COALIE - Coastal Archaeological Landscapes: Intertidal & Estuarine

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Wessex Archaeology Ltd 2014, all rights reserved

Wessex Archaeology Ltd is a Registered Charity No. 287786 (England & Wales) and SC042630 (Scotland)

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Data Structure Report 2014
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Marine & Maritime .................................................................................................... 3
Marine & Maritime Summary of gaps in our knowledge and future approaches..... 4
Palaeolithic & Mesolithic Prospecting For Sites In A Dynamic Landscape............. 4
Roman Changing pattern of imports...................................................................... 5
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Project Extent........................................................................................................... 5
Geology.................................................................................................................... 6
Hydrology................................................................................................................. 7

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Artefact .................................................................................................................... 9
Environmental .......................................................................................................... 9
Dating ...................................................................................................................... 9
Geoarchaeology....................................................................................................... 9
Submerged Site Investigation................................................................................... 9

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Hunterston Sands coastal structures...................................................................... 23
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Hunterston Sands coastal structures...................................................................... 25
Polteath Burn, relict designed landscape................................................................ 28
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Lower Boydston, Loup Cottage obstruction ............................................................ 31
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Brigurd Point harbour ............................................................................................. 31
Vernacular harbours & landings ............................................................................. 34
Portencross Old Harbour & New Harbour ........................................................... 34
Navigation perches ................................................................................................ 37
Dykes & Intertidal boulder banks............................................................................ 40

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Two 2nd Century AD Roman ring-necked flagons recovered from the nearby coast
near Fairlie, reported by a member of the local community;
Worked, possibly reused timbers, stakes and possible hurdles within the Hunterston
Sands fish traps;
Elements of the Brigurd Point harbour moles extending underwater observed from
AP survey.
Over 30 intertidal structures: unknown intertidal structures from Largs to Hunterston

identified from AP survey. These include circular features around Fairlie and
unsurveyed known coastal structures from Hunterston to Ardrossan (Patterson
1989).

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To develop a series of partnership projects to undertake a holistic, multi-disciplinary
approach to an area such as outlined in the proposed Source to Sea approach;
To assimilate all specialised datasets into a national database, which could be

accessed digitally and would enable marine historic environment data to be
characterised;

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To develop site-specific approaches to coastal and marine archaeology

Examples include researching fish-traps on a national scale;
To explore the whole spectrum transport infrastructure, including Historic and

Prehistoric landing places, ports, harbours, portages, landing places, fords and
bridges.
Marine & Maritime Summary of gaps in our knowledge and future approaches5
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To raise the international profile of Scottish Maritime Heritage;
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source, technique and academic discipline;
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meet research challenges while providing the experience and perspective to ensure
research of the highest quality;
To create a Research Focus that incorporates the complexity of the record and
allow full and rich explorations of the past;
To strengthen and broaden the marine and maritime research knowledge-base,

which is created, maintained and promoted by and in partnership with regional and
historic environment records organisations.
Palaeolithic & Mesolithic Prospecting For Sites In A Dynamic Landscape6

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on Brigurd Point,
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access and transportation of goods across the outer Clyde properties of the Hunter
family, i.e. between Little Cumbrae, South Kames (Millport, Great Cumbrae),
Lamlash and Holy Isle at Arran.
The harbour is old, perhaps of Roman age, facilitating vessels for trans-shipment,
from sea going to estuarine going boats at a natural change from deep to shallow
water in the Firth of Clyde.

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Plate1HS01Theworkedtimberfromwhichtheassessment
samplewastaken,fromerodedfarend.Scalemarkedin10cm
blocks(Photo:WACoastal&Marine).
&2$/,(+XQWHUVWRQVDQGVWLPEHUDVVHVVPHQW_0LOOV

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Specialist assessment work has identified five worked oak timbers at Hunterston Sands, associated
with the putative fish trap structure. Four are massive structural oak timbers of similar form and
dimensions,andatleastthreeofthemhaveevidenceofrelictjoints,mostprobablysimplepeggedlap
joints,althoughthesecouldnotbefullyobserved.Theseawardedgeofthefishtrapisdefinedbyan
arcofbouldermounds,andthelargetimbersoccursingly,eachinadifferentoneofthesemounds.
Thefifthtimber(HS03)isasmallersplitoakpost,possiblypartofastakeandwattlestructurebetween
twoofthemounds.

Afragmentfromoneofthelargetimbers,HS01,wassubjecttomicroscopicexamination,andproved
tobeveryslowgrownmatureoak,withanestimatedminimum200ringsandbarkedgepresent.This
demonstratesthehighdendrodatingpotentialofthelargeoaktimbers.Itislikelytheotherthreehave
similarcharacteristics,andmoremayexistunderthesurfaceorintheothermounds.Itisnotclearat
this stage whether the large oak timbers were fashioned for the fishtrap structure, which has since
fallenapart,orwhethertheyarereusedfromanotherstructure,perhapstoformfootingsforthefish
trap.Theirclosesimilaritysuggestsacommonorigin,andthelikelihoodthat,ifrecycled,theycome
from the same local structure. The use of large, longlived slow grown oak is a characteristic noted
mostcommonlyinthemedievalpartoftheScottishdendrorecord(Mills&Crone2012),andwouldbe
ararefindforthepostmedievalperiod.Thecharacterofthetimberisreminiscentofmaterialseenin
medievalwoodeddeerparks,likeCadzowandDalkeith,ofwhichtherewouldhavebeenmanymorein
earliertimes.Hunterstonitselfhasearlyorigins,andmaywellhavehadoldparklandtrees.The17th
CenturyBleauAtlasomitsHunterston,butindicatesonesuchparkatnearbySouthannan,theestateto
the immediate North of Hunterston, which also had a castle, dismantled in the late 18th Century
(Macgibbon&Ross1879).Thisrepresentsjustoneofmanypossibilitiesfortheoriginofsuchfineoak.
Ifdendrodatingandprovenancingweresuccessful,thiswouldnarrowdownthepossibilities.

