PAPER 3 : READING

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% There are five e!"ite !#ilder $a%&a'e $lan" 8 (#!"%i!er" of the )rofe""ional )a%&a'e and
!ein' adverti"ed for $otential %#"tomer"* a!ove ill en+o, limitle"" domain name"
A Tr#e * -ot "tated and email a%%o#nt"*
' .al"e A Tr#e * -ot "tated
' .al"e
4 /a%h e!"ite !#ilder $a%&a'e adverti"ed %ome"
0ith ann#al fee $a,ment* 9 The mo"t $o$#lar $lan ill !e the )remier
A Tr#e * -ot "tated $a%&a'e a" it" fee" i" in%l#"i%ve of
' .al"e ever, a"$e%t of e!"ite !#ildin'*
A Tr#e
3 (#!"%ri!er" of the to loe"t $ri%e $a%&a'e" ill ' .al"e
1ave to $a, more for "et#$ fee"* * -ot "tated
A Tr#e * -ot "tated
' .al"e & (#!"%ri!er" of all the five $a%&a'e" are
eli'i!le for a ref#nd if the, de%ide to
5 (#!"%ri!er" of the Ba"i% )lan ill 'et to en+o, %an%el their "#!"%ri$tion ithin 30 da,"*
50GB di"& "tora'e and 10 domain name" for onl, A Tr#e
RM19*00* ' .al"e
A Tr#e * -ot "tated * -ot "tated
' .al"e
There are forty-five questions in this test. For each questions, choose the most appropriate answer.
Attempt all questions.
uestions : to %5 are based on the following passage.
;aterin, <e,eta0)es
% 2ll $lant" need ater to 'ro and "ometime" nat#ral rainfall +#"t i"n3t eno#'h* 0aterin' ,o#r %ro$"
%an ma&e all the differen%e to the event#al harve"t4 !#t it i" im$ortant to &no hen and ho to
ater to 'et the !e"t re"#lt* 0itho#t ater "#$$l,4 man, of a $lant3" nat#ral $ro%e""e" are im$o""i!le*
Germonation4 the !e'innin' of a $lant3" life %,%le4 i" tri''erd hen the dormant "eed a!"or!"
moi"t#re from the "oil* 2" the $lant 'ro"4 it ill need ater for $hoto",nthe"i" and re"$iration4 and 5
to di""olve and tran"$ort n#trient"* 0itho#t ater4 $lant %ell" !e%ome lim$* The $lant %an no lon'er
"tand #$ or hold o#t it" leave" to %a$t#re "#nli'ht3" ener',4 or to &ee$ it"elf %ool in hot tem$erat#re"*
4 2 $lant a!"or!" ater from the "oil4 here it i" held in 'a$" !eteen the "oil $arti%le"* The
ater i" a!"or!ed !, tin,4 deli%ate root hair" that frin'e the root"4 and it i" %ontin#all, $#lled thro#'h
the $lant !, the $oer of tran"$iration here the ater va$o#r" $a"" thro#'h the "tomata or $ore" of 10
the leave"* Be%a#"e moi"t#re i" lo"t to the air thro#'h the leave"4 $lant" ith lar'e "#rfa%e area" of
leaf lo"e ater fa"ter than tho"e ith narro4 needle5li&e leave"* Mo"t ater i" lo"t hen the eather
i" hot and "#nn,4 and al"o hen it i" ind, a" movin' air hi$" moi"t#re from the leave" 6#i%&l,*
2" lon' a" there i" "#ffi%ient ater in the "oil to re$la%e the moi"t#re that i" lo"t4 no harm i" done*
1oever4 "ometime" $lant" %annot &ee$ #$ ith the demand* Thi" %o#ld !e d#e to the a!"en%e of 15
rain to re$leni"h the "oil ater or the deli%ate root hair" have !een dama'ed and the, are not a!le
to $erform their d#tie" $ro$erl,* Thi" i" the rea"on h, hen it %ome" to aterin' tran"$lant"4 the,
re6#ire %aref#l attention #ntil the root" have had time to re5e"ta!li"h them"elve"*
3 M#%h of the ater in the "oil 'oe" to a"te4 either drainin' aa, !efore $lant" %an ta$ into it
or eva$oratin' from the "oil "#rfa%e* 0hatever ,o# %an do to $revent thi" t,$e of a"ta'e ill "ave 20
,o# time and ener', a" ell a" %on"ervin' ater "#$$l,* There are "everal method" that e %an #"e*
e %an im$rove the 6#alit, of the "oil !, di''in' in !#l&, or'ani% matter "#%h a" 'arden %om$o"t
or man#re to im$rove the "oil "tr#%t#re and it" %a$a%it, to hold ater* 0hen the "oil i" moi"t in the
"$rin' "ea"on or after a thro#'h aterin'4 ,o# %an al"o m#l%h the "#rfa%e to !lo%& eva$oration
!, #"in' %om$o"t4 "tore5!o#'ht m#l%he" or !la%& $la"ti% "heetin'* (tra and 'ra"" %li$$in'" are 25
"ometime" re%ommended4 !#t #nrotten material" "#%h a" the"e are !e"t a$$lied here there are no
'roin' ve'eta!le"4 !e%a#"e the, ta&e nitro'en from the "oil a" the, rot don* 7o# %an "$rin&le a
nitro'en5ri%h fertili"er4 "#%h a" !lood meal4 on the "oil !efore ,o# a$$l, the m#l%h* 2$art from that4
e al"o need to %ontrol the eed" a" eed" "teal ater from ve'eta!le"* 8eal ith them often and
hile the, are "till "mall4 #"in' a "har$ hoe to "li%e the eed" off at the "oil "#rfa%e* 1oever4 avoid 30
di"t#r!in' the "oil t$ $revent t#rnin' #$ ne eed "eed"*
5 0e "ho#l" al"o $ra%ti%e the $ro$er or %orre%t $lant "$a%in'* 9f ,o# leave the re%ommended
amo#nt of room !eteen nei'h!o#rin' $lant"4 the, on:t %om$ete for ater* 0e "ho#ld al"o
$rovide a free root r#n for the $lant"* ;#ltivate the "oil dee$l,4 !rea&in' it don to a fine %r#m!l,
text#re4 hi%h ill allo the root" to extend freel, in their "ear%h for moi"t#re* 2 %ommon mi"ta&e 35
man, 'ardener" ma&e i" di''in' to +#"t one "$ade3" de$th ,ear after ,ear< a hard im$enetra!le
la,er4 &non a" a $an4 %an form +#"t !elo the de$th* 8o#!le di''in' ever, fo#r to five ,ear" ill
over%ome thi" $ro!lem* Mo"t 'ardener" ater their %ro$" on a ha$ha=ard !a"i"4 "#%h a" hen the
"oli" loo&" a !it d#"t, on the "#rfa%e and it ha"n3t rained for da,"* 1oever4 it i" !e"t to !e a !it more
"%ientifi% a!o#t it* The tr#th i" that ater i" a limited re"o#r%e and it i" im$ortant that e don3t a"te 40
it or a"te o#r time a$$l,in' it* 2nd ater a$$lied at the ron' time %an a%t#all, harm the %ro$" e
are tr,in' to %#ltivate*
8 )lant" need moi"t "oil to 'erminate and m#"t !e atered after tran"$lantin' ith an avera'e
of 300ml of ater $er tran"$lant* 2lternativel,4 ater onl, hen the "oil i" dr, ith > to 9 litre" of
ater $er "6#are metre* The ex%e$tion a$$lie" to $lant" 'roin' in %ontainer" "#%h a" tomatoe" and 45
$e$$er" hi%h have re"tri%ted root "$a%e* The, ill need more fre6#ent aterin' than tho"e 'ron
in o$en 'ro#nd or "oil !order"*
2da$ted from eader!s "igest4 200?
