Bangladesh is a developing country.

People of this country are suffering

from unemployment problem. And this unemployment problem is
reducing by migration of Bangladeshi laborers. For earning money people
of this country are migrating to other countries. From seventies
Bangladeshi laborers are migrated all over the world, especially to the
Middle East.

Migrant workers recruitment process is complicated. The whole process
is characterized by a host of intermediaries, some authenticate and
reasonable, while others are illegal and unsafe. The remittances that
migrant workers send are important source of family welfare, social
development and macroeconomic growth of Bangladesh. Remittances
mainly come in Bangladesh by hundi system which is a method those
by-passes the banking system.

Bangladeshi workers are not interested to migrate due to lack of rules,
migration norms and expertise in migration management, both locally and
globally. Bangladesh does not have any institution to develop labors skill
and adopt the migration of undocumented workers.












People are now leaving not only their own motherland but also they cross
their geographic area for better living conditions, employment, education
and freedom. The movements of people enrich societies and develop
economy. Because of globalization migration of laborers spread all over
the world.

For the development of Bangladesh migration is one of the most
important issues. The interested workers who are interested to go abroad
had increased in late 1970. In Bangladesh migration is considered central
components of economic development.





Bangladesh lies in the north eastern part of South Asia having borders
with India, Myanmar and the Bay of Bengal on the southern side. The
area of the country is about 148,000 sq. K.M. Bangladesh is a densely
populated country of the world, its population is about 123 million (2001).

Bangladesh is an agriculture based country. Highest amount of Gross
Domestic Product come from this sector. GDP growth of this country was
5% during 1996 2000 and 6% present in present fiscal year. In this
country population growth rate is high but GDP growth rate is very low.


The countrys payments exceed its receipts. In the year 2001 exports
consisted of 13.78% of GDP and annual workers remittances as % of
GDP rose from 1.37% in 1980 to almost 5.00% in 2002.

A large number of people are living under the poverty line. Its per capital
income is Tk. 19,617 (US$ 364). Among 123.1 million populations, 62.7
male and 60.4 female and the annual growth rate is 1.47%. Its
unemployment rate is 3.7 percent which is conducted by the Bangladesh
Bureau of Statistics (CBBS) in 1999-2000.









In Bangladeshi human resource market there exist significant imbalances.
Because of rapid population growth and natural calamities like floods,
drought etc., and Bangladeshi laborers migrate to other countries for
employment and better earning. A large number of Bangladeshi workers
work to the Middle East and other parts of the world like Europe, North
America, Australia and Asia. During 1996 to 2002 about 3.24 million
Bangladeshis have migrated for employment. Now per year 20, 00,000
persons migrate abroad.

Migration increases when a country open up new markets, remove
restrictions in some of the earlier markets and increase its labor mobility
across the world. Skill workers are demanded in the market but


Bangladeshi labor forces are unskilled or semi-skilled male workers. In
the survey reports of 2001 we can see that 58 percent of unskilled
workers, 16 percent of semiskilled workers and 23 percent skilled workers
are shifted to abroad. For migration there should be accurate policy,
strategy and programmers. Because of globalization and demanded
market Bangladeshi labor forces demand is now increasing. There is
huge competition in labor surplus countries like Bangladesh, India, Sri
Lanka, Philippines, Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia etc. to migrant people. To
face the competition Bangladesh needs to develop information system and
make the manpower skilled.









The recruitment process depend on labor need in the receiving country,
taking interview for selection, finalization of contract, cost of the work
visa, travel, placement with the employer and settling down of the
emigrant worker in the receiving country.

But sometimes these processes become complex and risky due to
differences in the laws, geography, climate, language and culture of the
immigration and migration countries. Workers go to Middle East
countries and other Asian countries according to the deal of a work
contract and after the contract ends they are bound to return to
Bangladesh. They can hardly make their placement permanent there.
However workers who go to various parts of western countries get some


rules and regulations through which they enjoy the chance to work there
permanently and hardly return to Bangladesh.

Government gives license to the agents for migrant recruitment agencies
and every year they have to renew it. Bangladesh Association of
International Recruiting Agencies (BAIRA) is handling the migration
process. Only recognized recruitment agents can do the recruitment
process but many individual do it without having any license. First agents
give advertise in the newspaper for recruitment of workers. Then receive
application and take interview, medical test and go for the contract for
employment. The agents charge government specified fees for the entire
process.

Bangladesh Overseas Employment Services Ltd. (BOSL), which is a
wholly owned company of the government plays insignificant role in the
recruitment of migrant workers. The selection of workers by the BOESL
is done in two ways. Some migrants go by formal channels while the
other migrants are illegal or unauthorized which is large in number.






















To migrate to other countries a worker expenses money. The expenses
involved are passports, medical tests, and airfare for travel, visa charges
and other charges, which are almost predetermined. And there are also
many personal costs like clothing and other necessary items. Agencies
doing the whole recruitment process to earn some money. At the early
stage agencies get commission from the overseas employers. At that time
plain fare was also borne by overseas employers. But now time has
changed. In this due to competitions and increased demand now
recruitment and plain fare is borne by the workers.

The main cost of the payment to the recruitment agent is the visa fees.
This amount is unusually high in Bangladesh when compared to other
migrant sending countries in South and South East Asia.

















Migrant labors send most of their earnings to their family, means to their
home country. If workers migrate for a short period then remittance
increases. And this happens in migration from Bangladesh to Middle East
and East Asia countries. Remittances are high when they come from
western countries. During 1996 and 2002 foreign money that came to
Bangladesh is about 23.7 billion US dollar. Bangladesh bank records this
data. This remittance is used for the development of Bangladesh and this
also improved balance of export-import payments.






There are two channels through which the migrant workers send their
remittances. First is the official media that is by bank, telegraphic transfer
and postal orders. And other is the non-official way which is the hundi
system. By hundi system people transfer money or goods through friends,
relatives or trusted agents.





Remittance is used to the improvement of the family. One survey
indicated that 16% remittance uses for credit repayment which was
borrowed for financing for migration. Others include house purchase
11.2% and land purchase about 12%. This remittance is one of the major
sources of development of this country and increase GNP.

We can see the positive effect of remittance if the money is invest in any
productive sector. Bangladesh government does not take any tax on
foreign money. New opportunities and possibilities can be come from this
side.









There are mixed views about the costs and benefits of migration of
workers from Bangladesh. Some appreciate it. On the other hand some
criticize it. Migration effects are seen in private, social and macro-
economic levels. Foreign money is an important source of balance of
payment, commodity exports, business profits, government revenues and
productive use.





The migration involves costs and expected to result in benefits to the
migrant and his/her family. If a benefit substantially overweighs the cost,
the migrant will be beneficial to an individual. The economic benefits of
migration come in the form of direct remittances to the household.

For going abroad a worker spends 95, 000 TK which is given to the
recruitment agencies. It is surveyed before. The main reason of working
abroad is higher income and improvement of the familys financial
condition. Its beneficial for both migrant and migrants family. There are
also some non-monetary costs and benefits associated with migration. On
the other hand, migration decrease womens financial task. Because in the
absence of male members, the woman maintain the household works.




Migration has some impacts on the society. There are direct and indirect
impacts on private and public consumption and investment. The migrant
workers travel by home or host country airlines. In addition government
receives increases due to passport issuance and renewal fees.

Labor migration solves the un-employment and under-employment
problem in the home countries. With the help of remittances, migrant
households bear the greater burden of the unemployed members and
education of aged members is ensured. It increases human capital
investment. Remittances are major source of foreign exchange earnings.
According to official estimates Bangladesh earned about US$ 11.5 billion
remittances from the NRBs during financial years 1977-99.







