Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHNG 4.

CNG NGH SN XUT BNH

Khi nim: Bnh quy c sn xut t nguyn liu chnh l bt m, ng sacaroza v

cc nguyn liu ph nh: cht bo, trng , sa tng gi tr cho sn phm.
4.1. Cng ngh sn xut bnh quy xp (Cookies).
4.1.1.Quy trnh sn xut quy xp (Cookies)
Nguyn liu
nh kem

Trn bt

To hnh
Nng

Lm ngui

Hon thin
bao gi

Thnh phm

4.1.2.Thuyt minh s
4.1.2.1.Chun b nguyn liu:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

50

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nguyn liu sn xut bnh bch quy ch yu gm: bt m, ng, nguyn liu
ph, nc v thuc n.
Trc khi cho vo nho bt, nguyn liu phi c s ch nhm bo m cht
lng khi bt nho.
-

ng: ry b nhng tp cht ln trong ng, nghin nh ng khi nho bt

chng d dng ho tan mt cch trit (i vi quy xp,quy dai khng cnv lng
ng dung trong quy dai t)

bt m: sng b cc tp cht trong bt m(do b vn cc, mnh kim loi) chn bt

ng yu cu: gluten ti 27-30%. n hi thp trnh b bin dng thng dng
bt loi 2.

cht bo trc khi ch bin ta cho tan ra bng cch tng nhit t0=45-500C hoc
quy nh ti cho tan ra d dng ng ho.

Trng: la trng v p b v.

Thuc n: kim tra xem thuc n c cha, s lng khng.

Liu lng : vi NaHCO3: 06-0,8kg/100kg bt
Vi (NH4)2CO3 : 0,075kg/100kg bt

4.2. Cng ngh sn xut bnh quy dai (Biscuits).

4.2.1.Quy trnh sn xut quy dai (Biscuits))

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

51

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nguyn liu
nh kem

Trn bt

Cn, ct
Nng

Lm ngui

Hon thin
bao gi

Thnh phm

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

52

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.3. Cng ngh sn xut bnh bng lan (cake)
4.3.1. S cng ngh
Nguyn liu
nh kem

Trn bt

Rt khun
Nng

Lm ngui

Hon thin
bao gi

Thnh phm

4.3.2.Thuyt minh quy trnh

4.3.2.1.Nho bt, trn bt:
a.Mc ch:
Nho bt nhm to ra khi bt ng nht v mi mt. y l giai on u tin
ca qu trnh sn xut. Khi bt nho l hn hp cc nguyn liu sn xut bnh quy.
b.Yu cu:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

53

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Khi bt nho phi c m thch hp. lng nc trong khi bt nho ch

gluten trong bt m trng n. nu tha nc khi bt nho s chy x d dnh khun
khi to hnh hoa vn trang tr trn b mt bnh s b m nht khng r nt, m ln
s nh hng n xp ca bnh. Lng nc trong khi bt nho khng th
gluten cha trng n ht gy sng bnh.

m ca khi bt nho ty thuc vo phng php to hnh. Thng chng dao

ng t 20-25%, c khi ln ti 27-28%
+ Phng php cn dp khun :W=20-21%
+ Phng php p quay: W= 18-20%
+ Phng php p n: W=24-25%
+ Phng php rt:W= 26-27%
Do yu cu v m khi bt nho cht ch nh vy nn lng nc cho vo vo
bt phi c tnh ton c th. Lng nc nyph thuc vo m ca khi bt
nho cn c v ph thuc vo m ca cc nguyn liu i vo nho bt.

- Khi bt nho phi ng nht c ngha l cc nguyn liu chnh ph phi phn tn u
vo nhau mi ni trong khi bt nho. C nh vy cht lng bnh mi ng u.
-

- Khi bt nho phi c n hi, ti do p ng theo yu cu ca tng loi

bnh quy.

4.3.1.1. nh hng ca cc loi nguyn liu i vi bt nho:

a. ng:
ng c nh hng n tnh cht ca bt nho. ng lm cho bt nho d b
nho, nu nhiu ng bt nho s b nho d dnh vo trc cn, vo khn dp hnh,
ng thi bnh cng dnh vo bng ti nng. ng lm gim s trng n ca protein
c khc nhau.
Nu gi nguyn m ca khi bt nho l mt hng s th khi ta dung ng
nhiu phi t nc v ng lm hn ch kh nng ht nc ca bt( tranh nc ca bt
to ra dung dch ng) lm bt nho ra.
V d: 20g bt + 10ml nc ta c th v thnh mt cc
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