: -at#ral rainfall i" the $erfe%t nat#ral "o#r%e of %4 The folloin' are rea"on" for $lant" not
ater for all $lant" to 'ro* !ein' a!le to re$leni"h the moi"t#re
A Tr#e * -ot "tated e=ce2t
' .al"e A in"#ffi%ient "oli ater
' $rolon'ed dro#'ht
9 2 $lant de$rived of it" ater re"o#r%e" ill not * dama'ed root hair"
!e a!le to "tand #$ and it" $lant %ell" ill !e%ome
lim$* %3 0e need to $revent "oil ater a"ta'e
A Tr#e * -ot "tated a" !, doin' "o4 e %an
' .al"e A $revent ater in the "oil from
drainin' aa,
%0 )lant" ill narro4 needle5li&e leave" are a!le to ' hel$ the $lant" to ta$ into the $re%io#"
retain ater !etter than $lant" ith lar'e leave"* ater re"o#r%e"
A Tr#e * -ot "tated * hel$ "ave time and ener', !e"ide"
' .al"e %on"ervin' ater "#$$l,
%% 0hi%h i" the folloin' "tatement" i" in%orre%t @ %5 )lant" 'roin' in %ontainer" re6#ire
A 1ot and "#nn, eather ill %a#"e $lant" to more fre6#ent aterin' %om$ared to
lo"e ater at a 'reater rate tho"e 'ron in o$en 'ro#nd d#e to the
' There i" ala," "#ffi%ient ater in the "oil to A limited ater retention %a$a%it, in
re$leni"h lo"t moi"t#re in the $lant" the %ontainer"
* 0ind, eather %ondition" %an al"o %a#"e ' la%& of a%%e"" to rain and "oil ater
moi"t#re to di"a$$ear from the leave" 6#i%&l,* * limited root "$a%e of tho"e $lant"

uestions %8 to 4% are based on the following passage.

Hon, >on, in *+ina?s S+ado/
% 1on' Aon' a" !#ilt on the $remi"e of 'lo!al trade4 onin' it" !irth to o$i#m4 hi%h ma, ex$lain
h, to thi" da, the %it, !l#r" the line !eteen it" le'al and extrale'al a%tivitie"* 0hen Briti"h
trader" arrived !, fri'ate in the 1>>0"4 loo&in' to "a$ 9ndian o$i#m $a%&ed in ooden %he"t"4
the, "$ied the 'ranite i"lan' that o#ld !e%ome 1on' Aon' on their a, #$ the )earl River e"t#ar,
to G#an'=ho#* Then %ame the .ir"t B$i#m 0ar in 1>394 hi%+ er#$ted hen the Man%h# em$ire 8
ordered the halt to the tradin' of 3forei'n m#d3 !, the 3o#ter !ar!arian"34 %onfi"%atin' over 204000
%he"t" of o$i#m and de"tro,in' them in $#!li%* The Briti"h retaliated4 !rin'in' their naval for%e"
ithin a h#ndred mile" of Bei+in' !efore a %e""ation of ho"tilitie"*
4 The "#$eritendent of trade4 a man named ;harle" /lliot4 ne'otiated for the "eemin'l, orthle""
1on' Aon'4 !elievin' it" dee$ ater har!o#r mi'ht $rove a !oon4 !#t leavin' the im$eriali"t !a%& %0
home in !afflement* (oon4 #nder Briti"h r#le4 "hantie" 'ave aa, to 'ranite !#ildin'"4 a %olonial
infra"tr#%t#re 're4 and a %it, !e'an to ta&e "ha$e on the "hore" of a !oomin' har!o#r4 one that
a%ted a" a tran"it $oint for trade ith ;hina*
3 9t a" the rea%tion to ;hina3" %omm#ni"t revol#tion 19494 hoever4 that tran"formed 1on' Aon'
into a %entre of ind#"triali"ed %a$itali"m* .a%ed ith Mao Cedon'3" nationali"ation drive4 %8
;hine"e ind#"triali"t #$rooted and re5e"ta!li"hed them"elve" in 1on' Aon'4 and a ave of ref#'ee"
$o#red in4 loo&in' for or&* 2 ro!#"t %a$itali"m emer'ed4 t#rnin' the %it, into a $rodi'io#" ex$orter
of 'ood" and a $la%e of "#%h #nre'#lated ea"e that it invited mone, from all %orner"* 9n time 1on'
Aon' !#ilt it" 'loin' "&,%ra$er" 5 "ome !, orld %la"" ar%hite%t" li&e 9*M )ei and -orman
.ra"er 5 a" ell a" it" more $ro!lemati% ho#"in' e"tate"4 hile !ehind it" modern faDade4 "o%ial ill" 40
li&e $ro"tit#ation4 dr#' dealin'4 "m#''lin'4 and 'am!lin' %ontin#ed to $roliferate*
5 .ifteen ,ear" after the handover to mainland ;hina4 1on' Aon' re"ident" orr, that their
identit, and freedom are "li$$in' aa,* 0ith little availa!le flatland and the mo"t "&,%ra$er" in
the orld4 1on' Aon' i" "o den"e ith !#ildin'4 #$ to h#ndred "torie" hi'h4 that the, ri"e from
the mo#ntain"ide" a" it f#ll of heli#m* 1on' Aon' i" a floatin' %it,* 9t float" !eteen orld"4 on 48
fl#%t#atin' %#rren%, ex%han'e rae" and 9)B"4 real e"tate "$e%#lation4 and the ,#an of ;hine"e
mainlander"4 ho %ome in drove" on a ave of ne ealth* 9t float" over the "edimentar, la,er" of
it" $a"t 5 the an%ient fi"hin' villa'e4 $irate ha#nt4 and former Briti"h %olon,* -o a ;hine"e "$e%ial
admin"trative re'ion4 it i" !ein' remade ,et a'ain #nder diamond $re""#re* 2nd in%rea"in'l, thi"
%it, of over "even million" inha!itant" float" on a 'roin' "en"e of #nea"e4 a di"%omfort that "tand" 30
