Elektromagnetik Alan Teorisi

Elektrostatik alan (statik elektik alan)

Statik alan teorisi
Zamanla deiim yok Magnetostatik alan (statik magnetik alan)
Dalga Teorisi denince dinamik alan (zamanla deiim var) akla geliyor.
Matematiksel Temeller

A
+

B
+

A

A
+

B
R!
P
"
(#$%$#) $ P
#
(%$#$")

R
"

R
#
&

R
"
'

R
#
&#

a
x
+ #

a
y
&

a
z
( ) *ir sa*it ise
k A

k

A

Skaler +ar,-m ! R R
.


A B A B . . . c o s
")

A B B A . .
#)

A B C A B A C . ( ) . . + +

A X a
x
Y a
y
Z a
z
+ +
" " "
ve

B X a
x
Y a
y
Z a
z
+ +
# # #
olarak verilirse


A B X X Y Y Z Z . . . . + +
" # " # " #
/r!

F
k0vvetinin 0yg0lama noktas-

r vekt1r2 kadar yer deitirirse ya,-lan i ne ol0r'

( 3 )0vvet yol )

F a
x
a
y
a
z
+ .
(4t)

F


r a
x
a
y
a
z
+ + 5 . 6
(m)

F r F r . . . c o s

F r .
"5 7o0le

8ekt1rel +ar,-m R R
. .

A B C
ise

C
vekt1r2 9em

A
9em de

B
: ye diktir (Sa el sistemi).


A B A B . . s i n
")

A B B A
#) k A B k A B A k B A B k ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


.)

A B C A B A C + + ( )

B X a
x
Y a
y
Z a
z
+ +
# # #
ise



A B
a
x
a
y
a
z
X Y Z
X Y Z
Y Z
Y Z
a
x
X Z
X Z
a
y
X Y
X Y
a
z
+
" " "
# # #
" "
# #
" "
# #
" "
# #
)ar--k ;ar,-m!
R R
.





A B C X a
x
Y a
y
Z a
z
a
x
a
y
a
z
X Y Z
X Y Z
A B C
X Y Z
X Y Z
X Y Z
. ( ) ( ) . . ( ) + +
" " " # # #
. . .
" " "
# # #
. . .
")

A B C B C A C A B . ( ) . ( ) . ( ) (Dairesel ,erm2tasyon)
#) Skaler ;ar,-m kom2tati< (deime 1zellii) old00ndan


A B C A B C C A B . ( ) ( ) . ( ) .
.) Tek ,erm2tasyon ya,-ld--nda iaret deiir


A B C A C B . ( ) . ( )

)ar--k ;ar,-m ,aralel y2z2n 9acmini verir.

C
3ki katl- vekt1rel ;ar,-m!
R R
. .

A B C B A C C A B ( . ) ( . ) (=A>&>A=)
Koordinat Sistemleri :
Kartezyen Koordinatlar: (?$y$z)
< < + x y z $ $
(Birim vektr)

a
R
R
R

R x y z + +
# # #
z

a
R
x
x y z
a
x
y
x y z
a
y
z
x y z
a
z

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
# # # # # # # # #
y
?
@(?$y$z) noktas-ndan ;ok k2;2k di<eransiyel art-mlarla (d?$dy$dz) elde edilen yeni nokta
(?+d?$ y+dy$ z+dz) ol0r.

A X a
x
Y a
y
Z a
z
+ +
" " "
A

@(?$y$z)
d l a
x
d
x
a
y
d
y
a
z
d
z

+ +

d S d S a
n

d S a
x
d y d z a
y
d x d z a
z
d x d y

+ +

d S
x
d y d z

d S
y
d x d z

d S
z
d x d y



Silindirik Koordinatlar:
( $ $ ) r z
% < r B % <2 B < < z

R a
r
r a
z
z +
d l a
r
d r a r d a
z
d z

+ +

cos(C%&) sin B cos(C%+) &sin

a
r
a
x
a
y
+ c o s s i n


a a
x
a
y

+ s i n c o s
? rcos r x y
# #
+
y rsin t a n
"
y
x
z z z z
Kresel Koordinatlar: ( A$$ ) % A D+ B % ; %<2
A
a A A

d l a
R
d R a R d a R d
d S
R
d S
R
a
R
R d R d a
R
d S d S a d R R d a
d S d S a d R R d a
d S a
R
R d d a R d R d a R d R d
d V R d d d R

