:

- :
:
:

2007


,




.


1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2
123456789
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

4
_
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20


, , ,

.
, ,

,

.

.
.
. , ,
,
.

.
. ,

.
, .
, ,
, , ,
,
.
Hassan Fathy

1_1
1_2

1.
2.
1_3


1_4
1_5
1_6

1..1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

, ,


,
, , ,
, ,
.
. ,
,
, ,
,

.
, ,
,
, ,
,
. ,
. ,
. , ,

co2 .


.

, .

.
, , ,



.

1..2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

, .
. ,
. , hardley cells

,
.
, ,
, .

1..2..1

.

80 , .
,

.
1_2_1_1
{
(..
)}

.
.
.
,
,
,
17 . 4

:
, 11.000 ,
,
, .

.
,
,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1_2_1_2
( )

, .
1898, Svante Ahrrenius

. , 70,
,
, , .
, 1990,
,
(ipcc)
,
, o
.

.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
50%
. 2/3 100.000
20%
1.000.000 .
, ,
,

.
,
,
, ,
, .
, ,

( ).
1960, Sahel
. 1972, ,

. ,
1974,
. 1975,
,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

,
. ,
, ,
,
,
.

. .
,
,
. ,
,
.


. , ,
.
. 30
2
.
30 30%
, ,
,
.


( , , ,
, ,
) .

1..3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

.
. co2
.
0,003% ,
, ,
,
.

co2

.
.

15 ,
-18 !
.
, , ,
, .

2
co2
,
,
.
co2 30% 1950
1980. 75% 2060.

60% 20%.

, ,
, , .
20 , 0,6
1
. 0,2
. ,
. 2005
, 7
, 1997.
, ,
.
.
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

.
,

,
.
2005,
Katrina,
125 .
,
1366 , .
- ,
.
30% ,
6% , 3% 4%

70% , 16%
(
), 3% (51%)
.
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
Fourier
1822 .
86%
, ,
. ,
60%, ,
.

1..3..1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

, 11.000 ,


.

.


, .

?


. 4

.
,
.

1..3..2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

.
ipcc (intergovernmental panel climatic changes)
1,4 5,8
2100, ,

.
ipcc,
.

6
,
,
, 30 88 .
,
,
. 2020,

2080.


.


,
Klimabio.

1..4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

(
)
, .
.
.
.

. 24. ,
, ,
. 90% .

2,5 3,5 mm.

.
.

7
,
.
, , .

.

.

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

28 2003,
,
2000
.

. ,
18 .
3-4%, .
5%,
10%. . ,

.
,
.
.


.
5%
.
5%.
.
cfc



.
,
.

,
, .

1..5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

.
,
. ,
,
,
.

8
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
?

, , , , .
,
.
.

, ,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

9
20

. ,
,
.
. .
, .
.
: .
, .

.

16
1..6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

.


1. (,
, , )
2.
3. ()
4. ,
.

.
, .

10


.
1987 1000 .
0.5 1.0C,
10-20%.


.

( )
.
.

2_1
2_2
2_3
2_4
2_5

2..1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(
) ,
,
, .

,

:

( , ,
)

,
,
.

, .

,
.
:
1.
2.
3.

,
' .
,
,
, , ,

. ,
80%
.

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11
, ,
,
, ,

,

, .
.

, ,


.
:


: )
)
)
)
,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

()

.
, :
( , .
, , . ),
(. . .)

(' )
,
.

12 ,
-


,
. ,
,


. ,
,

: (
/ ), ( / ),
( ) .

2..2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T
:

,
()

,

(
),
( ),

.

,
. ,
:

,
,
.

70.

1977 .
. ,
, 1982 ,
. R. Vahrelmann.

( 200 )
(65 ), (50)
. .
,
,

.

, ,

( ,
, , , , ..)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

13 - ,


co2 .

. ,
,
,
.

,

.
,
, .