54

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cng vi 20g bt +10ml nc +10g ng th ta khng th v c do b chy x.
V vy nho bt lm quy dai ta dung t ng v n`u dng nhiu ng th ng
s lm cho gluten khng trng n c nh hng n tnh cht ca bt nho.
Vi bt nho bnh quy xp ta dng nhiu ng.
Kch thc ca tinh th ng c nh hng n cht lng sn phm . i vi
bt nho quy xp th nn dng ng xay nh .Nu kch thc to c nh hng n
cht lng bnh v ng cn ng li trn mt bnh. Cn vi bt nho dai th tinh
th ng t nh hng do lng ng dng t , nc nhiu hn , nhit cao hn,
tyhi gioan nho nhiu hn.
Nu dng lng ng kh ln m khng c cht bo th bnh thnh phm
cng.
b.Bt m
m bt m thng 13,5-14% . m bt m cao thi lng nc thm vo t ,
m bt m thpth lng nc thm vo nhiu.
Bt c hm lng gluten th m bt nho tng lm thi gian nng bnh ko
di.
Cht lng gluten nh hng n cht lng bt nho . Vi bt nho quy xp
cht lng gluten yu v trung bnh cho bt nho do, khng bi bin dng . Nu
dng gluten c cht lng cao bnh khng xp . Cn vi quy dai nn dung gluten
cht lng yu khng b bin dng khi to hnh.
mn ca bt m cng anh hng n cht lng bt nho . Bt m cng mn
th tc trng n protein ln (N32-N40 ).
c. nh hng ca cht bo :
Cht bo lm cho bt nho thm do v bnh xp .Khi tng lng cht bo th
bt nho s ti, nu t cht bo th bt nho km do, bnh lam ra kem xp.
Cht bo cho vao bt nhos to ra mt mng mng , c tc dng bao trm v
bi trn cc ht bt , do gi c lng khng kh trong bt nho , nh m
bnh xp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

55

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cht bo c nh hng tt hay xu n cht lng bnh cn ph thuc vo
phn tn ca chng trong bt nho.
Cng thc tnh lng nc nho bt

Mn =

- Cng thc tnh lng nc thm vo :

m2
1-Wbh

- m1

Trong :Mn l lng nc cn thm vo.

m1 : tng lng nguyn cho trc
m2 : tng lng cht kh c trong nguyn liu cho trc.
Wbh : m yu cu ca khi bt nho (%)

V d : tnh lng nc nho bt thch hp theo thc n sau:

-

Bt m 100kg 86% cht kh

ng saccaroza 30kg, Bx =99,9%

Trng 5kg ,Bx = 20%

Sa bt 5kg , Bx = 95%

Bt n 0,3kg, Bx = 95%

Gii : Tng lng nguyn liu cho trc : m1 = 140,3kg

Tng lng cht kh :m2 = 122,005kg
m khi bt nho Wbh = 20%

122,005
Lng nc cn thm vo :Mn =

-140,3 =12,206kg

1- 0,20
4.3.1.2. nh hng ca cc yu t vt l ti bt nho
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

56

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a. Nhit
Tu theo tng loi bnh m c nhit nc nho bt khc nhau .
-

Quy dai th nhit nc nho nc m 38-40oC.

Quy xp nc nhit thng 25-30oC.

b. Thi gian nho bt .

Qu trnh nho bt cc nguyn liu chnh , ph phn tn u vo nhau
ng thi khi c gluten , tinh bt ht nc v trng n ln. Do vy thi gian
nho bt phi cc qu trnh trn xy ra.
+ Thi gian ngn qu khng cc nguyn liu phn tn vo nhau .
+ Thi gian di qu c kh nng lm thot kh v ch do thuc n b phn hy sm,
lm gim nng sut thit b nho trn , nh hng n nng sut chung ca nh my.
Thi gian nho bt quy dai khong 25-30 pht gluten trng n ti a to ra
khi bt c n hi cao.
Thi gian nho bt quy xp ngn hn khoang 12-15 pht.
c. nh hng ca cng nho v tc nho
Cng nho :quy xp cng nh .
Quy dai cng ln.
Tc cng ln th nho trn cng nhanh, nhng tc nho bt khng c ln
qu s lm t cc si gluten kh gi m.
4.3.1.3. Thit b nho bt
C nhiu kiu thit b , tu theo nng sut, quy m nh my m ta chn cc thit b
khc nhau : gin on , bn lin tc , lin tc.
Th t nho bt :
ng ho cc nguyn liu ph : ng , trng , b , sa , nc ( cn gi l nh
kem). Sau nho dch ng ho trn vi bt m , v nu ta cho tt c cc nguyn
liu vo cng mt lc th s khng u v b vn cc.Cui cng l thuc n .
Nhit nho : nhit mi trng . Khi ng ho (nh kem) ta c th nng nhit
ln 40oC v cht bo v ng d ho tan.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

