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Torminology ond Symbols
in Con|rol Enginooring
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion
1
Por| 1: Fondomon|ols
Por| 2: Solloporo|od Rogolo|ors
Por| 3: Con|rol Volvos
Por| 4: Commonico|ion
Por| 5: Boilding Ao|omo|ion
Por| : Procoss Ao|omo|ion
5heu|d yeu hcve cny |urIher quesIens er suggesIens, p|ecse
de neI hesIcIe Ie cenIccI us:
SAMSM AG Phono |+4 ] 4 00 4 Z
VZ4 / Scholong Tololox |+4 ] 4 00 Z 1
WoismUllors|robo 3 EMoil: scholong@somson.do
D0314 Fronklor| ln|orno|: h||p://www.somson.do
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion
Torminology ond Symbols in
Con|rol Enginooring
ln|rodoc|ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Torminology in Con|rol Enginooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pon loop con|rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Closod loop con|rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z
Procoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Con|rol loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abbrovio|ions ol vorioblos rolo|ing |o closod loop con|rol . . . . . . . . . 10
Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Signol llowdiogroms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Blocks ond linos ol oc|ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Dovicorolo|od roproson|o|ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
lns|romon|o|ion ond con|rol |ogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Con|rol Sys|oms ond S|roc|oros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fixod so| poin| con|rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Followop con|rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Coscodo con|rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Ro|io con|rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appondix A1: Addi|ionol Li|oro|oro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3
PcrI 1 L101 EM
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M
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C
O
N

E
N

5
Pre|cce
Tho |ochnicol inlormo|ions proson|od in |his docomon| oro bosod on dolini
|ions occording |o DlM, |ho Gormon orgonizo|ion ol s|ondordizo|ion |Doo|
schos lns|i|o| lUr Mormong]. Con|inooos ollor|s oro boing modo |o do|ormino
in|orno|ionol dolini|ions in ordor |o ochiovo on incroosing similori|y in |ho |or
minology osod. Movor|holoss, dilloroncos in dosigno|ions ond roproson|o
|ions do oxis| in in|orno|ionol oso. Li|oro|oro proson|od o| |ho ond ol |his
docomon| inclodos in|orno|ionol s|ondords ond poblico|ions rolo|ing |o DlM
s|ondords, or boing dorivod lrom |hom.
Roproson|o|ions ond |ox| soc|ions rolorring |o DlM oro ol|on ci|od in shor|
lorm, sommorizing |ho con|on|s. Tho prociso loc|s mos| olwoys bo rood olso
bocooso ol possiblo ox|onsions or omondmon|s in |ho corron| odi|ion ol |ho
rospoc|ivo s|ondord.
4
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
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ln|rodoc|ion
Plonning, dosign ond s|or|op ol procoss con|rol sys|oms roqoiro cloor ond
onombigooos commonico|ion bo|woon oll por|s involvod. To onsoro |his, wo
nood o cloor dolini|ion ol |ho |orms osod ond - os lor os |ho docomon|o|ion is
concornod - s|ondordizod grophicol symbols. Thoso symbols holp os
roproson| con|rol sys|oms or moosoromon| ond con|rol |osks os woll os |hoir
dovicorolo|od solo|ion in o simplo ond cloor monnor.
5
PcrI 1 L101 EM
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3
Torminology in Con|rol Enginooring
To moin|oin o physicol qoon|i|y, soch os prossoro, llow or |omporo|oro o| o
dosirod lovol doring o |ochnicol procoss, |his qoon|i|y con bo con|rollod oi|hor
by moons ol opon loop con|rol or closod loop con|rol.
Open |eep cenIre|
ln on opon loop con|rol sys|om, ono or moro inpo| vorioblos ol o sys|om oc|
on o procoss vorioblo. Tho oc|ool voloo ol |ho procoss vorioblo is no| boing
chockod, wi|h |ho rosol| |ho| possiblo dovio|ions - o.g. coosod by dis|orbon
cos- oro no| componso|od lor in |ho opon loop con|rol procoss. Thos, |ho cho
roc|oris|ic loo|oro ol opon loop con|rol is on opon oc|ion llow.
Tho |osk ol |ho oporo|or illos|ro|od in Fig. 1 is |o od|os| |ho prossoro |p
2
] in o
pipolino by moons ol o con|rol volvo. For |his porposo, ho o|ilizos on os
signmon| spocilico|ion |ho| do|orminos o cor|oin con|rol signol |y] issood by
|ho romo|o od|os|or lor ooch so| poin| |w]. Sinco |his mo|hod ol con|rol doos
no| considor possiblo lloc|oo|ions in |ho llow, i| is rocommondod |o oso opon
loop con|rol only in sys|oms whoro dis|orboncos do no| olloc| |ho con|rollod
vorioblo in on ondosirod woy.

FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring

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p
1
y
p
2
Fig. 1: Operator controls the process variable p
2
via remote adjuster
Assignmon|:
w
o
=> y
o
=> p
2o
w
b
=> y
b
=> p
2b
o|c.
epen ccIen ||ew
dsIurbcnces cre
neI recegnzed
C|esed |eep cenIre|
ln o closod loop con|rol sys|om, |ho vorioblo |o bo con|rollod |con|rollod
vorioblo x] is con|inooosly moosorod ond |hon comporod wi|h o
prodo|orminod voloo |roloronco vorioblo w]. ll |horo is o dilloronco bo|woon
|hoso |wo vorioblos |orror o or sys|om dovio|ion x
w
], od|os|mon|s oro boing
modo on|il |ho moosorod dilloronco is olimino|od ond |ho con|rollod vorioblo
oqools |ho roloronco vorioblo. Honco, |ho choroc|oris|ic loo|oro ol closod
loop con|rol is o closod oc|ion llow.
Tho oporo|or dopic|od in Fig. 2 moni|ors |ho prossoro p
2
in |ho pipolino |o
which dilloron| consomors oro connoc|od. Whon |ho consomp|ion incroosos,
|ho prossoro in |ho pipolino docroosos. Tho oporo|or rocognizos |ho prossoro
drop ond chongos |ho con|rol prossoro ol |ho pnoomo|ic con|rol volvo on|il
|ho dosirod prossoro p
2
is indico|od ogoin. Throogh con|inooos moni|oring ol
|ho prossoro indico|or ond immodio|o rooc|ion, |ho oporo|or onsoros |ho| |ho
prossoro is moin|oinod o| |ho dosirod lovol. Tho visool loodbock ol |ho pro
coss vorioblo p
2
lrom |ho prossoro indico|or |o |ho oporo|or choroc|orizos |ho
closod oc|ion llow.
7
PcrI 1 L101 EM
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0
0
/
0
3
p
1
p
2
Fig. 2: Operator controls the process variable p
2
an a closed loop
c|esed ccIen ||ew
dsIurbcnces cre
e|mncIed
Tho Gormon s|ondord DlM 122 dolinos closod loop con|rol os lollows:
Closod loop con|rol is o procoss whoroby ono vorioblo, nomoly |ho vorioblo
|o bo con|rollod |con|rollod vorioblo] is con|inooosly moni|orod, comporod
wi|h ono|hor vorioblo, nomoly |ho roloronco vorioblo ond, doponding on |ho
oo|como ol |his comporison, inllooncod in soch o monnor os |o bring oboo|
odop|o|ion |o |ho roloronco vorioblo. Tho choroc|oris|ic loo|oro ol closod
loop con|rol is |ho closod oc|ion llowin which |ho con|rollod vorioblo con|ino
oosly inllooncos i|soll in |ho oc|ion po|h ol |ho con|rol loop.
A con|rol procoss con olso bo rogordod os con|inooos il i| is composod ol o
sollicion|ly lroqoon| ropo|i|ion ol idon|icol individool procossos. Tho cyclic
progrom soqoonco ol digi|ol sompling con|rol woold bo soch o procoss.
Mo|o: ln English li|oro|oro wo only lind ono |orm, |ho| is con|rol, boing osod
lor oc|oolly |wo dilloron| concop|s known os s|ooorn ond rogoln in |ho Gor
mon longoogo. Whon |ronslo|ing in|o Gormon, wo |horoloro como ocross
|ho problom who|hor con|rol moons s|ooorn or rogoln. ll bo|h mo|hods
oro involvod, con|rol ol|on is |ronslo|od os oo|omo|isioron or loi|on |con
|rol s|o|ion]. An oxoc| dis|inc|ion con bo modo il |ho Gormon |orm Rogolong
is modo obvioos by osing |ho English |orm closod loop con|rol.
Precess
A procoss comprisos |ho |o|oli|y ol oc|ions olloc|ing ooch o|hor in o sys|om in
which mo||or, onorgy, or inlormo|ion oro convor|od, |ronspor|od or s|orod.
Adoqoo|o so||ing ol boondorios holps do|ormino sobprocossos or complox
procossos.
8
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
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de|nIen e|
c|esed |eep cenIre|:
0|N 1 22
d||cu|Ies wIh Ihe
Eng|sh Ierm cenIre|
Exomplos:
4Gonoro|ion ol oloc|rici|y in o powor plon|
4Dis|ribo|ion ol onorgy in o boilding
4Prodoc|ion ol pig iron in o blos| lornoco
4Tronspor|o|ion ol goods
CenIre| |eep
Tho componon|s ol o con|rol loop ooch hovo dilloron| |osks ond oro dis|ingo
ishod os lollows:
Tho componon|s ol |ho linol con|rol oqoipmon| oro por| ol |ho con|rolling sy
s|om os woll os por| ol |ho con|rollod sys|om.
Tho dis|inc|ion modo obovo rosol|s diroc|ly lrom |ho dis|ribo|ion ol |osks. Tho
oc|oo|or procossos ond omplilios |ho oo|po| signol ol |ho con|rollor, whoroos
|ho linol con|rol olomon| - os por| ol |ho con|rollod sys|om - monipolo|os |ho
moss ond onorgy llow.

