladesh. This legacy continues to bedevil the relations between India and Pakistan,
SAARCs two largest countries.
It is not that only India and Pakistan have problems. India and Bangladesh have some issues to settle. Same
is the case with Nepal and Bhutan. Pakistan and Afghanistan also do not lag behind on this score.
The diehard supporters of the SAARC miss no opportunity to cite the success stories of Association of
South East Asian Nations (Asean) and the European Union (EU). But they miss the point that neither the
ASEAN nor the EU has such disparities among its members as these are within the SAARC. Neither the EU
nor the ASEAN has a giant like India within it which is superior in every respect to its neighbours.
Then there is the common security perception. The fear of China brought the ASEAN countries together in
1970s. And the fear of the then Soviet Union made the then European Coal and Steel Community and the
European Economic Community, the predecessors of the EU, possible. But here in South Asia, while India
has always chalked out a course of autonomy in its interactions with the rest of the world, other SAARC
members have been guided at different times differently by the United States and China. In fact, most of
these countries have resented the prominence of India most of the times.
This is not to suggest that the SAARC is not a useful organization. Despite all its limitations, in the last few
years, particularly since the 14th Summit in New Delhi in April 2007, SAARC has begun to lay the
institutional framework for regional cooperation. Regional institutions, in the form of the South Asian
Regional Standards Organization (SARSO) in Dhaka, the SAARC Arbitration Council in Islamabad, the
SAARC Development Fund (SDF) in Thimphu, the South Asian University (SAU) in New Delhi, among
others, are the building blocks of regional development.
We must allow the SAARC to develop slowly. Do not expect miracles common currency, common
security, SAARC parliament, visa-free travel from it in near future.
Ibsa
IBSA was formed in June, 2003.
Major goals are to strengthen cooperation among here partners, strengthening south-south cooperation and
articulating the voice of developing countries at different international foray.
168

The ISBA has decided to increase the trilateral trade among three countries to the tune of 15 billion dollars
by the year 2010.


,2010
Brasilia hosted IBSA (India-Brazil-South Africa) summit that took place between April 14 and 16,
2010
Bimstec
BIMSTEC

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
Basic
Information
Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal.
Formed :On 6 June 1997, First Summit in 31 July 2004(Thailand)

Aims : To combine the `Look West policy of Thailand and ASEAN with the `Look East
policy of India and South Asia. So it could be explained that BIMSTEC is a link between
ASEAN and SARRC.

Recent
Summit, 13
November
2008, New
Delhi, India

2nd BIMSTEC Summit preceded by the 11th Ministerial Meeting and the 13th Senior
Officials Meeting in New Delhi, India.
They welcomed the establishment of the Centres for Energy and Weather and Climate in
India and the BIMSTEC Cultural Observatory in Bhutan.
discussed the idea of pooling resources to set up a food bank (used by countries in need).
The leaders also took note of the BIMSTEC Transport Infrastructure and Logistics Study
(BTILS) conducted by the Asian Development Bank.

WEF
21

Sharm-El-Sheikh Meeting
The World Economic Forum (Middle East) meeting recently held at Sharm-El Sheikh resort in Egypt. In the
meeting participants countries deliberated upon wide range of issues, such including global food security,
economic growth and development, terrorism and education.
APEC
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
1989 in Canberra, Australia in November, chaired by Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Gareth Evans.
21 Pacific Rim countries of regions
To discuss the regional economy, cooperation, trade and investment.

An annual summit attended by the heads of government of all APEC members

20
th
summit

169

21
The world Economic Forum was founded in 1971 by Klums m. Schwab in Geneva in Switzerland. The foundation of WEF holds
annual meeting of top business leaders, national meeting of top business leaders, national leaders, intellectuals and journalists. Besides there
are regional meetings throughout the year.


,2010
Peru summit, 2008 in the capital city of Lima.

Peru has been a full member of APEC since 1998. Its participation began when Malaysia hosted the forums
summit in Kuala Lumpur.

India-Africa Summit
The largest ever India-Africa summit was held from March 19 to 21, 2008 in New Delhi.
The summit was named The India-Africa Project Partnership, 2008.
Sco-Csto22
SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization , 2001

Year Country Location Basic information
2001 China Shanghai
2002 Russia St Petersburg
2003 Russia Moscow
2004 Uzbekistan Tashkent
intergovernmental mutual-security organization which was founded
by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan
and Uzbekistan. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been
members of the Shanghai Five founded in 1996.
Mongolia, India, Iran, Pakistan currently has observer status in the
SCO.
2005 Kazakhstan Astana
Recent Summit
2006 China Shanghai
2007 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek
2008 Tajikistan Dushanbe
2009 Russia Yekaterinburg
SCO Secretary-General makes working visit to India
SCO Secretary-General Bolat Nurgaliey made a working visit to New
Delhi during 26-28 February 2009.
Annual summit
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation's (SCO) annual summit
ended in Tashkent with the leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan agreeing to further enhance
regional stability and seek common development.
Against the backdrop of complicated regional and international
situations, it is both a necessity and the collective wish of these
countries and their peoples to safeguard regional stability, and
cooperatively promote social and economic advancement of the entire
region.
The Tashkent declaration, issued at the end of the six-member
summit, stressed the importance of constructive dialogues and
cooperation among SCO member states, with a particular emphasis
on countering new threats and challenges that have emerged in the

170

22
The Shangai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), a Russia-led defence pact of
former cooperation pact dubbed a Russian Chinese NATO.


,2010
security sector.
GCC
The leaders of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) concluded their 28th Supreme Council Summit in
Doha, Qatar on December 4, 2007. Iranian President Mahmud Ahmed Nejad also attended the summit the
first time an Iranian leader has done so.
NATO
The NATO 20th summit displayed camaraderie among the participants, but the irritants in the mutual
relationship was evident from different sides. In particular Russia, expressed its strong disapproval of the
NATOs point of view over the admission of Georgia and Ukraine to the NATO, recognition of Kosovo
and President Bushs anti-missile defense plan in Eastern Europe.
60
th
nato anniversary summit
On April 3 and 4, 2009, the heads of state and government of the 28 members of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) met in Strasbourg, France, and Kehl, Germany for a summit marking the 60th
anniversary of the alliance.
Albania and Croatia officially joined the alliance at the summit and discussions on the stalled membership
prospects of Macedonia, Georgia, and Ukraine continued.
France announced its full reintegration into NATOs integrated military command structure. It has had only
very limited participation in the alliances military decision-making structures since then- President Charles de
Gaulle withdrew the country from NATOs integrated command structure in 1966.
Anders Fogh Rasmussen became the 12th NATO Secretary General on 1 August 2009, succeeding Jaap
de Hoop Scheffer, who held the post from 2004 until 2009. The announcement was made on 4 April 2009 at
the 2009 StrasbourgKehl summit in Strasbourg.
The Treaty of Brussels signed on March 17, 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and
the United Kingdom is considered the precursor to the NATO agreement.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the
North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on April 4, 1949.
The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium and the organization constitutes a system of collective
defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
On April 1, 2009, membership was enlarged to 28 with the entrance of Albania and Croatia.
The Berlin Plus agreement is a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the
European Union on December 16, 2002. With this agreement the EU was given the possibility to use NATO
assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did
not want to actthe so-called "right of first refusal". Only if NATO refused to act would the EU have the
option to act.
171

The NATO Response Force (NRF) was launched at the 2002 Prague summit on November 21. On June
19, 2003, a major restructuring of the NATO military commands began as the Headquarters of the Supreme
Allied Commander, Atlantic were abolished and a new command, Allied Command Transformation (ACT),
was established in Norfolk, Virginia, United States, and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe


,2010
(SHAPE) became the Headquarters of Allied Command Operations (ACO). ACT is responsible for driving
transformation (future capabilities) in NATO, whilst ACO is responsible for current operations.
Membership went on expanding with the accession of seven more Northern European and Eastern
European countries to NATO: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and also Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and
Romania. They were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002 Prague Summit, and joined
NATO on 29 March 2004, shortly before the 2004 Istanbul summit. The same month, NATO's Baltic Air
Policing began, which supported the sovereignty of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia by providing fighters to
react to any unwanted aerial intrusions. Four fighters are based in Lithuania, provided in rotation by virtually
all the NATO states. Operation Peaceful Summit temporarily enhanced this patrolling during the 2006 Riga
summit.
The 2006 Riga summit was held in Riga, Latvia, which had joined the Atlantic Alliance two years earlier. It is
the first NATO summit to be held in a country that was part of the Soviet Union, and the second one in a
former Comecon country (after the 2002 Prague summit). Energy Security was one of the main themes of
the Riga Summit. At the April 2008 summit in Bucharest, Romania, NATO agreed to the accession of
Croatia and Albania and invited them to join. Both countries joined NATO in April 2009. Ukraine and
Georgia were also told that they will eventually become members.
In August 2003, NATO commenced its first mission ever outside Europe when it assumed control over
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan.
For some years, the United States negotiated with Poland and the Czech Republic for the deployment of
interceptor missiles and a radar tracking system in the two countries. In August 2008, Poland and the United
States signed a preliminary deal to place part of the missile defence shield in Poland that would be linked to
air-defence radar in the Czech Republic. The proposed American missile defence site in Central Europe is
expected to be fully operational by 2015 and would be capable of covering most of Europe except parts of
Romania plus Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey.
In April 2007, NATO's European allies called for a NATO missile defence system which would complement
the American national missile defence system to protect Europe from missile attacks and NATO's decision-
making North Atlantic Council held consultations on missile defence in the first meeting on the topic at such
a senior level. In response, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin claimed that such a deployment could lead
to a new arms race and could enhance the likelihood of mutual destruction. He also suggested that his
country would freeze its compliance with the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
(CFE)which limits military deployments across the continentuntil all NATO countries had ratified the
adapted CFE treaty.
On September 17, 2009, US President Barack Obama announced that the planned deployment of long-range
missile defence interceptors and equipment in Poland and the Czech Republic was not to go forward, and
that a defence against short- and medium-range missiles using AEGIS warships would be deployed instead.
Asean
172

ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
Established on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand with the signature of the Bangkok declaration by the
five original member nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand).
Now Encompasses 10 South East Asian countries.


,2010

Brunei Darussalam (sixth member in 1984), Vietnam ( joined In 1995) Democratic Republic and
Burma/Myanmar (in 1997) and Cambodia joined in 1999.

Fourteenth summit
At Dusit Thani Hua Hin., Thailand from 1 March 2009.
A new chapter for ASEAN following the entry into force of the ASEAN Charter last December under the
theme `ASEAN Charter for ASEAN Peoples,
Besides, there are three sub-themes, namely `Towards More Effective Community-Building, `Enhancing
Regional Resilience against Global Threats, and `Reinforcing, ASEAN Centrality in the Evolving Regional
Architecture.

On 1 March 2009 ASEAN Heads of State and Government signed Cha-am Hua Hin Declaration on the
Roadmap for an ASEAN Community (2009-2015).

G-8
G-8 Group of 8
Formed 1975,
meeting annually to deal with the major economic and political issues
United States, Britain, Germany, Japan and Italy.( in first summit)
Canada ( added in 1976 )
Russia (Participation started in Napples summit, 1994 but added in Denver Summit, 1997)

Birmingham Summit, 1998 saw full Russian participation, giving birth to the G8.

G-8 welcomes resumption of india-pakistan talks
Welcoming the resumption of dialogue between India and Pakistan, the G-8 countries appealed to all nations
in the region to work together actively in the interests of regional peace and stability.
G-8 renews enr ban on india
The G-8 has renewed for another year its ban on the sale of enrichment and reprocessing (ENR) technology
and equipment to countries like India that have not signed the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT).
They reiterated their commitment as found in the paragraph 8 of the L'Aquila Statement on Non-
Proliferation in their summit communiqu from Huntsville, Ontario, in Canada on June 26, 2010. Paragraph
8 of the L'Aquila statement issued at the G-8 summit last year in Italy had said the eight countries would
implement as national policy for a year the clean text on ENR restrictions that had emerged within the
Nuclear Suppliers Group.
G8 vows joint action against terrorism
173

G8 leaders pledged to work together in an integrated and coordinated manner to combat the threat posed
by terrorism and attack violent extremism at its roots.


,2010
Terrorism threatens people everywhere and undermines peace, stability and security. All acts of terrorism
are criminal, inhumane, and unjustifiable irrespective of motivation, the Group of Eight leaders said.
Given the complex nature of the terrorist threat, an integrated and coordinated G8 response is essential to
meeting this challenge, they said.
Denouncing suicide bombings and a rise in hostage-takings, the leaders said after talks in Canada that it was
critical to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism.
They highlighted in their joint statement the need for governments to promote the rule of law, protect
human rights and ensure good governance.
G-20
23

174
G-20 nations focus on deficits
G-20 leaders agreed on a timetable for cutting deficits and halting the growth of their public debt, though
they also acknowledged the need to move carefully so that reductions in spending did not set back the fragile
global recovery.
The action at the Group of 20 summit meeting here signalled the determination of many of the wealthiest
countries, after enacting spending programmes to counter the worldwide financial crisis, to now emphasise
debt reduction. And it underscored the conviction of European nations in particular that deficits represent
the biggest threat to their economic stability.
To assuage objections from the United States, Japan, India and some other countries, the timetable was
couched as an expectation, rather than a firm deadline.
The G-20 joint statement explicitly stated that Japan, which is heavily dependent on domestic borrowing, was
not expected to meet the targets.
Joint statement
The joint statement acknowledged both sides of the debate. There is a risk that synchronised fiscal
adjustment across several major economies could adversely impact the recovery, the statement said.
It is the first time the G-20 has set dates for deficit reduction, but the timetable, which is not binding, will
probably not require new policy actions. Most of the governments, including the United States, have already
put forward budget proposals in line with the targets.
The leaders also discussed banking regulations, but could not agree on a proposal for a global bank tax,
supported by the United States, Britain and the European Union, but opposed by Canada and Australia.
And while the G-20 reaffirmed a deadline their next meeting, in November in Seoul, South Korea for
agreeing on new capital standards for banks, they signalled that several countries might not implement the
standards by 2012, as initially planned.
Pm manmohan singhs views on global recovery

23
Heads of states of G-20 members meet biannually at the G-20 Summit. The next 2010 G-20 Summits is scheduled to be held in
Seoul on November 11-13.