57

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lm vic vi thit b :
- Kim tra in , nguyn liu , vt l trong my
- Khi ng my , ch chy n nh vi giy , sau cho ng , nc, trng ,
cht bo , sa mui cht nh ho ( tt c c chun b v nh lng ng
theo cng thc phi liu.), tng tc my ln 70-120 vng/pht trong 6-10 pht
. Ta oc dch ng nht , c bt do kh chui vo , th tch tng ln .Sau gim
tc xung tu theo loi bnh sn xut( quy dai tc nho ln hn quy
xp)ri cho bt nho vo t t .Cui qua trnhta mi cho bt n vo .V khi cho
bt n vo trc s mt i mt phn v tc dng vi axit bo, mt do tc dng
nhit thi gian trn tuy theo loi bnh. Kt thc qu trnh nho bt ta ta c
khi bt nho t yu cu
Cc s c thng gp:
Bt qu nho , qu kh.
Nguyn nhn do phi liu
X l : tnh li thc n phi liu.
Vi khi bt qu nho th ta nn thm tinh bt vo
Vi khi bt qua kh th thm nc vo
Khi bt khng ng nht th iu chnh thi gian v cng nho.
4.3.2.To hnh
Mc ch yu cu
Bin i khi bt nho thnh tng chic bnh mt

bin i c hc

Yu cu : c hnh dng theo th hiu ca ngi tiu dng .

Kch thc bnh phi ph hp bao gi d dng, kch thc va phi
thot kh NH3 trong thuc n khi nng.
m va phi d to hnh .
4.3.2.1.To hnh quy xp
Cu to thit b to hnh tang quay
Nguyn l lm vic
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

58

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng ti bt nho (1) dng ti bt nho vo thng tip liu (2) .Ti y
bt nho c cp xung trc to hnh (3) nh trc tip liu (4).Bnh c ct mt
nh dao gt ngay trc to hnh .Sau bnh c ly ra nh bng ti bnh .
Trn trc to hnh c cc khun hnh , khi cn thit c th thay i khun
bnh .
Cc s c thng gp
S c
Bnh chy x , dnh
khun , hoa vn
khng r rng
Bnh dy v nng
hn khi lng k
thut
Bnh nh khng
ng khi lng k
thut
Bnh khng mn
mt, c ht ng
trn b mt

Bt c qu , dao co khng
xt

Cch khc phc

Rc tinh bt ng trn b
mt bnh cho thm tinh
bt ng vo
Xem li phi liu v
khong cch dao co

C th do truc np liu khng

p st

iu chnh khong cch

hai trc

Bt nh trn khng k,
ng cha tan trit

nh trn ng ch k
thut

Nguyn nhn
Bt nho qu

4.3.2.2.To hnh quy dai

Do bt nho quy dai c tnh n hi cao nn khng th dng thit b to hnh
tang quay c , v thng b bin dng khi tao hnh .Thng dng h thng to
hnh cn, dp khun hoc n p.
Cu to
Quy tc lm vic ca my cn dp .
Khi bt nho c a ln bn cn mng nh i trc , sau khi t c
mng yu cu ta tin hnh dp khun.
My dp khun hot ng nh c cu chuyn ng hn gi .Khi khun bnh
dp xung th bng chuyn ngng hot ng to hnh cho bnh , sau khun
bnh nhc ln th bng ti li tin v pha trc .Cn bng tai li b bnh ln mt
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

59

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bng ti khc n cng on nng . S ba via (u tha ) cn li c a qua b
phn cn li.
Phng php to hnh bng h thng cn v dp khun th t l bnh / bt thp
75-80% (nhiu ba via) .Thi gian to hnh di.
c. To hnh bnh bng lan (cake)
4.3.2.3. Nng bnh .
a. Mc ch yu cu :
Bin bnh sng thnh bnh chn .y l giai on chnh trong qu trnh sn xut
bnh ,nh hng trc tip n cht lng thnh phm .Do vy c cc yu cu sau :
Bnh chn u , xp , khng gi cht kh , t l bnh nt , b , b chy , sng thp .
Nng bnh c tin hnh trong cc l nng .Nhit truyn t b mt t
nng v t hn hp hi khng kh ca bung nng n bnh .
b. s bin i ca bnh trong khi nng.
Qu trnh nng bnh chia lm ba giai on ng vi ba ch nhit trong l
nng
Giai don 1 : giai on lm chn bnh .c trng cho giai on ny l tc bc
hi khng n nh .
Nhit d l nng 2000C
Nhit trn b mt ca bnh 100-1500C .Nhit trong rut bnh tng dn ln
ti 75-800C
giai on ny nhit khuyc tn dn t b mt bnh vo rut bnh .
Qu trnh ny xy ra : - Tinh bt trong bnh c h ha v chn
-Protein b bin tnh v chn
Bnh c chn , thuc n b phn hy trit , gii phng cht kh , tng cng
xp ca bnh . Th tch tng ln . Qu trnh chn cn c thi gian nht nh do vy giai
on 1 thi gian ko di 1,5 2 pht .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