in direct opposition to the head#, auspicious da#s hen 1on' Aon' a" one of 2"ia3" 'reat !#"ine""
%a$ital"*
8 0hat ha" %a"t the 1on' Aon' of on%e 'idd, a%6#i"itive de"ire into a dee$ $aranoia4 of %o#r"e4
i" the ne ;hina4 the "e%ond lar'e"t e%onom, in the orld* 7o# %an feel the va$o#r" if thi" #nea"e
ever,here in the %it,* E9f ,o# ant to "ee %a$itali"m in a%tion4 'o to 1on' Aon'4E e%onomi"t Milton 38
.riedman i" %redited it "a,in'* 7et to ideali"e the %it, toda, a" a free mar&et $aradi"e4 thrivin'
in it" 15th ,ear after the Briti"h handover to ;hina4 it "o "orel, over"im$lif,4 if not mi"%ontr#e4
the dar&enin' for%e" at or& here* 9t i" to mi"" the ten"ion" and te%toni% "hift" !eneatht the 'lit=,
finan%ial %entre that 1on' Aon' "ho" to the orld* 9n the %it, #nderneath4 one find" a",l#m "ee&er"
and $ro"tit#te"4 'an'"ter"4 tho#"and" of 9ndone"ian ho#"emaid" ho flo%& to Fi%toria )ar& on their 50
$re%io#" (#nda," off4 and tho"e !arel, "%rat%hin' o#t an exi"ten%e4 $eo$le %rammed into $artitioned
a$artment !lo%&" of E%a'e ho#"e"E the "i=e of refri'erator !oxe"* 0hile 1on' Aon'3" $er %a$ita
'ro"" dome"ti% $rod#%t ran&" tenth in the orld4 it" Gini %oeffi%ient4 an index that mea"#re" the 'a$
!eteen ri%h and $oor4 i" al"o amon' the hi'he"t*
9 1on' Aon'e"e $ro#dl, "a, their %it, reinvent" it"elf ever, fe ,ear"4 %itin' the ever mor$hin' 58
"&,line a" one vi"i!le exam$le* E 0e feel all of the"e 'reat %han'e"4 !#t e don3t &no ho to name
them4E "a," )atri%& Mo&4 the %oordinator for the 1on' Aon' Memor, )ro+e%t4 a G?*4 million effort
to addre"" 1on' Aon'3" identit, $ro!lem !, %reatin' an intera%tive e!"ite of old o!+e%t" and
$hoto'ra$h"* EThe $a'e of the %it, i" too fa"t for memor,* )eo$le are "ho%&ed hen 9 "ho them
$i%t#re" of the ri%e $addie" that ere here in the 1920"* Then4 e lived in the "treet"4 in the o$en5air 80
mar&et" and "tall"* 2fterard"4 ever,thin' moved indoor"4 into mall"4 !ehind %lo"ed door"4 in air5
%onditioned "$a%e"* 7e"4 1on' Aon' i" %han'in' a'ain4 !#t into hat and molded !, hom @ 0e3re
not "#re ho are !e%omin' no4 !#t e %al feel o#r"elve" di"a$$earin'*
2da$ted from $ational %eographic &aga'ine4 H#ne 2012


%8 The main idea of $ara'ra$h 1 i" %9 The $hra"e in direct opposition to the
A 1on' Aon':" lin& to the .ir"t B$i#m 0ar head#, auspicious da#s Iline 31J mean"
9n 1>39 that 1on' Aon' inha!itant" are
' 1on' Aon':" %onne%tion to the $re"ent A tro#!led !,e the lo"" of val#e" and
'lo!al %ommer%e moralit, in the time" of e%onomi%
* 1on' Aon':" !l#rred line" !eteen le'al !oom
and ille'al a%tivitie" ' lamentin' the 'ood old da," hen
1on' Aon' a" vi!rant %ommer%e
%9 ;harle" /lliot ne'otiated for the Man%h# em$ire %a$ital
to relin6#i"h 1on' Aon' to Briti"h a" he !elieved * feelin' the $re""#re of maintainin'
A 1on' Aon' to !e a!le to %ontrol the )earl it" $o"ition" a" 2"ia:" leadin'
River e"t#ar, to G#an'=ho# finan%ial %entre"
' 1on' Aon':" $otential to !e a !oomin' $ort
8#e to it" dee$ ater har!o#r 40 8e"$ite 1on' Aon':" $er %a$ita 'ro""
* the im$eriali"t" in Britain o#ld !e "ati"fied dome"ti% $rod#%t ran& of tenth in the
ith the addition of a ne territor, in ;hina orld4 it i" al"o rated amon' the hi'he"t
in the orld for
%& 1on' Aon' tran"formed into a h#! of ind#"triali"ed A 'reat "o%ial mo!ilit, !eteen it"
%a$itali"m in 1949 a" %iti=en"
A Briti"h %oloni"t": rea%tion to the ;omm#ni"t ' havin' the mo"t millionaire" in a
Revol#tion in mainland ;hina %o#ntr,
' ;hine"e ind#"triali"t" relo%ated their %a$ital * in%ome di"$arit, !eteen the ri%h
and ex$erti"e to 1on' Aon' and the $oor
* $art of Mao Cedon':" nationali"ation drive
to tran"form ;hina:" e%onomi% land"%a$e 4% The riter i" KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK of the
dire%tion that 1on' Aon' i" reinventin'
%: 1on' Aon' !enefited from the flo of inve"tment" it"elf*
from %a$itali"t and the %riminal #nderorld d#e to A "#$$ortive
A the inve"tror": friendl, $olo%ie" %o#ntr, ' "%e$ti%al
ado$ted !, the Briti"h %oloniali"t" * ne#tral
' it" $o"ition a" a $rodi'io#" ex$orter of 'ood"
of the orld
* the a!"en%e of "trin'ent enfor%ement and
re'#lation"

uestion 44 to 49 are based on the following passage.