Remittance has a great impact on macro-economics. Remittances ensure
the imports of capital goods and raw materials for industrial development.
It solve unemployment problem, then improved the standard of living and
improve the income distribution in favor of the poorer and the less skilled
workers.

Remittances macro-economic impacts involve gross domestic product
(GDP), annual development budget (ADB), foreign exchange earnings,
merchandise export receipts, import payments, trade balance, current
account balance, foreign aid and annual debt service payment. Foreign
money reduces poverty. Remittance increases the level of household
surplus and improves rural peoples financial condition. For earning
foreign money migration process should be systemically improved
through regulatory framework, education and skill development of
workers.




















Every year many workers come back towards Bangladesh after the
contract get expired. Labors are returning especially from Asian countries.
The people who come back are called returnee migrants.

Then return migrants face huge problem because of searching
employment. They do not get any help from government. They try to
manage their employment with the help of family and friends. Sometimes
BMET helps but very little. IMO surveyed that 988 thousand persons
returned on 1999. Return migrants need social and economic integration
and rehabilitation. It must be ensured that returnee migrants can invest
their remittance properly. Return workers cannot cope up within the home
countries. So reintegration program would help the migrant workers
prepare for return while still working abroad.













Returnee migrants face many economic and social problems after
returning home. In Bangladesh there are no institutions to support them.
They remain unemployed and stay under pressure. In our country there is
no comprehensive program for the returnee migrant workers. Moreover
BMET also failed to incorporate the problems. Now some non-
government sector has taken some initiatives for the migrant workers.
Initiatives for co-operative ventures for the countrys employment,
information on potential investment opportunities, loan and banking
facilities and sources of technical assistance for developing micro or small
enterprise development should be made available to the potential
returnees. The government should consider underwriting certain
percentage of loans granted to projects of returnee migrants provided by
commercial banks. Wage Earners Welfare Fund (WEWF) is a
contributory fund of migrant workers. Its work is to provide soft term
credit opportunities to the returnee migrants. The management of the Fund
is returnee migrants.














Globalization along with local factors has made the management of the
labor migration complex. In Bangladesh there is very little institution
which is dealing with international migration process. Maximum agencies
are in private sector. The interest of migrant workers has been
marginalized due to lack of rules, migration norms and expertise in
migration management, both locally and globally. The Ministry of Labor
and Employment (MOLE) created the legal framework through the
Bangladesh Emigration Ordinance of 1982, which amended the
Emigration Act of 1922. The MOLE established BMET in 1976 to work
as a regulatory agency for migrant workers and later established BOESL
as an emigrant worker recruitment company owned by the government.
BOESL operates as a government owned recruitment agent but its
contribution to the migration of workers is grimly low. The Ministry of
Foreign Affairs through its diplomatic missions abroad, more particularly
acts as a facilitator for migrant workers.

BMET is the lead agency of the government in providing national
employment services to migrant workers including regulation, policy
implementation, repatriation as well as skill development. The present
government came to power in 2001 has recently created the Ministry of
Expatriate Welfare and Overseas Employment (MEWOE) with clear
mandate for evolving policy and programs for promoting overseas
employment market and ensure welfare of emigrant workers in the host
country as well as on return. The ministry has already taken initiatives to
resolve disputes in entry to overseas market and in exploring new markets
for employment. Besides, a number of practical steps have been initiated.

The institutional arrangement to deal with international migration issues is
inadequate in Bangladesh. The Emigration Ordinance of 1982 serves as



the basis for administering the overseas employment program of Bangladesh. Bangladesh
Government still has to finalize the rules to effectively enforce the 1982 Ordinance.
Bangladesh is yet to formulate a well-defined policy on international migration. The only
discernible policy at this stage is the encouragement for labor migration to ease un-
employment and earn foreign exchange. The MOLE and MEWOE can jointly address the
issue of policy formulation the emigration ordinance was framed in 1982 but the
government is yet to finalize rules to effectively operationalize the ordinance. Bangladesh
finds itself rather late at present in terms of developing the rules and regulations to
implement the Migrant Act 1982 but feels better in terms of being in a position to reform
and strengthen its international labor migration system without necessarily having
experience of slow progress like other countries. The MOLE and MEWOE need to plan
effectively so that they can accelerate the pace of development.

Arrangements for development of skills of the migrants and prospective migrants are not
adequate in Bangladesh. Many young men and women in Bangladesh are educated in
non- marketable skills and cannot pursue higher education due to opportunity or
resource constraints and are unemployed.





As a developing country migration is very necessary for Bangladesh. The global
development trends, priorities and changes are reshaping management of migration. Our
government should take steps to give facilities to the migrant workers and to protection of
the migrants rights and their effective reintegration on return. Foreign remittances
increase our GNP. For better understanding of migration dynamics in Bangladesh as well
as its impact on the economy and society, the government has to create facilities to
promote this discourse and pave the way for practical solutions.



Labor migration to foreign country has become a lucky charm for
Bangladeshs economy. It contributes the major portion of our GDP
through remittance. However, the system of migration in a country like
Bangladesh is Quite complex. There is an absence of migration friendly
policy and reintegration policy for NRBs. The countrys balance of
payment is also unfavorable. There is a significant imbalance in the
human resource market in the country. The laws and procedures make the
process complex and there are no proper training facilities for migrant
workers. The emigration ordinance for migrations is complicated and time
consuming. When government restricted Recruitment to licensed
recruitment agent, they started to share their stamp approval to non-
approve agent against a fee. Government plays very poor role in the
system of migration. Due to the increased competition among home
countys government and recruiting agencies, the workers have to bear
high cost. Though treat is a fixed level of fees to be charged, it is hardly
enforceable and agencies easily take the chance to charge more rather than
the real level. There is also a lack in policy for maximizing earning and a
solid bilateral agreement to protect the rights of migrant workers. There is
also absence of adequate financial institution for helping the employees to
bear the cost.














How Bangladesh government can establish efficient and cost effective
recruitment policy and also develop policy to protect human rights of
migrant workers to gain a negotiable position in the overseas job market
that will strengthen their reputation to the receiving countries?







As large number of people earns a lot of money through foreign
employment, it helps to reduce our poverty level and as this money helps
to increase the standard of living, the benefit to cost ratio is also high.

During 1977-99 migrated labors remitted US$16 billion. This remittance
also helps in economic development of Bangladesh. This also helps to
reduce the unemployment rate and after the migration period the family of
migrated workers enjoys enormous growth in their income level. For all
these, the benefit to cost ratio is high. As the labors remit a lot of money
to the country and the families become solvent, they move from the
poverty line.

The economic condition of Bangladesh is not so good. As a lot of workers
migrated from Bangladesh, they contribute a lot in the economy of our
country. This remittance also helps in social, personal, and
microeconomic development of Bangladesh. These increase the benefit to
cost ratio.


Remittance cannibalize the traditional pattern of export earnings and this
also increase the GDP growth

Remittance plays a significant role in the foreign exchange earning of the
country. It helps to increase the level of earning and help in development
work of the country. The sending country enjoys some positive outcomes.
This high amount of remittance also helps to increase the GDP level. This
growth in GDP helps to offset the unfavorable balance of payment.
According to the case the remittance provide 30% of the export earnings
and 20% of the import payments.

If workers go abroad and send remittance this becomes a high profit for
the countrys economy. If the remittance can contribute to the welfare and
development of the country then Bangladesh can become a developed
country and if the GDP rises then it will be beneficial for the county and
the country get respect from the foreign countries.