60

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong sn xut cn ch : Nhit vng 1 khng dc cao qu 2000C .nu nhit
cao qu lp v s hnh thnh sm , do vy ngn chn nhit khuch tn vo trong bnh v
dng m t trong bnh khng ra c ,lm cho bnh b sng v nt .
Giai on 2 : Giai on nng bnh . c trung tc bc hi c nh .
Nhit l nng 250- 260 0C nhit b mt bnh ln 175 -180 0C nhit rut bnh ln
ti 120 -1300C . y xy ra qu trnh nng bnh .
- Tinh bt b dextrin ha hnh thnh v bnh .Chng tr nn giai hn lp bn
trong .
- ng b caramen ha to ra mu vng cho v v hng thm c trng cho
caramen .
- Xy ra phn ng mlanoidin gia axit amin v ng kh , to mi thm .Bnh
tip tc bay hi nc lm cho bnh kh hn , dn hn .
Ch : Giai on ny nhit l nng khng qu cao ,lm cho bnh chy sm
mu do m tng i gim xung .
Thi gian : 4 -5 pht .
Giai on 3 : Giai on lm kh bnh . Tc bc hi tt xung v tr nn c
nh .
Nhit l nng h xung 180 1900 C
Hm m .
Giai on ny xy ra qu trnh bc hi nc lam cho m ca bnh xung thp
lm cho bnh kh gin = 3 -4 % .
Thi gian khong 4 -5 pht .
Cn ch nhit bung nng phi c iu chnh chnh xc , c nh vy mi
m bo cht lng bnh khi nng .
Do nhu cu nh vy nn c nhiu loi l nng .
4.3.3.1. cu to v lm vic ca mt vi l nng .
C rt nhiu l nng bnh : Th cng , t bng than ,gas . in ..
a. L nng gin on
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

61

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bnh c t trong cc khay v a vo l nng ( nh l nng bnh m iu ny
phi ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi thao tc .
+ Nng sut thp ,ch iu chnh kh khn .
+ u im n gin .
b. L nng lin tc t bng than, gas
Cu to : l c ch to t cc vt liu chu nhit ,di, chia lm hai ngn , ngn
di khng kh nng , ngn trn bng ti bnh . Nhit iu chnh bng cc khe thot nhit
u : Nng sut cao , nhng do t bng than ,gas , nn nhit trong cc vng
khng chnh xc .Hiu sut 90 % .
c.L nng lin tc t bng in .
t cc dy in tr trong bung t . Nhit c iu chnh rt chnh xc nh cc role
nhit . Cht lng m bo .
d..L nng bng n hng ngoi .
4.3.2.4. Lm ngui - Hon thin.
a. Lm ngui :
Mc ch : Nhm gim nhit v trnh1 hin tng ng sng trn b mt
bnh .
Bnh sau khi ra khi l c lm ngui bng cch qut trc tip khng kh vo
bnh . Nhit bnh gim dn v m bay hi trit hn .
b. phun hng : Mc ch tng gi tr cm quan cho bnh .
Cho bnh i vo bung kh , phun hng liu vo .Bnh c hng thm .
4.3.2.5. La chn - bao gi
a. Chn la:
Mc ch : loi i cc bnh khng t yu cu : gy ,chy , sng .
Thng dng phng php th cng l chnh .
b. Bao gi:
Mc ch : ngn khng cho bnh ht m , khng gy vn trong qu trnh lu thng .m
bo tnh thm m cho bnh .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

62

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tin hnh : bnh trc khi cho vo kho hoc lu thng trn th trng c xp
vo 4 loi bao b .
Mc ch ca tng loi bao gi nh sau :
- Bnh c xp vo cc khay nha xp , trnh b gy ,b , to cho hp bnh
vung vc ,sc cnh .
- Trnh b ht m ngi ta s dng bao b polyete.
- To v thm m cho bnh ngi ta dng loi bao b bng xenlulo , c th
trang tr v in cc thng tin cn thit trn .
- khng nt v v d dng trong qu trnh vn chuyn ngi ta c th cho vo
hp bng cac tng 3 lp .
My ng gi .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