,2010
Endorsing the United States' assessment of the global economic situation, as opposed to the German one,
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh told the G-20 that global recovery was still fragile because private
demand in the industrialised countries remained weak, which meant government support to boosting
demand must not be given up prematurely.
Dr. Singh warned against a double dip recession as there was a danger that different countries might go
different ways. Contradictory policies, if followed by many industrialised countries simultaneously, could
provoke a double dip recession. This will have very negative effects on developing countries, and on the
prospects for achieving the Millennium Development Goals, he told the gathering of leaders whose
countries account for 85 per cent of the world GDP.
Meeting of g20 finance ministers at busan, south korea
India is not keen on any tax on banks to fund future bailouts, but is all for better regulation, finance minister
Pranab Mukherjee is reported to have told in an interview on the sidelines of a meeting of finance ministers
from the G20 countries at Busan, South Korea.
The crux of the idea under debate is that public money cannot be used to fund future bank bailouts. Instead,
banks should be taxed to build a corpus for future bailouts.
India is not the only one opposed to the tax. Australia and Canadawhose banking system survived the
financial meltdown unscathedtoo are opposed to such a tax. The US and European countries favour a
bank tax to pay for future bailouts.
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)
Also known as 'Trips Plus' is reportedly being given a shape by countries such as the US, Japan, the EU,
Australia and South Korea.
The ACTA being negotiated between eleven countries (it also includes Canada, Mexico, Switzerland, NZ,
Morocco and Singapore), proposes to widen the scope of protection and setting up higher standards for
enforcement of intellectual property rights. It would extend to import, export and in-transit goods and
includes infringement of all IPRs.
While the negotiations for the agreement have been going on for more than three years, the international
community got to know about it this April through media reports.
It is feared that it could hamper Indias trade in a number of areas including pharmaceuticals and IT
products. Therefore India and China have decided to rake up the issue at the World Trade Organisation
(WTO).
Two Summits On Nuclear Issues
175

The two summits in April 2010 The Nuclear Security Summit in Washington and Nuclear Disarmament
Conference in Iran; within a gap of four days has attracted world attention to the danger of nuclear weapons
falling into the hands of terrorists, highlighting that a few countries possess them, while others are vying for
them. The Washington summit focused on nuclear terrorism faced by the world currently due to the growing
influence and spread of terror organizations. The Iranian conference, widely perceived to be a counterweight,
attacked the US policies on nuclear disarmament and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), while asking for
fresh initiatives on these issues. President Obama was seen engaged in gathering world opinion against the
nuclear threat posed by the al Qaeda and other such groups and also Irans nuclear ambitions at the 47-


,2010
nation Washington summit. In contrast, the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenie, and the President,
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, warned that America's nuclear policy has placed the world in a dangerous situation,
while encouraging the representatives of 60 nations to consider withdrawing from the NPT and starting a
new organization.
By taking his speech in Prague in April 2009 a step further, Obama seems determined to secure nuclear
materials around the globe within four years to keep them out of the grasp of terrorists. Without doubt,
nuclear terrorism is the most imminent threat that the world faces today, and Obamas concerns are real and
for which he hopes to mobilize global opinion. Ahmadinejad, on the other hand, accused the US of holding
its own huge nuclear stockpiles intact while advocating non-proliferation to other countries.
Sochi Summit
Russia's President Dmitry Medvedev hosted a second quadripartite summit with the leaders of Afghanistan,
Pakistan and Tajikistan to discuss security, terrorism, drugs and economic cooperation in the region.
Analysts said hydropower energy and transport infrastructure would be the foundation of four-corner
economic cooperation. Under the Central Asia-South Asian-1000 (CASA-1000) plan sponsored by the World
Bank, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan will supply surplus electricity to Afghanistan and Pakistan. There is also a
plan to build a motorway and a railroad from Pakistan to Tajikistan.
At the first quadripartite summit in Tajikistan last year Mr. Medvedev said a new format of regional
cooperation was being borne.
Chairman of the Russian Parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee Konstantin Kosachev said Russia could
become a donor of economic, social and military-political security for Afghanistan, Pakistan and Tajikistan.
The countries have agreed to intensify their join fight in the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO) and the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), against terrorism and narcotics
to bring peace and stability in the region. Besides that the four nations discussed undertaking joint economic
projects in power generation, transport infrastructure and mining, especially such projects as restoring the
Salang tunnel in northern Afghanistan and rebuilding the countrys hydropower plants.
176

Although the summit had no direct effect on India, it would be a major step towards Russias efforts to
dehyphenate its relations with Pakistan from those with India. Russia feels that India should handle the
newfound warmth in Russia-Pakistan relations just as Russia handled the growing closeness between India
and US.


,2010
8
REPORTS
INTERNATIONAL
State Of World Population: 2009
Title : facing a changing world: women, population and climate
Elements of climate change: With growing confidence, climate scientists around the world attribute the
bulk of recent warming to the greenhouse gases injected into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of an
increasingly wealthy human population, particularly in the industrialized countries. Natural climate variation
may explain some of the increase in temperatures since 1900. But scientists have so far found no natural
causesnot changing solar conditions or an ongoing recovery from past ice agesthat can fully explain
such a dramatic rise in temperatures.
Greenhouse gas Generated by
Carbon dioxide Fossil-fuel combustion, land-clearing for agriculture, cement production
Methane Livestock production, extraction of fossil fuels, rice cultivation, landfills, sewage
Nitrous oxide Industrial processes, fertilizer use
Fluorinated gases:
(Hydrofluorocarbons,
Perfluorocarbons ,Sulphur
hexafluoride)
Leakage from refrigerators, aerosols, air conditioners Aluminum production, semiconductor
industry Electrical insulation, magnesium smelting

Climate tipping elements: Scientists believe that several tipping elements could destabilize the planet's
climate by setting off chain reactionspositive feedbacksthat accelerate other climate changes. Once a
tipping element is triggered by crossing a threshold or tipping point, there is no turning back, even if all
greenhouse-gas emissions were to end. Some tipping elements, such as the loss of Arctic summer sea ice,
may be triggered within the next decade if climate change continues at the same rate. Others, such as the
collapse of the Atlantic Ocean current, are thought to be many decades away, while the loss of Antarctic ice
is unlikely to be complete for several centuries.

177

Tipping element Expected consequences
Loss of Arctic summer sea ice Higher average global temperatures and changes to ecosystems
Melting of Greenland ice sheet Global sea level rise up to six metres
Collapse of West Antarctic ice Global sea level rise up to five metres


,2010
178
sheet
Increase in El Nio events Changes to weather patterns, including increased droughts, especially in Southeast Asia
Destruction of Amazon forests Massive extinctions and decreased rainfall
Changes to India's summer
monsoon
Widespread drought and changes in weather patterns
Changes to the Sahara/Sahel and Changes to weather patterns, including potential the
West African monsoon greening of the Sahara/Sahelone of the few positive tipping elements
The climate-science community generally points to the changing size and the pace and structure of
population growth as integral to understanding climate change. This view is reflected in the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, which states that "gross
domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of the increase in global emissions
during the last three decades of the 20th century."
Women, men and greenhouse-gas emissions: According to research published by the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development in 2008, women in industrialized countries are more likely to be
"sustainable consumers," meaning, for example, that they tend to buy ecologically friendly and organic foods,
are more likely to recycle and are more interested in efficient energy use. Women in these countries account
for as much as 80 per cent of consumer decisions, the research shows.
Climate-change scenarios and their impact on population movements:
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report, population
movements may be triggered by increases in the areas affected by droughts, increased tropical cyclone
activity, increased incidence of extreme high sea-level rise (excluding tsunamis) and increased climate
variability.
Meanwhile, Walter Klin, Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on the Human Rights of
Internally Displaced Persons, has identified five climate change scenarios, each of which has a different
impact on the pace or scale of migration or displacement:
Hydro-meteorological disasters, including extreme weather events such as hurricanes, flooding and
mudslides, which may lead to sudden-onset displacement.
Environmental degradation, including desertification, water scarcity and soil exhaustion, which may result in
gradual migration or displacement.
Losses in state territory, including erosion and coastal flooding resulting from rising sea levels. Persons living
in low-lying coastal areas and the so-called "sinking" small island developing states, such as the Maldives,
Tuvalu and Vanuatu, will be most affected by this scenario. It may lead to gradual migration and
displacement, and possibly even to statelessness.
Designation of "high risk" areas by national authorities, including territories that are prone to disasters and
that are designated as unsafe, leading to the forced relocation of its inhabitants. This scenario may cause
gradual migration, relocation and displacement, most often within the same state.

Violence and armed conflict over scarce and diminishing natural resources, including conflict arising from
food and water insecurity and lack of arable land. This scenario may cause both gradual and sudden
migration and displacement.


,2010
Human Development Report, 2009
The 2009 HDR explores how better policies towards human mobility can enhance human development. It
lays out the case for governments to reduce restrictions on movement within and across their borders, so as
to expand human choices and freedoms. It argues for practical measures that can improve prospects on
arrival, which in turn will have large benefits both for destination communities and for places of origin.
1 Norway 2 Australia
3 Iceland 4 Canada
5 Ireland 6 Netherlands
7 Sweden 8 France
9 Switzerland 10 Japan
13 USA 71 Russia
92 China 102 Sri Lanka
134 India 141 Pakistan
144 Nepal 173 Guinea-Bissau
174 Burundi 175 Chad
176 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 177 Burkina Faso
178 Mali 179 Central African Republic
180 Sierra Leone 181 Afghanistan
182 Niger
World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change:
The World Development 2010 climate Change Report published in September outlines how a 2 degree
centigrade rise in global temperature would likely cost Africa 4% of GDP whilst the impact on India would
be %5 of GDP. Developing countries are already disproportionately impacted by climate change with 80%
of the worlds population located in the developing world. Developing countries, particularly the poorest and
most exposed, will need assistance in adapting to the changing climate. Climate finance must be greatly
expanded, since current funding levels fall far short of foreseeable needs. Climate Investment Funds (CIFs),
managed by the World Bank and implemented jointly with regional developing banks, offer one opportunity
for leveraging support from advanced countries, since these funds can buy-down the costs of low-carbon
technologies in developing countries.
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010
179

The global economy continues to weather the most difficult climate in generations. What began as a financial
crisis in the United States and the United Kingdom quickly turned into the largest global recession in
decades. World GDP is expected to contract by a record 2.5 percent in 2009 as the financial crisis continues
to spill over into the real economy, engendering massive declines in consumer demand, rising
unemployment, and mounting protectionist pressures worldwide. Although the developing world at first
seemed to be spared from the fallout of this crisis, many countries are now facing slumping demand for their
export products; this decline is coupled with falling commodity prices and significant reductions in foreign


,2010
investment and remittances. Moreover, a global liquidity shortage has negatively impacted access to finance
for companies and governments alike.
We define competitiveness as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of
productivity of a country.
The 12 pillars of competitiveness: Institutions, Infrastructure, Macroeconomic stability, Health and
primary education, Higher education and training, Goods market efficiency, Labor market efficiency,
Financial market sophistication, Technological readiness, Market size, Business sophistication, and
Innovation.
NATIONAL
Forest Report
According to the latest State of Forest Report, released on February 13, 2008, India has lost 728 square
kilometers (0.11%) of rich forest between 2002 and 2004, primarily because of the destruction caused by
Tsunami and due to the construction of dams in several states.
It is worth mentioning that the forest cover in India is 20.60% (67.71 million hectares) of the total
geographic area of the country. Of this 1.66 per cent is very dense forest, 10.12% is moderately dense, and
the rest 8.82% is open land.
Tiger Census Report
Indian has lost more than 50 percent of its tiger population in the past five years with the numbers dwindling
to 1,411 from 3,642 in 2001-02, according to the latest tiger census report.
The State of tiger, co-predators and prey in India report, released in 2008, said there had been an overall
decrease in the tiger population except in Tamil Nadu where the numbers have gone up substantially.
The State-wise analysis has shown that Andhra Pradesh has 95 tigers (as against 192 in 2001-02),
Chhattisgarh 26 (227), Madhya Pradesh 300 (710), Maharashtra 103 (238), Orissa 45 (173), Rajasthan 32(58).
Sariska has no tigers left.
Government approved 8 new tiger reserves
The world heritage site, Kaziranga National Park in Assam and Mudumalai in Tamil Nadu will be the two
most prominent forest areas to be added to the existing list of 28 tiger reserves in the country.
Besides these two, Annamalai and Parambikulum contiguous tiger habitats in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, Udanti
Sitandi in Chhattisgargh, Satkosia in Orissa. Achanakmar in Chhattisgarh, Dandeli Ansi in Karnataka and
Sanjay National Park Sanjay Dubai in Madhya Pradesh are the ones to get in-principal approval from the
National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
India-Urban Poverty Report 2009
180

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, with the support of the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have launched Indias first-of-its-kind report on the
nature and dynamics of urban poverty in the country. The report, India-Urban Poverty Report 2009, brings
together inputs from eminent researchers, academics and civil society representatives.