T+e -an ;+o Predicted ;or)d ;ar I

% Thirteen ,ear" !efore the "tart of 0orld 0ar 94 Britain3" militar, e"ta!li"ment a" arned ex$li%itl,
that offen"ive o$eration" in a ma+or %onfli%t in /#ro$e o#ld !e #n"#%%e""f#l and that "#%h a ar
o#ld end onl, hen one "ide exha#"ted* The $redi%tion a" delivered in 1901 at the Ro,al
United (ervi%e 9n"tit#tion4 a militar, thin& tan& and di"%#""ion for#m in Britain3" Mini"tr, of
8efen%e fo#nded in 1>31 !, the 8#&e of 0ellin'ton* The arnin' %ame in a le%t#re 'iven !, the 8
#nli&el, fi'#re of Han Blo%h4 or Hean de Blo%h a" he a" later &non* Blo%h a" not a militar, man4
!#t a !an&er and finan%ier4 ho a" !orn in )oland in 1>3? and ro"e to an infl#ential $o"ition in the
R#""ian em$ire4 of hi%h )oland a" then a $art of* 1e a" an im$ortant fi'#re in R#""ia3" raila,
",atem and too& an intere"t in international affair"* 1e %alled for ar0itration to re$la%e arefare a"
a a, of "ettlin' di"$#te" and even or'ani"ed a $ea%e %onferen%e at The 1a'#e in 1>99 for f#rther %0
that aim*
4 1e fir"t laid o#t hi" the"i" in a "ix5vol#me !oo& $#!li"hed in )ari" in 1>9> %alled The (ar
of the Future in its Technical, )conomic and *olitical elations* 9n the !oo&4 he ar'#ed that "#%h
a" the $oer of defen%e in modern arefare that it o#ld !e im$o""i!le for ma+or ar" to !e on4
e"$e%iall, 'eneral /#ro$ean %onfli%t"4 itho#t h#'e %a"#alitie"* Blo%h %on%l#ded that 'overnment" %8
o#ld not4 and indeed %o#ld not4 en'a'e in ar !e%a#"e the, and their "o%ietie" o#ld !e de"tro,ed
if the, did "o* 1e a" ri'ht in hi" idea and4 of %o#r"e4 ron' in hi" "e%ond* Blo%h then edited
the or& into a "in'le vol#me4 hi%h a" $#!li"hed in /n'li"h in 1>99 #nder the %at%hier title of
+s (ar $ow +mpposible , Blo%h made %lear that he a" not tal&in' a!o#t %olonial ar" hi%h he
%alled 3frontier !ral"L tr#m$er, ex$edition" a'ain"t "emi5!ar!aro#" $eo$le3 a" he a" referrin' 40
to the %on"tantl, $o"t$oned ar !eteen .ran%e and German, for the lo"t $rovin%e" of 2l"a%e and
Morraine*
3 Blo%h3" ar'#ment a" that4 in modern arfare4 "oldier" %o#ld not rea%h the enem, !e%a#"e the
la"t fe h#ndred ,ard" had !e%ome "o deadl,* .ir"t4 there a" the in%rea"ed ran'e of the "mo&ele""
rifle 5 34000 or 44000 metre"4 or to to three mile"* Then4 there a" the fa%t that a rifle no had a 48
ma'a=ine and the $o""i!ilit, of firin' half a do=en of !#llet" itho#t havin' to "to$ to reload* 2t
that
"ta'e4 Blo%h a" not aare of ho m#%h more de"tr#%tive the ma%hine '#n o#ld !e* Third4 there
a" artiller,4 alread, "o $oerf#l that a "hell %o#ld effe%tivel, de"tro, all life ithin a ran'e of 200
metre" $f the $oint of ex$lo"ion* Blo%h al"o di"mi""ed the #"ed of !a,onet" a" effe%tive ea$on" of
arfare a" he %om$ared the 'eneral"3 atta%hment to it ith the fonder"" of old admiral" for "ail"* 30
Blo%h $redi%ted the develo$ment of tren%h arfare* 1e al"o $redi%ted the demi"e of the %alvar, in
modern arfare a" the, o#ld not !e a!le to t#rn a line of tren%her" in /#ro$e4 the a, the Briti"h
%avalr, did hen it defeated the Boer" in the Boer ar in (o#th 2fri%a in 1900*
5 Blo%h3" vie a" $#t !efore a Briti"h militar, a#dien%e at the Ro,al United (ervi%e 9n"tit#tion
IRU(9J on Monda,4 24 H#ne 1901* That "#mmer a" a 'ood moment for the RU(9 to %on"ider 38
the "tate of modern arfare* 2n era had ended ith the deadth of N#een Fi%toria in Han#ar, 1901*
Militar, te%hnolo', a" develo$in' ra$idl,* German, at that time a" alread, $alnnin' ho to
fi'ht a ar a'ain"t .ran%e and R#""ia* Britain3" i"olation $oli%, a" %omin' to an end< a treat, ith
Ha$an o#ld "oon follo and a "e%ret militar, a'reement ith .ran%e o#ld determine hi%h "ide
Britain o#ld ta&e in f#t#re ar !eteen .ran%e and German,* The militar, men li"tenin' to Blo%h 50
ere4 of %o#r"e4 "%e$ti%al a!o#t hi" %laim that ar a" no im$o""i!le* The, &ne 'overnment"
too ell for that and in an, %a"e ere o!vio#"l, !e'innin' to $er"#ade them"elve" that ne ta%ti%"
%o#ld over%ome the ne $ro!lem"4 there!, ma&in' ar ver, m#%h $o""i!le* 2dmiral (ir /*R
.remantle $ointed o#t that h#'e %a"#alitie" had not "to$$ed ar !efore* The Briti"h militar, did not
i'nore Blo%h and their re"$on"e a" not to di"mi"" the $oer of defen%e* The, felt that the an"er 58
lie in in%rea"in' the $oer of atta%& and artiller, a" the "ol#tion to the matter* Blo%h reali"ed that
hi" idea" ere !ein' "$#rned !#t he a" "$ared the $ain of "eein' hi" theorie" $roved %orre%t and
hi" $redi%tion that a" no im$o""i!le $roved ron' a" he died of heart fail#re the ,ear after
hi" tal& in Mondon*
2da$ted from -istor# Toda#4 Ma, 2013
44 9n the o$enin' $ara'ra$h4 the riter ma&e" the 49 9n modern arfare4 "oldier" are #na!le to
$oint that Britain:" militar, a" 'iven a dire%t %onfront their enemie" head on a"
arnin' a!o#t the A the, no lon'er need to %onfront their