63

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 5. KIM TRA V KIM SOT TRONG CNG NGH SN XUT
BNH, KO
5.1. Kim tra cht lng nguyn liu
5.1.1. Xc nh m
1. Nguyn tc:
Sy nhit 1050C v cn n khi lng khng i..
2. Tin hnh:
Cn khong 5g mu chnh xc n 0,0001g vo chn sy c sy n khi
lng khng i v bit trc khi lng. em sy trong t nhit 105 0C trong 1
gi, ly ra lm ngui trong bnh ht m 30 pht v cn. Lp li qu trnh sy nh trn
cho n khi khi lng khng i (mu c coi l khng i khi chnh lch gia hai
ln cn lin tip nh hn 0,0005g). Thi gian sy mi ln tip theo l 30 pht.
3.Kt qu:
m tnh bng % theo cng thc sau:
X1

m1 - m 2
.100 (%
m

)
Trong :
- m1 l khi lng mu v chn sy trc khi sy, tnh bng g.
- m2 l khi lng mu v chn sy sau khi sy, tnh bng g.
- m l khi lng mu, tnh bng g.
5.1.2 Xc nh chua ca bt m
1.Nguyn tc:
Trung ha lng axit c trong mu bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N vi ch th
phenolphthalein (PP ) 1%
5.2.3.Tin hnh:
Cn 5g bt, chnh xc n 0,01g cho vo bnh tam gic 150ml, thm vo 50ml
nc ct trung tnh, lc u tan ht bt. Dng bnh tia ra nhng ht bt dnh trn
thnh bnh. Thm vo 5 git PP 1% v em chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N n
khi xut hin mu hng, bn sau 30 giy th dng li. Ghi th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N
tiu tn.
5.2.4.Kt qu:
chua tnh bng theo cng thc sau:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

64

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong :

X2

V .100
.K ( 0 )
m.10

- V l th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N tiu tn khi chun , tnh bng ml
- m l khi lng mu th, tnh bng g.
- 10 l h s chuyn i t NaOH 0,1N sang NaOH 1N
- K l h s hiu chnh nng dung dch NaOH 0,1N.
+ Chnh lch gia 2 ln xc nh song song nh hn 0,10.
+ Kt qu l trung bnh cng gia 2 kt qu xc nh song song chnh xc n 0,10.
5.1.3. Xc nh hm lng v cht lng gluten t ca bt m
1. Nguyn tc:
Da vo tnh khng tan trong nc ca gluten, to khi bt nho t bt m, ra
tri tinh bt, p nc xc nh hm lng gluten t.
5.3.2.Tin hnh:
Xc nh hm lng gluten t:
To khi bt nho
Cn 25g bt, chnh xc n 0,01g cho vo chn s c sn 5-10ml nc, dng a thy
tinh trn u cho n khi thnh khi bt ng nht ( cho lng nc va trnh
hin tng bt nho hoc kh). Dng dao vt bt dnh trn a v chn. Nn khi bt
thnh hnh cu cho vo chn v y bng tm knh. yn 20 pht nhit phng.
Ra thu Gluten c 2 cch:
+ Cch 1: Ra trc tip di vi nc
Cho cc bt chun b trn vo lng tay tri, nm cc ngn tay li v a vo
vi nc my. ng thi dng tay phi iiu chnh dng nc chy nh vi tc 1 lt
nc trong 5 pht. trnh mt gluten phi t pha di tay tri mt ci ry. Tip tc
ra di dng nc nh cho n khi gluten tr thnh mt khi dnh n hi th tng tc
dng nc ln. Gi tc cho n khi gluten sch ht tinh bt.
+ Cch 2: Ra trong chu nc
t 2 -3 lt nc vo chu va ngm va tch tinh bt, tin hnh ra lin tc.
Trc khi thay nc phi nc ra c qua ry gi li gluten.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

65

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* xc nh qu trnh ra gluten xong, s dng 2 bin php kim
tra.
+ Bin php 1: Th bng I2
Cho vo nc vt t gluten 1-2 git I2. Nu dung dch khng c mu xanh ra
ht tinh bt
+ Bin php 2: Th bng nc
Nh t 2-3 git nc vt t gluten vo 1 cc nc trong, thy nc khng c l
ra xong.
p nc
Khi ra xong dng tay vt kit nc trong gluten, p gluten gia lng bn tay, thnh
thong thm tay bng khn kh. Cn gluten p kh vi chnh xc 0,01g.
Xc nh cht lng gluten t:
Mu sc: Nhn xt mu sc gluten trc khi cn
Xc nh cng:
Cn 4g gluten. V thnh hnh cu ri ngm trong chu nc c nhit 16 -200C
trong 15 pht. Sau dng tay ko di khi gluten trn thc chia mm cho ti khi t,
tnh chiu di t lc t. thi gian ko 10 giy. Khi ko khng c xon si gluten.
cng c biu th nh sau:
+ cng ngn < 10cm
+ cng trung bnh 10 20cm
+ cng di > 20cm
Xc nh n hi:
Dng lng gluten cn li sau khi xc nh cng. Dng tay ko di ming
gluten trn thc khong 2cm ri bung tay ra hoc dng ngn tay tr v ngn tay ci
bp ming gluten ri bung ra.
Theo mc v vn tc phc hi chiu di v hnh dng ming gluten, nhn nh
n hi ca n theo cc mc sau:
- Gluten n hi tt: Gluten c kh nng phc hi hon ton chiu di v hnh dng ban
u.
- Gluten n hi km: Gluten hon ton khng tr li trng thi ban u sau khi ko hay
nn.
- Gluten n hi trung bnh: Gluten c nhng c tnh gia hai loi tt v km.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