+ +



+ +

s i n
( s i n )
( s i n )
s i n s i n
s i n
#
#
R x y z + +
# # #

+

t a n
"
# #
x y
z


t a n
"
y
x
x R s i n c o s y R s i n s i n
Acos z

R d d R d R R
# # # #
%
#
% % %
#
# # 5

s i n s i n . .


a
R
a
r
a
z
+ s i n c o s
(silindirik)


a
x
a
y
a
z
s i n c o s s i n s i n c o s + +
(kartezyen)



a a
r
a
z

c o s s i n
(silindirik)


a
x
a
y
a
z
c o s c o s c o s s i n s i n +
(kartezyen)
@
"
(#$6$5)


a a
x
a
y

+ s i n c o s
(kartezyen)
rnek : )oordinat sistemi se;iminin 1nemine iaret eden 1rnek!
E
"
#
r
a
r
N

( )
r r # # # : ye 9areket ettirilirken ya,-lan i '
".+1z2m!


F d l .

W F d l
r
a
r
d r a
r
r
d r
r

.
"
#
"
#
#
# #
"

"
# #
[7]
#.+1z2m!
(".")Fden (#."):e y sa*it y "
r
x y
# #
+
r x y
# # #
+

F d l
a
r
x y
d x a
x
. .
+
# #


a
r
a
x
. c o s

c o s 5 6
# #

+
x
x y


a
r
a
y
y
x y

+
s i n s i n
# #
5 6

(#.") Fden (#$#) Fye ? sa*it ? #

F d l
a
r
x y
a
y
d y .
+
# #
*0 ,ro*lemde ? y ve d? dy old00ndan
W F d l
x x
x
x x
d x
x
x
d x
d x
x
x

+

+

. .
( )
#
"
"
#
#
#
"
#
#
G
"
#
"
#
"
# #
# #
#
.
#
#
"
# #
[7 H

% dl . E

ise kor0n0ml0 alan

rnek:

F a
x
x y a
y
x y z a
z
x y z + + #
# . #
[]
P
"
Fden
P
#
Fye
a)
L
"
ve
L
#
yol0yla
*)
L
.
yol0yla ( 9er ey z 5 d2zleminde ger;ekleiyor.)

W F d l
L
x y d x
L
x y z d y x y z d z
L L

+ +


. #
# . #


zm : a) I
"
2zerinde d? dz demek ki ". ve ..
integraller s-<-r. (? # ve z 5 ) ise W y d y
"
# 5
6
#
#

. . . &"JG [7]
I
#
yol0nda dy dz %$ y# ve z 5 K
#

.
# ?
H 7 L "% d? # ? # K
"$#
K
"
+K
#
&"6G L7H
b) I
.
yol0yla dz % ym?+n :de (?$y) yerine s-ras-yla (#$6) ve (.$#) kon0rsa y &.?+"" olarak
*0l0n0r.
@
#
(.$#$5)
@
.
(#$#$5)
I
#
I
"
I
.
?
y