PcrI 1 L101 EM
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CenIre||ng sysIem Con|rollor ond ocoo|or
+
CenIre||ed
sysIem
Finol con|rol olomon|, pomp,
pipolino, hoo|ing sys|om o|c.
+
Mecsurng
equpmenI
Tomporo|oro sonsor, prossoro sonsor,
convor|or o|c.
= CenIre| |eep
cempenenIs e| Ihe
cenIre| |eep
cempenenIs e| Ihe
|nc| cenIre| equpmenI
AcIucIer |con|rolling sys|om] Ac|oo|ing drivo
+ Fnc| cenIre| e|emenI
(con|rollod sys|om]
Closoro mombor
= Fnc| cenIre| equpmenI Con|rol volvo
AbbrevcIens e| vcrcb|es re|cIng Ie c|esed |eep cenIre|
Tho obbrovio|ion ol vorioblos ollows |ho do|ormino|ion ol s|ondordizod sym
bols. Tho symbols osod in Gormonspooking coon|rios ond spociliod in DlM
1221 corrospond wi|h |ho in|orno|ionol rosorvo symbols opprovod by |ho
poblico|ion lEC 2Z2A. Asido lrom |ho|, lEC olso do|orminos socollod chiol
symbols which considorobly dillor lrom |hoso osod in DlM in somo impor|on|
cosos.
x |lEC chiol symbol: y]
ln o con|rol loop, |ho procoss vorioblo |o bo con|rollod is roproson|od by x. ln
procoss onginooring, osoolly o physicol |o.g. |omporo|oro, prossoro, llow] or
o chomicol |o.g. pH voloo, hordnoss] qoon|i|y is con|rollod.
w |lEC chiol symbol: w]
This vorioblo do|orminos |ho voloo |ho| mos| bo roochod |so| poin|] by |ho
procoss vorioblo |o bo con|rollod. Tho physicol voloo ol |ho roloronco vorio
blo - |his moy bo o mochonicol or oloc|ric qoon|i|y |lorco, prossoro, corron|,
vol|ogo, o|c.] - is comporod wi|h |ho con|rollod vorioblo x in |ho closod con
|rol loop.
r |lEC chiol symbol: l]
This vorioblo rosol|s lrom |ho moosoromon| ol |ho con|rollod vorioblo ond is
lod bock |o |ho comporo|or.
e = w - x |lEC chiol symbol: o]
Tho inpo| vorioblo o ol |ho con|rolling olomon| is |ho dilloronco bo|woon rolo
ronco vorioblo ond con|rollod vorioblo, colcolo|od by |ho comporo|or. Whon
|ho inlloonco ol |ho moosoring oqoipmon| is inclodod, |ho oqoo|ion o = w - r
opplios.
x
w
= x - w
Tho oqoo|ion obovo shows |ho| |ho sys|om dovio|ion yiolds |ho somo rosol| os
orror, howovor, wi|h on invorso sign. Whon |ho inlloonco ol |ho moosoring
oqoipmon| is inclodod, x
w
= r - w opplios.
10
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
S
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0|N er |EC
cenIre||ed vcrcb|e,
ccIuc| vc|ue
re|erence vcrcb|e
|eedbcck vcrcb|e
errer
sysIem devcIen
y |lEC chiol symbol: m]
Tho monipolo|od vorioblo is |ho oo|po| vorioblo ol |ho con|rolling oqoipmon|
ond |ho inpo| vorioblo ol |ho con|rollod sys|om. l| is gonoro|od by |ho con|rol
lor, or in coso on oc|oo|or is boing osod, by |ho oc|oo|or. This vorioblo do
ponds on |ho so||ing ol |ho con|rol poromo|ors os woll os on |ho mogni|odo ol
orror.
y
k
Whon dividing |ho con|rolling sys|om in|o |ho con|rollor ond oc|oo|or, |ho vo
rioblo y
R
s|onds lor |ho oo|po| vorioblo ol |ho con|rollor or |ho inpo| vorioblo
ol |ho oc|oo|or.
z |lEC chiol symbol: v]
Dis|orboncos oc| on |ho con|rol loop ond hovo on ondosirod olloc| on |ho
con|rollod vorioblo. Closod loop con|rol is osod |o olimino|o dis|orbonco vo
rioblos.
Y
h
Tho monipolo|od vorioblo y con bo do|orminod by |ho con|rollor wi|hin Y
h
,
|ho rongo ol |ho monipolo|od vorioblo :
11
PcrI 1 L101 EM
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y
min
y y
mox
mcnpu|cIed vcrcb|e
cenIre||er euIpuI
vcrcb|e
dsIurbcnce vcrcb|e
rcnge e| Ihe
mcnpu|cIed vcrcb|e
Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
5gnc| ||ew dcgrcms
A signol llow diogrom is |ho symbolic roproson|o|ion ol |ho lonc|ionol in|or
oc|ions in o sys|om. Tho osson|iol componon|s ol con|rol sys|oms oro ropro
son|od by moons ol block diogroms. ll roqoirod, |ho |osk roproson|od by o
block symbol con bo lor|hor doscribod by odding o wri||on |ox|.
Howovor, block diogroms oro no| soi|oblo lor vory do|oilod roproson|o|ions.
Tho symbols doscribod bolow oro bo||or soi|od |o roproson| lonc|ionol do|oils
cloorly.
8|ecks cnd |nes e| ccIen
Tho lonc|ionol rolo|ionship bo|woon on oo|po| signol ond on inpo| signol is
symbolizod by o roc|onglo |block]. lnpo| ond oo|po| signols oro roproson|od
by linos ond |hoir diroc|ion ol oc|ion |inpo| or oo|po|] is indico|od by orrows.
Exomplo: Roo|ox|roc|ing o qoon|i|y |Fig. 3]
|o.g. llow ro|o moosoromon| vio dilloron|iol prossoro sonsors]
12
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
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x
e
x
a
Fig. 3: Root-extracting a differential pressure signal
x
o
= dilloron|iol prossoro x
o
= roo|ox|roc|od dilloron|iol prossoro
Exomplo: Roproson|ing dynomic bohovior |Fig. 4]
|o.g. liqoid lovol in o |onk wi|h cons|on| sopply]
Exomplo: Somming poin| |Fig. 5]
Tho oo|po| signol is |ho olgobroic som ol |ho inpo| signols. This is symbolizod
by |ho somming poin|. Any nombor ol inpo|s con bo connoc|od |o ono som
ming poin| which is roproson|od by o circlo. Doponding on |hoir sign, |ho in
po|s oro oddod or sob|roc|od.
13
PcrI 1 L101 EM
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x
e
x
a
Fig. 4: Development of a liquid level over time
x
o
= inllow x
o
= liqoid lovol
x
e1
x
e2
+
+
_
x
e3
x
a
x
a
= x
e1
+ x
e2
x
e3
Fig. 5: Summing point
Exomplo: Bronch poin| |Fig. ]
A bronch poin| is roproson|od by o poin|. Horo, o lino ol oc|ion spli|s op in|o
|wo or moro linos ol oc|ion. Tho signol |ronsmi||od romoins onchongod.
Exomplo: Signol llow diogrom ol opon loop ond closod loop con|rol
Tho block diogrom symbols doscribod obovo holp illos|ro|o |ho dilloronco
bo|woon opon loop ond closod loop con|rol procossos cloorly.
ln |ho opon oc|ion llow ol opon loop con|rol |Fig. Z], |ho oporo|or posi|ions
|ho romo|o od|os|or only wi|h rogord |o |ho roloronco vorioblo w. Ad|os|mon|
is corriod oo| occording |o on ossignmon| spocilico|ion |o.g. o |oblo: so| poin|
w
1
= romo|o od|os|or posi|ion v
1
, w
2
= v
2
, o|c.] do|orminod oorlior.
14
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
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x
1
x
2
x
1
= x
2
= x
3
x
3
Fig. 6: Branch point
x w
Fig. 7: Block diagram of manual open loop control
mon
romo|o
od|os|or
sys|om
con|rol
volvo
sgnc| ||ew dcgrcm
e| epen |eep cenIre|
ln |ho closod oc|ion llow ol closod loop con|rol |Fig. 8], |ho con|rollod vorio
blo x is moosorod ond lod bock |o |ho con|rollor, in |his coso mon. Tho con
|rollor do|orminos who|hor |his vorioblo ossomos |ho dosirod voloo ol |ho
roloronco vorioblo w. Whon x ond w dillor lrom ooch o|hor, |ho romo|o od
|os|or is boing od|os|od on|il bo|h vorioblos oro oqool.
0evcere|cIed represenIcIen
Using |ho symbols ond |orminology dolinod obovo, Fig. shows |ho |ypicol
oc|ion diogromol o closod loop con|rol sys|om|obbrovio|ions soo pogo 10].
15
PcrI 1 L101 EM
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/
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3
x w
+
_
Fig. 8: Block diagram of manual closed loop control
mon
romo|o
od|os|or
con|rol
volvo
sys|om
z
e w +