66

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.3.3.Kt qu:
Xc nh hm lng gluten t:
Hm lng gluten t tnh bng % theo cng thc sau:
X3

m1
.100 (%)
m.

Trong :
- m1 l l khi lng gluten t, tnh bng g
- m l khi lng mu th, tnh bng g.
Kt qu l trung bnh cng ca 2 kt qu xc nh song song tnh chnh xc n
0,1%
Chnh lch gia 2 kt qu xc nh song song nh hn 0,3%
Xc nh cht lng gluten t:
- Gluten tt: Gluten c n hi tt, cng trung bnh
- Gluten trung bnh: Gluten c n hi tt, cng ngn hoc n
hi trung bnh, cng trung bnh.
-

Gluten km: Gluten c n hi km, b vng t khi cng.

5.1.4. Xc nh hm lng tro

1.Nguyn tc :
Nung chy hon ton cc cht hu c c trong mu 550-6000C. Phn cn li em
cn v tnh ra % tro c trong bnh.
2.Tin hnh
Cn 3g mu chnh xc n 0,0001g, cho vo chn nung bit trc khi lng.
Than ho mu trn bp in thng thng, sau cho chn vo l nung. Nung 6000C
trong 3 gi. Ly ra ngui trong bnh ht m ri mang cn. Tip tc nh trn cho n
khi khi lng khng i (khi lng mu c coi l khng i khi chnh lch gia
hai ln cn k tip nh hn 0,0005g)
3.Kt qu :
Hm lng tro X2 (%) c tnh theo cng thc
X2

m 2 - m1
.100 (%)
m

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

67

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong :
- m1 : khi lng chn nung tnh bng g.
- m2 : khi lng chn + mu sau khi nung, tnh bng g.
- m : khi lng mu th, tnh bng g.
5.2. Kim tra cht lng ko
5.2.1. Xc nh m (ging phn nguyn liu)
5.2.2. Xc nh hm lng ng kh
1.Nguyn tc:
ng kh c kh nng kh lm mt mu xanh metyl. V vy, c th dng xanh
metyl lm cht ch th cho phn ng oxy ho ng kh bng Fehling. Cho vi git
metyl xanh vo dung dch Fehling v un si ri nh tng git ng kh vo. u tin
ng kh s kh ng ca Fehling, mu ca metyl xanh khng i. Khi tt c ng
ca Fehling b kh ht th ng s kh metyl xanh lm cho n mt mu. l du
hiu kt thc qu trnh nh phn. Yu cu tin hnh nh phn nhanh v lun gi trng
thi si n nh.
2.Tin hnh :
a. Lm mu chnh:
Cn 0,4g ko nghin nh cho vo bnh tam gic 100ml. Thm 10ml Fehling A, 10
ml Fehling B, 20ml nc ct. un si dung dch trong bnh tam gic 1 pht, cho thm
3-5 git metyl xanh, lun tay lc bnh tam gic, ng thi un si. Chun nng dung
dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh 1% cho n khi mt mu xanh th
dng li. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.
b. Lm mu trng:
Dng buret cho 8-9ml dung dch ng kh 1%, vo bnh tam gic 100ml, thm
10ml Fehling A, 10ml Fehling B, 10ml nc ct. un si 1 pht, cho thm 3-5 git
metyl xanh, lun tay lc bnh tam gic, ng thi un cho si. Tip tc chun nng
dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh 1% cho n khi mt mu
xanh th dng li. Thm vi git metyl xanh, nu mu dung dch trong bnh tam gic
khng i l phn ng kt thc. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.
3.Kt qu:
Hm lng ng kh ca ko tnh bng % theo cng thc sau:
%RS

0,01(V V1 )100
m

Trong :
(%)
- V1 l th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn trong mu chnh, tnh bng ml.
- V l th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn trong mu trng, tnh bng ml.
- m l khi lng ko, tnh bng g.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