,2010
Urban India has a high incidence of poverty despite being hailed as an engine of growth and instrument of
globalization. Eighty-one million people subsist in urban areas on incomes that are below the poverty line.
The India: Urban Poverty Report 2009 identifies the problems faced by the poor and focuses on the systemic
changes that are needed. It looks at the process of globalization and the development strategy in the country,
and asks why the poor exist in urban India and how they are being physically and economically absorbed into
the system.
It analyses the processes of urbanization, migration, changes in the economic structure, and the pattern of
infrastructural investment, highlighting how these impact on the well-being of the poor.
The central concerns of this report include:
trends and patterns of migration;
dynamics of urban land and capital market;
marginalization of the poor to the urban periphery;
changes in urban governance;
gender dimensions of urban poverty;
unorganized workforce and the informal sector;
provision of and access to basic services and amenities indicating quality of life; and
appalling conditions in slums.
181



,2010

9.
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
AWARDS
Literature
Jnanpith Award
24

Jnanpith Awards 2007
Malayalam poet and lyricist Ottaplavil Neelakandan Velu Kurup became the fifth Malayalee to get the
Jnanpith award, the highest literary award in the country. He is popularly known, has been selected for the
award for 2007. He is the second poet after G. Sankara Kurup to get this award for poetry.
The award was instituted in 1961 and its first recipient in 1965, was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup.
Saraswati Samman
25
2009
2009 - Surjit Patar for Lafzan Di Dargah
Sahitya Akademi Award
26
2009
Sahitya Akademy, announced the names of eminent litterateurs shortlisted for the annual Sahitya Akademi
Puruskar, 2009.

24
The Jnanpith Award along with a Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, it is one of the two most prestigious literary honours in the country. In
the country. It is presented by the Bharatiya Jnanpity, a trust founded by the Sahu Jain family, the publishers of the The Times of India
newspaper.The award was instituted in 1961 and its first recipient I 1965, was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Karup. Any Indian
citizen who writes in any of the official languages of India is eligible for the honour. Most number (seven) of awards has been given for
Kannada language.Rs five Lakh cash, citation etc are given in this award.
25
The award, instituted by the K.K. Birla Foundation in 1991, is given every year for an outstanding literary work in any Indian
language mentioned in the schedule VIII of the Constitution and published during the past 10 years.
182

26
The Sahitya Akademi Award Established in 1954, and awarded yearly by the Sahitya Akademi, Indias National Academy
Letters, to outstanding literary works published in any of the twenty four major languages of India, it is the second-highest literary honour
conferred by the Government of India. Sahitya Akademi gives twenty four awards to literary works in the languages.


,2010
The poets honoured were: Praduman Singh Jindrahia (Dogri), Kailash Vajpeyi (Hindi), Jess Fernandes
(Konkani), Raghu Leishangthem (Manipuri), Vasant Abaji Dahake (Marathi), Phani Mohanty (Oriya),
Damayanti Beshra (Santhali) and Puviarsu (Tamil).
Vyas Samman
27
For Amar Kant
Noted Hindi author Amar Kant's novel Inhin Hathiyaron Se has been chosen for the Vyas Samman-2009.
ort story collections, 10 novels, six volumes for children, two memoirs and a Amar Kant has published 13 sh
compilation of all his stories in two volumes.
Man Booker Prize
28
2009
This years Man Booker prize has gone to British novelist Hilary Mantel for her gripping 16
th
century tale
titled `Wolf Hall.
2010 Man Booker Prize Shortlist:
Peter Carey: Parrot and Olivier in America
ler Question
Emma Donoghue: Room
Damon Galgut: In a Strange Room
Howard Jacobson: The Fink
Andrea Levy: The Long Song
Tom McCarthy: C
Man Booker International Prize
29

Canadian short story writer Alice Munro beat Mahasweta Devi and a host of other literary heavyweights,
aipaul and Mario Vargas Llosa, to win the Man Booker International Prize in
Sc
Innovative
Science &
Technology
Gujar Mal Modi
Science Foundation
P. Balaram for his outstanding contributions in the field of
Molecular Biophysics.
including Nobel lautreate V.S. N
London.
ience And Technology
National
Gujar Mal Modi Award
2009

CSIR Technology
Award
30
2009
ce Council of Scientific
and Industrial
Research (CSIR)
P Dehradun bagged the prestigious CSIR Technology
Award for physical Science including Engineering for 2009.
The award has been bestowed for Developing Innovative
Physical Scien II
Technology for Upgrading Fuel Oil Components into
Premium Refinery Products.

27
The Vyas Samman is a literary award. It is awarded annually by the K.K. Birla Foundation. To be eligible for the award, the literary
work must be in the Hindi language and have been published in the past 10 years.
28
The Booker Prize is one of the most prestigious prizes in literature which aims to reward the best writing published in Britain, Ireland
and the Commonwealth. The Booker Prize was founded in 1969. The Booker Prize has been shared only in 1974 and 1992. The
Booker Prize is one of the most prestigious prizes in literature which aims to reward the best writing
published in Britain, Ireland and the Commonwealth. The Booker Prize has been shared only in 1974 and 1992.
183
29
The award established in 2005 to complement the Man Booker Prize.



,2010

H.K. Firodia awards

ash Pal and M. Annadurai, were selected for the 2009 H.K.
Firodia award. Pal has been chosen under the Lifetime
ping
Y
Achievement category for applying modern communication
technology to meet the needs of isolated Indian villages.
Annadurai, project director for Chandrayaan I and II.
Annadurai has been recognized for designing and develo
the space craft that carried instrumentation from different
space agencies to accomplish simultaneous chemical,
mineralogical, resource and topographic mapping of the entire
lunar surface at high spatial and spectral resolutions.
DRDO Awards 2009 ical and
Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL), Kochi was conferred
t Award 2009.
R. Kanakarajan, Associate Director, Naval Phys
with the `Scientist of the Year Award by the Defence
Research and Development Organization (DRDO). The
award is in recognition of his outstanding contributions in
design, development and induction of sonar systems for naval
ships and submarines.
K. Ajith Kumar also a scientist with NPOL was elected
for the `Young Scientis

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awards31, 2010

alande of National Centre for Cell Science, Pune (Presently at Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune)
Biological Sciences 1. Sanjeev G
2. Shubha Tole of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai.

Chemical Sciences

1. Swapan K Pati, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research,
Bangalore
2. Sandeep Verma, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Engineering Sciences

. G K Ananthasuresh, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
2. Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
1
Medical Sciences
i

1. Mitali Mukerji, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delh
Physical Sciences 1. Umesh Vasudeo Waghmare, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific

30
The award carries a cash prize of Rs 2 lakh, a plaque and citation and is given on September 26 every year, the foundation day of
CSIR.
184

31
The award is named after the founder Director of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Shanti Swarup
Bhatnagar.The Bhatnagar Prizes are given to scientists below 45 years of age, for their outstanding scientific contributions made primarily
in India during the last 5 years preceding the year of the Prize. The Prize comprising a citation, a plaque and a cash award of Rs.
5,00,000. In addition recipients also get Rs. 15,000 per month up to the age of 65 years.


,2010
Research, Bangalore
2. Kalobaran Maiti, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai
Environment
Whitley Award
32

M.D. Madhusudhan was awarded the Whitley Award in recognition of his work in reducing Wildlife biologist
human-wildlife conflict in the Western Ghats. He is the Director of the Mysore based Nature Conservation
Foundation (NCF).
e Stockholm Water Priz
I Gustaf on Thursday conferred the Stockholm Water Prize on US scientist Rita R.

Swedish King Carl XV
Colwell for her pioneering research on prevention of waterborne diseases, the second most common cause
of death among children under five.
Indian Sanitation expert and founder of Sulabh sanitation movement in India. Bindeshwar Pathak was
awarded the prestigious 2009 Stockholm Water prizes.
Abel Prize
33
2010
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters has decided to award the Abel Prize for 2010 to John
Me
Torrence Tate, University of Texas at Austin, for his vast and lasting impact on the theory of numbers.
dia
Ipi India Award For Excellence In Journalism
and the English-language daily Indian Express were the joint

The Week correspondent, Bidisha Ghosal,
winners of the 2009 Award for Excellence in Journalism, presented by the Indian chapter of the International
Press Institute (IPI).
The award was established in 2003 to honour exceptional work done by Indian media organizations or
journalists.
i Award, 2009 Chameli Dev
Shoma Chaudhury and Nagaland Page Editor Monalisa Changkija will share the
Mu
Tehelka Executive Editor
Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Woman Mediapersons for 2009.
The award is given annually by The Media Foundation for excellence, impact, social concern, innovation,
style and originality of work in the print or broadcast medium.
The Chameli Devi Jain Award for outstanding Woman Mediapersons by 2008 was conferred on Nirupama
Subramanian. Islamabad correspondent of The Hindu and Vinita Deshmukh, Editor of Intelligent Pune.
sic, Dance And Drama
Sangeet Natak Akademi , 2009

32
The awards are worth 30,000 (2007) and are now amongst the most high profile of conservation prizes they have been called the
Green Oscars thought Ashden Awards area also called as Green Oscars.The Whitley Awards were established in 1994 by Edward
Whitley, when a single award of was made. In 2007 eight awards were made.
185

33
The Abel Prize is an international prize presented annually by the king of Norway to one or more outstanding mathematicians. The
prize is named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel. It has been described as the mathematicians Nobel Prize.


,2010
186
Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships And Akademi Awards 2009 Akademi Fellows (Ratna)
eram Lagoo, Yamini Krishnamurti, Kamlesh Dutt Tripathi, Pandit Jasraj Lalgudi G. Jayaraman , Shre
Kishori Amonkar
Kalidas Samman
34

Veteran Bharatnatyam exponent C.V. Chandrasekhar was chosen for the Kalidas Samman in the field of
dance.
52
nd
Annual Grammy Awards
35

Album: 21
st
Century Breakdown, Green Day.
s award): Single Ladies (Puta a Ring on it). Thaddis Harrell, Beyonce
rt.

Peas
Working on a Dream, Bruce Springsteen
t a Ring on It). Beyonce
e
ings the Music of Coltrane and Hartman, Kurt Elling.
Ziggy Marley
ented annually
United States for outstanding achievements
It was first awarded in 1959
Album of the Year: Fearless, Taylor Swift.
Best Rock
Song of the Year (songwriter
Knowles, Terius Nash and Christopher Stewa
Record of the Year: Use Somebody, Kings of Leon
Best New Artist: Zac Brown Band
Best Female Pop Vocal Performance: Halo, Beyonce
Best Pop Vocal Album: The E.N.D., the Black Eyed
Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance:
Best Female R&B Vocal Performance: Single Ladies (Pu
Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance: At Last, Beyonc
Best R&B Album: Blacksummers Night, Maxwell
Best Contemporary R&B Album: I Am Sasha Fierce, Beyonce
Best Rap Album: Relapse, Eminem
Best Dance Recording: Poker Face, Lady Gaga
Best Contemporary Jazz Album: 75 Joe Zawinul and Zawinul Syndicate
Best Jazz Vocal Album: Kurt Elling S
Best Musical Album for Children: Family Time,
Best Musical Show Album: West Side Story

The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards) or Grammy are pres
by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the
in the record industry.

Rahman Bags Two Grammys

Oscar winner A.R. Rah o Grammy awards for his song `Jai Ho and outstanding soundtrack
aire.

man bagged tw
for the film Slumdog Million

34
The Kalidas Samman is a prestigious arts award presented annually in the state of Madhya Pradesh.The Kalidas Samman was first
awarded in 1980, and is conferred in alternate years in the fields of Music and Dance. In 1985, the awards were combined into one, and
two more fields were added: Painting and Theatre.

35
The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramaphone Awards) or Grammys are presented annually by the National
Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States.The Grammy are considered the highest music honour, the U.S. record
industrys equivalent to the Academy Awards (Oscars) for motion pictures. It was first awarded in 1959. \


,2010
The composer shared the award for `Jai Ho with lyricist Gulzar and Tanvi Shah, who penned the Spanish

words of the international hit.

