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El Dorado
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El Dorado (pronounced: [el doao], English / l drdo/; Spanish for "the gilded one") is the name of a
Muisca tribal chief who covered himself with gold dust and, as an initiation rite, dove into the Guatavita
Lake. Later, it became the name of a legendary "Lost City of Gold", that fascinated explorers since the days
of the Spanish Conquistadors. No evidence for its existence has been found.
Imagined as a place, El Dorado became a kingdom, an empire, and a city of this legendary golden king. In
pursuit of the legend, Francisco Orellana and Gonzalo Pizarro departed from Quito in 1541 in an expedition
towards the Amazon Basin, as a result of which Orellana became the first person known to have navigated
the Amazon River along substantially its entire length.
Contents
[hide]
1 Tribal ceremony
2 Expeditions
3 Sir Walter Raleigh
4 Metaphor
5 Popular culture
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
[edit] Tribal ceremony
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The Zipa used to cover his body in gold dust
and, from his raft, he offered treasures to the
Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred
lake. This old Muisca tradition became the origin
of El Dorado legend. This model is on display in
the Gold Museum, Bogot, Colombia
The original narrative is to be found in the rambling chronicle, El Carnero, of J uan Rodriguez Freyle.
According to Freyle, the king or chief priest of the Muisca was said to be ritually covered with gold dust at
a religious festival held in Lake Guatavita, near present-day Bogot Colombia.
In 1638, J uan Rodriguez Troxell wrote this account, addressed to the cacique or governor of Guatavita:
The ceremony took place on the appointment of a new ruler. Before taking office, he spent
some time secluded in a cave, without women, forbidden to eat salt, or to go out during
daylight. The first journey he had to make was to go to the great lagoon of Guatavita, to make
offerings and sacrifices to the demon which they worshipped as their god and lord. During the
ceremony which took place at the lagoon, they made a raft of rushes, embellishing and
decorating it with the most attractive things they had. They put on it four lighted braziers in
which they burned much moque, which is the incense of these natives, and also resin and many
other perfumes. The lagoon was large and deep, so that a ship with high sides could sail on it,
all loaded with an infinity of men and women dressed in fine plumes, golden plaques and
crowns.... As soon as those on the raft began to burn incense, they also lit braziers on the
shore, so that the smoke hid the light of day. At this time, they stripped the heir to his skin, and
anointed him with a sticky earth on which they placed gold dust so that he was completely
covered with this metal. They placed him on the raft ... and at his feet they placed a great heap
of gold and emeralds for him to offer to his god. In the raft with him went four principal subject
chiefs, decked in plumes, crowns, bracelets, pendants and ear rings all of gold. They, too, were
naked, and each one carried his offering .... when the raft reached the centre of the lagoon,
they raised a banner as a signal for silence. The gilded Indian then ... [threw] out all the pile of
gold into the middle of the lake, and the chiefs who had accompanied him did the same on their
own accounts. ... After this they lowered the flag, which had remained up during the whole time
of offering, and, as the raft moved towards the shore, the shouting began again, with pipes,
flutes, and large teams of singers and dancers. With this ceremony the new ruler was received,
and was recognized as lord and king.
The Muisca towns and their treasures quickly fell to the conquistadores. Taking stock of their newly won
territory, the Spaniards realized that in spite of the quantity of gold in the hands of the Indians there
were no golden cities, nor even rich mines, since the Muiscas obtained all their gold in trade. But at the
same time, the Spanish began to hear stories of El Dorado from captured Indians, and of the rites which
El Dorado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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used to take place at the lagoon of Guatavita.
[edit] Expeditions
El Dorado is applied to a legendary story in which precious stones were found in fabulous abundance along
with gold coins. The concept of El Dorado underwent several transformations, and eventually accounts of
the previous myth were also combined with those of the legendary city. The resulting El Dorado enticed
European explorers for two centuries.
Among the earliest stories was the one told by Diego de Ordaz's lieutenant Martinez, who claimed to have
been rescued from shipwreck, conveyed inland, and entertained by "El Dorado" himself (1531). During the
Klein-Venedig period in Venezuela (1528 - 1546), agents of the Welser banking family (which had received
a concession from Charles I of Spain) launched repeated expeditions into the interior of the country in
search of El Dorado.
