Spazio personale di mario aperto a tutti 24 ore su we must share our Knowledge Condividere

gratifica
Skip to content
Home
Info
Samuel Beckett!aiting for "odot
#$%&'( I) &H% *+s,4+s -(./) 0/'./IS &H$0/S 1
"%$'"% $'!%.. -(S&$#I/) )$2%. ,3454 6 /)I0/. 7/'0
#osted on 3+ /pril 2+33 89 rosariomario
&H% -(S&$#I/) )$2%.
In the 34*+s some novelists write a new kind of novel the /nti,:topian or -9stopian )ovel;
/mong them we can mention /ldous Hu<le9 with his Brave )ew !orld= "eorge $rwell with his
3454 and the 'ussian >am9antin with his novel !e;
-9stopian )ovels are usuall9 set in the future? the9 warn man to change his attitude to societ9; /
-9stopia is the opposite of a :topia while a :topia is a dream of a 8etter future= a dream of a land
of peace and 8rotherhood= in contrast to the corruption and t9rann9 of the contemporar9 political
situation= a -9stopia is the dream of a future societ9 which turns into the nightmare of a worse
world than the present one;
:topia is a term coined 89 &homas 0ore? it ma9 have a dou8le meaning according to the "reek
derivation ou,topos= a )owhere .and= or eu,topos= a 8etter world;
&he earl9 :topia e<pressed the mood of self,confidence and hope of post, medieval men? the
societ9 it e<pressed was not at the end of its c9cle as in the -9stopia= 8ut at its 8eginning and
corresponds to the deepest longing of man;
&he :topian tradition in the field of fiction is @uite old and traces 8ack to #latoAs 'epu8lic;
/fter 0oreAs :topia B3C3DE= a series of novels= which after their model were la8elled as :topian=
are written;
!e ma9 sa9 that ever9 centur9 has got its utopian works; In &he )ew /tlantis B3D2DE 7rancis Bacon
descri8es a societ9 which has the full control of nature;
&here are inventions suggesting the future development of airplanes= su8marines= telephones and
other fantastic improvements;
"ulliverAs &ravels B3F2DE 89 Gonathan Swift descri8es in the 4th Book a land ruled in peace 89
intelligent horses;
%rewhon B35F2E= an anagram of nowhere= 89 Samuel Butler deals with a 9oung traveller who
discovers a land which has ver9 different ideals from the ones of %nglish 2ictorian societ9;
/s far as the 2+th centur9 :topia = it can 8e considered &echnological :topia and it is also called
Science 7iction )ovel ; /mong them we can @uote &he &ime 0achine B354CE 89 Her8ert "eorge
!ells; It introduces a technological means of travel through time and treats the theme of
confrontation with the alien= of the last man on the earth after the death of the world;
"%$'"% $'!%..B34+*,34C+E
.I7% "eorge $rwell was the pen,name Bpseudon9mE of %ric /rthur Blair; &he surname derived
from the 8eautiful river $rwell in %ast /nglia; "eorge declared that he had adopted it in 34**
8ecause he wanted to s9m8olize a profound shift in his life,st9le when he 8ecame a literar9 and
political re8el reHecting imperialism and going to live with the poor and the outcast people of #aris
and .ondon;
He was 8orn in Bengal in 34+*= the son of a minor official in the Indian Colonial /dministration;
He was 8rought up in an atmosphere of impoverished sno88er9 which he descri8ed with the words
.andless "entr9 to refer to people whose pretension was to 8elong to a higher social status which
had little relation to their income;
In 3433 he was sent to a school to Britain; Since his parents couldnAt pa9 the fees at a pu8lic
school= he was o8liged to stud9 hard to win two scholarships availa8le to intellectuall9 promising
8o9s to two %nglish leading schools; He chose %ton and sta9ed there from 343F to 3423; /t %aton
he had among his teachers /ldous Hu<le9= who had an enormous influence on him BHu<le9 was the
author of a famous d9stopian novel= Brave )ew !orld= a work of futuristic science fiction and an
attack against the scientific utopias of a technological and technocratic societ9 which has man9
points of contacts with $rwellAs 3454E;
$rwell was not happ9 at school 8oth 8ecause he was the poorest of the other schoolmates; /s a
conse@uence= he isolated from them seeking contact with the poor; Because of the unfair
punishments and 8eatings which he was often su8Hected to $rwell developed a hatred for 8rutalit9=
repression and t9rann9;
!hen he left %aton= $rwell refused to go on stud9ing at the :niversit9 and decided to return to