Rahman won in the category of Best Compilation Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or
Other Visual Media for Slumdog Millionaire and Best Song Written For Motion Picture, Television Or Other
Vishal Media for `Jai Ho.
However, two other Indian hopefuls sarod maestro Ustad Amjad Ali Khan and tabla legend Zakir Hussain
lost out. Amjad Ali Khan nominated in the Best Traditional World Music Album category for his album
`Ancient Sounds was pipped by African Mamadou Diabate for his album `Douga Mansa (The Kings
Vulture).
Hussain, who won a Grammy last year, and was nominated in the Best Classical Crossover Album category
for `The Melody of Rhythm, was beaten by Chinese-origin musician Yo-Yo Ma for his record `Songs of Joy
and Peace.
Rahman is the fourth Indian musician to have won a Grammy in the five decades of Grammy Awards
history; only three Indians have had the honour of being Grammy Award winners. Sitar maestro Pandit Ravi
Shankar (in 1967, 1972 and 2001), Ustad Zakir Hussain (in 1991 and 2009) and Pt. Vishwamohan Bhatt
(1994).
Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship
36

The Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship also, Lalit Kala Akademi Ratna is an honour for the fine arts in India,
given to emi


nent artists for their life time achievements in the field of visual arts. It is awarded by the Lalit
l Academy of Art, it is the highest honour in the fine arts conferred by the
Pe
Kala Akademi, Indias Nationa
Government of India.
ace & Humanism
National Communal Harmony Awards 2009
Mohd. Hamir Kha
the National Comm
n Shastri and the Centre for Human Rights and Social Welfare, Rajasthan were selected for
unal Harmony Awards for the year 2009.
l Harmony, on autonomous body registered under the Societies The National Foundation for Communa
Registration Act, 1860, set up by the Government of India in 1992 for promotion of communal harmony
and/or national integration has instituted three National Communal Harmony Awards one each for an
individual, an organization and students union functioning in the university including deemed university
given every year for outstanding contribution for continued promotion of communal harmony and/or
national integration over a period of time.
National Sadbhavana Award
Eminent Islamic scholar and champion of peace and harmony Maualana Wahiduddin Khan has been
bestowed with 18th Rajiv Gandhi National Sa


dbhavana Award for his outstanding contribution towards the
ony, peace and goodwill.

Rajiv Gandhi a day which is celebrated in India as
Sadbavna Diwas and Akshay Urja Diwas.

promotion of communal harm
The 17th Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award has been presented to Gautam Bhai of Paunar Ashram,
Maharashtra. Bhai received the award for his endorsing communal harmony, peace and goodwill. Bhai had
joined the Acharya Vinoba Bhaves Bhoodan movement at a young age of 12.
The award is presented on Aug 20, the birthday of late

36
The first elected fellow, in 1955, was the artist Jamini Roy.
187



,2010
188
Rajiv Gandhi Awards 2009
Nineteen -year-old Krushnaa Patil, the second youngest Indian girl to scale Mount Everest, bagged the award
in the women achiever category.

ace research went to Planning Commission member Narendra Jadhav.

haskar group of newspapers, won the award in the

actress category and Shahid Kapoor in the best actor category.
The award in the super achiever category went to Indian Space Research Organisation Chairman G.
Madhavan Nair.
The award in the Indias sp
The social entrepreneurship award went to Supremani Rajshree Birla, whose orphanage in Mumbai has
provided vocational training to underprivileged children.
Rohit Kochhar bagged the young entrepreneur award.
Sam Pitroda, who started the Yellow Revolution in India in 1980 with the now-ubiquitous STD and PCO
booths, received the global Indian award.
Abhinav Bindra won the sports award for being the first individual to win an Olympics gold for India, while
13 yearold Avika Gor won the young prodigy award for her much acclaimed role in the serial `Balika
Vadhu.
Ramesh Cahndra Agarwal, chairman of the Dainik B
journalism category. Vineet Jain, owner of the Times Group, received the award in the Industrialist category.
Katrina Kaif received the award in the best
Indira Gandhi Award For National Integration
37

Noted p eace activist and journalist Balraj Puri was conferred the 14
th
Indira Gandhi Award for National

us
anguage and traditions of India and the strengthening, through
olidarity. The Award is given on the Martyrdom Day i.e. 31
st

as so far been given to Swami Ranganathananda (1987). Smt. Aruna Asaf Ali, Bharat Scouts &

integration.
The Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration is the given annually starting from 1985 to distinguished
persons/institutions for promoting national integration and understanding and fellowship amongst religio
groups, communities, ethnic groups, cultures l
thought and action of the nations sense of s
October.
The Award h
Guides (1987).
Shri Shyam Benegal (2003), Mahashweta Devi (2004), Javed Akhtar (2005), and J.S. Bandukwala & Ram
Puniyani (jointly) (2006). Last year the award was bagged by Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust. .
dhi Peace Prize, 2009 Indira Gan
d Development this year.
velopment and new international economic order, ensuring that scientific
er good of humanity, and enlarging the scope of freedom.
Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, was chosen for the prestigious, Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace,
Disarmament an
The Indira Gandhi Prize or the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace. Disarmament and Development is the
prestigious award accorded annually to individuals or oragnisations in recognition creative efforts toward
promoting international peace, de
discoveries are used for the larg
onciliation And Peace ,2008 Mahatma Gandhi International Award For Rec


37
The Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration is the prestigious award given annually starting from 1985 for promoting national
integration and understanding and fellowship amongst religious groups, communities, ethnic groups cultures, languages and traditions of
India and the strengthening, through thought and action of the nations sense of solidarity. The Award is given on the Martyrdom Day i.e.
31
st
October.


,2010
The pro-democracy Myanmar leader and Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi was feliciliation with the
Mahatma Gandhi international Award for Peace and Reconciliation in Durban on July 20, 2009.
Burmese Prime Minister in exile Thien Win received the award on her behalf which was presented by South
African Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim.

Jawaharlal Nehru Award
Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding is an international award presented by the
Government of India founded in 1965. Award is presented for their outstanding contribution contribution
for the promotion of international understanding, goodwill and friendship among peoples of the world. U
Thant was the first recipient of the award in 1965.
9 Jamnalal Bajaj Award, 200
ather Peter Dougherty respectively.
a
ting HIV/AIDS and
om Myanmar, who has documented human rights and environmental abuses, were
ted for the honour, named after a popular Phillippines president who died in a plane

helped communities flooded by a dam project in
The Jamnalal Bajaj awards, given by the Journalist Bajaj Foundation every year, were given in four categories
constructive work, science and technology for rural development, development and welfare of women and
children and international award for promoting Gandhian values outsides India. The awardee are Shri
Lavanam, Ayyappa Masagi, Jaya Arunachalam and F
M gsaysay Awards, 2009
Prominent Indian social activist Deep Joshi, who has done pioneering work for development of rural
communities, was named along with five others of the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award for 2009,
which is considered Asias equivalent of the Nobel Prize.
Thai researcher Krisana Kraisintu, who was working to develop generic drugs for figh
Ka Hsaw Wa, an activist fr
among others to be selec
crash in 1957.
Other winners were: Ma Jun, a former journalist who launched the first public database on water pollution in
China, Yu Xiaogang, founder of a non-profit group that
Yunnan province and Filipino lawyer-environmentalist Antonio Oposa Jr.
Alternative Nobels Awards
38
, 2010
The 2010 Right Livelihood Awards go to four recipients who will share the 200.000 cash award.
uman and environmental rights of
indigenous peoples and for his tireless efforts to save the Amazon forest from destruction.
isation SAPPROS (Nepal) are recognised for demonstrating over many
threatened
n
ze work he felt
was being ignored by the Nobel Prize.

Nnimmo Bassey (Nigeria) receives an Award for revealing the full ecological and human horrors of oil
production and for his inspired work to strengthen the environmental movement in Nigeria and globally.
Bishop Erwin Krutler (Brazil) is honored for a lifetime of work for the h
Shrikrishna Upadhyay and the organ
years the power of community mobilization to address the multiple causes of poverty even when
by political violence and instability.
The organisation Physicians For Human Rights-Israel (Israel) is awarded for their indomitable spirit i
working for the right to health for all people in Israel and Palestine.
A Swedish German Philanthropist Jakob von Uexkull founded the award in 1980 to recogni

189

38
A Swedish German philanthropist Jakobvon Uexkull founded the awards in1980 to recognize work he felt was being ignored by the
Nobel Prizes.


,2010
Cinema & Movies
67th Golden Globes Award
Best Motion Picture
Drama : Avatar
Drama
ges - Crazy Heart
The Blind Side
ion Picture - Musical or Comedy
ey
reep - Julie & Julia
ar
Musical or Comedy : The Hangover
Best Performance in a Motion Picture -
Actor : Jeff Brid
Actress : Sandra Bullock -
Best Performance in a Mot
Actor : Robert Down
Actress : Meryl St
Best Director : James Cameron - Avat
Emmy Awards 2009
Best Series, Drama : Mad Men
: Bryan Cranston, Breaking Bad
Glenn close, Damages
The Amazing Race
Best Series, Comedy : 30 Rock
Best Actor, Drama
Best Actress, Drama :
Best Reality Competition Program :
ards Dadasaheb Phalke Aw
2006)
07)
rapher (2008)
Shyam Benegal director (2005)
Tapan Sinha director (
Manna Dey singer (20
VK Murthy cinematog
D. Ramanaidu, producer (2009)
57th National Film Awards
BEST FEATURE FILM: Kutty k Sran (Malayalam)
ST FIRST FILM OF A DIRECTOR: Sanjay Puran Singh for Lahore
G WHOLESOME ENTERTAINMENT: 3 Idiots (Hindi).
HE BEST FILM ON NATIONAL INTEGRATION: Delhi 6 (Hindi)
BEST DIRECTION: Rituparno Ghosh for Abohoman (Bengali).
achchan fpr Paa (Hindi).
(Bengali).
INDIRA GANDHI AWARD FOR BE
(Hindi).
BEST POPULAR FILM PROVIDIN
NARGIS DUTT AWARD FOR T
BEST ACTOR: Amitabh B
BEST ACTRESS: Anannya Chatterji for Abohoman
Iffi Awards 2009
The Taiwanese film I Cant Live Without You (No Puedo Vivir Sin Ti), directed by Leon
190
Dai and
of produced by Rita Chuang, bagged the prestigious Golden Peacock at the 40
th
International Film Festival
India (IFFI) which ended in Panaji.



,2010
The Silver Peacock for Best Director was bagged by French, South Korean filmmaker Ounie Lecomte for
The Special Jury Award, which consists of a Silver Peacock went to George Ovashvili for his powerful but
rey-telling in his film `The Other Bank (Gangma Napiri), a film from Georgia Kazakhstan.
her film `A Brand New Life (YeonHaeng Ja).
unsentimental sto
The International Film Festival of India (IFFI) is organized by the directorate of film festivals. Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting. Government of India in collaboration with the state government of Goa and
the Indian film industry.
Cannes Film Festival Award 2010
The following is the list of winners of the 63
rd
Cannes Film Festival Award announced in France.
Palmed Or (Golden Palm): Thai film Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives directed by
Apichatpong Weerasethakul. It was the first time that an Asian movie won the award since 1997.
Crystal
39
Award
Canadian author Margaret Atwood received the World Economic Forums Crystal Award 2010 in Davos
Switzerland.
Oscar/ Academy Awards
40

The 82
Actor in a Leading Role: Jeff Briudges in Crazy Heart.
ting Role: Christoph Waltz in Inglourious Basterds
Role: Mo Nique in Precious: Based on the Novel `Push by Sapphire
Locker ( movie on Iraq war)
p by Pete Docter
st lady director in the history of Oscar to win best
nd
Academy Awards were announced in Los Angels. The following is the list of winners:
Actor in Suppor
Actress in Leading Role: Sandra Bullock in The Blink Side
Actress in Supporting
Best Picture: `The Hurt
Animated Feature Film: U
Cinematography: Avatar by Mauro Fiore
Directing: The Hurt Locker by Kathryn Bigelow ( Fir
director award)
General
Femina Miss India 2009
Pooja Chopra: Miss India World
Ekta Chowdhary: Miss India Universe
Shriya Kishore: Miss India Earth
Harshita Saxena : Miss India International
Miss Universe 2009

39
The Crystal Award was introduced in 1995 to honour personalities who are highly regarded as both cultural leaders and global citizens
committed to improving the state of the world.
191

40
The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
(AMPAS). The 1
st
Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929. The official name of the Oscar Statuette is the Academy Award of
Merit.


,2010
The 58th Miss Universe pageant was held at the Atlantis Paradise Island, in Nassau, Bahamas on August 23,
ories in Miss Universe history: Stefana Fernndez of Venezuela, was
older Dayana Mendoza of Venezuela.
Final results:
Venezuela - Stefana Fernndez
nner-up Kosovo - Marigona Dragusha
2009.
It was the first time back to back vict
crowned Miss Universe 2009 by outgoing titleh
Miss Universe 2009
1st Runner-up Dominican Republic - Ada Aimee de la Cruz
2nd Ru
3rd Runner-up Australia - Rachael Finch
Noble Prize 2009
The Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine 2009
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Ja
pro
ck W. Srostak
tected by telomeres and the enzymes telomerase For the discovery of how chromosomes are
Physics 2009 The Nobel Prize In
Charles K. Rao for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical
E. Smith for the invention of an imaging semiconductor communication Willard S. Boyle and George
circuit the CCD sensor
The Nobel Prize In Chemistry 2009
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Thomas A Steitz and Ada E. Yonath for studies of the structure and function
of the ribosome
The Nobel Prize In Literature 2009
Herta Muller who, win th e concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the
dispossessed.
The Nobel Peace Prize 2009
Barack Obama for his e xtraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between
peoples
About Nobel Prize
The Nobel Priz e is an international award given every year since 1901 for achievements in physics, chemistry,
ce. In 1968, the Bank of Sweden instituted the Prize in Economic Sciences in
under of the Nobel Prize.
red Bernhard Nobel
medicine, literature for pea
Memory of Alfred Nobel fo
Year of institution: 1901
Founder: Alf
h Nobel Winner Of Indian Origin Ramakrishnan Nint
192

Venkataram Ramakrishnan became the ninth person of Indian origin or connection to win the coveted
Nobel Prize.