+
.
# ?
# .
.
#.5 d? ) ? ## ? ".G ? .J ( K


+
.
# ?
.
# ?
#
.
yzdy ? ?yd? # K

yM&.?+""
dy M&.d? kon0rsa



+ + +
.
# ?
.
# ?
#
.
) d? . ( z ) "" ? . ( ? d? ) "" ? . ( ? # K

I
"
&I
#
ile I
.
yol0 ile elde edilen i ayn- deil.( kor0n0ml0
alan deil).
DEV: K F.dl ' F a
x
?y+a
y
(.?&y
#
)
(a) @
"
M@
#
:ye ("). yoldan (*) (#). yoldan *0l0n0z. Alan kor0n0ml0 m0'
OK DE!"KE#$! FO#KS!%O#$&R VE %'(E%$ER
?$y$z M (&$) <(?$y$z) s2rekli ve t2revli . =elli @
%
(?
%
$y
%
$z
%
) gi*i *ir deeri vard-r. <:in *0 deere sa9i,
*0l0nd00 (?$y$z) noktalar-n-n k2mesine yzey denir. < y2zeyi deikenlerden *irini 1rnein z:i i;ermiyorsa
<(?$y) sa*it *a-nt-s- ile tan-ml- S y2zeyi$ z d2zleminde <(?$y) ile tan-ml- > erisine deen
eksenine ,aralel olan dor0lar-n ol0t0rd00 y2zeyden i*aret ol0r. =0 S y2zeyine dik kesiti > olan silindirdir.
E(?$y$z) (a$*$cN%) <(?$y$z) y2zeyi

a? + *y + cz d2zlem
?
#
+ y
#
+ z
#
k2re( N%) $ ?
#
+y
#
dairesel silindir( N%)
a?
#
+ *y
#
eli,tik silindir $ a?
#
&*y
#
9i,er*olik silindir
a?
#
+ cy ,ara*olik silindir $ a?
#
+*y
#
+cz
#
eli,soit ( N%)
?
#
+ y
#
+ cz
#
d1nel eli,soit
ERLERN PARAMETRK GSTERLM
t sonl0 ve sons0z aral-kta deimek 2zere <(t)$ (t)$ (t) t:nin s2rekli <onksiyonlar-n- g1z1n2ne alal-m.
)artezyen koordinatlar- s-ras-yla <(t)$ (t) ve (t):ye eit @(?$y$z) noktas- t deitik;e 0zayda s2rekli olarak kon0m
deitirir. =0 ekil *ir eri ad-n- al-r.
?<(t)$ y(t)$ z (t)
imdi ,arametrik denklemi y0kar-daki gi*i verilen > erisi 2zerinde *ir*irine ;ok yak-n @ ve @: noktalar-n- g1z
1n2ne alal-m. @ noktas- t$ @: noktas- t+t deerine kar- gelsin. @@:Ot vekt1r2n2n *ileenleri


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
t t t
t
t t t
t
t f t t f

+
$ $


t
@ @
lim
% t

$
t
P P

@ noktas-nda teet olan *ir vekt1rd2r.

=ileenleri de <:(t)$ :(t)$ :(t) ol0r. =0 demektir ki *ileenleri <:(t)$ :(t)$ :(t) olan

t
vekt1r2 >
erisine @(<$$) noktas-nda teettir. >:nin 2zerinde *elirli *ir @% noktas-ndan iti*aren 1l;2len yay 0z0nl00 S
ols0n. >:nin ,arametrik denklemi S cinsinden de yaz-la*ilir.

t
vekt1r2 *irim vekt1rd2r.
)radyant: A M A
.

dz
z
<
dy
y
<
d?
?
<
d<

dld?.a
x*
dy.a
y*
dz.a
z

dl . a
z
<
a
y
<
a
?
<
d<
z y ?

,
_

*0rada z y ?
a
z
<
a
y
<
a
?
<
grad<

( 9alde d<grad<. dl yaz-la*ilir.

del o,erat1r2 $ z y ?
a
dz
a
y
a
?

olarak tan-mlan-r.(a
x
$a
y
$a
z
*irim vekt1rler)
S kalan alan-n maksim0m deime y1n2n2 g1sterir. P2zeye dik *ir vekt1r2 verir. Dier koordinat sistemlerinde de
gradyant olg0s0 *enzer *enzer ekilde tan-mlan-r.
/rnein silindirik koordinatlarda
dldr.a
r
+r.d.a