High remittance help Bangladesh government to increase their revenue
and as a result of the high revenue unemployment reduces and for that
reduction in unemployment standard of living increases.

Bangladesh sends a lot of workers to foreign countries for work. They
work hard and send money in the form of remittance. Because of that
remittance the earning of the families increases to a significant level. This
enormous growth in earning increase the standard of living of the families
and this earning also contribute to the welfare of the country.

If employee goes to work abroad then the unemployment will be
eradicated from our country and the families of migrated workers become
solvent. As a result their standard of living increase which makes the
country developed.







Migrations of workers who work improve family bonding of the migrated
workers by which they can come closer to each other in the family.

Through migration the whole family gets closer to each other. This
happens as the whole family contributes to the cost and also participates
in the process. After immigration the status and reputation of the family
increases in the society due to the enhancement in the income.

In Bangladeshi culture family bonding is very important and sensitive. We
love to be together whenever we get any occasion to enjoy. During the
migration the whole family come close to each other and contributes in
the costs. This makes their family bonding strong. In Bangladesh if
someone can earn more that family get the utmost attention in the society.
Increased income through migration also works in this process.







The remittance earned by the government of Bangladesh help to relief the
country form the danger of facing foreign exchange shortage and this also
help the country to reduce the dependency on foreign aid and reduce the
obligation of debt.

In 2001, the increased remittance helps the country to get rid of the
foreign exchange shortage which the country was facing at that time. This
remittance indirectly contribute to the macro- economic development of
the country which includes GDP, ADB, foreign exchange earnings,
merchandise export receipts, import payments, trade balance, current
account balance, foreign aid and annual debt service payment.

For any country remittance is the major part of the economic income and
it helps the country to reduce all the problems. Through remittance
Bangladesh can increase its foreign exchange reserve. Through remittance
Bangladesh can pay off all the debt and get rid of the obligations.





The Ministry of Expatriate and welfare and overseas employment has
established with a mandate to ensure the welfare of emigrant workers in
the host country.

MEOWE have established an effective agreement for saving the workers
from the harassment regarding accommodation and wages. This also
looks after the rights of migrant workers in the foreign country and makes
their work easier.

By this law the government will be able to control the foreign
employment condition and they will be able to protect the rights of
workers and help the country to get a better outcome for the whole nation.








The recruitment process of migrant workers is very complex in the
context of Bangladesh which is longer and time consuming. It is because
there is a lack in administrative power enforcement by the regulatory
authority.

There is some complicacy in the migration process of our country. In the
public sector the process is designed in such a way that the interested
workers have to go through a lengthy and step by step process. It is also
operated by keeping secrecy and honesty. Because of this they have to
wait for a long time to complete the formalities of going abroad. For this
problem the migration process is now dominated by the private sector. As
a result the labor has to bear high cost.

If the process of migration becomes so lengthy and time consuming then
it becomes time consuming. For this time period some workers sit at home
being unemployed and this create a huge problem in family.







Before migration started the GDP growth rate of Bangladesh was very
low and the balance of payment situation of Bangladesh was unfavorable.

Bangladesh was only an agricultural country during 1973. Agriculture
contributed the major portion of the gross domestic product (GDP). The
country witnessed 5% growth in 1996- 2000and 6% in later years. On the
ongoing population growth of Bangladesh, 2.7% GDP growth is
insignificant. This also leads to low level of saving and investment of the
economy. Moreover the balance of payment position is unfavorable. That
means payment exceed the receipts of the country.

The resources of our country are divided in two parts. One is the exports
of garment sector and the other one is the remittance. If the GDP of the
country remains low then it becomes a big problem for the country and
the country remains under developed. On the other hand if balance of
payment remains negative then the country run a loss project.

One of the main weaknesses of migration is because of migration the
conjugal relationship suffers and along with this proper growth of children
has become an issue.



Due to international migration the womens economic and entrepreneurial
activity which is already low in Bangladesh is going down. Women
become the only member to take the responsibility of taking care of the
whole family. Moreover there is a risk for the workers to be cheated. As
family can not accompany with the migrant, there remains a huge gap
between family and the individuals migrated. The spouses have to wait for
a long time for their partners to come back home. Moreover the children
grow up with single parents which create a gap between them.

Bangladesh is culturally very rich. Family value is very important here. If
there will be a gap between spouses then it will also affect the whole
family. The children are affected the most. They cannot have the attention
of both the parents and because of this they grow up with abnormal brains
and defected values


As all the skilled labors are going abroad then Bangladesh will suffer
from skill shortage and when they send money to the family then the
prices of commodities get high.

During migration the workers get proper and efficient training which they
are utilizing in abroad. The cost of this training is bared by the
government of our country. But as they are going out of the country, our
industries suffer from the shortage of skilled labors and as a result the
development of our country becomes disrupted. Moreover as the migrant
workers send a lot of money through remittance, the earnings of the
family increase and as a result they are now able to buy a lot of things that
they want to bye. As a result consumption of daily commodities goes up


and consequently the demand of things goes up compare to the supply. So
the price goes up and inflation occurs.

If the consumption of daily commodities go up then there will be an
imbalance in supply and demand condition of the market. As a result the
economy suffers a lot. On the other hand if there is shortage of skilled
labor in the labor market of the country. All these are very crucial
problems.

If migrant workers come back from migration then the country suffers
from unemployment problems and they also suffer from reintegration
problems.

The migrant workers of Asian countries have to return to Bangladesh after
their contract is finish. It happens every year with the short term or
temporary workers. These employees are called returnee migrants. But
after their return they face the problem of coping and adjusting themselves
inside the society. They cannot integrate with the family or the society.
The government of our country does not have any concern about this and
they do not make proper rules to help them with this problem. Moreover
they also face unemployment problems. They have to look for job by their
own or the family members help them. But the government or its bodies
do not guide them in any way.

If the workers do not get any help from the proper authority then this
become hard for the workers to adjust with the new environment and bare
the living cost of their own and the family.




Due to lack of international arbiter the process of migration become
complex and lengthy for the workers.

There are many authorities who take care of the recruitment process of the
migrant workers. Because of so many process and steps which they have
to go through, it become boring for the workers to wait for this. As the
process of migration is straight forward, it involves lots of laws and
procedures. Due to the difference in culture, geography the process
becomes lengthy and risky. Moreover due to lack of international arbiter
there is a complete mass up in the process. Due to lack of proper
knowledge there can happen lots of problems.

If there is a lack of international arbiter then they can help the
Bangladeshi authority to know the condition of other countries. If this
happen then the process of migration will be easy and simple.

The workers who want to be migrated to other countries have to bare a
high cost and so they need financial support which is highly absent in
Bangladesh.

Every year many workers go to abroad for working. For this they give the
money to the agents. Sometimes it becomes very tough for the employees
to arrange the cost. Sometimes they have to sell off all their assets for
collecting this money. But they get no support from the government for


this regard. Moreover as after giving the money workers have to sit at
home without any employment, the family also strives for meeting day to
day expenses. As they sell everything they cannot get any advantage to
use the asset for supporting the family. Moreover the employees have to
take money lone from local banks for which they have to bare high
interest. Despite all this problems our government does not pay attention
to help the workers with financial support.

As the workers are very poor they go for the better earning. If for this they
sell all the things they have to sell everything, then it will be unfair. On
the other hand if they take loan from banks on high interest then it will be
a loss for them.




If Bangladesh can send skilled labors then their reputation improves in the
foreign countries and this will help them to negotiate for the betterment of
the workers.