India and to enrol in the imperial #olice; He got soon dissatisfied with his Ho8s and after five 9ears
he resigned and went 8ack to %ngland again; He lived for some time in #aris= doing man9 Ho8s and
sleeping in pu8lic dormitories for the homeless or in slums; B9 that time he was ac@uainted with
radical political theories and em8raced anarchism; In 34*F he went to Spain as a reporter of the civil
war 8ut later he Hoined the 'epu8lican Brigade fighting against the 7ascists; &he anarchist group he
8elonged to was attacked 89 the Communists and $rwell was seriousl9 wounded; In fear of his life=
he was forced to flee from Spain; &his episode gave him a life long dread of communism and
totalitarianism;
He died of tu8erculosis in a .ondon Hospital in Ganuar9= 34C+;
!$'KS $rwellAs 8est novels are /nimal 7arm and 3454;&he9 8oth deal with politics and aim at
demonstrating the uselessness of an9 revolution;
!e have to mention some other works which are important to understand the development of his
thought and formation; &he most important among them are -own and out in #aris and .ondon and
Homage to Catalonia; In the former he reported his e<perience in #aris and .ondon after leaving the
Imperial #olice while in the latter he descri8ed his Spanish e<perience= showing that the Spanish
'epu8lic fighting against one kind of totalitarianism= fell more and more under the control of
another;
7%/&:'%S &o understand $rwellAs works we have to consider his political ideas; $rwellAs
political formation was influenced 89 three main factors his school 9ears= his decision to resign
from the Imperial #olice and his e<perience in Spain;
/t school he 8egan to 8e aware of the differences among the social classes? he was the poorest
among his schoolmates and 8egan to identif9 himself with the working class and to develop hatred
towards an9 form of authoritarianism; He was against imperialism and this led him to leave the
Imperial #olice? he wrote on the matter II gave up m9 Ho8 J mainl9 8ecause I would an9 longer 8e
a servant of Imperialism 8ecause I know something a8out it from the insideI; &hen he went to live
with the poor and the outcast and em8raced anarchism; /fter the alread9 mentioned episode in
Spain he developed a life long dread of communism and moved closer to socialism; In Spain his
illusion of the unit9 of the left,wing collapsed 8ecause he discovered that= although the left,wing
factions were supposed to 8e united in the war against fascism= there was a rivalr9 8etween them; In
8rief= we ma9 consider $rwell as a social democrat with leftist s9mpathies; He was against all sorts
of dictatorship 8oth coming from the left and from the right even if in his main works he stressed
the 8etra9al of the socialist principles he 8elieved in 89 'ussian Communism;
&he role of the /rtist /rt is an instrument to achieve democrac9 and freedom; &he artistAs task is to
aim at the remaking of the societ9; He has to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose
togetherBShelle9=/udenE;
&o make people think a8out it he chose two literar9 genres the negative utopia in 3454 and the
political satire in /nimal 7arm;
$rwellAs message as %ric 7romm wrote in an issue on 3454 it wanted to 8e K an e<pression of a
mood and a warning;&he mood is of near despair a8out the future of man and the warning is that
unless the course of histor9 changes= men all over the world will lose their most human @ualities
and will 8ecome soulless automatonsI;
I0#$'&/)C% $7 &H% ./)":/"% $rwell gave great importance to the language 8ecause he
8elieved that the @ualit9 of the language suggests the @ualit9 of the societ9 that used it; In one of his
essa9s= #olitics and the %nglish .anguage= he attacked the wa9 in which the writers used the
language the9 tended to 8e vague and to avoid what was concrete in favour of a8stractions;
/ccording to him the language had to 8e an actual instrument of information and communication;
&hings had to 8e descri8ed as the9 reall9 were= without 8eing influenced 89 traditions or
conventions BGo9ceE using a simple= clear and direct language; &he importance of the language is
stressed out in his novels and it 8ecomes in them= in negative= a political instrument of control of the