+dz.a
z
dz
z
<
d
<
dr
r
<
d<

d<grad<.dl
z r
a
z
<
a
<
r
"
a
r
<
< grad<

+a
r
$a
,
a
z
*irim vekt1rler)
k2resel koordinatlardaB

a
<
sin A
"
a
<
A
"
a
A
<
< grad<
A

(a
R
$a

,a

*irim vekt1rler)
=elirli *ir dor0lt0da t2rev <.-
u
f

/rneinB -a
x
i;in t2rev <O?
rnek: E8 olarak verilmektedir. E:yi ("$"$%) noktas- i;in 9esa,lay-n-z.
a&) 88
%
.e
?
.sin(.
5
y
) *&) 88
%
.A.cos
.
z
. a
y
. a
?
a E
z y ? 1
]
1

8
%.
e
?
.sin(.
5
y
)

,
_

5
y
cos .
5
. a )
5
y
. sin( . a
y ?

8
%
.e
?

(a
x
$a
y
$a
z
*irim vekt1rler)
a&) E("$"$%)(a
x
&a
y
. O5).
. # . e
V
*&) E&La
r
.
x

+a

. R
*a

. sin . R
H. 8
%
.A.cos
8
%
.A.cosM 8
%
.z 1nceden yaz-lsayd-$ kartezyen koordinatlarda
E &8 &a
z
z

(
8
%
.z) & a
z
.8
%
/ir 0ektr alan1n1n Di0er2ans1: A
.
MA
Qacim s-<-ra giderken$ s1z kon0s0 9acmi s-n-rlayan ka,al- y2zeyden d-ar- ;-kan net ak- miktar-na A
vekt1r alan-n-n diverRans- denir.
div&

8
ds . A
S
% 8
Iim

)artezyen koordinatlarda B .&
x
Ax

+
y
Ay

+
z
Az

en genel olarakB .&

. . # . "
"
h h h
L
" u

(9
#.
9
..
A
"
)+
# u

(9
".
9
..
A
#
)+
. u

(9
".
9
#.
A
.
)H
Di0er2ans teoremi:
=ir vekt1r alan-n-n diverRans-n-n 9acim integrali 9acmi s-n-rlayan y2zey 2zerinden s1z kon0s0 vekt1r2n
d-ar- dor0 to,lam ak- miktar-na eittir.

rnek: & a
x
?
#
+a
y
?y+a
z
yz i;in diverRans teoreminin dor0l00n0 aa-daki ekilde verilen k2, 2zerinde
test edin.
3. n yz: ?" dS a
x
dy.dz
1ny2z

&.dS


"
%
"
%
#
" dydz ) " (
4. arka yz: ?%$ dS & a
x
.dy.dz
arkay2z
&.dS %
5. Sol yz: y%$ dS & a
y
.d?.dz
sol y2z
&.dS %
6. Sa7 yz: y"$ dS a
y
.d?.dz
sa y2z
&.dS
#
"
?d?dz
"
%
"
%


8. 'st yz: z"$ dS d?.dy. a
z

2st y2z
&.dS
#
"
yd?dy
"
%
"
%


9. &lt yz: z%$ dS & a
x
.d?.dy
alt y2z
&.dS %
Qe,sini to,arlarsakB

dS . A

"+%+%+"O#+"O#+%#
Dier yolla ise *0 ,ro*lem i;in ;ok da9a k-sa *ir ekilde ayn- son0ca 0laa*iliriz.
z ? . ) yz (
y
) ?y (
y
) ? (
?
A .
#
+

( ) # d?dydz y ? . dv A .
"
%
"
%
"
% v
+


Kartezyen koordinatlarda Di0er2ans:


S 8
dS . A A .

y
z
?
"
"
"

S
ds . A
z z y y ? ?
a ) $ z $ y $ ? ( A a ) z $ y $ ? ( A a ) z $ y $ ? ( A A

+ +
) z z $ y y $ ? ? ( @ ) z $ y $ ? ( @
S
+ + +

+ +
+ +
+
.
z
.
z
#
y
#
y
"
?
"
?
S
d?dy ) z ( A d?dy ) z z ( A
d?dz ) y ( A d?dz ) y y ( A
dydz ) ? ? ( A dydz ) ? ( A ds . A
[ ] [ ] [ ] { } y x z A z z A z x y A y y A z y x x A x A
z z y y x x
+ + + + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( . ) ( ) (
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

'

+
+

+
+

z
) z ( A ) z z ( A
y
) y ( A ) y y ( A
?
) ? ? ( A ) ? ( A
z y ?
z z
y y
? ?
div


8
lim A . A
8
dS . A
s

old00na g1re
% 8
lim A .