y
r
y x
r
Fig. 9: Block diagram of a control loop
con|rolling
olomon|
moosoring
oqoipmon|
con|rollor
linol
con|rol
olomon|
sys|om
oc|oo|or
sgnc| ||ew dcgrcm
e| c|esed |eep cenIre|
e|emenIs cnd sgnc|s
e| c cenIre| |eep
Whonovor |ho |ochnicol solo|ion ol o procoss con|rol sys|om sholl bo poin|od
oo|, i| is rocommondod |o oso grophicol symbols in |ho signol llow diogrom
|Fig. 10]. As |his roproson|o|ion mo|hod concon|ro|os on |ho dovicos osod |o
porlorm cor|oin |osks in o procoss con|rol sys|om, i| is rolorrod |o os solo|i
onrolo|od roproson|o|ion. Soch grophicol roproson|o|ions moko op on oss
on|iol por| ol |ho docomon|o|ion whon i| comos |o plonning, ossombling,
|os|ing, s|or|op ond moin|ononco.
1
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
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E
grcphcc| symbe|s
|er deIc|ed, se|uIen
re|cIed represenIcIens
Fig. 10: Graphical symbols for describing temperature control
of a heat exchanger system
1 Sensor (temp.) 2 Transmitter
3 Signal converter 4 Controller
5 Pneumatic linear valve 6 Heat exchanger
1
2 3
4
5

