1

4
a.b.c.
d.e.f.g.

a.b.c.
d.e.f.g.

a.b.
TgTf
c.d.
e.f.g.

Structure of Matter

1.
n l ml ms
2


2-1 NOSiFeCuBr
2
2
3
2
2
4
2
2
6
2
2
N:1s 2s 2p
O:1s 2s 2p
Si:1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2

10

10

Fe:1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
Cu:1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
Br:1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
2-2 88.83% 13 11.17% 14

12
M=88.83%(12+13)+11.17%(12+14)=25.11
3

>
> > >

> >

250~600GPa 70~350GPa 0.7~3.5GPa

2
3
3

a.b. ;c.

a.b.
4

< 906
- Fe
9061401
Fe
1401 1540 - Fe
(150kPa)
Fe
5

8-N
N

1 3

bcc

fcc

hcp

acc/a=1.633

d=

d=

1+

d=

1
8=2
8

1
1
8+ 6=4
8
2

12

12

0.74

4
3
2 3 4 a

= 0.68

2 2
+ =
3
4

4
2
4 3 4 a
3

= 0.74

2 916-Fe 0.365 nm100 ,111 ,

112
d =

112d =

jkl d =

100 d =
111d =

2 + 2 + 2

22 + 2 + 2

2 + 2 + 2

22 + 2 + 2

= 0.1825nm

22 + 2 + 2

= 0.2107nm

a
26

= 0.4470

2-14 a
b NaCl
+
r(Na )=0.097,r(Cl )=0.181;c
4
3

4( )(

2 3
)
4

= 0.74

0.74
+
bN(Na )=3*4*1/4+1=4
N(Cl )=6*1/2+2*4*1/8=4
a=2r(Na+)+2 r(Cl-)=0.556
4
4 0.0973 + 0.1813
3
=
= 0.67
0.5563
c

2-15 a=0.287nm,

e =

/3

e = 0.876 103 kg/3

=

= 7.867 106 (0.287 109 )3 6.02

1023
56

=2

2
2-17
1

N = 8 + 6 = 4d =

4 2
4 ( )3
3
4
APF =
= 0.74
3
1

N = 1 + 8 = 2d =
8

4 3
2 ( )3
3
4
APF =
= 0.68
3
2

2 = 60 = +

3
3
2

V=
2

3
2

6 =

332
2

2
4

= N = 12 + 2 + 3 = 6

6a = 32APF =
3

3
2
323
4
3

= 0.74

0.74 0.68 0.74

2-21a 1mm3 bc
=56 137.3=0.22nm
=0.143nm=3.5mg/mm3

a =
=

= 3.5 103 1 6.02

1023
137.3

= 1.53 1019

1mm3 1.53 1019

b
4

1019

1109

cAPF = (0.22 109 )3 1.53

= 0.68

2-23 a=0.357nm,
2.25mgmm-3
4
1

= 8 + 6 + 4 = 8
=

8
6.021023

12

(0.357109)3 = 3.5 106 /3 = 3.5mg/3

3.5
2.25

= 1.558

1 = 55.8%

55.8%
2-26 a=0.5b=0.75 Z

0.5

1
0.75

= 320

320
2-27 a=1b=-2/3c=2/3
1 1 1

: : = 1 = 2 33
233
2-30 X 0.058nm d200 2 16.47
n = 2dsin
200 =

0.058
=
= 2.202
2 2 sin (11.47)
2

a=2d200=0.404nm
0.404nm
2-39 912 bcc fcc 0.126nm
0.129nm1 V/O 1000
1 bcc
N1=2
fcc
N2=4
1 =
1

1 23
2 13

/13

3
4
2
3
4
4( 0.126)
3

2( 0.129)

2 =

/23

= 0.986
V O =
2

1 1 = 2 2

1
2

V1 V2
V2
=1
V1
V1
= 0.986

= 1 0.986 = 0.014
0.014
2912 bcc fcc912-1000

1
A

(,

)B

2?

3 ?

A:

r 15

r = 1530%

r > 30%

C
A B B A

(Schottky Defect)
(Frenkel Defect)

3
4

5 ,

a.b.

c.
d.

a.
b.,
c.

Fe ? ?
Fe () 0.02l8 0.0218

Fe

1
2
3
4
5
(Fe ) ( Fe )
1.

2.

<
3.

> > >

4.