,2010
193
Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards 2010
s from different walks of life were awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman
ingh Patial on January 9, 2010. The Awards are conferred
stitution, who have made significant contribution toward
s included Mr. Mohinder Singh Bhullar (Brunei, Darussalam), Mr. Yanktesh Permal Reddy
(Fiji), Mr. Ryuko Hira (Japan), (Mrs) Dr. Ruby Umesh Pawankar (Japan), Mr. Suresh Kumar Virmani
ica), Dr. Tholisiah Perumal Naidoo (South Africa), Dr.
Fourteen eminent overseas Indian
2010 by the President of India. Smt. Pratibha Devis
on a Non-Resident Indian or an organization/in
better understanding abroad of India and support to Indias causes and concerns in a tangible way.
The Awardee
(Oman), Mr. Pravin Jamnadas Gordhan (South Afr
Rajni Kanabar (Tanzana), Mr. Deepak Mittal (Thailand), De. Lenny Krishendath Saith (Trinidad & Tobago),
Dr. Azad Moopen (UAE), Dr. Mani Lal Bhaumik (USA), Mr. Ashok Kumar Mago (USA) and Mr. Upendra
J. Chivukula (USA).
Pravasi Bhartiya Divas 2010
The venue is Delhi.
One of the major highlight of the event this year is the first meeting of the Prime Ministers Global Advisory
Council, comprising 20 top global business leaders and economists of Indian origin including Nobel Laureate
Amartya Sen, steel magnate L. N. Mittal and Pepsi chief Indra Nooyi.
Lord Khalid Hameed



of Hampstead was the Chief Guest on the occasion.
eed, CBE DL, is currently the Chairman of Alpha Hospital Group, as well as
cer of the London International Hospital. Prior to this, he was the
Chief Executive Officer of the Cromwell Hospital in London. He hails from Lucknow,

ssisted the Indian community in that
Darussalam.
Hira, a successful Indian entrepreneur in Japan, is the director of the prestigious Japan-India
n to be nominated as president of World Allergy Organisation.
as distinguished himself as commissioner of
of South Africa in
Khalid Hameed, Baron Ham
Chairman and Chief Executive Offi
Executive Director &
India.
Mohinder Singh Bhullar, a successful businessman in Brunei Darussalam, is instrumental in the formation of
the Indian Chamber of Commerce in Brunei Darussalam. He has a
Southeast Asian nation and has acted as a bridge between India and Brunei
Yanktesh Piramal Reddy, an Indian origin businessman in Fiji, has promoted tourism to India in a big way
from the entire south Pacific region. He has also worked relentlessly for the protection of the interests of the
Indian community in Fiji.
Ryuko
Association. A leading philanthropist, he has supported several projects for the underprivileged in India. He
has also sponsored and supported the translation and publication of the Mahabharata, Vedas, Upanishads
and books on Hinduism, Busshism and Sikhism into Japanese.
Dr. Ruby Umesh Pawankar has focused on the furtherance of India-Japan medical collaboration for a
number of years. Recognised in Japan and worldwide for her outstanding contributions to science, she is the
first Indian and first woma
Suresh Kumar Virmani, a successful engineer, entrepreneur and businessman, is a founder member of the
Indian Cultural Association in Oman. He has worked relentlessly for the welfare of the expatriate Indian
community in Oman and has helped establish a number of Indian schools in Oman.
Pravin Jamnadas Gordhan, finance minister of South Africa, h
the South African Revenue Service. He was a political activist who took active part in the anti-apartheid
movement of that country, organising and leading student movements.
Tholisah Perumal Naidoo is a publisher, journalist and founder of the Indian Academy

Durban. He has been promoting Indian culture in South Africa for the past 25 years organising regular
events like the Tyagaraja Music Festival and Festival of India and introducing the Nataraja Golden Peacock
Award for Indian classical dances there.


,2010
Rajni Kanabar is a philanthropist who initiated the Tanzania Heart Babies project wherein Tanzanian
children suffering from congenital heart defects are sent to India for open heart surgeries. Over 1,300
surgeries were performed in the last 27 years with the support of the Indian High Commission in Tanzania,

ocial activities for the welfare of people in Thailand including the

irates.
r Indian children in California who excel in science and

hich seeks to educate youngsters to participate in the political process.

Air India and Narayana Hrudayalaya in Bangalore.
Deepak Mittal, an industrialist and financial expert, has successfully set up and operated many large state-of-
the-art Indian joint ventures in Thailand. His efforts led to expanded trade between India and Thailand. He
has also been involved in charity and s
Indian community.
Lenny Krishendath Saith is minister in the Prime Minister's Office in Trinidad and Tobago. A strong
advocate of bilateral ties between India and Trinidad and Tobago, he has consistently promoted the cause of
the Indian diaspora in that Caribbean nation.
Dr. Azad Moopen is a physician turned entrepreneur who manages one of the largest healthcare networks in
the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. His group conducts free health camps for Indian labourers
in remote locations in the GCC countries. He has also worked for the welfare of the Indian community in
the United Arab Em
Mani Lal Bhaumik is a scientist, author, educator and philanthropist whose books and lectures at prestigious
institutions has significantly contributed towards a better understanding of the cultural and spiritual heritage
of India. He sponsors an annual award fo
mathematics and has worked for the welfare of the Indian community in the US.
Ashok Kumar Mago has worked actively for the promotion of Indo-US political and economic ties through
his association with a variety of boards and commissions in the past. He is chairman of the Indo-American
Political Forum in Dallas, w
The Government of India recognizes 7-9 January as the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, 9 January being the arrival
of Mahatama Gandhi in India from South Africa.
The event has been organized every year since 2003, and is sponsored by the Ministry of Overseas Indian
Affairs.
Nelson Mandela Award
Senior Congress leader Oscar Fernandes was bestowed with the Nelson Mandela Award in N ew York
recognition of his efforts for promoting minority rights.
Grassroot Grammy
Oscar-wi nner A.R. Rahman won the `Grassroot Gammy in the United States. The `Mozart of Madras
the soundtrack of the Tamil film Varalaru (God Father) in the `Best Indian album
t Plain Folks Musci Award held recently.
bagged the top prize for
category at the 2009 Jus
PERSONS


5, 2010. His famous works include Roop
Aaroop, Teer Tarang, Meghgeet, Parshani, Tamsa and Iravati.
194

Abdul Kalam. The former President f India was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by Queens
University. Belfast, in London.
Acharya Janaki Ballabh Shastri, the eminent Hindi poet, who had on Republic Day refused to accept the
Padma Shri, turned down the award once again on February 1


,2010
Alberto Fujimori. Perus Supreme Court upheld a 25 year jail sentence imposed to the former President. It
was the first time a democratically elected Latin American leader was found guilty of human rights abuses in
st lady of Indian media died.
ars to life in prison in the US following

he retired Supreme Court Judge Judge assumed charge as chairperson of the Competition
th

ess Sayeeda Hussain Warsi created history by becoming the first Muslim woman to be part of the

rs of $65bn (40bn). US District Judge Denny Chin gave Madoff the maximum
y Murphy, the Hollywood actress, noted for her roles in movies like The White Hotel and Clueless
Council. He will replace

Manchester Metropolitan University, and was appointed Britain's poet laureate in May 2009.
te.
saki, Japan, died.

nger. The Nobel Prize-winning economist, a native of England, died.
his own country.
Amita Malik, known as the fir
Amitabh Bachchan, the Hindi film icon, on 1 February 2010, accepted the Gujarat governments offer to
be the new brand ambassador for the state.
Anand Jon Alexander, the fashion designer was sentenced to 59 ye
charges of
Angela Merkel. The German voters, gave the Chancellor a second four-year mandate to govern the country.
Arijit Pasayat. T
Appellate Tribunal for a tenure of three years.
Arjun Vajpai, 16 years old from India became the youngest Indian to be on top of Mount Everest. On the
same day Apa Sherpa (50) broke his own record to become the first man to climb the peak for a record 20
time.
Arvind Jadhav. He was appointed as the full-time Chiarman and Managing Director of Air India.
B. Sudershan Reddy. The judge of the Supreme Court was named the chairman of the three-member panel
set up by the Rajya Sabha to look into the issue of impeachment proceedings against Justice Soumitra Sen of
the Calcutta High Court.
B.M. Bhatia. The noted economist, known for his work on famines in India and problems of the agriculture
sector.
Baron
British Cabinet, when she was announced the Chairman of the Conservative Party.
Benjamain Netanyahu. Sworn in as the Prime Minister of Israel.
Bernard Madoff. He was given the maximum prison sentence of 150 years for misterminding a massive
fraud that robbed investo
sentence.
Brittan
died.
C. Rangarajan. He was appointed as head of the reconstituted Economic Advisory
Suresh Tendulkar.
C.B. Muthamma. Indias first woman career diplomat and first woman Ambassador died.
Carol Ann Duffy : Carol Ann Duffy is a Scottish poet and playwright. She is Professor of Contemporary
Poetry at the
Carol Ann Duffy, the British government appointed the Scottish poet the countrys first woman Poet
Laurea
Chandra Shekhar Verma took charge from S.K. Roongta as the chairman of Steel Authority of India
Limited (SAIL).
Charles Donald Albury. The co-pilot of the plane that dropped the atomic bomb on Naga
Albury helped fly the B-29 superforturess, Nicknamed Bockscar, that dropped the bomb on August 9, 1945.
Christian Wulff, was sworn in as Germanys youngest and the tenth President.
195
Christopher Lee, the Count Dracula actor was knighted by Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace.
Clive Gra



,2010
Commander Dilip Donde of the Indian Navy became the first Indian ever to circumnavigate the globe solo
on a sailboat.
Corazon Aquino : The 11
th
President of the Philippines, Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino died. She was the first
ng the
t commercial jet airliner, the Comet, as it was en route to Australia.
of Amry in Kathmandu.
former prime

Miss India Earth 2009 title went to Shriya Kishore.
eneral Elena Kagan as his choice to
l music and one of the foremost exponents of the
ttorney-General of India for a period for three
rte. The Canadian billionaire, who founded Cirque du Soleil, became the first clown in space
ist


female president of the Philippines and Asias first female President.
David Warren Dead, a pioneering Australian scientist who invented the black box after investigati
worlds first jet airliner crash in 1953, has died. He was involved in investigating the mystery crash in 1953 of
the worlds firs
Deepak Kapoor. The Chief of the Army Staff was conferred the honorary rank of Geneal of the Nepal
Army by President Ram Baran Yadav, Supreme Commander-in-Chief
DK Pattammal. One of the celebrated icons of Indian classical music, She passed away. She was hailed as
one of the women trinity of Carnatic music. M.S. Subbulakshmi and M.L. Vasanthakumari were the other
two.
Dorjee Khandu. Sworn in as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh.
Ehud Olmert. Israels former Premier was indicted on graft charges, making him the first
minister in the countrys history to face criminal charges.
Ekta Chaudhary was named Miss India Universe 2009, while Pooja Chopra was crowned Miss India World
2009.
First woman Solicitor General: US President introduced Solicitor G
become the nations 112
th
justice of the Supermen Court.
Gangubai Hangal. The doyenne of Hindustani classica
Kiran Gharana died. Ms. Hangal had the rare honour of being felicitated by nine Prime Ministers and five
Presidents.
Gary Coleman: the much loved chubby-cheeked child star from famous TV show Diffrent Stroke died.
Goolam E. Vahanvati. He was appointed as the new A
years. Mr. Vahanvati succeeded Milon K. Banerjee. He is the first Muslim to occupy the top law officers post
in the country in the last six decades.
Guy Lalibe
when he blasted off for the International Space Station on September 30, 2009. he is the eighth space tour
to visit the orbiting outpost.
Hamid Karzai. Afghanistans Election Commission proclaimed President Hamid Karzai the victor of the
countrys tumultuous ballot canceling a planned runoff.
Hari S. Bhartia, was elected as president of apex business Chamber Confederation of Indian Industry
41

(CII) for 2010-2011. He succeeds Venu Srinivasan.

41
CII was established in 1895. The initial partners were five engineering firms, all members of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and
ustry. In the beginning, the name of the organisation was Engin Ind eering and Iron Trades Association (EITA). EITA was set up with
a goal to pressurise the British government to place government orders for iron and steel and engineering goods with companies based in
India (the practice then was to place government orders with firms based in UK). The name was subsequently changed to Indian
Engineering Association (IEA), Engineering Association of India (EAI), Association of Indian Engineering Industry (AIEI),
196
Confederation of Engineering Industry (CEI) and finally to Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in 1992.