2..3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

,
( ) '
25 42 kWh/m2, '
28 55 kWh/m2, 44 90 kWh/m2
.
1979 ( )
30%,

80% .


-
. ,
,
( ,
).
,

.

14 ,

,
: 30%.
()
40%
, ' 12%.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

,
(, , , .).
, ,
,
.
.
( )
.
3
.
,
.

.
,
.
[ , ,
.

, .

.
, ,
.
, .

2..4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

,
. ,
. O Bucky Fuller
.

, ,

.
,
.

, .

,
.

2..5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

( ),
-
, .
,

.
, .
, ,
,
. ,

,
. ,


, .

15
.
1979,
,

.

' .
, :

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

:
,

,
.



.
.

.
.

:


.

3_1
3_2
1.



2.
3.
4.
5.
3_3
1.


2.
3.

3_4
3_5
3_6


3_7 ,

3_8
3_9
3_10
3_11
3_12 -


3..1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

.
,
.


.

.

.

. ,
,

. ,

16 ,

10-15
, 300-400 W/m2 (
)
4-6 ,
14 20 .

,
. , ,
. ,
25

. , ,
30
.
,


.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

.



. ,
,
.

17 ,
,
, ,
. ,
-, ,
-
.

( /) , . 2.

18

3..2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

. 21
( 14,4 )
,
, ,
,
, (

).

19 super adobe,

3..2..1

, ,
.
, ,
21

( ), ( ) .



30 35%,

.

, ,

,
.
.
20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

,

, .
(
) .


18 40.
, ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
, .

21 ,

,
. (11.. 2..)
35% ( /
).
50 72.
( ),
,
.
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

3..2..2

, ,
. ,
60 ,

.
, 1,1
.

,
.

.
, ,
, .

,
. ,
.
, ...
,
, ,
. ,

.

, .
1.
,
. 2 (),
, 70.,
.

, 20%.

,
. ,

, ,
,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

2.
, .

, .
, ,
. ,

.

22 ,
3.
.

, .
,
.
, ,
,

, .

3..2..3
3..2..4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

23
(), , 30
30 . ,
(5:30 11:30)
.
,


.

,
.

, ,
, ,
.

,
.


( ),
.
. .,
, ,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

,
,
.
,
-
-.
( ),
, , .

,
( ).
(, )
,
.

,
, ,
, ,
.
.
3 9.. 5 ,
8. .
, .

24 ,

.
,
.
, .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

3..2..5

, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
,
. .
,

.
,
.

.
.
,

.


. ,
,
.
,
, .
.

3..3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

21 , 9,2 .
, . 30
30 .
, 26,5. ,
.
,
1-2 , 1..-2..
30
40 .

3..3..1

,
, .

,
. .,
,
,

.

1 2 .
,
, .

25 Sunila lvar Aalto

. Alvar Aalto

3..3..3

3..3..2 (-)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

,

, 26,5.
,
,

.
.
21
, 63,5. , .

.
,
.

.
( 21
3,5 ), ,

.

, ,
.

.
-
.
-
.

.
,
,
. ,
,
.

1 2 . ,

.
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

, ,
( ) .
, ,

,

.

3..4

.

.
.

.
.

.
.
, ,
.
.


, .

26 )
)

.

45 .


.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

5m/s.
10m/s
.
.

3..5

27 )
, ,
)

. ,

.
.
(-273C).
-40C.

(heat sink).
,
8-14m
() (atmospheric window).

.

. .

.

.
.
, . - -
20 - 40 miles / h (~6-7 Beaufort).
,
24. ' , ,
, ( ,
, ), , .
, .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

,

.

,
.

28

29

3..6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

) )
(, ).



.
,
, , .
.
, , ,

. ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
( ) .

.

'
.
,
, .
( )
. '
,
.

,
.

3..7 ,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

.
,
.
.
.
,
, .


(
),
,

.

30
()
, ,
.
,


.

,
.

3..8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.


, .
,
.


, .