Bangladesh is a largely populated country and because of this it enjoys the
advantage of migrating workers and earns remittance for the country. This
helps them to develop the country. If the government can facilitate the
workers with better training then it will be able to send efficient workers
to serve the host country. This will be beneficial for the home country
because they can improve their reputation to the host country and can
develop a friendly relationship with them. This will also help them to
negotiate with the host country for better outcome for the country.

Bangladesh government has to focus on sending good and trained
employees to host countries because only by this they can be beneficial by


negotiating the wage, terms and conditions for the betterment of the
workers.
Since the 1980s, along with male workers women also started taking part
in the global contractual labor market, although in a very small
proportion.

Bangladeshi women contribute as actively to the countrys economy as its
men. They send billions of dollars in remittances every year. Government
sources say that they earned US D 11 billion and USD 11.1 billion in
2010 and 2011 respectively. Their earnings are roughly 13 per cent of
GDP. In 2011 alone the number of women migrant workers was 5.4
percent almost 30,579 women workers. UN Women follows a three tier
approach, which supports women migrant workers through the migration
cycle. First, empowerment of women who plan to migrate are provided
with comprehensive information, resources and training; second, labor
attaches of embassies and government officials in receiving countries are
sensitized to the needs of immigrating women; and third, rehabilitation
programs are conducted for women who return to Bangladesh in tandem
with the government and womens rights activists. UN Women along with
the Bureau of Manpower Employment and Training (BMET) and UN
Women have implemented five such projects to help women make
informed decisions.

The experiences men and women have as migrant workers are different,
and most differences are due to the roles, behaviors, and relationships that
society assigns to, and expects from, a woman or man in a country of
origin and a country of destination. When designing policies and


programs, it is important to acknowledge and respect the background and
socio cultural context for gender relations in countries of origin. The
phenomenon of female labor migration requires careful consideration by
the Bangladeshi Government in the formation of its migration policies and
the measures it implements to protect migrants throughout the migration
process.

Labor migration plays a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh as the
remittance can be used in the development of the country to a large
extend.

Labor migration plays a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh has a very narrow export base. Readymade garments, frozen
fish, jute, leather and tea are the five groups of items that account for four
fifths of its export earnings. Currently, garments manufacturing is treated
as the highest foreign exchange earning sector of the country (US $ 4.583
billion in 2003). Remittances also constituted a very important source of
the countrys development budget. In certain years in the 1990s
remittances contribution rose to more than 50 percent of the countrys
development budget. Government of Bangladesh treats Foreign aid
(concessional loan and grants) as an important resource base of the
country. However, remittances that Bangladesh received last year was
twice that of foreign aid. Remittances have played a major role in
reducing the extent of the countrys dependence on foreign aid. The
contribution of remittance to GDP has also grown from a meager 1
percent in 1977-1978 to 5.2 percent in 1982-83. During the 1990s the
ratio hovered around 4 percent. However if one takes into account the
unofficial flow of remittances, its contribution to GDP would certainly be
much higher.



Bangladesh is a huge labor surplus country. Hence it belongs to the supply
side of the global labor market. On an average, 2, 50,000 people annually
(1995-2003) migrate to take up overseas employment. Flow of migrant
workers is associated with growing flow of remittance to Bangladesh.
Therefore, the importance of migrant remittance to the economy of
Bangladesh can hardly be over emphasized.

Migration has occupied one of the most crucial positions in the economic
and social development discourse in various countries of the world which
efficiency can be utilized for the development of the country.

The migrant workers stay in the overseas country for a limited period.
Sustainable re-integration of migrant workers can be ensured with
appropriate utilization of their income. The migrant workers come back
with skill, work experience and savings. Lack of opportunity for
investment and appropriate counseling mostly hampers the initiative of
the migrant workers towards appropriate venture. Countrys development
activities may get momentum with the active participation of returnee
migrant workers. Appropriate strategy for the re-integration program
needs some specific information like socio-economic profile of migrant
workers, Pattern and use of remittance and Needs for training, Counseling
or Financial assistance for reintegration.

International migration has emerged as one of the primary concerns of
economic and social development in various countries of the world.
Almost all countries of the world are taking part in the migration process
in some kind of means; some are participating as sending countries, some
as receiving, and others as transit countries. Some manpower sending


countries created very effective practices to establish sustainable re-
integration of migrant workers to accrue the fruits of migration. Strategies
for re-integration may be adopted both in the short and long term for
returnee migrants.

Bangladesh can take the advantage of entering into a new market through
establishing a concrete migration policy.

Manpower export sector is otherwise giving a positive signal for
Bangladesh. Overseas recruitment has, of late, made a major turnaround
in a timely boost to the countrys flagging foreign exchange reserve. Data
released by a government agency showed 52,929 Bangladeshis were hired
by foreign nations during the month of September. The figure is a 24-
month high and driven by a spurt in recruitment in the United Arab
Emirates (UAE), Oman and Singapore. The government had earlier set a
target to send some half a million workers to foreign job markets, but the
latest migration data indicates that the target would surpass by November.
In fact, a sudden opportunity has been created for local workers in the
Gulf nation of Oman due to an exodus of thousands of the Filipino and
Indian laborers following political turmoil in the oil-rich Arab country.
The UAE, where construction industry witnessed a booming time in
recent months, accounted for half of the recruitment in September alone
and also in the nine months. The opportunity for Bangladeshi laborers has
also increased following demand of wage-hike by key manpower
exporters like India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia and the Philippines, who


accounted for a significant portion of the workforce. The sudden demand
induced the authorities of foreign companies to look for alternative
destinations like Bangladesh, where low-cost and otherwise disciplined
labor force are available to meet the growing demand for such workers.
Number of foreign job holders is expected to record a significant rise in
coming days as the Malaysian government has already announced an
amnesty for thousands of illegal Bangladeshi workers. Saudi Arabia
would soon start recruiting four categories of workers from the country.
Demand for Bangladeshi workers in South East Asia remains also
buoyant, especially in Singapore whose thriving shipbuilding industry has
emerged as a key recruiter. Iraq is set to hire thousands of workers from
Bangladesh as the reconstruction of the war-torn country gathers pace.

Bangladesh missions abroad need to be much more proactive in searching
out markets for manpower export in the old and new destinations. The
government requires being serious about expansion of the manpower
export market. This is the single most sources that earn the highest
amount of foreign exchange. The export of skilled manpower including
workers and professionals can lead to higher earnings and hence higher
remittance flows because their wages would be substantially greater than
those of the unskilled workers. The government does need to form a
regulatory standing commission to expedite the manpower export and
ensure the rights of the migrant workers. If this is done, the manpower
sector which was the highest foreign exchange earner can help
boost up the countrys economy to a large extent.






If the workers do not get proper information then there will be chances
that corrupted officials can derive them from there way and they will be
cheated.

Workers who want to go to abroad for better life and good opportunities
for earnings, have to bare high cost. In the past the cost was bored by the
agents. But now due to increased demand the workers themselves have to
bare all the cost. As the workers are poor and most of them are illiterate,
they do not have proper knowledge about the process. So sometimes they
listen to the agents without knowing anything and give all the money in
advance. The agents who have dirty and corrupted mind flew away taking
all the money and the interested workers get cheated. They neither get the
money back nor can find out the agents to ask for money. Moreover there
is a problem that they can face is they either cannot get the desired job or
cannot get the negotiated wage after going to abroad.

The government of Bangladesh should be concerned about the money that
money that workers give the agents by a lot of hardship. They are poor


and sometimes illiterate. So the government should make them aware of
the rules and regulations of migration and should also take the
responsibility of their money to secure them from being the victim and
lose everything.

As the cost of migration is high and the process is lengthy, the interested
workers loose the interest and Bangladesh becomes the victim of
aggressive competition in the overseas labor market.