,2010
Herman Von Rompuy. European Union leaders named the Belgian Prime Minister as the first president
of Europe edging out former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and a-half-year term, replacing the six-
month presidency of the bloc that rotated among the heads of its member states.
Horst Koehler: Horst Khler born in Heidenstein, General government, at present Skierbieszw, Poland is
a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union, and the current President of Germany.
Irina Bokova. Bulgarias former foreign minister and current ambassador to Paris became the first woman
to head UNESCO, the Paris-based United Nations agency for education science and culture. She also
became the first person from the former Soviet block countries to be nominated to this post.
J.D. Salinger. The American author, whose novel The Catcher in the Rye was one of the best selling
books of the 20
th
century, died.
Jacub Zuma. South Africas fourth democratic President.
Jhumpa Lahiri. The Indian-American Pulitzer Prize-winning author was appointed a member of US
President Barack Obamas Committee on the Arts and Humanities.
John Shepherd Barron, India born Scot who invented the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) passed away
in Scotland. He was born in in Shillong, Assam (now Meghalaya), India.
Joseph Wiseman. The actor who played the sinister scientist and title character of Dr. No in the first James
Bond feature film, died.
Juan Almeida Bosque. The comrade-in-arms of Fidel Castro since the start of his guerilla struggle more
than a half-century ago died in Havana. He was one of the Vice-President and had been among only three
surviving rebel leaders who still bore the honorary title Commander of the Revolution.
Justice Gyan Sudha Mishra has been sworn in as the fourth woman judge of the Supreme court of India
after Justice Meera Sahib Fatima Beevi, Sujata Manohar and Ruma Pal.
Justice Sarosh Homi Kapadia was sworn in as Chief Justice of India by President Pratibha Patil. He is the
first CJI, who was born after Independence.
K. Radhakrishnan. The Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre. Thiruvamanthapuram took over as
Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from G. Madhavan Nair. Dr. Radhakrishnan,
who also assumed office as Chairman of the Space Commission and Secretary of the Department of Space.
K. Ramalingam. The Centre appointed the former Airports Authority of India chief as chairman of Maytas
Infra, a company promoted by the kin of Satyam Computers, founders chairman B. Ramalinga Raju.
K.K. Kapila, has been elected chairman of Geneva based International Road Federation, a global body
advocating better and safer roads through better design and construction.
K.N. Raj. The widely respected development economist and one of the architects of the Indian Plan edifice
passed away. He was the economic adviser to Prime Ministers from Jawaharlal Nehru to PV Narasimha Rao
and set the place of Indias economic growth story from the First Five Year Plan.
Kalane Aldorino- Kalane Aldorino from Gibraltar was named the new Miss World
Kalyani Kaul. The prominent barrister of Indian-origin, who has handled high-profile cases in the UK, was
appointed a Recorder by Queen Elizabeth. A Recorder is also considered for authorization to sit as Deputy
High Court judges in the Chancery and the Queens Bench Divisions of the High Court and sit in the Royal
Courts of Justice or county courts (specialist civil jurisdiction).
Kim Dae-Jung. The former South Korean President, who won 2000 Nobel Peace Prize, died.
errorism-related
information with in various wings of the US govt.
M.K. Kaushik, Indian womens hockey coach resigned following allegations of sexual harassment.
Kshemendra Paul, an Indian-American has been appointed by the Obama administration to a key IT
position, making him head of an agency that facilitates the sharing and access of t

197



,2010
M.S. Swaminathan. The chairman of the M.S. Swaminathan Research foundation was awarded a honoris
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, formally endorsed him for a
8, 2009 when he was deposed.

Austrian filmmaker and writer best known for his bleak and
o was the Member of Parliament for
er of the House of
nd Chairman of the National Cultural
aily Times, Pakistan was presented the
f Newspapers

andan Nilekani is an Indian entrepreneur and businessman. He currently serves as
on of the Childrens Films Society of India (CFSI). She
a Ali.
dia and Pakistan was
e succeeded Admiral Suresh Mehta.
nt of the 192-member General Assembly on the world financial and economic crisis.
E Borlaug : Norman Borlaug a Nobel Prize winning scientist whose work on disease resistant
. He was
causa by the University of Talca in Chile. He was awarded for the contribution to the breeding research
programmes of three key product worldwide wheat, rice and potato.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Irans Supreme Leader
second term as President.
Mallika Dutt. The Indian-American human rights activist won the American Courage Award for her work
in the US and India. In 1989, Ms. Dutt co-founded `Sakhi, an organisation that helped south Asian women
suffering domestic violence in New York.
Manuel Zelaya : Jos Manuel Zelaya Rosales is a Honduran politician. He was President of Honduras
between January 27, 2006 and June 2
Mari Kiviniemi, elected PM of Finland after Matti Vanhanen resigned from the post.
Master Chandgi Ram, one of the famous wrestlers of India passed away.
Michael Haneke: Michael Haneke is an
disturbing style.He has made films in French, German and English.
Michael Martin: Michael John Martin is a British politician, wh
Glasgow North East, initially for the Labour Party, from 1979 and was the Speak
Commons from 2000, until his resignation from both posts in 2009.
Mrinal Pande. The veteran journalist and writer was appointed chairperson of Prasar Bharati.
N.P. Seshadri. The eminent musicologist noted administrator a
Organisation passed away. He was the founder of the National Cultural Organisation, which he set p on the
advice of Pandit Nehru.
Najam Sethi. The former Editor-in-Chief of the Friday Times and D
2009 Golden Pen of Freedom, the annual press freedom prize of the World Association o
and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA), in Hyderabad.
Najib Tun Razak. He was sworn in Malaysias Prime Minister.
Nandan M. Nilekani: N
the Chairman of the new Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), after a successful career at
Infosys Technologies Ltd. He was the inspiration behind the book, The World is Flat.
Nandita Das. The actress was appointed chairpers
will hold the office for three years. The last chairperson was Nafis
Navin Chawla. He took over the new Chief Election Commissioner of India on succeeding N.
Gopalaswami.
Niaz A. Naik. The pioneer of Track 2 and backchannel displomacy between In
found dead.
Nirmal Kumar Verma. He was appointed as the Chief of Naval Staff. H
Nirupama Rao. She was appointed as the new Foreign Secretary of India. She succeeded Shiv Shankar
Menon.
Nirupan Sen. The former Indian ambassador to the United Nations was appointed Special Senior Adviser
to the preside
Nitin Nohria, IIT Mumbai alumnus is all set to assume his role as Dean of the prestigious Harvard Business
School in Boston. Nohria is the first Indian origin dean in the Schools 102 year old history.
Norman
198

whet is credited with saving hundreds of millions of lives, died. He was best known of his work developing
disease-resistant dwarf wheat, which yielded two to three times as much as the normal crop


,2010
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in 1970. In the United States, he was awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom and the US Congressional Gold Medal, the countrys two top civilian honors. He was also



ssion. He replaced Qiangba Puncog to be
nt.
editor of Jansatta died.

i
erican to head the US Agency for
IIMS).
e Atomic Energy Commission.
in the Vietnam War.
sian state, claimed victory in a referendum in
irector-General of the National Investigation Agency. He succeeded

of the Indian Space Research Organisation.
ection Commissioner in place of
eneral of Amnesty International.
ence,
awarded the Padma Vibhushan. Indias second highest honor.
P.S. Joshi. The first Chief of Integrated Defence Staff passed away.
P.S. Veeraraghavan. A rocket technologist, he took over as Director of Vikram Sarabahi Space Centre
(VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram, from K. Radhakrishnan.
Padma Choling. The native Tibetan and former army man was elected Governor of southwest Chinas
Tiber Autonomous Region at the regional parliamentary se
Chairman of the regional government.
Patxi Lopez. The Socialist leader, who had vowed to fight the armed separatist group ETA, took the oath of
office as the Basque regions first non-nationalist Preside
Paul Samuelson. The Nobel Prize-winning economist died. He became the first American to win the Nobel
Prize for Economics in 1970 and is credited with creating the mathematical analysis on which modern
economics is based.
Portfirio Lobo Sosa. He was elected as the new President of Hondurax.
Prabhash Joshi. The eminent Hindi journalist and founder-
Prince Nayef. Saudi Arabias Interior Minister was appointed as second Deputy Prime Minister.
Raja Chelliah. Raja J. Chelliah, veteran economists and an authority on public finance, passed away. He
received the Padma V bhashan in 2007.
Rajiv Shah. The US President Barack Obama nominated the Indian-Am
International Development (USAID)
Ramesh C. Deka. He took over as the new Director of All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (A
Rashad Hussain. The Indian-origin lawyer was nominated to be US new special envoy to the Organization
of the Islamic Conference (OIC).
Ratan Kumar Sinha took over as Director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay from
Srikumar Banerjee also Chairman of th
Reena Kaushal : first Indian woman to ski to South Pole
Robert McNamara. The former US Defence Secretary died. He will be remembered most as the leading
architect of Americas involvement
Roh Moo-Hyun: Roh Moo-hyun was the 16th President of South Korea (20032008). Before entering
politics, he was a human rights lawyer.
Roza Otunbayeva, the first woman to lead a Central A
Kyrgyzstan, making her the interim President till 2011. A vote was held to decide the legitimacy of her rule
after President Kurmanbek Bakiyev regime was ousted.
Rue McClanahan (76): American actress, star of The Golden Girls died.
S.C. Sinha. He was appointed as the D
the first chief of the agency, Radha Vinod Raju.
S.Ramakrishnan, Director (Projects) Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, has been
appointed Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
S.Y. Quraishi, election commissioner was appointed the new Chief El
Navin Chawla.
Salil Shetty. He was appointed as the Secretary g
199

Santha Rama Rau. The India-born, Western-educated journalist whose work helped demystify the Indian
subcontinent for American readers in the decades after the Second World War and Indias Independ


,2010
died in New York state. Her best known works were about her home country, including. This Is India, a
tour through the Indian landscape and the Indian psyche, and a Time-life cookbook, The Cooking of India.
nt formally took over as



g called HOPE at the
n
jee. He took over as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and Secretary
Atlantis Paradise Island, in Nassau,
al Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested the US scientist on espionage
Medal at the second World Sand Sculpture
L)-led coalition government.

retary of
US
oman president of Parti Punjabi Malaysia

president Megawati Sukarnoputri in 2004 to become the countrys first directly-
by Myanmars military rulers will lead the opposition National

an, Burma and
Iraq, and also in the first India-Pakistan war. He was Indias first Military Attache in Pakistan.
Sharad Pawar, former Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) preside
International Cricket Council (ICC) president, succeeding Englishman David Morgan.
Sharat Sabharwal. He was appointed as the High Commissioner to Pakistan. He succeeded Satyabrata Pal.
Shingara Singh. The last known survivor of the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar passed away.
Shiv Shankar Menon. The former Foreign Secretary took over as National Security Advisor in the place of
M.K. Naryanan.
Siphiwo Ntshebe, Opera tenor who had been asked by Nelson Mandela to sing a son
June 11 opening ceremony of the World Cup in Johannesburg, died.
Sonia Sotomayor. She was sworn in the Supreme Courts first Hispanic justice and third female member i
the top US courts 220-year history.
Srikumar Baner
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), from Anil Kakodkar.
Stefania Fernandez: She was crowned Miss Universe 2009 at the
Bahama, giving her country its sixth title in the international beauty pageant.
Stewart David Nozette. The Feder
charge who visited India several times and worked on Chandrayaan-I.
Sudarsan Pattnaik, has won the Peoples Choice Gold
Championship in Moscow for his sculpture of legendary Bollywood actor Raj Kapoor from the film Mera
Naam Joker. The theme of this years championship was World Cinema.
Sujata Koirala. Nepals Foreign Minister and daughter of Nepali Congress president Girija Prasad Koirala
was appointed and the second Deputy Prime Minister in the CPN (UM
Sultan Iskandar of Johor. The eighth constitutional monarch of Malaysia passed away at Johan Bahru.
Sunil Mittal. The Bharti Enterprises Chairman and Group CEO was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws
honoris, causa by the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom.
Suresh Kumar. The Indian American, who was a news anchor in India from 1970 to 1985, was appointed to
a key administration post by President Barack Obama. Mr. Kumar has been nominated Assistant Sec
Commerce and Director-General of the United States and Foreign Commercial Service in the
Department of Commerce.
Susheel Kaur, an ethnic Indian Sikh has been elected as the first w
party, the political group that was formed by her father Jeswant Singh to take care of the interest of the Sikh
community in the country 24 years before.
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. He became the first Indonesian President to be sworn in for a second term.
Yudhoyono defeated former
elected leader since the fall of late Suharto in 1998. He repeated his victory in July against Megawati and Jusuf
Kall, his vice-president, to become the first Indonesian leader to be democratically re-elected.
Tin Oo. The octogenarian, who was set free
200

League for Democracy (NLD) as long as Nobel Peace Laureate Aung San Suu Kvi remains under house
arrest. She has so far spent over 14 years in detention.
U.C. Dubey. The Major General (retd.) a centenarian passed away. Possibly the oldest surviving soldier who
was a part of the Kings Commission for Indian Officers (KCIO), he saw action in Wazirist


,2010
Ustad Ali Akbar Khan, Sarod maestro Ustad Ali Akbar Khan died. The illustrious son of Ustad Alauddin
Khan. The Ustad was also the first Indian musician to receive the MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in
1981. In 1997, Khan received the National Endowment for the Arts prestigious National Heritage
ollege of Music



as honoured by South Korean President Lee Myung-bak, with the distinguished civilian
o the Canadian Senate by