truth? controlling the language= 8oth the #igs in /nimal 7arm and &he #art9 in 3454 not onl9
control the citizensA thought 8ut also destro9 them;
&H% C$)&'$. $7 &H% &':&H the description of the nature of truth is an important aspect in
$rwell; &he 8asic @uestion which $rwell raises is whether there is such thing as &ruth; He thinks
that the truth does not e<ist or 8etter it ma9 e<ist in the human mind? 8ut the human mind can 8e
controlled and guided the9 who control menAs mind decide what is true and what it isnAt according
to their needs;In 3454 $ABrian Bthe torturerE sa9s to !instonBthe main characterEKI tell 9ou
!inston= that realit9 is not e<ternal; 'ealit9 e<ists in the human mind= and nowhere else; )ot in the
individual mind= which can make mistakes= and in an9 case soon perishes onl9 in the mind of the
part9= which is collective and immortal; !hatever the part9 holds to 8e truth= is truth; It is
impossi8le to see realit9 e<cept 89 looking through the e9es of the #art9I; In /nimal 7arm and in
3454 the recurrent use of slogans helps the ruling class to control the citizensA mind; &he voca8ular9
is continuall9 reduced of words 8ecause if there are no words to e<press an idea there is no idea at
all;
&H% -$:B.%&HI)K this new term was introduced 89 $rwell in 3454? Iit is the power of
holding two contradictor9 8eliefs in oneAs mind simultaneousl9 and accepting 8oth of them as truthK
according to the StateAs need; It helps the totalitarian State to control the thoughts of its citizens
through the manipulation of the mind the IpersonaK is no longer sa9ing the opposite of what he
thinks= 8ut he reall9 thinks the opposite of what is true? so white is 8lack= slaver9 is freedom= war is
peace= ignorance is strength and two and two is five;/s far as !inston Smith=the main character of
3454= he was a8le to work at the 0inistr9 of &ruth rewriting histor9 8ooks= and then 8elieving in the
new histor9 which he himself had written;
3454
&his d9stopian novel is set in Britain 4+ 9ears in the future; &he original title should have 8een &he
.ast 0an in %urope 8ut $rwell decided to give his novel a futuristic @ualit9 and chose to turn inside
out the last two num8ers of the 9ear he had written it= that is 3445= into 3454;
$rwell imagines that in 3454 the world is divided into three great powers $ceania= %astasia and
%urasia? the9 are alwa9s at war;Societ9 is divided into three classesmem8ers of the inner
part9=mem8ers of the outer part9 and the LproletsA;Britain is ruled as a totalitarian state which
com8ines elements 8elonging to 8oth fascism and communism; &he ruler is known as Big Brother
and huge photographs of him dominate ever9 pu8lic space with the warning IBig Brother is
watching 9ouK Bwe can find something like that in ever9 dictatorship= 8oth leftist and rightist the
cult of personalit9 was t9pical in )azism= 7ascism= Communism and is still t9pical in nowada9s
dictatorships; Huge posters of Hitler= Stalin= 0ussolini= Saddam Hussein and so on dominated their
countriesE; Big BrotherAs e9es seemed to follow the passers,89 as the9 moved; %ven if his face had
got traits of 8oth Hitler and Stalin= his description fitted more to Stalin than to Hitler IJthe face of
a man of a8out 4C= with a heav9 moustache;K His name= too= suggests it 8ecause %nglish
newspapers called Stalin Brother Goe and the 'ussians referred to him as .ittle 7ather;/ctuall9
no8od9 meets him and that makes him more threatening he is the s9m8ol of 8oth power and
authoritarianism;
&he citizens are alwa9s spied on and there is no privac9 at home= too;&here are no shutters at the
windows and the #atrol #olice can sp9 inside through helicopters ; &here is a telescreen in ever9
house which canAt 8e switched off and through which the &hought #olice can plug,in at all times of
the da9; &he children are an e<tension of the &hought #olice? the9 are educated 89 the #art9 to
control their parents and to denounce them if the9 do some actions or even speak against the #art9;
&he thought #olice is the most feared 8ranch of the police BM the "estapoE and had the task to
punish the adversaries of the S9stem; &he most important 0inistries are &he 0inistr9 of &ruth and
&he 0inistr9 of .ove;
&H% #'$&/"$)IS& of the novel= !inston Smith= works at the 0inistr9 of &ruth and his Ho8 is to
