CHANDIGARH ENGENEERING COLLEGE , LANDRAN , MOHALI

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

MEHAK 1139659 Page 1


AIM : TO STUDY INTERNETWORKING MODELS.

THEORY :
Internetworking is the practice of connecting a computer network with other networks through
the use of gateways that provide a common method of routing information packets between
the networks. The resulting system of interconnected networks is called an internetwork, or
simply an internet. Internetworking is a combination of the words inter ("between") and
networking; not internet-working or international-network.

Hub:
A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect
segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is
copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets. If a message
comes in for computer A, that message is sent out all the other ports, regardless of which one
computer A is on:

And when computer A responds, its response also goes out to every other port on the hub:

CHANDIGARH ENGENEERING COLLEGE , LANDRAN , MOHALI
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

MEHAK 1139659 Page 2



Switch :
In networks, a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches
operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI
Reference Model and therefore support any packet protocol. LANs that use switches to join
segments are called switched LANs or, in the case of Ethernet networks, switched Ethernet
LANs.





Even accepting that first message, however, the switch has learned something it knows on
which connection the sender of the message is located. Thus, when machine A responds to
the message, the switches only need to send that message out to the one connection:


In addition to sending the response through to the originator, the switch has now learned
something else it now knows on which connection machine A is located.
That means that subsequent messages destined for machine A need only be sent to that one
port:
CHANDIGARH ENGENEERING COLLEGE , LANDRAN , MOHALI
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

MEHAK 1139659 Page 3




Router:
A device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two
networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP.s network. Routers are located at
gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. Routers use headers and
forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use
protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between
any two hosts.









CHANDIGARH ENGENEERING COLLEGE , LANDRAN , MOHALI
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

MEHAK 1139659 Page 4

HIERARCHICAL INTERNETWORKING MODEL :
The Hierarchical internetworking model, or three-layer model, is a network design model first
proposed by Cisco. The three-layer model divides enterprise networks into three layers: core,
distribution, and access layer. Each layer provides different services to end-stations and servers.
Access layer
End-stations and servers connect to the enterprise at the access layer. Access layer devices are
usually commodity switching platforms, and may or may not provide layer 3 switching services.
The traditional focus at the access layer is minimizing "cost-per-port": the amount of
investment the enterprise must make for each provisioned Ethernet port.
Distribution layer
The distribution layer is the "smart" layer in the three-layer model. Routing, filtering, and QoS
policies are managed at the distribution layer. Distribution layer devices also often manage
individual branch-office WAN connections.
Core layer
The core network provides high-speed, highly-redundant forwarding services to move packets
between distribution-layer devices in different regions of the network. Core switches and
routers are usually the most powerful, in terms of raw forwarding power, in the enterprise;
core network devices manage the highest-speed connections, such as 10 Gigabit Ethernet.

Internetworking Models
The Layered Approach
A reference model is a conceptual blueprint of how communications should take place. It
addresses all the processes required for effective communication and divides these processes
into logical groupings called layers. When a communication system is designed in this manner,
its known as layered architecture.

Advantages of Reference Models
The OSI model, like the Cisco three-layer model you will learn about later, is hierarchical, and
the same benefits and advantages can apply to any layered model. The primary purpose of all
models, and especially the OSI
model, is to allow different vendors to interoperate. The benefits of the OSI and Cisco models
include, but are not limited to, the following:
Dividing the complex network operation into more manageable layers.
Changing one layer without having to change all layers.
This allows application developers to specialize in design and development.
Defining the standard interface for the plug-and-play multivendor integration
CHANDIGARH ENGENEERING COLLEGE , LANDRAN , MOHALI
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

MEHAK 1139659 Page 5

The OSI Model
When networks first came into being, computers could typically communicate only with
computers from the same manufacturer. For example, companies ran either a complete DECnet
solution or an IBM solutionnot
both together. In the late 1970s, the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model was created by
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to break this barrier. The OSI model
was meant to help vendors create interoperable network devices. Like world peace, itll
probably never happen completely, but its still a great goal.
The OSI model is the primary architectural model for networks. It describes how data and
network information are communicated from applications on one computer, through the
network media, to an application
on another computer. The OSI reference model breaks this approach into layers.