Eoch oni| hos i|s own grophicol symbol |ho| is osoolly s|ondordizod. Eqoip
mon| consis|ing ol vorioos oni|s is ol|on roproson|od by sovorol linodop sym
bols.
17
PcrI 1 L101 EM
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

0
0
/
0
3
PI
Fig. 11: Graphical symbols for controllers, control valves and software-based
functions according to DIN 19227 Part 2
hondoporo|od
oc|oo|or
mo|ordrivon
oc|oo|or
diophrogm
oc|oo|or
volvo wi|h
diophrogm
oc|oo|or
mo|ordrivon
bo||orlly volvo
volvo
con|rollor
con|rollor
|lormor symbol]
volvo wi|h
diophrogm oc|oo|or
ond o||ochod
posi|ionor
Pl con|rollor
roo|ox|roc|ing
olomon|,
sol|worobosod
sol|woro coon|or
wi|h limi| swi|ch
|uncIens per|ermed by
se|Iwcre cre mcrked
wIh c ||cg
Grophicol symbols osod lor procoss con|rol oro spociliod in DlM 122Z, in
cloding symbols lor sonsors, odop|ors, con|rollors, con|rol volvos, oporo|ing
oqoipmon|, gonoro|ors, condoi|s ond occossorios |Figs. 11 ond 12]. Howo
vor, |horo oro o nombor ol o|hor DlM s|ondords covoring grophicol symbols,
soch os DlM 14, DlM 242, DlM2481, DlM 123 ond DlM 3000 |moin
s|ondord con|oining opproximo|oly 3500 grophicol symbols].
l| is rocommondod |o olwoys oso s|ondordizod grophicol symbols. ln coso o
s|ondordizod symbol doos no| oxis|, yoo moy oso yoor own.
18
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