5. (Fe )( Fe )
D-Fe D-(Fe)
912D-(Fe)280D-Fe

2-45 20 1mm 30

1000 310 - 11m

s -1(a0.365nm)

1mm
C1 1/20(0.36510-9)3 1.031027
/m3
C2 1/30(0.36510-9)3 0.681027
/m3
J = - D c /x -310 - 110.68-1.031027/10-31.051019 /m2s
(0.36510-9)2
:
Ja = (1.051019 /m2s) (0.36510-9)26084 /min
84
2-47 0.18% 927 D=1.28*10-11m2s-1
1% 0.60mm 0.3%
Cs=1%
C0=0.18%
Cx=0.3%

0

= erf(

)erf (

)=

0.60103
21.281011

1%0.3%
1%0.18%

= 1.03

= 0.8537
t=1.84h

0.60mm 0.3% 1.84h

2-48 0.20% 927 D=1.28*10-11m2s-1
1.2% 10h 1.5mm
Cs=1.2%
C0=0.20%

1.5 103
erf (
) = erf (
) = erf(1.105) = 0.8835
2
21.28 1011 10 3600

0

= erf(

1.2%

1.2%0.2%

= 0.8835 Cx=0.32%

10h 1.5mm 0.32%

-1

-1

2-49 550D0=1.5*10-5m2s ,Q=191kJmol

D = 0

RT

= 1.5 105

103

191[8.314(273+550)]

= 1.13 1017 1

5501.13 1017 1

: T Tg

TgTTm

2 fg ?

3 W(Sn)=61.9% W(Sn)=50% 183?

W(Sn)=61.9%
w() =

97.561.9
.97.519

100% = 45.35%w() = 1 w() = 54.65%

W(Sn)=50%
w() =

61.950
61.919

100% = 27.74%w() = 1 w() = 72.26%

1?

2? ?

0-20kJ/mol

80-400kJ/mol

3 ?
.

 0.059 0.03 PE 0.035PTFE 0.023PA66 0.047

2
3

4? ?
WA = G = Sg + Lg SL
Wi= G = sg - sL
S = G = sg - Lg - sL
: /(/)/

Wa = A+ Lg Wa = Sg + Lg SL
Wi = A = Sg SL
S = A Lg
Sg SL A
Lg
Lg ;
Lg
Sg Lg SL Sg
Lg SL
5 ?

SgSL=Lgcos
:

Compositions and Structures

of Materials

CC

*,

10

1
?
w(C) 4.3%
w(C) 0.772.11%
w(C) <0.0218%
w(C) 0.77 727

w(C) 4.3% 1148

 2.11
WFe3C= (2.11-0.77)/(6.69-0.77) =22.6 %
0.0218
WFe3C= (0.0218-0)/(6.69-0) =0.33 %
3ABCDEFGHJKNPS Q

/%

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K

1535
1485
1130
1600
1130
1130
910
1485
1485
723

0
0.50
4.30
6.67
2.11
6.67
0
0.10
0.16
6.67

LCAE+Fe3C

-Fe

-Fe-Fe
-Fe
LB+HAj

-Fe-Fe
N
1390
0
-Fe
P
723
0.02
ASFP+Fe3C
S
723
0.80
-Fe
Q
0
0.006

1 (3 )

HJB 1485 C 0.53% C 0.09%, C

0.17% (A)

ECF C 4.3% (A)(Ld)

PSK C 0.77% C 0.0218%

(P )
2 w(C) 0.77 w(C)1.2 w(C) 4.3 w(C)4.5

w(C) 0.77
w(C)1.2

0.77%

w(C) 4.3
w(C)4.5

3 w(C) = 0.77% w(C) = 0.40%

w(C) = 0.77%

w(C)

0.40%

<0.0218

0.0218-0.77

0.77

0.77-2.11

2.11-4.3

4.3

4.3-6.67

1 ,

; G :

<20MPa

() () (
)

C'D'

1154
LC'AEG ()

1154738
ES
GII
P'Q'
738, AS
FG()
G

4Fe Fe3C Fe G
FeG FeG Fe Fe3C
FeG Fe Fe3C FeG
FeG

5
-

6.

(1) Si4+ O2
(2)

(3) O2 2
(4)

()

3 Al4[Si4O10](OH)8(Al2O32SiO22H2O)
+
3+

1 Al 2
2

O , 4 OH 1 2 [AlO2(OH)4]
OH-O

4
?
,

5 Na2OSiO2 4
Z=4R=(1+2)/1=3
X=2R-Z=2*3-4=2Y=4-X=2
6 14mol% Na2O8mol%CaO78mol% SiO2 4 Y

Z = 4

14 1 8 1 78 2
2.28
78 1
X 2 2.28 4 0.56
Y 4 0.56 3.44
R

Y Y

7??

8 Mg 3 [ Si4O10](OH)2

+ +
(

1 Mg2+ 4 O2 , 2 OH 1 [SiO4] 3

[MgO4(OH)2] O2

9 CaTiO3

Ca2+ 12 O2-
O2-
6 4 Ca2+ +2 Ti4+
Ti4+
6 O2-
[TiO6]8-

3~5 C-C

4
A B ()C