In 1540, Gonzalo Pizarro, the younger half-brother of Francisco Pizarro, was made the governor of the
provenance of Quito in northern Ecuador. Shortly after taking lead in Quito, Gonzalo learned from many of
the natives of a valley far to the east rich in both cinnamon and gold. He banded together 340 soldiers and
about 4000 natives in 1541 and led them eastward down the Rio Coca and Rio Napo. Francisco de
Orellana, Gonzalos nephew, accompanied his uncle on this expedition. Gonzalo quit after many of the
soldiers and natives had died from hunger, disease, and periodic attacks by hostile natives. He ordered
Orellana to continue downstream, where he eventually made it to the Atlantic Ocean, discovering the
Amazon (named Amazon because of a tribe of female warriors that attacked Orellanas men while on their
voyage.)
Other expeditions include that of Philipp von Hutten (15411545), who led an exploring party from Coro on
the coast of Venezuela; and of Gonzalo J imnez de Quesada, the Governor of El Dorado, who started from
Bogot (1569).
Parime Lacus on a map by
Hessel Gerritsz (1625).
Situated at the west coast of
the lake, the so called city
Manoa or El Dorado
Sir Walter Raleigh, who resumed the search in 1595, described El Dorado as a city on Lake Parime far up
the Orinoco River in Guyana. This city on the lake was marked on English and other maps until its existence
was disproved by Alexander von Humboldt during his Latin-America expedition (17991804).
[1]
[edit] Sir Walter Raleigh
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Europeans, still mystified by the New World, believed that a hidden city
of immense wealth existed. Many searched for this treasure, in quests that ended in the loss of countless
lives.
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In 1595, Sir Walter Raleigh sailed to the New World, landing in the mouth of the Orinco River, having set
many goals for his expedition. First, he wanted to find the mythical city of El Dorado, which he suspected to
be an actual Indian city named Manoa. Second, he hoped to establish an English presence in the Southern
Hemisphere that could compete with that of the overly-zealous Spaniards. His third goal was to create an
English settlement in the land called Guyana, and to try to reduce commerce between the natives and
Spaniards.
Though Sir Walter Raleigh never found El Dorado, he was convinced that there was some fantastic city
whose riches could be discovered. Finding gold on the riverbanks and in villages only strengthened his
resolve.
[2]
In 1617, he returned to the New World on a second expedition, this time with his son, Watt Raleigh, to
continue his quest for El Dorado. However, Sir Walter Raleigh, by now an old man, stayed behind in a
camp on the island of Trinidad. Watt Raleigh was killed in a battle with Spaniards. Overall, the second
expedition was a disaster. Upon Raleigh's return to England, King J ames ordered for him to be beheaded
for disobeying orders to avoid conflict with the Spanish.
[3]
[edit] Metaphor
In the mythology of the Muisca today, Mnya the Gold or golden color, represents the energy contained in
the trinity of Chiminigagua, which constitutes the creative power of everything that exists. Chiminigagua is,
along with Bachu, Cuza, Chibchachum, Bochica, and Nemcatacoa, one of the creators of the universe.
Meanwhile, the name of El Dorado came to be used metaphorically of any place where wealth could be
rapidly acquired. It was given to El Dorado County, California, and to towns and cities in various states. It
has also been anglicized to the single word Eldorado.
In literature, frequent allusion is made to the legend, perhaps the best-known references being those in
Milton's Paradise Lost (Book xi. 408-411) and in Voltaire's Candide (chs. 18, 19). "Eldorado" was the title
and subject of a four-stanza poem by Edgar Allan Poe. In the 1966 J ohn Wayne film El Dorado, most of
Poe's poem is recited by the character nicknamed Mississippi and is lyrics in the film's title song.
[4]
El
Dorado is also referenced in J oseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness. Within Conrad's work, the Eldorado
Exploring Expedition journeys into the jungles of Africa in search of conquest and treasure, only to meet an
untimely demise.