V
Z
4
/
D
K
E
P
F
F
T
Pt 100 DIN
P
P L
L
I
Fig. 12: Graphical symbols for sensors, transmitters, adjusters and
indicators according to DIN 19227 Part 2
lovol
sonsor
|omporo|oro
sonsor
prossoro
sonsor
od|os|or onolog indico|or
llow sonsor
prossoro |ronsmi||or
wi|h oloc|ric
s|ondordizod oo|po|
signol
corron| |ronsmi||or
wi|h pnoomo|ic
s|ondordizod oo|po|
signol
i/p convor|or,
oloc|r. in|o pnoom.
s|ondordizod
signol
grcphcc| symbe|s
|er precess cenIre|
|nsIrumenIcIen cnd cenIre| Icgs
Apor| lrom |ho solo|ionrolo|od roproson|o|ion, procoss con|rol sys|oms con
olso bo roproson|od by moons ol ins|romon|o|ion ond con|rol |ogs |DlM
122Z Por| 1] which doscribo |ho |osk |o bo dono.
An ins|romon|o|ion ond con|rol |og is roproson|od by o circlo. Whon |ho cir
clo is dividod by on oddi|ionol lino, odi|ing ond oporo|ing procodoros oro no|
corriod oo| on si|o, bo| in o con|rolizod con|rol s|o|ion. ln |ho bo||om holl ol
|ho circlo, yoo will lind |ho ins|romon|o|ion ond con|rol |og nombor. Tho idon
|ilying lo||ors in |ho |op holl spocily |ho moosoring or inpo| vorioblo os woll os
|ho |ypo ol signol procossing, orgonizo|ionol inlormo|ion ond |ho signol llow
po|h. ll oddi|ionol spoco is noodod, |ho circlo is olongo|od |o lorm on ovol
|Fig. 13].
Tho |ypicol oso ol idon|ilying lo||ors in on ins|romon|o|ion ond con|rol |og is
shown bolow:
1
PcrI 1 L101 EM
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

0
0
/
0
3
TI
106
TI
106
FRCA
302
Fig. 13: Instrumentation and control tags disignated according to
DIN 19227 Part 1
Excmp|e: P 0 | C
Firs| lo||or |prossoro]
Sopplomon|ory lo||or |dilloron|iol]
1s| soccooding lo||or |indico|ion]
2nd soccooding lo||or |con|rol]
nsIrumenIcIen cnd
cenIre| Icgs
Tho mooning ond |ho ordor ol |ho idon|ilying lo||ors oro lis|od in |ho lollowing
|oblo.
20
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

V
Z
4
/
D
K
E
Groop 1: Moosoring or inpo| vorioblo Groop 2: Procossing
FrsI |eIIer 5upp|emenIcry
|eIIer
5ucceedng |eIIer
|ordor: l, R, C, ...ony]
A
Fool| mossogo, olorm
C
Ao|omo|ic con|rol
0
Donsi|y
Dilloron|iol
E
Eloc|ric qoon|i|ios Sonsing lonc|ion
F
Flow ro|o, |rooghpo| Ro|io
G
Dis|onco, long|h, posi|ion
H Hond |monoolly ini|io|od] High limi|
|
lndico|ion
K Timo
| Lovol Low limi|
O
Visool signol,
yos/no indico|ion
P Prossoro
Q Mo|oriol propor|ios ln|ogrol, som
k Rodio|ion
Rocord or prin|
5
Spood, ro|o|ionol spood,
lroqooncy
Circoi| orrongomon|,
soqoonco con|rol

Tomporo|oro Tronsmi||or lonc|ion

U Mol|ivorioblo
V Viscosi|y
Con|rol volvo lonc|ion
W Voloci|y, moss
Y
Colcolo|ing lonc|ion
Z
Emorgoncy in|orrop|ion,
solo|y dovico
|er |urIher deIc|s,
see 0|N 1227
Tho |wo possiblo mo|hods ol grophicol roproson|o|ion oro comporod wi|h
ooch o|hor in |ho Figs. 14 ond 15. Tho dovicorolo|od roproson|o|ion occor
ding |o DlM122Z Por| 2 |Fig. 15] is in gonorol oosily ondors|ood. Whoroos
ins|romon|o|ion ond con|rol |ogs occording |o DlM122Z Por| 1 |Fig. 14] oro
moro soi|oblo lor plo||ing complox sys|oms.
21
PcrI 1 L101 EM
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