The Cisco Network Design Model
This Study Guide focuses on another important network model, the Cisco hierarchical network
design model. Very different than the OSI model, this model is used as the basis for designing
Cisco networks for security and performance. Cisco has also created a three-layer model that is
used to help design, implement, and maintain any size network. By understanding the three-
layer model, you will gain an understanding of how Cisco views internetworking. Also, by having
a fundamental understanding of the devices used at each layer of the model, you can
effectively design and purchase the correct Cisco equipment to meet your business needs.

The TCP/IP Suite
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite was created by the
Department of Defense (DoD) to ensure and preserve data integrity, as well as maintain
communications in the event of
catastrophic war. If designed and implemented correctly, a TCP/IP network can be a
dependable and resilient one.











CHANDIGARH ENGENEERING COLLEGE , LANDRAN , MOHALI
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

MEHAK 1139659 Page 6

CONCLUSION :

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUB AND SWITCH :

CATEGORIES HUB SWITCH

Technical
Specifications:
Hubs classify as Layer 1 devices in the OSI
model
Network switches operate at
layer two (Data Link Layer)
of the OSI model.
Layer: Physical layer(Layer 1 Device)
Data Link Layer (Layer 2
devices)
Transmission Type: only Broadcast
At Initial Level Broadcast
then Uni-cast & Multicast
Spanning-Tree: No Spanning-Tree Many Spanning-tree Possible
Table:
There is no MAC table in Hub, Hub can't
learn MAC address.
Store MAC address in lookup
table and maintain address at
its own, Switch can Learn
MAC address.
Ports: 4 ports/12 ports
Switch is multi port Bridge.
24/48 ports
Collision: In Hub collision occur.
In Full Duplex Switch no
Collision occur.
Transmission
Mode:
Half duplex Full duplex
Collision Domain: Hub has One collision domain.
in Switch, every port has its
own collision domain.
Cost: Cheaper than switches 3-4 times costlier than Hub
Device Type: Passive Device (Without Software)
Active Device (With
Software) & Networking
device
Broadcast Domain: Hub has one Broadcast Domain.
Switch has one broadcast
domain [unless VLAN
implemented]










CHANDIGARH ENGENEERING COLLEGE , LANDRAN , MOHALI
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

MEHAK 1139659 Page 7



DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROUTERS AND SWITCH :

CATEGORIES ROUTERS SWITCH

Layer: Network Layer (Layer 3 devices)
Data Link Layer (Layer 2
devices)
Technical
Specifications:
Routers operate at Layer 3 (Network) of the
OSI model.
Network switches operate at
layer two (Data Link Layer)
of the OSI model.
Transmission Type:
At Initial Level Broadcast then Uni-cast &
Multicast
At Initial Level Broadcast
then Uni-cast & Multicast
Table:
Store IP address in Routing table and
maintain address at its own.
Store MAC address in
lookup table and maintain
address at its own, Switch
can Learn MAC address.
Used in
(LAN/MAN/WAN):
LAN . WAN LAN
Collision: Less
In Full Duplex Switch no
Collision occur.
Ports: 2/4/8
Switch is multi port Bridge.
24/48 ports
Device Type: Networking device
Active Device (With
Software) & Networking
device
Transmission Mode: Full duplex Full duplex
Data Transmission
form:
Packet
Frame (L2 Switch) Frame &
Packet (L3 switch)
Device Category: Intelligent Device Intelligent Device
Bandwidth sharing:
Bandwidth sharing is Dynamic (Enables
either static or dynamic bandwidth sharing
for modular cable interfaces. The default
percent-value is 0. The percent-value range
is 1-96.)
If speed of switch is 10/100
Mbps then bandwidth of
each and every one of its
ports gets 10/100 Mbps.
Broadcast Domain:
In Router, every port has its own Broadcast
domain.
Switch has one broadcast
domain [unless VLAN
implemented]
Speed: 1-10 Mbps(Wireless) 100 Mbps (Wired) 10/100Mbps, 1Gbps