3..9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

,


.
, .
:
) ,
)
,

,
)
)
.

31

32

3..10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

, .
;
, . ,
.

,
, .
.

,

,
,
.
,

. ,
, .
,
,
.

3..11

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

.
. ,
, , ,
.

.
. , ,

.
33

.
, ,

.
,
, .
.

.
,

.
.
,
.

.

,




.

34

3..12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

. ,
,
,
.



.
,
.

: ,
, .
,
(
, , ..).

35

.
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

,

.
,



,
.
.
90%
, 10%
. ,
,
.

.
, :

,
,
(
, ).
,



,
(, ..)
.
,
-,
,
.
, , , ...,
,
.
, 30%
90%.
,
,

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

(, ,
)

. ,
, ,
,

36 ,

4

_

4_1
4_2
4_3


4_4

/


4_5

Trombe


1. ,
2. ,
3.
-,


4_6
-

1. ,
2. ,
3.

4..1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

,
.
:

( )


,
,
, ,
. , ,

.

37

,
,

.

.

38

4..2 ..

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

16 . , 20
(, ..)
, . . .
.

, ,

. . ,

,
.

39

40 , ,

, ,

,
.

, ,
. ,



.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

, , , ,
,
.
,
,
(, , , ..),

41

. ,

, 1847.
, ,

,
.

( ..
),
.

4..3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

. , ,
(), , ,
, ,
.
:
:
,
, ,
.
:
, ,
.
: ,
,
.


,
,
(/).
, ,
. ,


,
(, ..).

42

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

,
.
.
. , ..,

,
.
, ,

.


,
. ,

, 10 15 .

43

, , .
,

, . ,

, ,

(, , ).


.

4..4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

,
:

,

.



,
,
.


,
(
6
.

44

:
,

45 Velieux, -

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

,
,

46 , Baris
Al-Kharga, Hassan Fathy

47
Aglasterhansen,

,
,
.

48

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

(, ) ,
,

(/ ) ().

1/5 1/10
. .
, ,
,

.

49 ,


(, , , ..). T
17 18
.
, (,
, )
.
,
, (,
) .
, ,
.

(, , )
.
, ,
, . 16, 17, 18
.
,
.
, .

.
, ,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

, .
.
, ,
, .

50
18 ,

,
()
. (..
)
.
51

, , , ,
, .

,
, ,
. .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

, , , ,
.

.
,

, ,
( ),
,
() .


. , ..,

( , ,
..), , ,
, .
52

.



,

/


.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

,
, :
1. , 6
, 90%
. ,

, .
2. .
,
, .
3.

.
,
.
2
, .
4.
,

.
, ,
.
5.


.
.

,
, ,

,
. , ,

,
,

-.

:
,
,
.
,

9 .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

,
. 10.
, 20.
. ,
,
, ,
, , .
,
,

, ,
.

,
,
.

4..5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

:
( ) ( )
( ).

trombe.

53 Trombe,

, .
,
,
.

. ,

( ),
,
,
, ,
.


6-8 ,
,
.

 Trombe

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Trombe ,
4. 10.
,

..

54
Trombe
F. Trombe,
CNRS ,
Odeillo
1967.
Trombe

, .
:
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
,
. , , ,
,
.
, ,
,

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

55 Trombe

Trombe ,

.

,
, ,
.

,

. ,
,
, .
Trombe .
,
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
,
, ,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Trombe ,
, .
, ,
25 C ,
, 15 C.
, ,
18 22 C,
.

,
,
.


, .
.

-
:
1. ,
2. ,
3. .
1.
:
,
.
,
.
,
.

.
,
,

,
.
2.

.
,
,
.
:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

25-40 ., 7-12 ,
2050 .,
,
.
,
30
. 6 C,
8 .

Steve Baer, .
,
.
.
3.

.
.
,
. ,
: , , .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

.
,
.
Trombe,
.
rombe
. ,


.

56
,
.
.
,

, .