0
0
/
0
3
VL
RL
TI
2
TI
3
TIC
8
KS
2
TIC
7
TI
4
GOS
6
SOSA
1
5
Fig. 14: Representation of a control loop according to DIN 19227 Part 1
nsIrumenIcIen cnd
cenIre| Icgs
ZLT
ZLT
ZLT
t
AU
%
T
T
T
PI
VL
RL
0 1
Fig. 15: Representation of a control loop according to DIN 19227 Part 2
devcere|cIed
symbe|s
Con|rol Sys|oms ond S|roc|oros
Doponding on |ho |ob |o bo dono, mony dilloron| s|roc|oros ol con|rol con bo
osod. Tho moin cri|orion ol dilloronco is |ho woy |ho roloronco vorioblo w is
gonoro|od lor o cor|oin con|rol loop. ln so||ing |ho con|rollor, i| is olso impor
|on| |o know who|hor |ho roloronco vorioblo is principolly sob|oc| |o chongos
or dis|orbonco vorioblos nood |o bo componso|od lor.
4To o||oin good dis|orbonco rooc|ion, |ho con|rollor mos| ros|oro |ho origi
nol oqoilibriom os soon os possiblo |Fig. 1].
4To o||oin good roloronco oc|ion, |ho con|rollod vorioblo mos| rooch o
nowly do|orminod oqoilibriom los| ond occoro|oly |Fig. 1Z].
22
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

V
Z
4
/
D
K
E
x
z
t
t
Fig. 16: Disturbance reaction
w
t
x
t
Fig. 17: Reference action
desgned |er geed
dsIurbcnce reccIen
er re|erence ccIen
Fxed seI penI cenIre|
ln lixod so| poin| con|rol, |ho roloronco vorioblo wis so| |o o lixod voloo. Fixod
so| poin| con|rollors oro osod |o olimino|o dis|orboncos ond oro |horoloro do
signod |o show good dis|orbonco rooc|ion.
Tho |omporo|oro con|rol sys|om in Fig. 18 will sorvo os on oxomplo lor lixod
so| poin| con|rol. Tho |omporo|oro ol |ho modiom llowing oo| ol |ho |onk is |o
bo kop| o| o cons|on| lovol by con|rolling |ho hoo|ing circoi|. This will provido
so|isloc|ory rosol|s os long os high lloc|oo|ions in prossoro coosod by dis|or
boncos do no| occor in |ho hoo|ing circoi|.
Fe||ewup cenIre|
ln con|ros| |o lixod so| poin| con|rol, |ho roloronco vorioblo in lollowop con
|rol sys|oms doos no| romoin cons|on| bo| chongos ovor |imo. Usoolly, |ho ro
loronco vorioblo is prodo|orminod by |ho plon| oporo|or or by ox|ornol
oqoipmon|. A roloronco vorioblo |ho| chongos los| roqoiros o con|rol loop
wi|h good roloronco oc|ion. ll, oddi|ionolly, considoroblo dis|orboncos nood
|o bo olimino|od, |ho dis|orbonco rooc|ion mos| olso bo |okon in|o occoon|
whon dosigning |ho con|rollor.
23
PcrI 1 L101 EM
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