S President Barack Obama appointed him as Federal Chief Information Officer, making
Jammu and Kashmir.
came to be called the most trusted
n the 1990s died. Gaidarlaunched the
Moon, to address the UN summit on climate change.
nd beauty brand that carried his name, died.
Fellowship, the United States highest honour in the traditional arts. He was nominated for Grammy Awards
five times between 1970 and 1998. He became the court musician of the Maharaja of Jodhpur, Hanumant
Singh. The state of jodhpur bestowed upon him the title `Ustad. He founded the Ali Akbar C
in Kolkata in 1956.
V.K. Singh. He was appointed as the new Chief of the Army Staff. He will assume office on March 31, the
day the current Chief, General Deepak Kapoor, retires from service.
V.S Sampath: New Election Commissioner against the vacancy caused due to elevation of Mr. Navin
Chawla as CEC. Prior to this Mr. Sampath was serving as Union Power Secretary.
Venu Srinivasan. The Honorary Consul General of the Republic of Korea, Chennai and Chairman, TVS
Motor Company, w
honour. `Order of Diplomatic Service Merit, in recognition of his contribution in promoting Korea-India
bilateral relations.
Viktor Yanukovyeh. He was elected as the new president of Ukraine.
Vim Kochhar. For the first time, the India-born businessman was nominated t
Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
Vinai Thummalapally. US President Barack Obama names the Indian-American businessman and a former
college friend as Ambassador to the Central American nation of Belize.
Vivek Kundra. U
him the highest ranking Indian American in his administration so far.
Wajahat Habibullah. Resigned as the Chief Information Commissioner to take up his new assignment as
Right to Information watchdog in
Walter Cronkite. The legendary TV anchorman who reported with reassuring authority on events ranging
from the assassination of John F. Kennedy to the Moon landing and
man in America died.
Yegor Gaidar. The architect of Russias shock market reforms i
shock therapy economic reforms in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when he was serving as
Acting Prime Minister under President Boris Yeltsin.
Yugratna Srivastava. The thirteen-year-old from Lucknow became the first Indian teenager to address the
United Nations General Assembly on global climate change. She was invited by the Secretary General of the
United Nations, Ban Ki
Yukio Hatoyama. He was appointed as Japans Prime Minister following his partys landslide victory. He
became the 60
th
person to hold this office and the 93
rd
Prime Minister.
Yves Rocher. The founder of the natural cosmetics a
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Tunisias President was re-elected for a fifth term. Mr. Ben Ali was last re-elected
in 2004. He took power in a bloodless coup in 1987.
PLACES
201

Abu Dhabi The capital of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was elected as headquarters of the International
Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) a grouping of 129 countries.


,2010
Amritsar A 14-day `South Asia Foundation Peace Festival 2009 was held here.
Apia, Samoa A massive tsunami unleashed by a powerful earthquake flattened Samoan.
Beijing 09 with the biggest military review China celebrated 60 years of the Communist rule on 1 October 20
in its history.
Choglamsar uprooted the livings and of lives of several hundreds of people. The ma
form of floods and mudslides has raised a lot of questions about the global c
ssive destruction in the
limatic change.
Coimbatore The World Classical Tamil Conference will be held here.
Colombo Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa declared 2011 as Visit Sri Lanka Year.
Dubai mad Bin The Burj Dubai, the worlds tallest tower, was opened by Dubais ruler Sheikh Moham
Rashid al Maktoum.
Fazhou Typhoon Morakot slammed into Chinese provinces on the eastern coast.
Guinea-Bissau Renegade soldiers assassinated the President of Guinea Bissau Joao Bernardo Viejra
Hyderabad sion of the Indian History Congress will be held here from March 12 to March
d here.
The 70th annual ses
14, 2010. The four-day 62nd World Newspaper Congress was also organize
LAquila, Italy The 35th G8 summit took place in the city of LAquila from July 8-10, 2009. A pow
that struck the historic central Italian town of LAquila, in the mountainous Abruzzo r
erful earthquake
egion.
London A two-day international conference of jurists on judicial reforms was held here. It hosted the G20
summit on April 2, 2009
Madagascar Madagascars President Mare Ravalomanana based over power to the military.
Maroni, Comoros A Yemeni jet crashed into the Indian Ocean.
New Delhi ipated in the 10th World Spice Congress held here from February 3 to 5,
ndia Spices Exporters
Over 40 countries partic
2010. The bi-annual even is organized jointly by the Spices Board and All I
Forum.The three-day meet on nuclear energy was held here.
Paris Air France flight 447, which was flying from Rio de Janerio in Brazil to Paris crashed into the
Atlantic Ocean.
Port of Spain,
Thailand
202

The two-day Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) was held.
Port-au-Prince 7.0 magnitude earthquakes hit the capital of Haiti. Its epicenter was near Leogane.
Sharm-el-Sheikh,
Egypt
The 15th Non-aligned Movement summit was held here from 11-16 July 2009.
Sitamarhi, Bihar The Bagmati burst its banks near Tajpur in Sitamarhi district of north Bihar affectin
people.
g one lakh
Suva Fijis President suspended the Constitution of the South Pacific country fired the judges who
declared its military government illegal.
Taregna The village in Bihar, where astronomer mathematician Aryabhatta had set up a camp to study the
movement of stars, was a judged the best place to view the total solar eclipse by the NASA.
Tehran A Russian-made Iranian passenger plane.


,2010
Thiruvananthapuram The 97th annual session of the Indian Science Congress was organized here from January 3.7.2010.
Urumqi, China Ethnic riots in Chinas western Xinjiang province.
Yekaterinburg The leaders of the BRIC countries held their first summit here and issued a declaration calling for the
establishment of a multi-polar world order.

BOOKS
Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy and the West Benazir Bhutto
Communitisa
203

tion: The Third Way of Governance R.S. Pandey
This Time Of Morning Nayantara Sahgal
Trobled Periphery: The Crisis of Indias Northeast Subir Bhaumik
Images of Transformation Gujarat & Narendra Modi Prravin N Sheth
To The Last Bullet Vinita Kamte & Vinita Deshmukh
Difficulty of Being Good Gurucharan Das
The Double Life of Ramalinga Raju Kingshuk Nag
Prisoners of Hate C.V. Murali
Nine Dragon Michael Connelly
Unlikely Hero -The Story of Om Puri Nandita Puri
I Accuse: The Anti-Sikh Violence of 1984 Jarnail Singh
Nine Lives : In search of the Sacred in Modern India William Dalrymple
Deaf Heaven Pinki Virani
2 States : The Story of My Marriage Chetan Bhagat
The Professional Subroto Bagchi
Dreams From My Father Barack Obama
Rich Dad Poor Dad Robert T. Kiyosaki
Digital Fortress Dan Brown
Mistress Of The Game Tilly Bagshawe
A Better India, A Better World N.R. Narayan Murthy
The Audacity Of Hope Ayn Rand
The Quickening Maze Adam Foulds
How to Paint a Dead Man Sarah Hill


,2010
204

Wolf Hall Hilary Mantel
The Glass Room Simon Mawer
Not True and Not Unkind Ed OLoughlin
Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence Jaswant Singh
The Future of Cricket: the Rise of Twenty20 John Buchanan
Violence, Martyrdom and Parition: A Daughters Testimony Nonica Datta
In the valley of Mist Justine Hardy
Burnt Shadows Kamila Shamsie
Dead on Time Meghnad Desai
Amen: the Autobiography of a Nun Sister Jesme
The Private Life of an Indian Prince Mulk Raj Anand
A Case of Exploding Mangoes Mohammad Hanif
Listening of Grasshoppers Arundhati Roy
Imaging India: Ideas for the New Century Nandan Nilekani
A Place Within: Rediscovering India M.G. Vassanji
The Story of a Widow Musharraf Ali Farooqi
Burnt Shadows Kamila Shamsie
China: A Search for its Soul Poonam Surie
Sufism: The Heart of Islam Sadia Dehlvi
Courtesan of Storms N.V. Subramanian
Sting in the Tale Rajeev Sharma
Stranger to History Aatish Taseer
Empires of the Indus Alice Albinia
SMG: A Biography of Sunil Manohar Gavaskar hudesai Devendra Prab
The Tales of Beedle the Bard J.K. Rowling
Divine Justice David Baldacci
Translating Power Dr. Saugata Bhaduri
Maqbool Fida Hussain K. Bikram Singh
Life is perfect Himani Dalmia


,2010
205
SPORTS
Cricket
Duleep Trophy: West Zone win the Duleep Trophy final against South Zone in Hyderabad.
Under-19 World Cup: Australia lifted the Under-19 Cricket World cup defeating Pakistan in the final at
Lincoln, New Zealand.
Ranji Trophy: Mumbai retained the Ranji Trophy with a win over Karnataka in the final in Mysore. It was
Mumbais 39
th
triumph in Ranji Trophy.
ICC Champions Trophy: Australia lifted the ICC Champions Trophy defeating New Zealand in the final at
Centurion.
Tennis
Davis Cup
It is the premier international team even in mens tennis. The Davis Cup is run by the International Tennis
Federation (ITF)
Us Open
The US Open tournament is chronologically the fourth and final even of the Grand Slam Tennis
tournaments. It is held annually in August and September. The event was first held in August 1881.
French Open
Tournoi de Roland-Garros, commonly known as the French Open, is a major tennis tournament held at the
State de Roland Garros. It is the second of the Grand Slam tournaments on the annual tennis calendar and
the premier clay court tennis tournament in the world. The even began as a national tournament in 1891 as
the Champion de France International de Tennis. The first womens tournament was held in 1897.
Australian Open
The Australian Open is the first of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments to be held each year. It is held
each January at Melbourne Park. The tournament was held for the first time in 1905.
Wimbledon
Wimbledon is the oldest major championship in tennis. Held annually between the last June and the
beginning of July at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London, England, the tournament is
the third Grand Slam even played each year.
Fed Cup
Fed Cup is the premier team competition in womens tennis, launched in 1963 to celebrate the 50
th

Anniversary of the International Tennis Federation (ITF). The competition was known as the Federation
Cup until 1995.
India defeated Kyrgyzstan to win back its place in the Asia/Oceania Group I of the Fed Cup tennis
tournament in Kuala Lumpur in February 2010. India was relegated to Group II of the zonal competition
last year after losing the play off-tie to Chinese Taipei.
Spain Wins Davis Cup



,2010
Spain continued to dominate the world tennis after successfully defending their Davis cup title by defeating
Czech Republic. By winning the Davis Cup 2009, Spain became the first team since Sweden in 1998 to
defend the coveted title.
Grand Slam 2010
US Open: Spaniard Rafael Nadal and Kim Clijster of Belgium emerged champions in the mens and


don mens singles title putting in




vone became the first Italian woman to win a grand slam

womens singles respectively in the US Open tennis tournament in New York. Nadal became fifth man to
win a career grand slam.
Besides Fedeer and Agassi, the other men to win all four Grand Slams tournaments before Nadal were Fred
Perry, Don Budge, Rod Laver and Roy Emerson.
In the womens singles final, Kim Clijster won her second consecutive title.
Wimbledon Championship: Spaniard Rafael Nadal reclaimed the Wimble
a classy performance to beat Tomas Berdych of Czech Ruplic in the final. With this win (8 Grand Slam),
Nadal went level with Andre Agassi, Jimmy Connors, Ivan Lendl, Fred Perry and Ken Rosewall.
In womens singles, Serana Williams of USA won her fourth Womens singles title at Wimbledon with a
crushing over Vera Zvonareva of Russia in the final.
Indias Leander Paes and Cara Black of Zimbabwe beat South African Wesley Moodie and Lisa Raymond of
the US to win the mixed doubles title. With this victory, Paes surpassed Mahesh Bhupathis record of 11
Grand Slam titles by one margin.
French Open: Rafael Nadal of Spain and Francecsa Schiavone of Italy won the mens and womens singles
titles respectively in the French Open tennis tournament in Paris.
Nadal beat Robin Soderling of Sweden in the final
In the womens singles an inspired Francesca Schia
singles title when she beat Australias Samanthan Stosur in the final of the French Open. Both the women
were making their grand slam final debuts.
Australian Open: Serena Williams of USA and Roger Federer of Switzerland emerged womens and mens
singles champions respectively in the Australian Open at Melbourne.
Hopman Cup
It is an annual international team tennis tournament held in Perth. Unlike other major international team
Ba
tennis tournaments like the Davis Cup and the Fed Cup, which are strictly for men or women only, the
Hopman Cup is a mixed competition where male and female players team up together on combined teams.
The tournament was first played in 1989.
dminton
Saina Creates History
Saina Nehwal scripted history by becoming the first Indian to win a Super Series

Ace woman shuttler
tournament after she clinched the Indonesian Open title with a victory over higher ranked Chinese Lin Want
in Jakarta. Her triumph is the best ever performance by any Indian woman and at par with All England
Championship titles won by Prakash Padukone and Pullela Gopichand.
Saina wins Singapore Open Super Series: Indian badminton ace Saina Nehwal put behind a nervy start to
clinch the second Super Series title of her career by wining the Singapor
206

e Open with a straight game triump
over Chines Taipeis Tzu Ying Tai in the final.