A $otential $itfall of a militar, o$eration in a enemie" #$ %lo"e
ma+or /#ro$ean ar ' the modern arm, i" mo!ile and
' $o""i!ilit, of a "ee$in' militar, o$eration %on"tantl, on the move
in the .ir"t 0orld 0ar * ith the on"et of modern artiller,4 the
* mo#ntin' %a"#alitie" of a militar, %onfli%t in la"t fe h#ndred ,ard" on the !attle
the /#ro$ean %ontinent 'ro#nd i" ver, deadl,
43 The ord ar0itration Iline 9J refer" to 4& Ba,onet" ere r#led o#t a" effe%tive
A %onfrontation ea$on" of arfare d#e to the
' mediation A advan%ement of deadlier ea$on" li&e
* ",m$o"i#m artiller,
' in%rea"in' ran'e of militar, %om!at
45 0hi%h of the folloin' 6#e"tion" i" an"ered !, "trate'ie"
the !oo&4 The 0ar of the .#t#re in it" Te%hni%al4 * militar, 'eneral": 'roin' atta%hment
/%onomi% and )oliti%al Relation" @ to it a" ea$on" of ar
A 0hat i" the "e%ret "tarte', to in a "hort !#t
Br#tal ar in the /#ro$ean %ontinent @ 4: 0hat i" the Briti"h militar,:" re"$on"e to
' 9" it $o""i!le for /#ro$ean $oer" to dominate Han Blo%h:" theor, @
the orld thro#'h militar, $oer @ A The, di"mi""ed the $oer of
* ;an /#ro$ean %o#ntrie" a%hieve vi%tor, in defen%e in determinin' the o#t%ome
modern arfare on the %ontinent @ of a militar, %onfli%t*
' The, i'nored Han Blo%h:" theor,
48 0h, did Han Blo%h di"mi"" %olonial ar" a" a that innin' ar" o#ld !e
$otential "o#r%e of %onfli%t for /#ro$ean $oer" @ im$o""i!le to a%hieve*
A 1e felt that /#ro$ean militar, $oer" ere * The, !elieved that in%rea"in' the
"#$erior to the %olonie" the, %on6#ered the $oer of atta%& and artiller,
' 1e deemed that the frontier !ral" !eteen a" the "ol#tion*
%olonie" a" onl, a $re%#r"or of ma+or
%onfli%t" 49 Han Blo%h did not &no that hi" theorie"
* 1e felt that %olonial %onfli%t" ere !ein' ere $roven %orre%t and hi" $redi%tion
%on"tantl, $o"t$oned !, .ran%e and German, that ar a" im$o""i!le a" ide off
the mar& a"
A he a" &illed in 0orld 0ar 9
' he $a""ed aa, "oon after hi" tal&
* hi" idea a" "$#rned and ne'le%ted
uestions 30 to 3& are based on the following passage.
;+ere t+e ;eired T+in,s Are
1 To h#ndred and tent, mile" a%ro"" the 2ra!ian (ea4 from the re"t of tro#!led 7emen4 (o%otra
a" on%e a le'endar, $la%e at the ed'e of ma$" of the &non orld* .or "ailor"4 it a" (earsome4
ith dan'ero#" "haol"4 fero%io#" "torm"4 and re"ident" ho are !elieved to %ontrol the ind" and
t#rn "hi$ toard "hore for %a$t#re and $l#nder* Toda, (o%otra3" ri%h !iolo'i%al diver"it, !rin'"
ne ex$lorer"4 ho ho$e to learn it" "e%ret" !efore the modern orld %han'e" it forever* The an%ient 5
/',$tian"4 Gree&" and Roman" all ta$$ed the trea"#re" of (o%otra3" nat#ral orldO aromati% re"in"
"#%h a" fran&in%en"e4 medi%inal aloe extra%t4 and the dar& red "a$ of the dra'on3" !lood tree4 #"ed
for healin' and a" an arti"t3" %olo#r* 2dvent#re" %ame to harve"t the i"land3" ealth4 de"$ite "torie"
that a" '#arded !, 'iant "na&e" livin' in it" %ave"* The N#een of (he!a4 2lexander the Great and
Mar%o )olo ere amon' tho"e ho %oveted (o%otra3" ri%he"* 10
2 The val#e of in%en"e and dra'on3" !lood $ea&ed d#rin' the time of the Roman /m$ire*
2ftreard4 the i"land "erved mo"tl, a" a a, "tation for trader"4 $a""in' %ent#rie" in relative
%#lt#ral i"olation* (o%otra3" re"ident" lived 'eneration after 'eneration a" their an%e"tor" hadO the
mo#ntain Bedo#in mindin' their 'oat"4 the %oa"tal re"ident" fi"hin'4 and ever,one harve"tin' date"*
9"land hi"tor, a" $a""ed don thro#'h $oetr,4 re%ited in (o%otri lan'#a'e* Bther than it" "trate'i% 15
lo%ation off the 1orn of 2fri%a4 the, "im$l, a"n3t an,thin' a!o#t (o%otra that intere"ted the
o#t"ide orld* B#t that ha" %han'ed*
3 Re"ea%h aro#nd the t#rn of the 20th %ent#r, $roved that thi" tro$i%al i"land4 de"$ite it" "i=e of
onl, >3 !, 2P mile"4 ran&" amon' the orld3" mo"t im$ortant %entre" of !iodiver"it,4 %om!inin'
element" of 2fri%a4 2"ia and /#ro$e in a," that "till $#==le !iolo'i"t* The n#m!er of endemi% 20
$lant "$e%ie" Ithat fo#nd nohere el"eJ $er "6#are mile on (o%otra and three "mall o#tl,in' i"land"
in the fo#rth hi'he"t of an, i"lan' 'ro#$ on /arth 5 after (e,%helle"4 -e ;aledonia4 and 1aaii*
The 1a+hir Mo#ntain"4 the r#''ed 'ranite $ea&" that ri"e to nearl, 54000 feet in the %enter of the
i"land4 are li&el, home to the hi'he"t den"it, of endemi% $lant" in "o#the"t 2"ia* /ver, vi"ta on
(o%otra4 from the hot4 dr, loland" to the mi"t5"hro#ded mo#ntain"4 reveal" onder" "een nohere 25
el"e*
4 -o develo$ed air$ort exi"ted on (o%otra #ntil 19994 nor ere there an, $aved road"* (in%e
then4 tho#'h4 the $a%e of develo$ment ha" !een ra$id* ;han'e" that in order $la%e" too& de%ade"
have !een %om$re""ed into a fe ,ear" here* More and more ha" %ome to (o%otra !oth fi'#rativel,4
thro#'h 30