Since 1973 Bangladesh was number one in the European labor market.
Then as the demand was low, all the cost of formalities to be completed
was borne by the agents. Then the costs were also low. But now due to
increased demand all those charges are now borne by the interested
workers. As a result they have to bare high cost over the migration
process. Moreover the process has become so lengthy that the workers
have to kill a huge time in waiting for the process to be completed. The
costs related to migration are high and the process is complicated
compared to other labor migrant countries like South and South East Asia.

For all these reason Bangladeshi government is losing the attention of
people in the sector of labor migration market. So the government should
be more attentive towards reducing the costs and simplifying the process
of migration. Otherwise there is a chance for Bangladesh to lose a
potential sector for foreign exchange earnings.




The migration expense is very high. Labor receiving countries imply strict
rules and regulation, terms and condition on the labor sending country.
Labor sending country do not correspond or not to do any discussion with
the labor sending country. If the worker faces any problem after migration
then agencies cannot help properly to that worker. To maintain all the
rules and regulation, terms and condition the level of wages increased. At
earlier stage planes fare was given to the labor receiving company. But
now air fare is charged on labor. Bangladesh government also charge
commission on the transaction. Visa fee is also very high. Besides that
migration process is very complex and long chain of intermediaries
involved in migration process. Sometimes there is mismatch on the
contract and real work and worker do not get accurate salary. Our
government should take necessary steps to make the migration process
easy. The regulatory authority should pay more attention to reduce cost
and to protect interest of the worker.


Bangladesh is a labor surplus economy with large scale unemployment
and under-employment. So for earning money they migrate to other
countries. Globalization along with local factors has made the
management of the labor migration a complex and difficult undertaking.
The interest of migrant workers has been marginalized due to lack of


rules, migration norms and expertise in migration management, both
locally and globally. In Bangladesh, there is absence of institutional and
policy framework to address the issues of institutional arrangements for
skill development, protection of rights of the NRBs as well as adoption of
measures to minimize the migration of undocumented workers. People
can migrant other countries by both from private sector or government
sector. But maximum recruitment process of migrant workers is held by
private recruiting agents and individuals. Bangladesh government is
desirable, in reality there is an absence of such policy perspective.
Workers spend huge money for migration process and this process is very
time consuming. In both sector there is not any strong HR department. So
the worker can get any advantage. They cannot get their right properly. If
there is strong HR department in this then the whole process will going
smoothly. So the government needs to establish a strong human resource
department for controlling the migration process.


For employment and better earning Bangladeshi labors migrate to other
countries. Every year huge remittances are come in Bangladesh. This
foreign money is used to family welfare, social development and
macroeconomic growth of Bangladesh. But we can earn more money if
our workers were skilled. Bangladeshi workers are not much skilled like
other countries worker. If Bangladeshi workers were skilled they can get
more compensation. Sometimes workers come back Bangladeshi because
they cannot do the work properly. Skilled workers get much benefit on
their performance and they get good work. Migration expense is less for
the skilled worker comparatively to the unskilled worker. In our country
there is not sufficient training institute to give the labor training and make
them expert. Skilled employees can develop our country and can compete
with other countries labor. Both government and private agencies should
concern about this matter and establish training institute to make the
workers skill.




In Bangladesh, the recruitment of migrant workers was started in mid-
1970 by private individuals. The government got involved into the
recruitment regulatory process much later but the private sector
dominance along with adhoc nature of business characterizes the
recruitment process. The recruitment process in Bangladesh is quite
complex. A host of intermediaries, some of which are official and formal,
while others are dubious, dominate the whole the process. Furthermore
there are rules and regulations and administrative mechanisms,
implementing and overseeing authorities and bodies of the government
which further complicate the process. There is no balance between
government and private agencies. Public sector plays a very insignificant
role in the recruitment of migrant workers. BMET which is primarily a
regulatory, clearing and promoting organ of the government also engages
in recruitment on a limited scale. Recruitment and placement of migrant
workers has the related issues of expenses, costs and profit to the parties
involved. The expenses involved are passports, medical tests, and airfare
for travel, visa charges and other charges, which are almost
predetermined. Sometimes private agencies charge more for this process.
Our governments has not any rules and regulation, benchmark for the
expense. Even the migrant workers perceive that the permissible fee
chargeable is much above the government approved rate. Our government
should immediately take necessary steps to prevent this.








As the purpose of creation of BMET amendable to the migrant worker
and be an agent for recruiting workers for migration it moved out of such
role. Beside that the same incident was done by BOESL. Though BMET
is commended and authorized player of migration process its allowance
budget is inadequate. In Bangladesh there are very limited sources of
training and arrangement. The whole migration process are managed and
structured with an inadequate and functioning legal frame work that
clearly defines the insufficient responsibilities and policy implications for
each sector involved.

Labor Migration from Bangladesh has helped to reduce unemployment in
the country. This helps them migrant workers and their family members to
enjoy a better standard of living with increased expenditure which is
favorable for the overall economy. However, this also has a negative side.
Emigration of skilled workers from Bangladesh may lead to skill
shortages in the country. Due to attractive offers many skill workers are
leaving for abroad. They are contributing to the economy and their family
financially but the country is unable to use their skills directly. A proper
system is to be developed by which the economy can properly utilize the
skills of these workers directly for the country and yet flourish financially.


Bangladesh government has to re-structure the migration process so that it
becomes a hassle free and easy process. The rules and regulation of the
migration committee has to be so strong that no one can break these to
migrate. Migration promotion should be more than before. Mass people
should know about the ins and outs of migration process. Difficulties with
the foreign countries about migration should be removed so that the
migration policy can be enhanced and be easier for mass people.



Since the government re-structured the migration process and make it
stronger than before it will be easier for the employees to understand
committees individual responsibilities and the committee member can
give best effort to serve the people.
Moreover the promo of the rules and regulation will give a basic
knowledge to the migrants which will cause less hassle.
Through this process if Bangladesh government can be able to reduce the
difficulties with the host countries, Bangladeshi workers can easily
migrant to other countries.


Design an appropriate framework in the policy for reintegration of
returnee employees and give them proper guidelines for employment
opportunity and also advise them the way to invest their earnings.
Other efforts may be services through mobile phones, establishment of
one stop service to extend need-based information, Special program for
the women migrants in distress, Survey/Study on situation of the women
migration, Creation of special fund to provide assistance, etc.
By making liaison with the investors and agreement for re-migration and
basic training employable trades may increase the demand market in the
foreign market.
Besides this awareness campaign, loan and entrepreneurship process may
help those worker those who are re integrant and tried to match in the
society. As a result employment level will be increased and poverty level
of our country will also be reduced.



To some extant host country do not pay enough to our labors. For that
reason our government can do some agreement with them so that Host
country ensures enough payment to the workers. Beside these our country
need to give more training to the workers. So that they can a competitive
demand in the foreign market and can increase their salary.



If our workers are proper trained and they can do proper performance on
abroad high demand will be increase and beside this if our government
can ensure a base level of salary. Then host country will be bound to give
them a proper compensation to fulfill the high demand.





Most of the skill labors of the country are going abroad for better earning.
As a result there create an imbalance of skill worker between host country
and home country. So government should introduced new sector of
employment in the home country. And need to make an attractive salary
and compensation structure so that employees are more willing to stay in
home. Besides these existing employees are need to give training so that
they can compete with the current market situation. And create enough
demand in the home job market.


If government can able to introduce new sector of employment and this
sector will be more beneficial rather than abroad. Then worker will be
more attract with the home employment. Besides these proper training can
increased their performance level in the competitive market. As a result
imbalance between host and home country will reduce.