68

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.2.3. Xc nh hm lng axit
1.Nguyn tc:
Dng dung dch NaOH 0,1N trung ho lng axit c trong mu ko vi ch th
phenolphtalein 1%.
2.Tin hnh:
Cn t 20g mu ko( nghin nh ) chnh xc 0,001g vo cc thu tinh 250ml,
thm 100ml nc ct nng (600 700C), dng a thu tinh khuy cho tan mu. Rt
dung dch trn vo bnh nh mc 250ml, dng nc ct trng ra cc chuyn ton
b dung dch vo bnh nh mc, thm nc ct gn n vch. ngui n nhit
phng ri thm nc ct n vch nh mc, lc u. em lc dung dch ny qua bng
vo bnh tam gic kh sch, trng b phn dung dch lc u.
Ly chnh xc 25ml dung dch sau lc (nu dung dch m mu c th ly th tch
dch t hn cho d nhn mu) vo bnh tam gic 250ml, cho thm 100ml nc ct v 2-4
git ch th P.P 1%. Chun dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch NaOH
0,1N cho n mu hng nht, bn sau 30 giy th dng li. Ghi th tch dung dch
NaOH tiu tn.
3.Kt qu:
Hm lng acid tnh bng % theo cng thc
X

N.M.V1.V2
.100 (%
m.V.1000

)
Trong :
- N : nng ng lng dung dch NaOH.
- M :ng lng gam ca acid tng ng, tnh bng g.
Vi axit xitric : M = 64
- V1 : dung tch bnh nh mc, tnh bng ml
- V2 : th tch dung dch NaOH tiu tn trong chun , tnh bng ml.
- V : th tch dung dch lc ly chun , tnh bng ml.
- m : khi lng mu th, tnh bng g.
5.3. Kim tra cht lng bnh
5.3.1. Xc nh m (ging phn nguyn liu)
5.3.2. Xc nh kim
1.Nguyn tc:
Trung ho lng kim c trong mu bnh bng dung dch HCl 0,1N vi ch th
metyl da cam 0,1% (M.O).
2.Tin hnh:
Cn 5g mu, chnh xc n 0,0001g cho vo bnh tam gic, thm vo 50ml nc
ct, yn 30 pht, thnh thong li lc u. Sau lc sang bnh tam gic kh, sch
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

69

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------khc. Ra giy lc nhiu ln v thu ton b nc ra xung bnh tam gic. Thm t 1-3
git M.O 0,1% v chun bng dung dch HCl 0,1N n mu cam th dng li v
ghi th tch dung dch HCl 0,1N tiu tn.
3.Tnh kt qu:
kim ca bnh c tnh theo cng thc :
X3
0

N.V.100
m.10

) ng lng dung dch HCl

Trong : - N : nng(
- V : th tch dung dch HCl tiu tn, tnh bng ml.
- m : khi lng mu, tnh bng g.
5.3.3. Xc nh hm lng ng ton phn
1.Nguyn tc :
*Xc nh hm lng ng ton phn bng phng php Bectran. Lng ng
ton phn gm saccaroza v cc loi ng khc (lactoza, maltoza, glucoza, ) ca
ko sau khi thu phn 700C trong 5 pht.
*Phng php Bectran da trn c s l trong mi trng kim cc ng kh
(glucoza, fructoza, ) c th d dng kh ng II thnh ng I di dng kt ta mu
, qua tnh c lng ng kh.
nh lng ng kh, thng dng thuc th Fehling l hn hp theo t l 1 : 1
ca dung dch ng sunfat cn gi l Fehling A v dung dch kim ca mui secnhet
(mui tactrat kp kali-natri) cn gi l Fehling B.
Khi trn dung dch F.A v F.B th xy ra phn ng theo hai giai on.
+Giai on 1: To thnh Cu(OH)2 kt ta.
CuSO4 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
+Giai on 2: Cu(OH)2 tc dng vi mui secnhet to thnh mui phc ho tan v
dung dch c mu xanh thm.
HO CH - COONa
Cu(OH)2 +

HO CH - COOK

O CH COONa
Cu

+ 2H2O

O CH - COOK

Mui phc ny l mt hp cht khng bn, v th cc ng kh d dng kh oxit

ng II thnh oxit ng I to ra kt ta oxit ng I mu v bn thn ng b oxiha
khi dung dch ng tc dng vi dung dch Fehling.
CHO