televi"ion4 mo!ile $hone" and the 9nternet4 and literall,4 thro#'h to#ri"m* Tho#'h re%ent $oliti%al
#nre"t tem$oraril, limited forei'n travel4 over the $revio#" de%ade the i"land3" !ea#tif#l !ea%he"4
r#''ed mo#ntain"4 #ni6#e !iodiver"it,4 and an%ient %#lt#re attra%ted a !#r'eonin' n#m!er of
traveller"4 from 140 international vi"itor" in 2000 to almo"t 44000 in 2010* (ome of (o%otra3"
admirer" fear that the 7emeni 'overnment3" r#"h to !rin' the i"land into the 21"t %ent#r, ma, 35
alread, irrever"i!l, dama'e the ver, thin'" tho"e $eo$le %ame to "ee and %o#ld !rin' an end to a
a, of life that ha" end#red for %ent#rie"*
5 More than ?00 villa'e"4 in mo"t %a"e" "im$l, the %l#"tered ho#"e" of extended familie"4 are
"%attered a%ro"" (o%otra4 ea%h ith it" m#6addan4 or re"$e%ted elder* Bver the %ent#rie"4 (o%otran"
develo$ed $ra%ti%al a," of dealin' ith 'ra=in'4 ood 'ra=in'4 land oner"hi$ di"$#te" !eteen 40
%lan"4 ater5re"o#r%e" #"e4 and "imilar i""#e"* Unli&e their %o#nter$art" in mainland 7emen4 here
violent fe#d" and tri!al di"$#te" have lon' !een a a, of life and here man, men %arr, a '#n and
+am!i,a I%eremonial da''erJ* (o%otran" have a tradition of re"olvin' i""#e" $ea%ef#ll, in meetin'"
amon' nei'h!o#rin' villa'e"* Re"o#r%e %onver"ation a" the onl, o$tion for "#rvival in the har"h
i"land environment4 and it had the "ide effe%t of $rote%tin' (o%otra3" o#t"tandin' !iodiver"it,* 45
? (o%otra $eo$le have $ra%ti"ed %on"ervation thro#'h their tradition"4 !#t no it i" #$ to #" to
&ee$ thi" 'oin' in the f#t#re4 to &ee$ it "tron' a'ain"t threat"* (o%otra i" one of the la"t $la%e" on earth
here e %an a%t#all, "till $rote%t a #ni6#e i"land environment4 here e %an "till do "omethin'
$o"itive !efore it i" too late* 0hen "ta!ilit, ret#rn" to 7emen and road"4 re"ort"* 2nd ea'er traveler"
"read a%ro"" (o%otra4 ill it" re"dient" 3$ea%ef#l a," of "ettlin' di"$#te" hold @ 0ill $eo$le "till 50
'ather in mo#ntain villa'er" to re%ite their $oem" in a lan'#a'e all their on4 and ill %ent#rie"5old
tradition" of %on"ervation end#re @ 9f "o4 $erha$" tho"e ho %lim! hi'h into the lime"tone hill" ill
"till hear the "o#nd of the (o%otra !#ntin'4 $art of the i"land3" eird and onderf#l a, of life*
2da$ted from The $ational %eographic &aga'ine, H#ne 2012
30 The ord (earsome I line 2 J al"o mean" 35 (o%otra i" no lon'er i"olated from the re"t
A terrif,in' of the orld an,more a"
' $illa'e A the 7emeni 'overment i" &een to
* mi"%ellan, lin& the i"land to the o#t"ide orld
D dod', ' it i" lin&ed to the o#t"ide orld
thro#'h %omm#ni%ation" te%hnolo',
3% 9n $ara'ra$h 14 the intention of the riter i" to dra and to#ri"m
o#r attention to * ra$id develo$ment re%entl, ,ielded
A (o%otra:" ri%h !iolo'i%al diver"it, that attra%t" a 'reat and ex$endin' hi'ha, ","tem
/x$lorer" to that $art of the orld D it" lo%ation off the %oa"t of 1orn of
' (o%otra !ein' a le'endar, $la%e in %ontra"t to 2fri%a ma&e" it hi'hl, a%%e""a!le to
The tro#!led 7emen in the mainland the o#t"ide orld
* an%ient %ivili"ation" and advent#re" !ein' dran
To (o%otra:" ri%he" and re"o#r%e" 38 (ome detra%tor" feel that the 7emeni
D (o%otra:" ri%h nat#ral re"o#r%e" that attra%t" 'overment:" ra$id effort" to !rin' (o%otra
/x$lorer" from aro#nd the orld o#t of i"olation ma, !a%&fire a" it ill
A !rin' a flood of mone, and forei'n
34 0e %an infer from $ara'ra$h 2 that (o%otra %#lt#re to on%e i"olated i"land
A i" famo#" for it" in%en"e and dra'on:" !lood ' !e affe%ted !, re%ent $oliti%al #nre"t
d#rin' an%ient time" #ntil no that tem$oraril, limited forei'n travel
' ha" !een livin' in %#lt#ral i"olation * ex$o"e the i"land:" !ea#tif#l !ea%he"
thro#'ho#t the %ent#rie" #ntil re%entl, and r#''ed mo#ntain" to $oll#tion
* maintained it" $o"ition a" a a, "tation for D im$air the nat#ral !iodiver"it, and
trader" off the 1orn of 2fri%a #ni6#e %#lt#re on the i"land it"elf
D ha" nothin' to intere"t the o#t"ide orld
"in%e the an%ient Roman time" 39 (o%otra i" ell5&non for it" folloin'
A it" "tren'th and re"ilien%e a'ain"t
33 (o%otra %ontin#e" to fa"%inate !iolo'i"t and forei'n threat" and %#lt#re"
re"ea%her" a" it ' ith" #ni6#e i"land nat#ral diver"it,
A i" ran&ed the fo#rth hi'he"t i"land 'ro#$" on and environment
/arth * it" re"ident": lon' tradition" and a,
' ha" the 1a+hir Mo#ntain" hi%h ri"e" to 54000 of life
feet in the %entre of the i"land D the (o%otra !#ntin' hi%h i" onl,
* ran&" a" the mo"t im$ortant %entre of fo#nd on the i"land
!iodiver"it, in the orld in the 20th %ent#r,
D ha" the fo#rth hi'he"t den"it, of endemi% $lant 3& 0e %an infer form the $a""a'e that the
"$e%ie" $er "6#are mile in the orld riter i" KKKKKKKK of the f#t#re of
(o%otra:" #ni6#e %#lt#re and nat#ral
attra%tion"*
A %onfident ' %onvin%ed
* "ardoni% D $e""imi"ti%
uestions 3: to 58 are based on the following passage.