rewrite histor9 8ooks changing continuall9 the events to fit them with the current polic9 of the
#art9K!ho controls the past controls the future who controls the present controls the pastI; He is
*4= divorced and lives alone; He is not satisfied with the 'egime and violates some important rules
such as to keep a secret diar9= which is considered a thought crime= or to make love in secret with
Gulia= which is considered diso8edience to the #art9As laws; !hen discovered= he is 8rainwashed
and tortured and eventuall9 he denounces Gulia; &he #art9 wants to LcureA and redeem him; His
crime is not to hate Big Brother=8ut to love Gulia and to meet her in secret without the consent of the
0inistr9 of .ove;&he9 make him confess his crimes in a t9pical 'ussian show,trial and give him
8ack the previous Ho8; &he result of the treatment is that !inston 8ecomes a new man? he 8ecomes
one of the 0asses who thinks that ever9thing is right= that Big Brother is right and that he has to
love him; /s far as his name= it pro8a8l9 derives from a com8ination 8etween the name of
Churchill= the winner of the 2nd !orld war= and Smith= which is the most common surname in
Britain;
&H% C$,#'$&/"$)IS& is Gulia; She works at the 0inistr9 of .ove and her Ho8 is to write porno
8ooks for the LproletsA; &he 0inistr9 of love controls procreation? love has nothing to do with
feelings and passion and it is onl9 allowed to plan the 8irths 8ecause the State is alwa9s at war and
needs more population= more soldiers; .ove as a feeling is prohi8ited and considered dangerous for
the #art9 8ecause it creates a world for the individual outside the #art9 control; It is allowed to the
#rolets as se<ual relationship 8ecause se<ual privation produces h9steria which can 8e turned into
aggressiveness against the State; Gulia shares !instonAs same destin9 and after 8eing 8rain,washed
she= too= reHects !inston and denounces him;
$ne of the most important campaign aims at the a8olition of orgasm I!e shall a8olish the
orgasm$ur neurologists are at work upon it nowJJ &here will 8e no love=e<cept the love of Big
BrotherJ;; there will 8e no distinction 8etween 8eaut9 and ugliness J;; no enHo9ment of the
process of life;/ll competing pleasures will 8e destro9edI; -estro9ing pleasure there is no need to
make love and the energ9 of the individual is direct to loveBig Brother;
$AB'I/)He is an important character in the novel;He is a mem8er of the I))%' #/'&( and the
torturer; !inston and Gulia=arrested 89 the &hought #olice=are tortured 8oth ph9sicall9 and
ps9chologicall9; &he #art9 is not interested in destro9ing its enemies 8ecause the9 would 8ecome
mart9rs= 8ut onl9 to cure and change them I!e do not destro9 the heretic 8ecause he resists us so
long as he resists us we never destro9 him; !e convert him= we capture his inner mind= we reshape
him; !e 8urn all evil and all illusion out of him? we 8ring him over to our side= not in appearance=
8ut genuinel9= heart and soul; !e make him one of ourselves 8efore we kill him; N;;;O we make the
8rain perfect 8efore we 8low it out I;$ABrian=then=wants to redeem !inston;&o 8e redeemed=
!inston has to reHect GuliaAs love= to denounce her and to love Big Brother; !inston had written in
his diar9 Ifreedom is the freedom to sa9 that two and two make fourI; $ABrian first su8mits
!instonAs left part of the 8rain=which is the seat of reason and logic; He starts from the a8ove
statement and using the electroshock makes him reHect the evidence of maths and learn that if the
part9 sa9 that two and two make five= he has not onl9 to answer that the9 are five 8ut even see one
more finger; /fter the treatment= 8ecause of the great pain he feels in his 8od9= when $ABrian shows
him four fingers and asks him how man9 the9 are= !inston sees K a forest of fingersK and shouts K I
donAt knowJ; four=five=si<= in all honest9 I donAt knowI; But $ABrian knows that the 8rainwashing
is not complete; He knows that the most difficult step is to su8mit the right side of the 8rain=which
is the seat of feelings and passion;&o make !inston reHect Gulia and love Big Brother=the ph9sical
pain isnAt enough; He knows that to win a passion he has to oppose it with a deeper emotion=a
nightmare; &o this purpose $rwell invents the 'oom 3+3;