Trombe.
,
.
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

, .
(,
, )
. ,
.
,
, ,
, .

57
,
,

59
,
Hundertwasser

58

60 Rockefeller,

,

. .
,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

,
.


.

61 ) )
)

.
,
. ,
.
. ,
. ,

. ,
.

,
,
.

.
62 du quai branly,
Patrick Blanc's

63
ankoyber Theodore Osmundson1999

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

.
.

.
.

,
.
.

.

.

.

64 , ,

4..6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

,
. 19 ,
,
, . ,
, .
, .
,
,
.

.
, ,
,
.

65 , Vicenza,
, ,
,
,

. ,
.
, ,
,
. ,

.

, ,
.

1/3 24,
,
.
.

, 24 ,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

,
,

,

,
, ,
.

:
,
,
.
1.
,
, ( 2,50 .).

,
.

66
, ,
,
, ,
.
,

.

,
.
,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

67



.

.

, ,
,
.
2.

.
,
,
.
3.
,
, .

.

,
.
40-60, ,
. ,
,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

.
,
, ,
,
.
,
, , ,
.

,
, .
Avignon

15 C, .
,
. ,

. , ,
, .
,
,
.

, .


, .

,
,
. ,
,
,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

.

(, )
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
(, , , ),

,
.

5_1
5_2 Essertines En Chatelneuf,
5_3 ,
5_4 Pliezhausen,
5_5
5_6 ,
5_7 ParcBIT Mallorca
5_8 , Linz Pichling,

5..1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1
1 -
: (..) : .
(.), . (.), . (..), .
(..), .() :

1990 ...


. , 116 .. ,
90.. , , ,
.

68

:

Trombe.

.
trombe , , .
.
: .
:
. trombe

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

.
: .

:

.

,


.

69

70

- ,
,
, .


.

71

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

,
.
. , ,
trombe.

46.

.
.
.
,
.
Heraklith
,
.

,
. Heraklith

.
( )
. .

.
.

.
,
.

, ,

, .

.

72

73
-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

(500
W/K). (30 Kw/K),
. 50%
.




.
,
.



.
.
.

74

5..2 Essertines En Chatelneuf,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

.

.

.

75

Montbrison,
,
. ,

. ,
,
.

76

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

.
.
,
.
, ,
.
.

,
, .

, ,

, .

, ,
Forez.




.


.
.
10 ,

,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.


.

,
.

Forez,

, , .

5..3 ,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

.
,
.

,
45,
, ,
.
,
.

77

. , ,
, .
.
, ,
.
4 14 .
,
, .
.


.
,
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

65 kwh/m2,
25% ,
,

.
,
, 22 cm
20 , .
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
. ,


.
.

78

5..4 Pliezhausen,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1978, -
.

,

.

79

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Pliezhausen
,
, , .

.

80


.

3,50 , .
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
, , , ,

, .


.

81

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

18
5 ,
. ,
.
7 ,
30
12 ,
.
,

.
.
20 2
.
5 2 .

.
.
,
.

82

5..5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

: ., . ..
- : ,
: . , K.V.F. ...
, .

. .

83

84

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

. (
)
. ,
, 50%
.
.

85

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

60%,
.


.

86

86
: )
)

.




.

,

.

, .

87

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

, , .


,
.


.

88




.

5..6 ,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

: Christian Hauvette, Jerome Nouel

: 1989 1994
8.000 2
.
, .
, .
,
,
, .

.
- .
,
,
.

, .
- ,
,
,
.

89

5..7 ParcBIT Mallorca

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

: Richards Rogers and Partnership

: Battle McCarthy
: 1994
:
ParcBIT
, Expo Cities Project,

.

, .
R. Rogers ,
, 1994. ,
- -,
5000 12 .
Palma. Campus
Mallorca.

90
, ,

,

.
masterplan
.

Lennart Grut,
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.

, .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

,

,


,

91

. ParcBIT
,
, .
ParcBIT
, .
,
.