T+e *omin, Arctic 'oom
1 The i%e a" never "#$$o"ed to melt thi" 6#i%&l,* 2ltho#'h %limate "%ienti"t" have &non for "ome
time that 'lo!al armin' a" "hrin&in' the $er%enta'e of the 2r%ti% B%ean that a" fro=en over4
fe $redi%ted "o fa"t a tha* 9n 200P4 the 9nter'overnmental )anel on ;limate ;han'e e"timated that
2r%ti% "#mmer o#ld !e%ome i%e free !e'innin' in 20P0* 7et more re%ent "atellite o!"ervation"
have moved that date to "omehere aro#nd 20354 and even more "o$hi"ti%ated "im#lation" in 2012 5
moved the date #$ to 2020* B, the end of "#mmer in 20124 the $ortion of the 2r%ti% B%ean %overed
!, i%e had !een red#%ed to it" "malle"t "i=e "in%e re%ord &ee$in' !e'an in 19P94 "hrin&in' !,
3504 000 "6#are mile"4 an area e6#al to the "i=e of Fene=#ela* 9t i" not +#"t the o%ean that i" armin'*
9n 20124 Greenland ex$erien%ed it" hotte"t "#mmer in 1P0 ,ear"4 and it" i%e "heet ex$erien%ed more
than fo#r time" a" m#%h "#rfa%e meltin' a" it had d#rin' an avera'e ,ear over the $revio#" three 10
de%ade"* /ven i%e ho%&e, arena" in northern ;anada have !e'#n in"tallin' refri'eration ","tem to
&ee$ their rin&" from meltin'*
2 -o matter hat one thin&" "ho#ld !e done a!o#t 'lo!al armin'4 the fa%t i"4 it i" ha$$enin'*
2nd it i" not all !ad* 9n the 2r%ti%4 it i" t#rnin' hat ha" traditionall, !een an im$a""a!le !od, of
ater rin'ed !, remote ilderne"" into "omethin' dramati%all, differentO an emer'in' e$i%entre of 15
ind#"tr, and trade a&in to the Mediterranean (ea* The re'ion3" meltin' i%e and thain' frontier are
,ieldin' a%%e"" to trove" of nat#ral re"o#r%e"4 in%l#din' nearl, a 6#arter of the orld3" e"timated
#ndi"%overed oil and 'a" and ma""ive de$o"it" of val#a!le mineral"* (in%e "#mmertime 2r%ti% "ea
ro#te" "ave tho#"and" of mile" d#rin' a +o#rne, !eteen the )a%ifi% B%ean and the 2tlanti% B%ean4
the 2r%ti% al"o "tand" to !e%ome a %entral $a""a'ea, for 'lo!al maritime tran"$otation4 +#"t a" it 20
alread, i" for aviation*
3 )art of the rea"on the 2r%ti% hold" "o m#%h $romi"e ha" to do ith the 'overnment" "#rro#ndin'
it* Mo"t have relativel, health, fi"%al !alan%e "heet" and4 ith the ex%e$tion of R#""ia4 $redi%ta!le
la" that ma&e it ea", to do !#"ine"" and demo%rati% val#e" that $romote $ea%ef#l relation"* The
2r%ti% %o#ntrie" have al"o !e'#n ma&in' remar&a!l, %on%erted effort" to %oo$erate4 rather than 25
fi'ht4 a" the re'ion o$en" #$4 "ettlin' old !o#ndar, di"$#te" $ea%ef#ll, and lettin' international la
'#ide their !ehavio#r* Than&" to 'ood 'overnan%e and 'ood 'eo'ra$h,4 "#%h %itie" a" 2n%hora'e and
Re,&+avi& %o#ld "omeda, !e%ome ma+or "hi$$in' %entre" and finan%ial %a$ital" 5 the hi'h 5 latit#de
e6#ivalent of (in'a$ore and 8#!ai* Bf %o#r"e4 hile 2r%ti% armin' i" a fait a%%om$li4 it "ho#ld
not !e ta&en a" a li%en"e to re%&le""l,4 hoever4 the 2r%ti%3" !o#nt, %o#ld !e of enormo#" !enefit to 30
the re'ion3" inha!itant" and to the e%onomie" that "#rro#nd it* That i" h, all the 2r%ti% %o#ntrie"
need to %ontin#e their %oo$eration and 'et to or& e"ta!li"hin' a "hared vi"ion of "#"taina!le
develo$ment* Mi&e it or not4 the 2r%ti% i" o$en for !#"ine""4 and 'overnment" and inve"tor" have
ever, rea"on to 'et in on the 'ro#nd floor*
4 ;limate %han'e i" tran"formin' the 2r%ti% from a 'eo$oliti%al aftertho#'ht into an e$i% !o#nt, 35
ri$e for thi" %o#ntr,3" entre$ren#er"* ;o#ntrie" "ho#ld %ontin#e their %ommitment to the $ea%ef#l
%o#r"e the, have %harted there "o far* B#t $oli%,ma&er" need to 'et "erio#" a!o#t e"ta!li"hin' a
"hared vi"ion of ho to harne"" the 2r%ti%3" re"o#r%e"* /%onomi% develo$ment need not mean
environmental di"a"ter* 9ndeed4 the o$enin' #$ of the 2r%ti% offer" a on%e5in5a5lifetime o$$ort#nit,
to develo$ a frontier e%onom, "#"tain a!l,* .or "#%h an a$$roa%h to %at%h on4 %o#ntrie" ill have to 40
"tri&e the ri'ht !alan%e !eteen environmentali"m and ex$loitation* Bne a, to !lend %a$itali"m
ith %on"ervationi"m i" to val#e nat#re a" a form of %a$ital and $ri%e the environment into
develo$ment de%i"ion"4 a" $ro'ram" that mana'e fi"herie" !, allo%atin' %at%h "hare" have done* .or
thi" ta%ti% to or& in the 2r%ti%4 there need" to !e a f#ll a%%o#ntin'of the availa!le re"o#r%e"4 hi%h
i" h, it i" "o im$ortant for 'overnment"4 non5'overnmental or'ani"ation"4 and other" to %ond#%t a 45
%om$rehen"ive %en"#" of the re'ion3" nat#ral re"o#r%e" and !iolo'i%al diver"it,* 2" !etter "%ientifi%