% z
% y
% ?
lim
v

[ ]
[ ]

'

+
+

y
) y ( A ) y y ( A
?
) ? ? ( A ) ? ( A
y y
? ?
[ ]

+
+
z
) z ( A ) z z ( A
z z
z
A
y
A
?
A
A .
z
y
?

Silindirik Koordinatlarda di0er2ans

+
+
+
+
.
z z
.
z z z
# # "
r r
"
r r r
S
dr rd A dr rd A
drdz A drdz A dz d rA
dz d A ) r r ( ds . A
[ ]
( ) [ ]
[ ]
z r r
z
) z ( A ) A z ( A
r
A A
r r
) r ( rA ) r r ( A ) r r (
z z z r r

,
_

+
+

+
+
+
+ +


% z
%
% r
lim A . 8

z
Az A
r
"
) rA (
r r
"
A . 8
8
ds . A
r
S

+


+

Kresel Koordinatlarda di0er2ans

S
ds A
de0 :
( ) ( )

A
sin A
"
A
sin A
"
A A
A A
"
A .
sin A
#
#
old00n0 g1ster.
rnek 4:
A z y ?
a A a z a y a . ? A

+ + vekt1r2 i;in diverRans teoremini dor0lay-n
z
A
y
A
?
A
A .
z
y
?

. ()ort.)
( ) .
r
r .
) )2resel ( r
r r
"
A . r
r r
"
A .
#
#
.
#
r
#
#

ds A
s
.

a
% ?
*
% y
c
% z v
a*c . d?dydz . . d8 A .



+
# # " "
) % ( . ) ( ) % ( . ) ( . dxdz A a dxdz a b A dydz A a dydz a a A ds A
y
y y
y
s
x
x x
x

+
. .
. ) % ( . ) ( abc dxdy A a dxdy a c A
z
z z
z


S 8
ds . A d8 ) A . (
old00 g1r2l2r.
rnek: E (?$y$z) a
y
vekt1r alan- nedeniyle z %:dan z #m:ye 0zanan ve yar- ;a,- #m olan ka,al-
silindirden d-ar- ;-kan net ak-y- 9esa,lay-n.
a a F r cos sin +
dr rd a drdz a dz r ds
r


+ + *1ylelikle
drdz dz d r ds F cos sin +

#
%
#
%
#
%
sin 5
sin #
z
d
dz d ds F

S
#
%
% E . % ds . E cos 5
d-r.
/ir 0ektr &lan1n1 Rotasyoneli A
.
A
.
ma?
c
n
%
n
s
dl A a
s
"
lim A
1
]
1

) A Aotasyonel ( A P2zey alan- s-<-ra giderken *irim y2zey alanda ol0an maksim0m net sirk2lasyon verir.
P1n2 y2zey alan- net sirk2lasyon0 maksim0m ya,an y2zey alan-na diktir.
Sirk2lasyon yok Saat y1n2nde sirk2lasyon var Saatin tersi y1n2nde sirk2lasyon
dl :nin y1n2 ,armaklarken *a ,arma-n y1n2
n
a :i g1sterir.
Kartezyen Koordinatlarda Rotasyonel

+
+ +
+
+ + + + +
I
y y
y
?
? ?
y
y y
y ? y
? ?
"
?
?
dy ) ? ( A d? ) y y ( A dy ) ? ? ( A d? ) y ( A dl . A >
A
:y- di<eransiyel
alan i;inde yakla-k sa*it al-n-rsa
[ ] [ ] ( ) y x Ay x x Ay x y y Ax y Ax C + + + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
[ ]
[ ]