'$$0 3+3 It is the place where the torture and the horror are Lad personaA= that is individual; In
this room ever9 person finds what he fears more; !inston finds his own personal nightmare and to
stop the nightmare he is read9 to reHect and to denounce ever9thing; !instonAs nightmare are the
mice;He is frightened 89 them and when he finds them in room 3+3= to stop the nightmare= he
reHects Gulia and denounces her; /fter room 3+3 the treatment is complete= the #art9 has won and
the LpersonaA is annihilatedK)ever again will 9ou 8e capa8le of ordinar9 human feeling; %ver9thing
will 8e dead inside 9ou; )ever again will 9ou 8e capa8le of love= or friendship= or Ho9 of living= or
laughter= or curiosit9= or courage= or integrit9; (ou will 8e hollow; !e shall s@ueeze 9ou empt9 and
then we shall fill 9ou with ourselvesK;
&H% 0/I) &H%0% of the novel is of course a political one in a totalitarian dictatorship the
individual is destro9ed ph9sicall9= annihilated and degraded into an asserting automaton; !inston
canAt avoid it and canAt do an9thing to oppose the #art9; / second important theme is
manAs need to communicate and his ina8ilit9 to do it in a State that controls not onl9 his actions 8ut
also his rationalit9= his dreams and his language; / third theme is the monoton9 of a world in which
love is deprived of feelings and pleasure and /rt are controlled 89 the State; In such conte<t life
8ecomes meaningless= gre9 and hopeless;
/)I0/. 7/'0
/nimal 7arm is a political fa8le in the form of an allegor9; It ma9 8e read at various different
levels a stor9 for children= an attack against Stalinism= a lament for the fate of revolution and the
hopes contained in them; It was pu8lished in 344C when Stalin was at the peak of his power; In
/nimal 7arm $rwell descri8es the transition from a societ9 organized on the capitalistic 8asis to a
communist dictatorship where the a8olition of the social classes has taken place and the e@ualit9 of
all men in front of the law and the state is esta8lished; &he 8ook 8egan to 8e shaped in $rwellAs
mind soon after he came 8ack from Spain= where his 8eliefs in socialist 'ussia had 8een
shattered;%ven if it implies a general denunciation of an9 form of totalitarianism B$rwell used this
term to refer to an9 oppressive ideolog9= 8e it )azism or Stalinism= the 8ook was clearl9 meant as
an allegor9 of the 'ussia revolution and of its conse@uences; &he allegorical intent on the 'ussian
'evolution is ver9 evident in some events in the novel which are clear allusions to parallel historical
events in Soviet 'ussia as= for instance= the failure of the five ,9ear plan= the flight of &rotsk9= the
0oscow show,trial=in which the opponents of the regime were forced to denounce themselves after
8rain washing= the non,aggression pact with )azi "erman9 in 34** which led to partition of
#oland and to the Second !orld !ar and so on; !hen $rwell wanted to pu8lish it= he met some
difficulties to find a pu8lisher 8ecause at that time "reat Britain was allied with 'ussia against
"erman9;
#.$& /nimal 7arm deals with the revolt of the animals in a farm; &he9 win control of the farm
and e<pel their human master; &he farm is run 89 the animals themselves on socialist principles=
summoned up in seven commandments which constitutes the principles of their creed /nimalism;
&he Seven Commandments are written on the 8arn wall; &he original Commandments are
3; !hatever goes on two legs is an enem9
2; !hatever goes on four legs= or has wings= is a friend;
*; )o animal shall wear clothes;
4; )o animal shall sleep in a 8ed;
C; )o animal shall drink alcohol;
D; )o animal shall kill an9 other animal;
F; /ll animals are e@ual;
2er9 soon the commandments 8egin to 8e altered to fit them according to the #igsA needs; !hen
the9 decide to sleep in the farmhouse 8eds the fourth commandment is changed with the adding of
Iwith sheetsI? when the9 start to drink the words Ito e<cessK are added to the fifth commandments?
when some animals are e<ecuted after the Itrial showK in which the9 had confessed their LsupposedL
crimes the si<th commandment is changed with the addition of the words Iwithout causeI;/mong
them= the most important is the last one /ll the animals are e@ual; In spite of the e@ualit9= the class
of the #igs graduall9 takes the power= 8etra9s the revolution and restores a societ9 8ased on