There is a significant imbalance in our country and foreign countrys law.
As a result worker faces so many problems to migrant. So our countries
use established well decorated laws. This is going with then current
market situation. And also make a proper management system where
facilities of training for migrant worker are available.


If government are able to established a good well decorated laws it will be
easier for the migrant. It will remove all the difficulties for migrant and
training facilities also create a high level of job performance for our
migrant.







The rules and regulation of the migration committee has to be so strong
that no one can break these to migrate. Migration promotion should be
more than before. Mass people should know about the ins and outs of
migration process.

The government re-structured the migration process and makes it stronger
than before it will be easier for the employees to understand committees
individual responsibilities and the committee member can give best effort
to serve the people.





An advisory committee will need to be established so that they can
monitor this type of illegal activity. Migrant should encourage not go any
unauthorized agency so that they cannot face any problem. For this
promotion of legally activity should be highlighted to all by using
multimedia and other resources.


By creating a strong committee all the part of the migration process can be
monitored easily. As a result non- approved agent may not be able to do
any sort of illegal activity. So migrants will not be cheated by them.
Beside these promotions campaign can also create awareness and these
will be sub conscious protection against non- approve agent.




As Bangladesh Government plays a poor role in migration system. They
do not have any proper system and law. So countries need to establish
well decorated system. So that migrants are able to understand the overall
procedure. Government should come up with an attractive migrations
structured which will be more popular for the migrants.


If government will be able to introduce new sector in system, it will be
more beneficial for migrant. Then worker will be more attractive with
migrations polices. It will also help for the government to reduce all sorts
of difficulties, and can play a vital role at every sector of migrations
policy.





Government has to negotiate with the agents. They should implement a
fixed level for charging the labors. The rule for issuing license should be
made strict. BMET should be made strong with rules and regulations.
Financing institution should be established and make the interest rate
lower.


Since the government should do a negotiation with the agent a certain
outcome must occur and which will be beneficial for the migrants. And
fixe level of charge may reduce the cost level. And strict rules for issuing
license may also help the migrants to maintain their cost in limited level.
Financing institutions may be beneficial for the migrants to bear their cost
easily.



Government has to strict the law for taking charge. Workers should be
given the chance to file case and government has to take the cases under
consideration. There should be assign administrator to supervise the
whole process.


If government gives workers the chance to file case then government get
the chance to keep the agencies under watch. This will help them to
minimize corruption and increase honesty.





Firstly home country should give proper training to the migrant so that
they make a good demand in the foreign labor market. Beside these
government should also make a negotiation with the host country to make
a standards level of basic salary and as well as compensation level.


As migrants get proper training they will be more skill rather than before
and make a good demand in the current market situation. When demand
of the skill labor increased it will also increase the salary level of the
migrants in host country. And all these can possible when a good policy
and agreement will establish.




Bangladesh should introduce new sector of giving loan. And for this
central bank and other non-government organization should come forward
and should give loan with limited interest so that migrant can easily bear
the cost. Besides these new way of giving loan and increased the
compensation for the loan giving organization.


If more organization comes forward to give loan to the migrant as a result
more people will be encouraged to go abroad. Besides this government
policy of new compensation may encourage new organization to give loan
to the migrants. And it will be beneficial both for government and
migrants.



Bangladesh government has to re-structure the migration process so that it
becomes a hassle free and easy process. The rules and regulation of the
migration committee has to be so strong that no one can break these to
migrate. Migration promotion should be more than before. Mass people
should know about the ins and outs of migration process. Difficulties with
the foreign countries about migration should be removed so that the
migration policy can be enhanced and be easier for mass people.


A section of brokers and recruiting agencies take advantage of the
information gap of overseas jobseekers, which ultimately gives birth
to anomalies which can be solved by bringing transparency in the
process
The migrants going abroad must have proper documents.
The problems in the labor migration are artificial and so reforming
the laws concerned and enforcing them properly can bring
transparency in the migration process
The Emigration Ordinance 1982 is enough to regulate the
recruiting agencies and this can be amended instead of framing an
anti-trafficking law, which mixes migration with trafficking.


Including all under a common law is necessary.
An important issue needs to be noted here that in the short-term
workers employment system, employers are accountable to bear all
the costs associated with migration procedures in order to bring
migrant workers at the destination which can be minimized by
providing loan from public banks.

The solution will be implemented by BMAT, BOSEL, privet agencies and
all the wings of government related to migration. It is very important for
the wings of government to implement the solutions because by making
the process easier they can maximize the migration of workers to earn
money for the development of the country.

This solution will be implemented during the amendment of ordinance
and during migration goes on.

This solution will be implemented in all the sectors of government
associated with migration.






Design an appropriate framework in the policy for reintegration of
returnee employees and give them proper guidelines for employment
opportunity and also advise them the way to invest their earnings.
Other efforts may be services through mobile phones, establishment of
one stop service to extend need-based information, Special program for
the women migrants in distress, Survey/Study on situation of the women
migration, Creation of special fund to provide assistance, etc.

Appropriate strategy for the re-integration program needs some specific
information like socio-economic profile of migrant workers, Pattern and
use of remittance and Needs for training, Counseling or Financial
assistance for reintegration. Empowerment of the migrant workers may be
possible ensuring appropriate social and economic re-integration through
Liaison with Investment opportunities,
Arrangement of loan from banks for SME initiatives,
Providing Community Based Training on cooperative basis to the
returnee women migrants,
Arrangement of re-migration,
Basic training in employable trades,
Assisting in projects like ICT, Real Estate, etc.


Program towards reintegration of returnee migrants should also
incorporate
Awareness Campaign,
Information dissemination,
Counseling workshops at district level for proper utilization of
remittances,
Creation of facilities like establishment of resource center,
Capacity building of DEMO, Skill training program,
Loan and micro credit
Counseling for investment
Entrepreneurship development.
This will be implemented by the BMET and the privet agencies together.it
is important for them to implement the solution because by this they can
ensure involvement of migrant workers in the development of Bangladesh
even after they rerun back.
It will be implemented when the migrated worker come back to the
country after the migration time is over.


This solution is required to be implemented in the policy of reintegration.




To some extant host country do not pay enough to our labors. For that
reason our government can do some agreement with them so that Host
country ensures enough payment to the workers. Beside these our country
need to give more training to the workers. So that they can a competitive
demand in the foreign market and can increase their salary.
Devalue the currency by a big percentage in one or two or three
installments in quick succession so that foreigners can find your goods
cheaper to buy and your exports go up rapidly.
With devaluation imports become costlier for the countrymen. As
a result they start reducing their imports.
Have to stop taking or renewing short maturity loans from abroad.
Allow foreign investment to take place and mostly in the form of
equity of companies and not much fresh debt inflows from abroad.
Then the balance of payments problem starts getting less severe
now. But the process has been sustained. So now need to take policies
that will help exports to go up at much faster rate than the imports.
To encourage exports need to change customs procedure, improve


the efficiency of ports, and announce lower taxes on income out of
exports.
Start privatizing the inefficient white elephant public sector
companies and allow fresh capacity in investments by private sector
without trying to impose conditions of price and distribution controls,
licensing for new plants and capacity.
Need to start strict budgetary control to reduce your budget and
fiscal deficits.
Need to allow stock exchanges and capital markets to become
efficient so that investors feel comfortable and allow foreign
institutional investors to trade in the shares and debentures of your
country's companies.
Need to remove interest controls and private the nationalized/
public sector banks.
Need to allow free markets to operate without Govt. directives and
intervention.
This solution will be implemented by the policy makers of the country. It
is important because the balance of payments is one of the major
indicators of a country's status in international trade. It has the potential to
influence the prices of free-floating currencies.