0
0
/
0
3
Fig. 18: Temperature control by means of fixed set point control
w
x
|e||ewup cenIre||ers
requre geed
re|erence ccIen
|xed
re|erence vcrcb|e
Ccsccde cenIre|
Coscodo con|rol sys|oms roqoiro o minimom ol |wo con|rollors, |hoso oro |ho
mos|or or primory ond |ho lollowor or socondory con|rollor. Tho choroc|ori
s|ic loo|oro ol |his con|rol sys|om is |ho| |ho oo|po| vorioblo ol |ho mos|or con
|rollor is |ho roloronco vorioblo lor |ho lollowor con|rollor.
Employing coscodo con|rol, |ho |omporo|oro con|rol ol |ho hoo| oxchongor
|Fig. 1] providos good rosol|s olso whon sovorol consomors oro connoc|od
|o |ho hoo|ing circoi|. Tho lloc|oo|ions in prossoro ond llow oro componso|od
lor by |ho socondory llow con|rollor |w
2
, x
2
] which oc|s os linol con|rol olo
mon| |o bo posi|ionod by |ho primory |omporo|oro con|rollor.
ln oor oxomplo |ho oo|or |primory] con|rol loop |w
1
, x
1
] mos| bo dosignod |o
hovo good dis|orbonco rooc|ion, whoroos |ho innor -socondory- con|rol
loop roqoiros good roloronco oc|ion.
kcIe cenIre|
Ro|io con|rol is o spociol |ypo ol lollowop con|rol ond is osod |o moin|oin o
lixod ro|io bo|woon |wo qoon|i|ios. This roqoiros on ori|hmo|ic olomon| |V]. l|s
inpo| vorioblo is |ho moosorod voloo ol |ho procoss vorioblo 1 ond i|s oo|po|
vorioblo monipolo|os |ho procoss vorioblo 2 in |ho con|rol loop.
24
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

V
Z
4
/
D
K
E
Fig. 19: Temperature control by means of cascade control
w
1
=w
soll
x
2
x
1
w
2
q
mcsIer cnd
|e||ewer cenIre||er |er
hghquc|Iy cenIre|
Fig. 20 illos|ro|os o mixor in which |ho llow ro|o q
2
ol ono mo|oriol is con|rol
lod in propor|ion |o |ho llow ro|o q
1
ol ono|hor mo|oriol.
25
PcrI 1 L101 EM
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

0
0
/
0
3
Fig. 20: Ratio control
V
q
2
q
1
q
2
= V q
1
w
x
Appondix A1:
Addi|ionol Li|oro|oro
[1j Con|rollors ond Con|rol Sys|oms
Tochnicol lnlormo|ion L102EM, SAMSM AG
[2j DlM 122: Con|rol |ochnology
[3j DlM 122Z: Grophicol symbols ond idon|ilying lo||ors lor procoss
con|rol onginooring
2
FundcmenIc|s Torminology ond Symbols in Con|rol Enginooring
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

V
Z
4
/
D
K
E
A
P
P
E
N
0
|
X
Figoros
Fig. 1: poro|or con|rols |ho procoss vorioblo p
2
vio romo|o od|os|or . .
Fig. 2: poro|or con|rols |ho procoss vorioblo p
2
on o closod loop . . . Z
Fig. 3: Roo|ox|roc|ing o dilloron|iol prossoro signol . . . . . . . . . 12
Fig. 4: Dovolopmon| ol o liqoid lovol ovor |imo . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fig. 5: Somming poin| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fig. : Bronch poin| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Fig. Z: Block diogromol monool opon loop con|rol . . . . . . . . . . 14
Fig. 8: Block diogromol monool closod loop con|rol . . . . . . . . . 15
Fig. : Block diogromol o con|rol loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fig. 10: Grophicol symbols lor doscribing |omporo|oro con|rol . . . . . 1
Fig. 11: Grophicol symbols occording |o DlM122Z Por| 2 . . . . . . 1Z
Fig. 12: Grophicol symbols |2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Fig. 13: lns|romon|o|ion ond con|rol |ogs disigno|od. . . . . . . . . . 1
Fig. 14: Roproson|o|ion ol o con|rol loop: DlM122Z Por| 1 . . . . . . 21
Fig. 15: Roproson|o|ion ol o con|rol loop: DlM122Z Por| 2 . . . . . . 21
Fig. 1: Dis|orbonco rooc|ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fig. 1Z: Roloronco oc|ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fig. 18: Tomporo|oro con|rol by moons ol lixod so| poin| con|rol . . . . 23
Fig. 1: Tomporo|oro con|rol by moons ol coscodo con|rol . . . . . . . 24
Fig. 20: Ro|io con|rol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
27
PcrI 1 L101 EM
S
A
M
S

M
A
G

0
0
/
0
3
F
|
G
U
k
E
5
S//SC| /C /|SS U|D ||C|||CH||| \osuo||o|s||u|o o Dc0o^ ||ur||o|| uu /ur
||uro +^' c'} ^ 00 '0 o|o|ux +^' c'} ^ 00 '' 0. |r|o|ro|. |||p.//vvv.suusur.uo
2
0
0
0
/
0
o

|
|