e<ploitation of the working class and on dictatorship;!ith the passing of time on the 8arn wall there
is no other commandment 8ut the seventh to which someone had added I 8ut some are more e@ual
than others K to assert the supremac9 of the class of the pigs;
&H%0% &he main theme of the novel is the uselessness of an9 revolution 89 the 0asses;
/ccording to $rwell= %ver9 revolution is doomed to fail owing to lack of unif9ing values= lack of
class consciousness and of faith in the revolutionar9 ideas; 7urther= as he wrote in Homage to
Catalonia= there is alwa9s a degeneration of the revolution 8ecause the new masters are worse than
the previous ones;
&here are man9 su8,themes= too; /mong them we can mention the following ones the struggle
against an9 form of e<ploitation= animals e<ploited 89 men= workers e<ploited 89 the ruling class=
the proletariat e<ploited 89 the rich? comradeship among the e<ploited? the danger of propaganda
and of the cult of personalit9? the eas9 manipulation of the masses? the control of the language as a
political instrument;
&H% 7I)/.% the scene that concludes the novel is the apotheosis of the novel itself and
s9m8olizes the failure of the revolution; &here is a 8ig part9 in the farm; In the dining room= the
#igs and the hated human enemies are at the same ta8le= eating and drinking and enHo9ing
themselves; &he pigs= standing and walking on two legs= tr9 to imitate the humans and wish to set
up a cooperative enterprise with them; &he animals= who had 8een the protagonists of the
revolution= are outside the house;&he9 had re8elled against their human master and had con@uered
their freedom; &he9 had worked hard in the hope to 8etter their condition; )ow the9 are onl9
passive spectators who peer in from a window; &he9 are astonished 8ecause the9 canAt distinguish
the #igs from the Humans K &he creatures outside looked from pig to man and from man to pig=
and from pig to man again= 8ut alread9 it was impossi8le to sa9 which was which;K ItAs a 8itter
conclusion that seems to suggest a negative and pessimistic view of the 0asses 8ecause the9 can 8e
easil9 manipulated; &his final scene completes the circular structure of the 8ook;&he stor9 had
started with the animals enslaved and e<ploited 89 their human master=0r Gones=now the9 are more
and more enslaved and e<ploited 89 their new masters=the pigs; )ow the9 realise the failure of
/nimalism and= a8ove all= the9 realise that the situation has returned to the starting point with new
masters= the #igs= who are more powerful and even worse than 0r Gones; He could onl9 control
their actions while the #igs= coming from their own social class= knowing their tastes and their
language= control their thoughts= too; &he seven commandments have disappeared; &here is onl9
one= the last= which has 8een changed to assert the superiorit9 of the class of the #igs /ll the
animals are e@ual= 8ut some animals are more e@ual than others;
0/I) CH/'/C&%'S
$.- 0/G$' the leader of the animals; He is endowed with a good elo@uence and delivers the
speech which persuades the animal to re8el against man; He tells them that the animals are
e<ploited and live in miser9 and slaver9 8ecause man gets possession of all that animals produce;
&he solution is to get rid of him; In his long speech he uses powerful slogans such as I/ll animals
are e@ualK= I/ll men are enemiesK= I/ll animals are comradesK; In $rwellAs allegor9 he ma9
represent .enin= while the animals ma9 represent the masses of workers;
)/#$.%$) takes $ld 0aHorAs power after his death; 2er9 cunning pig= he turns into a more cruel
t9rant than 0r Gones= the human master; He uses nine ferocious dogs to frighten animals; &hose
who oppose him are forced to leave the farm; &o control the animals= he alters the laws to his needs
and controls the education of the 9oung; He likes drinking and suggested to change the Cth
commandments adding Ito e<cessK; He stands for Stalin;
S)$!B/.. the leader of the opposition; He stands for &rotsk9; He is a ver9 intelligent pig and
tries to spread the re8ellion on the other farms; He plans a militar9 attack against the !indmill to
provide the farm with electricit9; He tries to organize the animals into I/nimal committeesK to