El Dorado is also sometimes used as a metaphor to represent an ultimate prize or "Holy Grail" that one
might spend one's life seeking. It could represent true love, heaven, happiness, or success. It is used
sometimes as a figure of speech to represent something much sought after that may not even exist, or, at
least, may not ever be found. Such use is evident in Poe's poem "El Dorado". In this context, El Dorado
bears similarity to other myths such as the Fountain of Youth and Shangri-la. The other side of the ideal
quest metaphor may be represented by Helldorado, a satirical nickname given to Tombstone by a tardy
miner who complained that many of his profession had traveled far to find El Dorado, only to wind up
washing dishes in restaurants.
Werner Herzog's film, Aguirre, the Wrath of God, also explores the El Dorado metaphor. The main
character, Lope de Aguirre, is historically based, but is actually an amalgam of Aguirre and Francisco de
Orellana, mentioned in the historical section, above.
[edit] Popular culture
The Road to El Dorado is a 2000 American animated comedy film by DreamWorks Animation, which
tells of two 16th century Spanish men who discover the mythical city and are declared gods by the
inhabitants. The story mistakenly takes place in Central America, not in Colombia.
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In Anthony Horowitz's novel Evil Star, when protagonists Matthew Freeman and Richard Cole end up
in the Incan city of Vilcabamba, Richard compares the city to El Dorado, saying that Vilcabamba is a
mythical city which hundreds of explorers have sought for yet never found, "a bit like El Dorado." He
is amazed that he and Matt are actually in the middle of Vilcabamba, thus being in the heart of a lost
city.
In the PlayStation 3 game Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, the game is based on a search for El Dorado
and on its connections to Francis Drake. Expecting to find a city of gold, they find a huge gold statue,
later discovered to be a golden coffin containing the victim and the remains of an ancient plague.
The Mysterious Cities of Gold - an animated miniseries produced in the 1980s that follows the fictional
story of several children and a group of Spanish explorers as they search for El Dorado in the
Americas during the 16th century. In the story, El Dorado is but one of seven cities of gold hidden
around the world.
A portion of Voltaire's Candide is set in El Dorado. There, the city is made of material finer than gold
and diamonds, which are just considered mud and rocks in the road.
Edgar Allan Poe wrote a rather satirical short poem entitled Eldorado, about a knight's search for the
legendary city.
In Zynga's game Indiana J ones Adventure World, Zynga included El Dorado as the main objective for
the player to complete, giving references to the character of Indiana J ones in the game.
[edit] See also
J auja Paititi
Mythical places
Agharta
Atlantis
Avalon
Baltia
Brittia
City of the Caesars
Hyperborea
Iram of the Pillars
Quivira and Cbola
Shambhala
Shangri-la
Sierra del Plata
General
City of Gold
Southern Thule
Thule people
Thule Society
Games
Uncharted: Drake's Fortune
Mythology portal
[edit] Notes
1. ^ Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America by Alexander von Humboldt
2. ^ Sir Walter Raleigh.
3. ^ Drye, Willie. National Geographic. El Dorado Legend Snared Sir Walter Raleigh.
4. ^ El Dorado (1966) Trivia
[edit] References
Bandelier, A. F. A. The Gilded Man, El Dorado (New York, 1893).
Fernandez de Oviedo, Gonzalo Historia General y Natural de las India, islas y Tierra-Firme del Mar
Oceano, Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 1851.
Freyle, J uan Rodriguez El Carnero: Conquista y descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada. ISBN 84-
El Dorado - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado[3/26/2013 1:40:22 PM]
660-0025-9
Hagen, Victor Wolfgang von The Gold of El Dorado: The Quest for the Golden Man
Heavy metal band Iron Maiden has a song called El Dorado on the album Final Frontier
Naipaul,V.S. The Loss of El Dorado, 1969
Nicholl, Charles The Creature in the Map, London, 1995 ISBN 0-09-959521-4
[edit] External links
Precolumbian Golden Boat Famous golden figure based on El Dorado rite (housed in the Gold Museum
at Bogot, Colombia)
The Legend of 'El Dorado' by Tairona Heritage Trust
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