O CH COONa

(CHOH)2 + 2Cu
CH2OH

COOH

HO CH - COONa

+ 2H2O = (CHOH)4 + Cu2O +

O CH COOK

CH2OH

HO CH - COOK

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

70

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ nh lng Cu2O, tin hnh qua hai bc:
a.Bc 1: Oxi ho Cu2O bng sunfat st III trong mi trng axit sunfuric.
Cu2O + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2SO4 = 2CuSO4 + 2FeSO4 + H2O
b.Bc 2: nh lng Fe2+ bng cch oxi ha n nh dung dch KMnO4 trong mi
trng axit.
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 = 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
T lng KMnO4 tiu tn trong nh phn, tnh c lng Cu2O v t tnh
hm lng ng trong dung dch bng cch tra bng t l gia ng v KMnO 4
0,1N.
2.Tin hnh :
*Chun b dung dch mu th
Cn mt lng mu th trn cn phn tch sao cho trong 100ml dung dch mu th
phi c khong 0,5g ng kh. Ho tan lng cn mu th bng 100ml nc ct 60
700C, nu mu khng tan ht th un thm trong ni nc 60 700C. Dng nc ct
trng ra v chuyn ton b dung dch th vo bnh nh mc 250ml (ton b lng
nc trong bnh khong 150ml). dung dch ngui n nhit phng. kt ta
loi b nhng cht khng phi l ng, thm vo bnh 10ml dung dch ZnSO4 1N nu
lng cn mu di 5g v 15ml nu lng cn mu trn 5g, lc u. Cho tip 1 th tch
dung dch NaOH 1N ng bng th tch dung dch NaOH 1N dng trung ho th
tch dung dch ZnSO4 1N nh trn vi ch th P.P 1% trong mt th nghim ring bit.
Lc u dung dch trong bnh v thm nc ct n vch, lc u. yn 10 pht ri
em lc qua giy lc kh, sch. Phn dung dch u trng ra bnh v b i. Dung dch
sau lc c gi l dung dch I.
*Thu phn dung dch th
Ly chnh xc 50ml dung dch (I) vo bnh nh mc 250ml, thm 50ml nc ct,
7ml HCl m c (d = 1,19). Cm nhit k vo bnh v un trong ni cch thy, gi
nhit ca dung dch trong bnh l 700C trong 5 pht. Ly bnh ra lm ngui nhanh
di vi nc. Trung ho dung dch trong bnh nh mc bng dung dch NaOH 20%
vi ch th P.P 1% n khi dung dch c mu hng bn sau 30 giy. Thm nc ct n
vch, lc u. Dung dch ny gi l dung dch (II).
*Bc 3: Xc nh hm lng ng
Ly chnh xc 25ml Fehling A, 25ml Fehling B vo bnh tam gic 250ml. thm 25ml
dung dch II, lc u. t bnh tam gic ln bp in v un si 3 pht k t lc bt u
si. Ly ra lng kt ta. Dung dch bn trn ca ng oxit phi c mu xanh, nu
khng phi lm li vi dung dch II t hn. Khi kt ta ng oxit lng xung, lc gn
phn nc trn kt ta vo phu lc G4 (lc ht chn khng). Cho nc ct un si
vo bnh tam gic v tip tc lc gn cho n khi nc trong bnh ht kim tnh. Trong
khi lc lun gi mt lp nc trn kt ta trnh ng oxit tip xc vi khng kh.
Cui cng cho vo bnh tam gic khong 20ml dung dch st III sunfat ho tan kt
ta ng oxit. Thay bnh ht lc mi, cho chy bm ht chn khng. 20ml dung
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

71

Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------dch st III sunfat vo phu lc G4, dng a thy tinh khuy nh cho tan ht kt ta,
ht lc. dung dch t bnh tam gic sang phu. Trng bnh tam gic v phu vi ln
bng nc ct un si ri ln phu. Tt c u ht lc xung bnh. Ly bnh ht
lc ra ri chuyn ton b dung dch trong bnh ht lc sang bnh tam gic 1000ml.
Chun ngay dung dch trong bnh tam gic 1000ml bng dung dch kalipemanganat
0,1N cho ti khi dung dch trong bnh chuyn sang mu pht hng th dng li. Ghi th
tch dung dch KMnO4 0,1N tiu tn.
3.Kt qu :
Hm lng ng ton phn tnh bng % theo cng thc:
X4

V1.V2 .m1.100
(%)
V3 .V4 .m .1000

Trong :
- m1 : khi lng ng nghch chuyn tra trong ph lc 10, tnh bng mg.
- V1 : th tch dung dch ho tan lng mu cn (dd I), tnh bng ml.
- V2 : th tch pha long dung dch sau khi nghch chuyn (dd II), tnh bng ml
- V3 : th tch dung dch (I) ly thy phn, tnh bng ml.
- V4 : th tch dung dch (II) ly xc nh hm lng ng, tnh bng ml
- m : khi lng mu, tnh bng g.
Chnh lch kt qu gia 2 ln xc nh song song khng ln hn 0,5%.
Kt qu l trung bnh ton hc gia hai ln xc nh song song, tnh chnh xc n 0,1%.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

72