, ,
( ).

.

92

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

.

, . ,
,

,

.
.
,

.
( ,
), ,
.

5..8 , Linz Pichling,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

: Sir Norman Foster and Partners, Herzog +Partner, Richard

Rogers Partnership : 1995
Linz, ,
, 25.000 ,
. ,
,
,
.

93

,
.
() .

,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.


, .
.

, 10
, 2005
, , 2005,

, 2002
,
, . , 1996
20 ,
,
, 2006
, ,
, 2006
,
,
, 2006
,
investigations into Mitigating the Heat Island Effect
through Green Roofs and Green Walls,
Cardiff University, 2005

www.ert.gr
www.physics4u.gr
www.e-telescope.gr
www.kpe-kastor.kas.sch.gr
www.pathfinder.gr/ecology,

www.nomosphysis.org.gr

,
1999
,
, 2002
,
, . , 1996

, 2006
Design like you Give a damn, architecture for
humanity, 2005
, ,
2007
, ,

www.wikipedia.org
www.medsos.gr
www.kpe-kastor.gr
www.buildings.gr
3

,
, . , 1996
,
,
, 2002
: . , . , .
,
,
, 2002

,
, , .
university studio press, 2006
,
, . ,
1996
,
investigations into Mitigating the Heat Island Effect
through Green Roofs and Green Walls,
Cardiff University, 2005

, , ,
,
.
,

Ralph M. Lebens, Passive solar architecture in

Europe,
the
commission
of
the
European
communities, 1981
, 1,2,3,6,
. , 1989
, , .
, 1982
5

5_1,

5_2, 5_3, 5_4, , 29
, Dominique Gauzin
Muller, . , 2003
5_5,
Energy tech, , 2007
5_6, 5_7, 5_8, ,

, . university studio press, 2006


1: www.wwf.gr
2: www.physics4u.gr
3: www.cres.gr
4: www.kathimerini.gr
5: www.dimijianimages.com
6: www.pacificviews.org
7: www.eduspace.esa.int
8: ,
9: www.tmth.edu.gr
10: ,
Cardiff University, 2005
11: , , 2006
12: , , 9
13: , , 9
14: , 2006
15: ,
Cardiff University, 2005
16: www.wikitravel.org
17: ,
18: ,
19: design like you, Architecture for humanity
20: ,
21: ,
22: , Dominique Gauzin-Muller
23: ,
24: ,
25: , 2006
26: ,
27: ,
28: www.motionteam.gr
29: www.thessalonikicity.gr
30: , 2006
31: , 2006
32: , 2006
33: www.cres.gr
34: www.cres.gr
35: ,
36: www.thessalonikicity.gr

 37: , 2006
38: , 2006
39: ,
40: ,
41: www.naturalphotos.com
42: . ,
43: . ,
44: , 2006
45: passive solar architecture in Europe, 1981
46:
47:
48: , 2006
49: . ,
50: ,
51: ,
52: ,
53: www.dennisrhollowayarchitect.com
54:
55:
56:
57: ,
Cardiff University, 2005
58: ,
Cardiff University, 2005
59: ,
Cardiff University, 2005
60: ,
Cardiff University, 2005
61: ,
Cardiff University, 2005
62: ,
Cardiff University, 2005
63: ,
Cardiff University, 2005
64: , ,
1
65: passive solar architecture in Europe, 1981

 66: , 2006
67: , 2006
68:
69:
70:
71:
72:
73:
74:
75: , Dominique Gauzin-Muller
76: , Dominique Gauzin-Muller
77: , Dominique Gauzin-Muller
78: , Dominique Gauzin-Muller
79: , Dominique Gauzin-Muller
80: , Dominique Gauzin-Muller
81: , Dominique Gauzin-Muller
82: , Dominique Gauzin-Muller
83:
84:
85:
86:
87:
88:
89: , 2006
90: , 2006
91: , 2006
92: , 2006
93: , 2006
94: , 2006