,
_

'

+
+

y
A
?
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z



Silindirik Koordinatlarda Rotasyonel

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lim ) A ( B
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dl . A
lim ) A (
z
c
% r r S
% r
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z
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dan 9areketle aa-daki gi*i yaz-la*ilir.
z
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Kresel Koordinatlar1
( ) ( ) ( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

a
A
A
A A
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a AA
A
A
sin
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sin A
sin A
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old00n0

g1ster. (Mark0s Za9n $EM Eield T9eory)
STOKES TEOREM
A;-k *ir y2zey 2zerinden *ir vekt1r alan-n rotasyonelinin y2zey integrali ayn- y2zeyi ;evreleyen ka,al-
;evre 2zerinden s1z kon0s0 vekt1r alan-n-n ;izgisel integraline eittir.
( ) dl . A ds . A ?
S

,
_

. .
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# #
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0 9
a
0 9
a
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a

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1
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1

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. A h h
u
A h h
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u h h h
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z z r r
a ) A ( a ) A ( a ) A ( A da =0radan

+ +

1
1
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.
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A 9 A 9 A 9
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9 9 9
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A .

rnek : y x a x a xy F # vekt1r alan- i;in yar-;a,- . olan ;eyrek dairesel disk 2zerinde Stokes
teoremini dor0lay-n.
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z
z y ?
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+
1
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y
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=
A
=
A
=
A A=(A

demek ki
sal-yor.
rnek :
z z y ?
a z a r a z a ? a y A

+

vekt1r alan- i;in I ka,al- erisi ile s-n-rlanan
a) ?y d2zlemindeki d2z dairesel d2zlem i;in
*) Par-m k2re y2zeyi i;in
c) Silindir y2zeyi i;in

S
dS . A

i 9esa,lay-n-z.
I ka,al- erisi i;in

a Rd dl I 2zerinde r A
d R dl A
#
.
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#
%
#
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z y x
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s
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z
a A x dor0lt0s0nda old00ndan yanal y2zeylerden *ir katk- gelmez. Ayr-ca A x z:e de *al-
olmad--ndan sadece silindirin 2st s-n-r-ndaki daire 2zerinden integral olarak son0ca 0la-r-zki *0 (a) -kk- ile
ayn-d-r.
rnek :
y
a z ) z $ y $ ? ( E

i;in F x :i 9esa,lay-n. Tekilde son0; % ve y1n2

x
a
x
x
y
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a a
z
F
z
z y x
a a a
F x

% %
de0!
y
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?
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+
vekt1r alan- i;in Stokes
teoreminin ge;erliliini yandaki ekilden <aydalanarak
g1sterin.
/az1 zde:likler
E ve U vekt1rel <onksiyonlar $ <$g ise reel <onksiyonlarstoker ve k *ir sa*it olmak 2zere a-daki
1zdelikler yaz-la*ilir.
( ) f f + + )
( ) ! F ! F . . . + +
( ) ! x F x ! F x + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ! F F ! ! F . . . .
( ) f f f +
( ) F k F k F k +
( ) k F F k F k + . . Vsa*itin gradyant- s-<-rd-r.
y
z
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(%$%$")
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la"lasyen
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(?$y$z)
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(r$$z)
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(A$$)
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a

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n 0n
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+ + (Di<eransiyel Wz0nl0k)B
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+ + (Di<eransiyel Alan) B
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+Del O<eratr)

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Birim Vektrler Aras !"#"m Ta$l%s&

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a

y
a

z
a

r
a

z
a

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a

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a

y
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" % "
% " %

% % "
cos &sin %
sin cos %
% % "

sin cos cos cos &sin
sin sin cossin cos
cos &sin %
r
a

z
a

cos sin %
&sin cos %
% % "

" % "
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% % "
sin cos %
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cos &sin %
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sin cos sin sin cos
cos cos cossin &sin
&sin cos %
sin % cos
cos % &sin
% " %
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