!a"eline" are e"ta!li"hed4 'overnment" %an ma&e informed de%i"ion" a!o#t develo$ment4 !alan%in'
the ri"& to thi" "en"itive environment ith their other e%onomi% and national "e%#rit, $rioritie"*
5 The 2r%ti% $re"ent" an extraordinar, o$$#rt#nit, to rerite the r#le" of the 'ame for develo$in'
a frontier e%onom,* The time to "tart doin' "o i" no4 !efore a dee$ater 1ori=on5li&e oil "$ill 50
"tain" the 2r%ti% and it" a$$eal* 0ith the 2r%ti% heatin' #$ fa"ter than man, $redi%ted4 it i" a matter
of not if !#t hen the "#mmer "ea i%e ill 'one and the re'ion ill o$en #$ to ide"$read
develo$ment* 9f mana'ed $ro$erl,4 the 2r%ti% %o#ld !e !oth a %aef#ll, $rote%ted environment and
a ma+or driver of e%onomi% 'roth5ith enormo#" !enefit" for !oth o#t"ider" and the inha!itant" of
thi" $rime real e"tate* 55
2da$ted from Foreign Affairs ma'a=ine4 H#l, / 2#'#"t 2013
3: ;limate "%ienti"t" have #ndere"timated the 5% The 'overnment" "#rro#ndin' the 2r%ti%
"hrin&in' rate of fro=en in the 2r%ti% B%ean B%ean ith the ex%e$tion of R#""ia are
!a"ed on the A ea'er to %oo$erate to +ointl, develo$
A 9nter'overnmental )anel on ;limate ;han'e:" the nat#ral re"o#r%e" in the 2r%ti%
e"timate of i%e free "#mmer in 20P0 B%ean
' fir"t re%ord &ee$in' of fro=en area in the 2r%ti% ' demo%rati% val#e" !a"ed4 finan%iall,
B%ean that !e'an in 19P9 "o#nd and have !#"ine"" friendl,
* re%ent "atelillte o!"ervation" and "o$hi"ti%ated re'#lation"
(im#lation" in 2012 * $romotin' $ea%ef#l relation" and
D $ortion of the 2r%ti% B%ean %overed !, i%e %oo$eration to +ointl, develo$ the
!ein' red#%ed to it" "malle"t "i=e 2r%ti% B%ean
D "trate'i%l, !a"ed to !etter mana'e the
39 The "ilver linin' a!o#t 'lo!al armin' affe%tin' 2rti% B%ean and it" nat#ral re"o#r%e"
The 2r%ti% B%ean i" that it
A %ontin#e" to enhan%e the im$a""i!le !od, of 54 The 2r%ti% %o#ntrie" need to %ontin#e their
ater rin'ed !, remote ilderne"" %oo$eration and or& toard" "#"taina!le
' i" enhan%in' the 2r%ti% B%ean to !e the &e, develo$ment of the 2r%ti% B%ean in order
ro#te for orld maritime tran"$ortation to
* i" hel$in' the 2r%ti% B%ean to !e a dramati%all, A en"#re the e%onomi% reven#e ill
different animal "an%t#ar, !enefit the area:" inha!itant" and
D i" #n%overin' ma""ive de$o"it" of oil and 'a" %o#ntrie"*
Re"erve" to !e ex$lored and ex$loited ' en"#re the e"ta!li"ment of 2r%hora'e
2nd Re,&+avi& a" ma+or "hi$$in'
50 The main differen%e !eteen the Mediterranean (ea %enter"*
and the 2r%ti% B%ean i" the * %o#nter 2r%ti% B%ean:" event#al
A Mediterranean (ea i" a ref#'ee of remote 'lo!al armin' and "hrin&in' of
ilderne"" for ildlife fro=en area"*
' Mediterranean (ea i" the emer'in' e$i%enter of D !etter mana'e the forei'n
ind#"tr, and trade 'overnment" and inve"tor" %omin' to
* 2r%ti% B%ean $rovide" a%%e"" to n#mero#" the re'ion*
nat#ral re"o#r%e" and mineral"
D 2r%ti% B%ean ha" alread, !e%ome the %entral
)a""a'ea, for orld "ea ro#te
53 2%%ordin' to the riter4 the %o#ntrie" aro#nd the 58 0hen the re'ion o$en" #$ for
2r%ti% B%ean need to e"ta!li"h a +oint vi"ion of develo$ment4 it ill need to !e mana'ed
ho !etter mana'e the 2r%ti% re"o#r%e" to en"#re $ro$erl,
A "mooth tran"formation of the 2r%ti% B%ean A !efore a dee$ ater 1ori=on li&e oil
from !ein' a 'eo$oliti%al aftertho#'ht "$ill "atin" the 2r%ti% B%ean r#in it"
' e%onomi% develo$ment i" a%hieved itho#t a$$eal
$oll#tin' the 2r%ti% B%ean environment ' to en"#re that the 2r%ti% B%ean i"
* "#"taina!le e%onomi% develo$ment for all the %aref#ll, $rote%ted and remain" a
-ation" in the 2r%ti% B%ean area $illar of e%onomi% 8evelo$ment in
D e%onomi% develo$ment not hi+a%&ed for e$i% the re'ion
!o#nt, !, the re'ion:" entre$rene#r" * for the m#t#al !enefit of o#t"ide
entre$ren#er" and lo%al inha!itant"
55 The 2r%ti% B%ean area 'overnment"4 non5 of the area
Governmental or'ani"ation" and other a'en%ie" D to %o#nter the fa"ter than earlier
need to or& to'ether to $ro+e%ted 'lo!al armin' in the
A "tri&e a ri'ht !alan%e !eteen environmentali"m 2r%ti% B%ean re'ion
and re"o#r%e" ex$loitation
' develo$ the frontier e%onom, at the 2r%ti% B%ean
area for 'reater !enefit
* %ond#%t a %om$rehen"ive %en"#" of the nat#ral
re"o#r%e" and !iolo'i%al diver"it,
D !etter mana'e the fi"herie" re"o#r%e" and
2llo%atin' %at%h "hare" a%%ordin'l,