challenge )apoleonAs leadership= 8ut he is defeated and forced to leave the farm;
B$P%' ver9 strong horse endowed with a great ph9sical strength 8ut not intelligent; He works
ver9 hard in the factor9 and never takes a da9 off work; %ventuall9 he has a ph9sical 8reakdown
and is sold 89 the pigs to the knackers; He stands for the t9pical representative of the masses who
can easil9 8e manipulated;
$.- B%)G/0I) &he oldest animal in the farm; He is a donke9; He can read as well as a pig; He
does not 8elieve in the positive outcome of the revolution and keeps neutral; He seldom talks and
never laughs 8ecause there is nothing to laugh at; He ma9 stand for the9 who were aware of what
was happening in Soviet 'ussia 8ut did nothing to oppose the 'egime;
SQ:%/.%' / ver9 intelligent porkerB onl9 )apoleon and Snow8all are called pigsE and a 8rilliant
talker who Ican turn 8lack into whiteK; He supports )apoleon and succeeds in convincing the
animals that Snow8all is 0r Gones secret agent and that the pigs have to 8e fed with ver9 good food
8ecause the9 are 8rainworkers; Some critics maintain that he stands for I#ravdaK= the Soviet
newspaper
0$S%S He is 0r GonesAs raven and is the onl9 animal who does not work in the farm; He is
useful to the pigs 8ecause he can keep the animals @uiet telling them that all animals who work
hard=after death= go to Sugarcand9 0ountain= a sort of #aradise where Sunda9 comes seven da9s a
week; In $rwellAs allegor9 he represents the orthodo< church;
0' G$)%S &he cruel human master of the farm
C.$2%' one of the two cart,horses; She takes $rwellAs voice to e<press 8oth regret at the failure
of revolution and anti,imperialistic feelings;
'elated
-/2I- H%'B%'& ./!'%)C%
In Rappunti di letteratura inglese per studenti italiani e non= tratti da testi vari; )otes of %nglish
.iterature for ItalianSnon,Italian students taken from various school te<t8ooksR
#HI.I# ./'KI)
In Rappunti di letteratura inglese per studenti italiani e non= tratti da testi vari; )otes of %nglish
.iterature for ItalianSnon,Italian students taken from various school te<t8ooksR
$SC/' !I.-% B35C4,34++E
In Rappunti di letteratura inglese per studenti italiani e non= tratti da testi vari; )otes of %nglish
.iterature for ItalianSnon,Italian students taken from various school te<t8ooksR
/8out rosariomario
retired teacher docente in pensione
2iew all posts 89 rosariomario 1
&his entr9 was posted in appunti di letteratura inglese per studenti italiani e non= tratti da testi vari;
)otes of %nglish .iterature for ItalianSnon,Italian students taken from various school te<t8ooks;
Bookmark the permalink;
Samuel Beckett!aiting for "odot#$%&'( I) &H% *+s,4+s -(./) 0/'./IS &H$0/S
1
32 'esponses to "%$'"% $'!%.. -(S&$#I/) )$2%. ,3454 6 /)I0/. 7/'0
Ire sa9s
25 0arch 2+3* at 3**D
2eramente fantastico e chiaro= grazieT
'epl9
rosariomario sa9s
25 0arch 2+3* at 34C5
"razie a te per averlo letto ed apprezzato
'epl9
"iulia sa9s
* 0arch 2+34 at 353+
$ttimoT Sono al @uinto anno di liceo e non potevo trovare unAanalisi piU completa e chiara per
approfondire @uestAautore;; contenuto utilissimo= grazie milleTT
'epl9
rosariomario sa9s
* 0arch 2+34 at 2+2D
"razie a te per aver lasciato un commento che gratifica e fa sentire ancora utile un docente in
pensione che ha deciso di condividere gli appunti utilizzati per le sue lezioni VWV
'epl9
"arner sa9s
*3 0arch 2+34 at ++34
&hank 9ou so much for all of this great information; I was hoping to use it for a school research
paper 8ut do not know 9our credentials; Is there an9where I could find themX thank 9ouE
'epl9
rosariomario sa9s
*3 0arch 2+34 at 3*33
Sorr9 8ut I canAt help 9ou; I donAt have an9 credentials; I was once a teacher at a K .Iceo
ScientificoK= an Italian High School; &he articles are notes of m9 lessons taken from various school
te<ts or literar9 magazines; /s far as I am concerned= 9ou can use the as 9ou like; &hank 9ou so
much for 9our gratif9ing comment VWV
'epl9
"arner sa9s
3 /pril 2+34 at +C*4
&hank 9ouTT
kikka sa9s
*+ Gune 2+34 at 3D2F
complimenti;;davvero utile
'epl9
rosariomario sa9s
*+ Gune 2+34 at 23**
happ9J;thanks VWV
'epl9
shahani khan sa9s
33 /ugust 2+34 at 3++F
itAs wonderfull9 helpfulT ma9 i know where have 9ou @uoted this line fromXX II gave up m9 Ho8 J