This solution will be implemented when the government will decide to
export or import labor or any commodity from abroad.

This solution will be implemented in the policy of balance of payment in
the finance ministry of the country.



Most of the skill labors of the country are going abroad for better earning.
As a result there create an imbalance of skill worker between host country
and home country. So government should introduced new sector of
employment in the home country. And need to make an attractive salary
and compensation structure so that employees are more willing to stay in
home. Besides these existing employees are need to give training so that
they can compete with the current market situation. And create enough
demand in the home job market.

Forecasting the need for labor resources at the national and
regional levels according to the modeled forecasts of economic
development;
The forming of proposals, so as to optimize the training system in
the institutions of professional training and re-qualification of the
existing labor force to minimize imbalances in the labor market;
The formulation of proposals aimed at achieving demand and
supply balance in the labor markets of Bangladesh via modifying the
flow of investments;
Evaluation of the economic development and of changes in the
need for personnel during the realization of a set of investment
projects.


After determining the need for the personnel the workforce
idealization mechanism is launched in the regions up to the level of
demand by professional groups.

Additional factors taken into account by the model:
Pre-school children.
Students of intermediate stage of training.
Unemployment
Lack of economic activity.
Sectorial transitions.
Re-qualification.
Pendulum migration.
The following challenges have been identified in
Problems with collecting the required statistical data
Complications with the technical realization of the model, caused
by the fairly large scope of the model.

This solution will be implemented by the labor ministry and the planning
ministry together. It is important because it reduces unemployment and
lowers the inflation rate.
This solution will be implemented when there will be shortage in the labor
market.

This solution will be implemented in the labor market policy of the
government.



There is a significant imbalance in our country and foreign countrys law.
As a result worker faces so many problems to migrant. So our countries
use established well decorated laws. This is going with then current
market situation. And also make a proper management system where
facilities of training for migrant worker are available.

Migrant Training Approach & Methodology includes
Develop trainings that are participatory and learnercentric
Address not only factual content, but skills and attitudes
Help migrants teach each other
Proceed from the known to the unknown
Create a riskfree, nonthreatening learning environment
Recognize the inherent strengths and resources of migrants
Promote gender equality in migrant training
Present a comparative review of the effectiveness of pre-departure
orientation programs
In protecting vulnerable migrants, highlighting good practices and
lessons learned, and at the national level,
Take stock of existing pre-departure syllabi and curricula;
Assess the cost effectiveness of pre-departure orientation
programs;


Review and assess the process, policy, program components, and
institutional arrangements for pre-departure orientation programs;
Present a profile of participants to assess the effectiveness of
orientation programs in targeting the most vulnerable migrants; and
Assess and recommend good practices in terms of type of courses,
syllabus design and topics, target group, methods, duration, costs and
financing, training of trainers, learning materials, and management.

Best practices on management of migration also have the following
characteristics:

They are innovative: they develop new and creative solutions to
common problems;
They make a difference: they create a positive and tangible impact
on migrants quality of life;
They have a sustainable effect: they generate results over the long
term; and
They have the potential for replication: they serve as an inspiration
to generate policies and initiative elsewhere.

This solution will be implemented by the legislation making authority and
the training institutes. This is important because by proper training
Bangladesh can improve its labor migration image in the world map.
This solution will be implemented when the migration process starts.

This solution will be implemented in all the existing training institutes.





The rules and regulation of the migration committee has to be so strong
that no one can break these to migrate. Migration promotion should be
more than before. Mass people should know about the ins and outs of
migration process.

The amendment of the ordinance will include---
To prevent illegal recruitment: issuance of travel advisories &
information dissemination on labor and employment conditions and
migration to be published thrice a quarter in a general circulation
newspaper; creation of the Migrant Workers Loan Guarantee Fund for
pre-departure and family loans of migrant workers
To aid migrant workers in distress in their host countries:
creation of Emergency Repatriation Fund for repatriation of migrant
workers in times of war, epidemic, disasters (natural or manmade), etc.


To enforce migrant workers rights in their host countries:
establishment of Migrant Workers and Other Overseas Bangladeshi
Resource Center which will provide, among many others, counsel and
legal services, welfare assistance (medical services), post-arrival
orientation, settlement and community networking services, human
resource development (skills training), monitoring of daily situations of
migrant workers, etc.; Rights and Enforcement Mechanisms Under
International Human Rights Systems. For returning migrant workers:
establishment of re-placement and monitoring center which will aid their
reintegration into the Bangladeshi society by developing livelihood
programs and promoting their local employment, among other services.
Legal Services: creation of Legal Assistance Fund that will be used
exclusively to provide legal services to Filipino migrant workers and
overseas Bangladeshis in distress.

This solution will be implemented by the Supreme Court. And this will be
enforced by the government under the judicial rules. This is important
because it helps the country and the workers to save their interest.

This solution will be implemented when the government faces problems
in migration.

This solution will be implemented in the ordinance and this help to reduce
hassles in the process of migration.


An advisory committee will need to be established so that they can
monitor this type of illegal activity. Migrant should encourage not go any
unauthorized agency so that they cannot face any problem. For this
promotion of legally activity should be highlighted to all by using
multimedia and other resources.

Reasons for the strategy are:
To develop a strategic framework for migration policy in
Bangladesh that could contribute to addressing the challenges posed
by migration and to ensure the integration of migration and related


issues into the national and regional agenda for security, stability,
development and co-operation;
To work towards free movement of people and to strengthen intra-
regional and inter-regional cooperation in matters concerning
migration on the basis of the established processes of migration at the
regional and sub-regional levels; and
To create an environment conducive to facilitating the
participation of migrants, in particular those in the diaspora in the
development of their own countries.
Recommended strategies:
Strategic partnerships are established with civil society actors, such as the
Bangladesh Employers Association, the Bangladesh Association for
International Recruiting Agencies (BAIRA), the Bangladesh Overseas
Employment Services Limited (BOESL, the governments own
recruitment agency) and the trade unions through the National
Coordination Committee for Workers Education.
A Project Steering Committee (PSC), chaired by the Secretary of the
MEWOE, and with the membership of ILO and SDC. A Project
Coordination Committee set up in the BMET implements and coordinates
the project.

This solution will be implemented by the government. It is important to
implement the solution because it helps the workers to get proper
information and service and also help to reduce corruption.
This solution will be implemented when there is an increase in corruption
in the recruiting agencies.
This solution will be implemented in the recruiting agencies controlled by
government.


As Bangladesh Government plays a poor role in migration system. They
do not have any proper system and law. So countries need to establish
well decorated system. So that migrants are able to understand the overall
procedure. Government should come up with an attractive migrations
structured which will be more popular for the migrants.

Specifically, this initiative seeks to:

Increase private sector awareness of the dimensions and impacts of
South-South labor migration
Provide actionable advice for companies on how to integrate
greater protections for migrant workers in their supply chains
Encourage business to support the development of collaborative
solutions to protect international labor migrants through engagement
with key stakeholders and participation in international labor
migration dialogues, such as the Global Forum on Migration and
Development this fall in Manila





Key Stakeholders include governments, international organizations, local
civil society and organized labor. Their activities include:
Dialogues and taskforces
Bilateral and regional engagement
Communication channels for migrant workers to report
maltreatment and dispute resolution assistance
International network building
Community outreach and support

These aside, improved management of labor migration in supply chains
and beyond can lead to:
More stable workforce
Better trained workforce
Reduced missed days due to illness
Less risk of crises or labor disputes
Greater productivity and quality resulting from higher worker
satisfaction
Expanded license to operate through improved relationships with
key local stakeholders
Reduced reputational risks


This solution will be implemented by the governments labor ministry.
This is important because it reduces hassle when higher authority
intervene in the in the process.
This will be implemented when there will be problems in the process.
This solution will be implemented in the policy of migration.