,2010
207
Uber Cup
Chinas womens team clinched their sixth consecutive Uber Cup team Championship defeating Indonesia in
the final in Jakarta. This was Chinas 11
th
Uber Cup crown in 13 attempts.
The Uber Cuper, sometimes called the World Team Championships for Women, is a major international
badminton competition contested by womens national badminton teams. It is played every two years since
1984. So far, only 4 countries have won the Uber Cup with China the most successful team with 11 titles,
followed by Japan and Indonesia (4 titles) and United States (3 titles).
Thomas Cup
China men team defeated South Korea in the final to win its third straight Thomas Cup title in Jakarta.
The Thomas Cup is the major mens international team-competition in the world badminton, also knows as
The International Badminton Championship Challenge Cup. The first Thomas Cup competition took
place at Preston, England in 1948-1949. it is a biennial tournament in the twenty-four tournaments held since
1949, Indonesia has won it thirteen times.
Football
Federation Cup. East Bengal beat Lajong FC of Shillong tie-breaker in the final to win the Federation Cup
football tournament in Guwahati.
IFA Shield. Churchill Brother defeated Mohun Bagan in the final to win its maiden IFA Shield crown in
Kolkata.
Nehru Cup. India restrained the Nehru Cup, defeating Syria a shootcut in New Delhi.
Messi wins FIFA World Player of the Year award
Lionel Messi was named the FIFA World Player of the Year in Zurich.
The Womens award went to Brazil Marta for the fourth year in a row.
Ronaldo won the FIFA Puskas award for the best goal of the 2008/09 season.
The FIFA Fair Play Award was given posthumously to Sir Bobby Robson for his outstanding commitment
to the values of fair play/throughout his career. The award was collected by his widow Elsie.
Football World Cup:
Spain won its first FIFA World cup 2010 by defeating the Netherlands by 0-1 .
Player of the Tournament D.Forlan(Uruguay)
Golden Boot T. Mueller (Germany)
Best Goalkeeper I. Casillas (Spain)
Fair Play Award Spain
Leading Team Goalscorers Germany (16)
Leading Goalscorers Thomas (5)
Anelka kicked out of World Cup: France striker Nicolas Anelka was kicked out of the World Cup after
reportedly launching a tirade of abuse at coach Raymond Domenech.
Messi Bags Golden Ball Award

Argentinas Lionel Messi won the Golden Ball awarded to the European Footballer of the Year with the
biggest margin.


,2010
Messi became the sixth Barcelona player to take the award and the first since Brazilian Ronaldinho in 2005.
He beat last years winner Cristiano Ronaldo into second place. He also became the first Argentine winner of
the award.
Chess
Anand Receives Chess Oscar For The Sixth Time
India Grand Master Vishwanathan Anand received his sixth Chess Oscar. Anand has won the annual award
in 1997, 1998, 2003, 2004 and 2007. Anand, thus became the only non-Russian to win it more than five
times. The late Robert J. Fischer, chess genius from the US, won it three times while Russian Garry Kasparov
bagged it a record 11 times.
The Chess Oscar is awarded to the best player by the Russian Chess magazine 64 Chess Review.
Hockey
Womens Asia Cup. China defeated India in the final to regain the trophy in the Asia Cup hockey
championship for women in Bangkok. China had won the trophy last in 1989 at Hong Kong. Korea clinched
the bronze medal.
Womens Champions Trophy. Argentina retained the womens Champions Trophy with victory over
Australia in the tie-breaker in Sydney. The Netherlands finished third.
Australia Wins The 2010 Hockey World Cup
Australia proved third time lucky as they won the mens field Hockey World Cup over defending champions
Germany in New Delhi. Australia, whose previous World Cup title came way back in 1986, had lost the last
two finals against Germany in 2002 and 2006.
Australia Retains Champions Trophy
Australia claimed consecutive Champions Trophy titles and their 10
th
overall by beating Germany in the final
in Melbourne. South Korea scored four second-half goals to beat the Netherlands and claim third place.
Spain defeated England to take fifth.
India Regains Sultan Azlan Shah Cup
India regained the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup after 13 years win over Malaysia at Lpoh. This was Indias fourth
cup win, the three other coming in 1985, 1991 and 195.
Final positions: 1. India, 2. Malaysia, 3. New Zealand, 4. Pakistan, 5. Egypt.
Player of the tournament: Sandeep Singh (India)
Man of the match: Arjun Halappa (India)
Table Tennis
US OPEN: A Sharath Kamal won the biggest title of his career when he claimed the honours in the US
Open table tennis championship by beating Slovakias Keineth Thomas in the final at Michigan. He also
finished runner-up in the mens doubles in the company of Subhajit Saha.

General
Bolt Wins Laureus Awards
208



,2010
Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt won the Laureus World Sportsman of the year award in Toronto for his record-
breaking performance in the Beijing Olympics. Bolt is the first track and field athlete to win the Laureus
Award, snapping a four-year run by tennis star Roger Federer. The following is the list of winners:
Laureus World Sportswoman of the Year: Yelena Isinbayeva, Athletics (Russia).
Laureus World Sportsman of the Year: Usain Bolt, Athletics (Jamaica).
Laureus World Sportsperson of the year with a Disability: Daniel Dias, Swimming (Brazil).
Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year: Rebecca Adlington, Swimming (United Kingdom).
Laureus World Comeback of the Year: Vitali Klitschko, Boxing (Ukraine)
Laureus World Team of the Year: China Olympic Team, Olympic Games (China).
Laureus World Action Sportsperson of the Year: Kelly Slater, Sufing (USA).
Pankaj Advani Is World Champion
Pankaj Advani defeated nine times champion Mike Russell to win the elusive World professional Billiards
Championship at the Northern Snooker Centre in Leeds.
Advani is the second Indian to win the title in its 139
th
years of history. Geet Sethi was the last Indian to win
in 2006, his first being in 1992.
This is Pankaj Advanis first Professional Billiards world title. He has already won the amateurs world
billiards and snooker Championships.
Other awards
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, 2010: Saina Nehwal
Arjuna Awards, 2010: Krishna Punia (athletics), Joseph Abraham (athletics), Dinesh Kumar (boxing),
Parimarjan Negi (chess), Jhulan Goswami (cricket), Deepak Mondal (football), Sunil Chettri (football), Rajiv
Tomar (wrestling), Sandeep Singh (hockey), Jasjit Kaur (hockey), Jajseer Singh (paralympics), Dinesh
(kabaddi), Kapil Dev (volleyball), Rehan Poncha (swimming), Sanjeev Rajput (shooting)
Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar: Tata Steel Limited (two awards, community sports identification and
nurturing of budding talent and establishment and management of sports academics); Railway Sports
Promotion Board (employment of sportspersons and sports welfare measures).
Deepika Kumar is World Champion
Deepika Kumar of India won the individual gold medal in the cadet recurve women section at the 11
th
Youth
World archery championship in Ogden (Utah), United States. This was the second time India won a world
title in archery. Palton Hansda became the first Indian to be the World Champion at Merida (Mexico) in 2006
by winning the junior compound individual gold medal in the ninth edition of the World championship.
Archery World Cup: Indian Men Take Gold
The Indian mens recurve team comprising Jayanta Talukdar. Rahul Banerjee and Mangal Singh Champia
defeated Russian Federation 220. -218 to win the gold in the archery World Cup stage II at Porec, Croatia.
This was the second team gold medal for India in the ongoing series. The first one was won at the stage I
meet at Santo Domingo last month. Italy won the bronze medal beating China 221-219.
Vijender is now World No.1
Olympic and World Championship bronze medalist Vijender Singh achieved yet another first for Indian
boxing by becoming the worlds top-ranked pugilist in the middleweight (75 kg) category.
209
He won Indias maiden World Championship medal in Milan earlier.



,2010
210
World Cup Archery (Stage Ii):
India won the mens team recurve gold medal beating the US by 218 points to 214 in the final of the Archery
World Cup (STAGE II) at Antalya.
Commonwealth Games
The 2010 Commonwealth Games are scheduled to be held in Delhi from October 3-14, 2010. This will be
the biggest multi-sport event conducted to date in Delhi, which has previously hosted the Asian Games in
1951 and 1982.
India will be only the third developing country to host the event after Jamaica in 1966 and Malaysia in 1998.
This is only the second time the event has been held in Asia (after 1998).
Originally called the `British Empire Games, it is a sport festival of the Commonwealth countries conducted
like Olympics, once in four years, between the Olympic games. The idea of the British Empire Games was
mooted by Revered Astley Cooper in 1891. A festival of Empire was held in conjunction with the coronation
of King George V in 1911. But the full-fledged Commonwealth Games were first organized only in 1931 at
Hamilton in Canada.
The XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi will feature 17 sports viz. Aquatics, Archery, Athletics,
Badminton, Boxing, Cycling, Gymnastics, Hockey, Lawn Bowls, Netball, Rughby 7s, Shooting, Squash,
Table Tennis, Tennis, Weightlifting and Wrestling.
Mascot: Shera is the mascot of the XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi. His name comes from the
Hindi world Sher-meaning tiger.
Logo:- The logo of the XIX Commonwealth Games is inspired by the Chakra, the national symbol of
freedom unity and power. Spiralling upwards, it depicts the growth of India into a proud, vibrant nation.
Come Out and Play: The logo tagline is in an invitation to every person across all divides Indian and
Commonwealth to let go of themselves and participate in the Games to the best of their abilities, in the
true spirit of the Games.
Rahman launches CWG theme song: The stage is set for the Oscsar winning musician to present his next
big composition dedicated to the Commonwealth Games in India. Oh yaaron, India ne bula liya,
composed by Rahman, is goining to be the theme song of the upcoming Games in Delhi. It would be sung
by Rahman at the end of the opening ceremony on October 3 .
19
th
Commonwealth Games Brand Ambassadors: The organizing Committee of the 19
th
CWG
announced the names of half a dozen sportsperson as Brand Ambassador the names of half a dozen
sportsperson as Brand Ambassadors for the event. The list includes Beijing Gold Winner, Abhinav Bindra,
Ace shuttler Saina Nehwal, Olympic bronze medal winning boxer Vijender Singh, 2006 Commonwealth
Games champion shooter Samresh Jung, wrestler Sushil Kumar and four time world champion boxer M.C.
Mary Kom.
Lakshmibai National Institute Of Physical Education
The Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical education was established initially as a College in August 1957,
the centenary year of the first was of Indias Independence. The Institute is located at Gwalior. It was
upgraded to a `Deemed University status in 1995.
Sports Authority Of India
The Sports Authority of India (SAI), established in 1984 as a registered society.



,2010
The main schemes of SAI are National Sports Talent Contest, Special Area Games, Sports Projects
Development Area and Sports Hostel Scheme.
It has six regional centres at Bangalore, Gandhinagar, Kolkata, Chandigarh, Bhopal and Imphal. SAI has one
sub centre at Guwahati.
2012 Olympics Mascots Unveiled
Two ultra-modern one-eyed creatures have been unveiled as the mascots for the 2012 London Olympics
and Paralympics. The organizers of the Games believe Wenlock, the Olympic mascot, while Mandeville has
been chosen as his Paralympic colleague.
IMPORTANT DAYS
211

9 January
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
10 January
World Laughter Day
15 January
Army Day
9 February
World Marriage Day
28 February
National Science Day
5 September
Teachers Day
7 September
Forgiveness Day
8 September
International Literacy Day
14 September
Hindi Day
16 September
World Ozone Day
21 September
World Alzeimers Day
25 September
Social Justice Day
27 September
World Tourism Day
7 November
Infant Protection Day.
7 November
World Cancer Awareness Day.
9 November
Legal Services Day
10 November
Transport Day
14 November
World Diabetes Day


,2010
14 November
Children Day
14 November
Diabetes Day
26 November
Law Day
29 November
International Day of Solidarity with Palestinian People.
30 November
Flag Day
1 December
World AIDS Day
2 December
World Computer Literacy Day.
3 December
International Day of Disabled Persons
4 December
Navy Day
5 December
Navy day
5 December
Armed Force Flag Day
7 December
Indian Armed Forces Flag Day
10 December
Human Rights Day
11 December
UNICEF Day
14 December
National Energy Conservation Day
16 December
Vijay Divas
18 December
Minorities Rights Day (India)
19 December
Goa Liberation Day
23 December
Kisan Divas
COMMITTEES
212

B K Chaturvedi (June 2008) Financial position of oil companies
Hanumant Rao Committee Fertilisers
Mahajan Committee Sugar Industry
RV Gupta Committees Agriculture Credit


,2010
Narsimham Committee (Second) Banking Reforms
Khan Working Group Development of Finance Institutions
NN Vohra Committee Relations of Politicians with Criminals
SL Kapoor Committee Credit and Flow Problems of SSIs
Dave Committee (2000) Pension scheme for Unorganised sector
Mashelkar Committee (January 2002) Auto Fuel Policy
SN Verma Committee (1999) Restructuring the Commercial Banks
Bhurelal Committee Increase in Motor Vehicle Tax
Saptra Rishi Committee (July 2002) Development of Domestic Tea Industry
Abhijit Sen Committee (July 2002) Long Term Food Policy
Kelkar Committee Tax Structure Reforms
Goswami Committee Industrial Sickness
Goiporia Committee Consumer Service Importance
Malhotra Committee Improving Insurance system
Tarapur Committee : the first Tarapore Committee in
1997, Second Tarapore Committee in 2006
Full convertibility in capital account
Rakesh Mohan Committee Infrastructure
Amit Mitra Committee FM Radio Stations
Asim Dasgupta Committee Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers on
VAT.
V. Krishnamurthy Committee To advice revamping of Public Sector Oil Companies.
J J Irani Committee On amending the Companies Law.
C. Rangarajan Committee On Fuel Pricing Policy.
Punchhi Commission (April 2007) Centre-States ties

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