mainl9 8ecause I would an9 longer 8e a servant of Imperialism 8ecause I know something a8out it
from the insideI
'epl9
rosariomario sa9s
3* /ugust 2+34 at +4CF
!ill 9ou please remind me earl9 in Septem8erX IAm not at home at the moment and canAt
check;&hanks
'epl9
shahani khan sa9s
2+ /ugust 2+34 at +52+
ohh dearJ iAve got to su8mit m9 assignment 89 24th /ugust B
'epl9
.eave a 'epl9

'ecent #osts
!I..I/0 SH/K%S#%/'%
SH/K%S#%/'% H/0.%& /ct III Sc;3 &o 8e or not to 8e
&he 35th centur9 novel-e foe,Swift,'ichardson,7ielding,Sterne
2+3* in review
&he 35th centur9 )eoclassicism 6 &he /ugustan /ge 6 &he &ransitionS #re,romantic /ge
'ecent Comments
shahani khan on "%$'"% $'!%.. -(S&$#I/) )$2%.J
rosariomario on "%$'"% $'!%.. -(S&$#I/) )$2%.J
shahani khan on "%$'"% $'!%.. -(S&$#I/) )$2%.J
rosariomario on "%$'"% $'!%.. -(S&$#I/) )$2%.J
kikka on "%$'"% $'!%.. -(S&$#I/) )$2%.J
/rchives
0arch 2+34
Ganuar9 2+34
-ecem8er 2+3*
$cto8er 2+3*
0a9 2+3*
/pril 2+3*
Ganuar9 2+3*
-ecem8er 2+32
$cto8er 2+32
Gune 2+32
0arch 2+32
Ganuar9 2+32
-ecem8er 2+33
)ovem8er 2+33
$cto8er 2+33
Septem8er 2+33
/ugust 2+33
Gul9 2+33
Gune 2+33
0a9 2+33
/pril 2+33
0arch 2+33
7e8ruar9 2+33
Ganuar9 2+33
-ecem8er 2+3+
0a9 2+3+
7e8ruar9 2+3+
-ecem8er 2++4
0a9 2++4
/ugust 2++5
Gune 2++5
/pril 2++5
7e8ruar9 2++5
-ecem8er 2++F
Septem8er 2++F
Gune 2++F
Septem8er 2++D
Categories
appunti di letteratura inglese per studenti italiani e non= tratti da testi vari; )otes of %nglish
.iterature for ItalianSnon,Italian students taken from various school te<t8ooks
info varie,8i8liografia
ricordi scolastici
0eta
'egister
.og in
%ntries 'SS
Comments 'SS
!ord#ress;com
Spazio personale di mario aperto a tutti 24 ore su &he &went9 &en &heme; Create a free
we8site or 8log at !ord#ress;com; 7ollow
7ollow ISpazio personale di mario aperto a tutti 24 ore suK
"et ever9 new post delivered to 9our In8o<;
Build a we8site with !ord#ress;com
)$ ".$B$
/ta@ues Y HistZria
-everia ser a safra dos de8ates profundos so8re o pa[s= so8re suas dificuldades reais e a procura de
solu\]o para os in^meros pro8lemas @ue H_ e<istem e os @ue podem ser previstos; 0as os
mar@ueteiros vestem a realidade com frases de fantasia= confort_veis para os candidatos= e afiam
armas; /lguns fatos s]o deturpados e a histZria recente ` reescrita at` ficar irreconhec[vel;
a Z8vio @ue foi o e<,presidente 7ernando Henri@ue @uem venceu a hiperinfla\]o; 7oi ele @uem
levou para o governo Itamar 7ranco os economistas com a tecnologia e a destreza para montar um
plano @ue atendia a dois pedidos dos cidad]os ser feito Ys claras= sem sustos e perdas= e matar o
drag]o @ue so8revivera a cinco planos e devorava as finan\as das fam[lias; 7oi 7H @uem superou os
desafios para consolidar o real e come\ou a reorganizar o estado; /cusar a@uele governo de infla\]o
alta ` desonestidade;
)a distopia de "eorge $rwell= 3454= os poderosos reescrevem a histZria; Quem viu a longa luta do
Brasil para ter uma moeda est_vel sa8e @uem liderou a vitZria so8re a infla\]o e lem8ra dos
8enef[cios dessa con@uista para as pessoas;
/s ideias do #& so8re o com8ate Y infla\]o eram toscas e perigosas; Seus economistas defenderam
teses @ue nunca deram nem dariam certo? ou= o @ue ` pior= um ple8iscito so8re pagar ou n]o a
d[vida interna; )]o pag_,la seria tomar o dinheiro de @uem investiu em t[tulos p^8licos= como fez o
e<,presidente Collor; $ ple8iscito e uma auditoria nas aplica\bes dos 8rasileiros foram defendidos
pelo #& dois anos antes de assumir o poder; Se aplicasse o programa em 2++* teria destru[do o real;
CoteHar n^meros descarnados dos fatos ` um desrespeito Y memZria do pa[s;
$ #& n]o faria a esta8iliza\]o e hoHe a amea\a; )]o s]o Icho@ues de pre\osK @ue e<plicam a
infla\]o estar acima do teto da meta; Inesperados sempre ocorrem e ` por isso @ue e<iste a margem
de flutua\]o; $ governo atual aceitou uma infla\]o mais alta; / ta<a passou o mandato inteiro
arranhando ou furando o teto= por@ue perdeu o espa\o para acomodar os cho@ues; $ #& deve a
/ntonio #alocci e Y aHuda de /rminio 7raga ter vencido as naturais desconfian\as so8re a
capacidade do partido de conduzir a economia; /rminio socorreu o pa[s em dois momentos,chave
ao assumir o Banco Central no meio da crise cam8ial= em 3444= e na transi\]o pol[tica= em 2++2;
)ingu`m ` o8rigado a gostar dele= mas esses s]o os fatos;