Government has to negotiate with the agents. They should implement a
fixed level for charging the labors. The rule for issuing license should be
made strict. BMET should be made strong with rules and regulations.
Financing institution should be established and make the interest rate
lower.

The Bangladeshi government can take these decisions citing several
development-related advantages of low-cost pre-departure loans. These
include:
Reduced pre-departure debts and less interest to be repaid by
migrants, and the potential for the migrants family to smooth its
consumption rather than assume additional debt while waiting for the
first remittances to arrive,
Increased likelihood that migrants are employed abroad with valid
contracts, increasing their rights, access to support services, and their
contribution to development upon return
Foreign employers benefit from more satisfied and productive


employees, reducing the burden on host country governments to deal
with runaway and dissatisfied migrants,
A second entity with an interest in the repayment of the loan can
review migrant contracts before departure and encourage or require
remittances to be returned via regulated financial institutions so that
the loan can be repaid.
The feasibility of bank-NGO partnerships operating such revolving loan
funds and concluded that they are likely to be more successful if:
Labor migration occurs under the terms of MOUs so that
government agencies are involved in the migration process in both
origin and host countries.
Migrant contracts include provisions for employers in the host
country to deposit all or some of the migrants earnings in the bank (or
its foreign affiliate) that extends loans to cover pre-departure costs,
and these provisions allow the bank to deduct the interest and debt
repayment from remittances before allocating the remaining balance
as the migrant specifies (some host country labor laws allow migrants
to sign such contracts, others do not).
Loans can be made to migrants early in the migration process
(usually before they have obtained foreign employment contracts) and
loans funds can be disbursed directly to recruiters, government
agencies, and airlines to cover migration costs so that potential
migrants cannot divert loan funds to other purposes.

This solution will be implemented by the Bangladeshi government and the
finance ministry. This is important because it helps the workers to protect
themselves from bearing high costs.

This solution will be implemented when the migration process starts.

This solution will be implemented in the private and public banks and
government NGOs.


Government has to strict the law for taking charge. Workers should be
given the chance to file case and government has to take the cases under
consideration. There should be assign administrator to supervise the
whole process.
Although far from simple, meaningful policy prescriptions exist in four
key areas outlined below:
Reduce the number of recruitment agencies to an optimal level
to prevent cut-throat competition among agencies
Rigid regulations can easily breed corruption and abuse and force
agencies and migrants out of the legal system and into the irregular
channels. The key challenge, then, is to develop a balanced set of
regulations that are in tune with on-the-ground realities and that nudge
informal recruiters toward legitimate business operations.



Bring subagents and brokers into the formal sector
Private recruitment agencies rarely work alone; they use a host of mostly
informal subagents or brokers to find prospective migrants or employers,
creating another layer of recruitment agencies.
Regulate transactions among recruiters and between
recruiters and employers
A policy that focuses mainly on banning placement fees charged to
migrants or keeping them within the cost of provision is not enough. The
other regulatory challenge is to identify the legitimate ceiling on fees that
agents can charge one another and the payments foreign employers must
make to their local agents.
Harmonize regulations governing recruitment agencies
at origin and destination
Finally, innovations that simplify the rules at origin and destination and
address inconsistencies in critical areas such as allowable fees, standard
employment contracts, minimum wages and level of recruitment agency
liability for workers will also have a tremendous and direct impact on
migrants experiences during and beyond the recruitment phase.
This solution will be implemented by the government of Bangladesh and
the regulatory authority. This is important because it bring the workers
trust back on government
This solution will be implemented when the government has to restructure
and enforce the low of charge to imply on the workers.
This solution will be implemented in the recruiting agency policy.


Firstly home country should give proper training to the migrant so that
they make a good demand in the foreign labor market. Beside these
government should also make a negotiation with the host country to make
a standards level of basic salary and as well as compensation level.

Government, migrant workers, civil society and the private sector
collectively need to shape a comprehensive migration policy reflecting
both long and short-term international migration.
The fundamental principle of any new policy should be to protect
human rights and dignity of labor both in Bangladesh as well as in
receiving countries.
The government should priorities ratification of the 1990 UN
Convention on Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and
Members of their Families
The government should rescind restrictions on the migration of
unskilled and semiskilled women workers up to a certain age.


Migration costs must be reduced and recruiting agencies better
regulated.
Access to credit on low interest must be ensured if poor people are
to be afforded the chance of engaging in economic migration as a
livelihood strategy.
Awareness campaigns using various media and pre-departure
orientation training need to be institutionalized to ensure the
protection of migrant workers.
The government must develop a plan of action to enable potential
emigrants from Bangladesh to compete in the labor market of the
industrialized countries.



This solution will be implemented by the government and its legislation
wings. This solution is important because it will make the migration
process easy for the workers. This will also cause less hassle to them. This
will also help the workers to have accurate information from the authority.
This solution will also help the government of Bangladesh to take a strong
stand strong in the labor market.
This solution will be implemented when the migration policy will be
amended and when the government have less control on legislation of
migration.
This solution will be implemented in the policy framework.





Bangladesh should introduce new sector of giving loan. And for this
central bank and other non-government organization should come forward
and should give loan with limited interest so that migrant can easily bear
the cost. Besides these new way of giving loan and increased the
compensation for the loan giving organization.
Pre-departure pilot loan program would be to invite proposals from bank-
NGO partnerships and the government recruiter, the Bangladesh Overseas
Employment and Services (BOESL). We recommend support for three
partnerships:
One partnership involving an NGO and a quasi-government bank
such as Sonali Bank, which has 1,180 branches in Bangladesh, the
most of any bank
One partnership involving an NGO and a private bank such as
Islami Bank, which handles a quarter of the remittances to
Bangladesh, or a micro-finance institution such as Bangladesh Rural
Advancement Committee (BRAC) or Grameen Bank.
One partnership involving BOESL, the nonprofit government


recruitment agency whose participation in a pre-departure loan
program could provide a check on bank-NGO partnerships that work
with private recruiters. BOESL would need to expand or work with an
NGO to have a presence in the villages from which most migrants
come.
Proposals received from bank- and BOESL-NGO partnerships would be
evaluated according to criteria that include:
How the partnership would market loans to potential migrants
early in the migration process, so that lower loan costs benefit
migrants. NGOs are crucial for such marketing because they have a
presence in the villages from which migrants originate and are
credible sources of information. Pre-departure loans could be
conditional, meaning that payments would be made directly to
recruiters, government agencies, and airlines to cover migration
expenses after the migrant secures a contract, a policy to
encourage migrants to register with the NGO and qualify for the
loan.
The mechanics of the loans might vary between NGO-bank
partnerships. For example, most key informants suggested that the
maximum loan be 75 to 90 percent of typical pre-departure migration
costs, that is, the migrant must have some personal resources to go
abroad. Finally, bank-NGO partnerships are likely to vary in the
security or collateral required.
Bank-NGO partnerships could also propose ways to deal with
repayment and issues that are likely to arise with broken promises
abroad, including migrants not earning the wage promised in the
contract, having a different employer or job than originally specified,
16 or being laid off and forced to return early.
This solution will be implemented by the government with the banks and
NGOs. This is important because it will make the migration process easy
for migrants.
This solution will be implemented when the migration process starts.
This solution will be implemented in the banks and NGOs lone scheme.