Itisproposedthatacautiousstepbystepapproachbetakentorecoveringsamplesandinvestigating
the timber elements until more is known about them and the site. While it would be analytically
advantageous to have as many samples as possible, this would require significant excavation and
invasivesamplinginlogisticallydifficultcircumstances,andcouldriskdamageorlossoftheexposed
timbers. It is proposed therefore as a first step to undertake dendroanalysis of (a) the end piece
alreadyrecoveredfromHS01,whichhasenoughringsinprincipletopermitdating,thoughaseverfor
dendrowithnoguarantees,and(b)torecoveraslicefromthetopofpostHS03foranalysis.Thelatter
ismorecertaintobeoriginallycutforthefishtrapstructure,andhaslesslikelihoodofbeingrecycled.
Establishing whether HS01 and HS03 have the same or different dates would be informative. South
WestScotlandhasthebestoakreferencechronologycoverageofanyregion,andthereforeattempting
single entity dendrodating here stands a better chance of success than elsewhere. Sampling HS03
wouldrequireareturnvisittothesite.Thiscouldprovideanopportunitytorecoverstructuraldetails
fromthedistalendsofoneofthelargetimbers,assofartheonlyonefullyuncoveredwaserodedat
this end (HS01). It would be useful to identify whether both ends of the large timbers were once
jointedintootherelements.Thiscouldhelptoidentifythenatureoftheirparentstructure.

www.dendrochronicle.co.ukPage|1

,QWURGXFWLRQ
The COALIE project (Coastal Archaeological Landscapes: Intertidal and Estuarine
http://blogs.wessexarch.co.uk/coalie/)isassessingforeshorearchaeologyatanumberofsitesdotted
along the North Ayrshire coast near Largs, Hunterston, Portencross and Ardrossan, and has so far
mostly returned records of stone built structures. However, the Hunterston Sands site in North
Ayrshireisunusualincontainingsometimberelementswithinboulderstructures.

Hunterston Sands lie in the the intertidal zone adjacent to Hunterston B nuclear power station, but
wereoriginallypartofthehistoricHunterstonEstate.Thereisacomplexofforeshorestructureshere,
including boulderbuilt dykes extending down the foreshore towards the sea, a boulderedged deep
harbourfeature,atBrigurdPoint,onlyrevealedatlowesttides,andataslightlyhigherelevationnear
BrigurdPoint,aboulderedgedintertidalpond,orcomplexofponds,tentativelyidentifiedaspartsof
fallingtidefishtraps,allcurrentlyofunknowndate.WACoastal&Marinearecurrentlyassessingand
researchingthecomplexofstructuralremainsatthissite,andhaverequestedthisinitialassessmentof
thetimbersassociatedwiththeseawardedgeoftheputativefishtrapcomplex.

At this stage, the timber assessment involves the detailed species identification and microscopic
examinationofonesampledtimber(HS01,Plate1),withaviewtoassessingitsdendrochronological
datingpotential,augmentedbyasitevisiton26thFebrary2014toexaminethisandothertimbersin
situ,resultinginarapidassessmentofatotaloffivetimberfeatures,HS01HS05.AThelocationofthe
sampledtimberHS01wasrecordedas217929E652423NbyWACoastal&MarineusingDGPS,andthe
otherfourtimberfeatureslieinanarctotheNorth(HS02andHS03)andSouth(HS04andHS05)of
HS01,withinabout100mofeachotherandallapparentlypartofthesamestructure.Asixthpossible
timber was noted by WA as seen in Sept 2013, but not relocated in Jan/Feb 2014 visits, at 217935E
652391N.

ThereiscurrentlynodatinginformationforthesestructuresatHunterstonSands,thefishtrapsdonot
appearonanyhistoricmaps,chartsorrecordssofaruncovered.TheHunterstonarchivesarelargely
untapped but have not so far shed any light on their date. Dendrochronology presents a potential
means of dating the timber elements at Hunterston Sands very precisely. The success of such an
approachwilldependon:

(a)thespeciesanddatingqualityofthetimbers;
(b) the number of related timbers available from each phase of construction, a minimum of 810
timbers per phase/source being recommended by English Heritage dendrochronology guidelines to
enhancethesitesignalandthechancesofdating;
(c)theavailabilityofappropriatereferencechronologies;and
(d)thedegreetowhichthestructuresarebuiltwithreusedtimber.

However, regarding point (d) it is argued that even dating reused material would form a useful
terminuspostquemforconstruction,especiallyintheabsenceofanyotherdatingevidenceatthesite,
and could also reveal much about the age, provenance and type of any original structures being
abandonedandrecycled.ThiscouldtieintotheHunterstonEstatehistorymorewidely,terrestrialor
maritime, which may be enhanced by intended research into the Hunterston Estate archive at
HunterstonHouse.Fieldobservationssuggestthepossibilitythatthestructurescouldcontainamixof
freshlycutandreusedtimber.


0HWKRGV
AsmalldetachedanderodedendfragmentofHS01,thetimbershowninPlate1,wasrecoveredbyWA
Coastal& Marineearlyin2014forwoodspeciesidentificationand dendrochronologicalassessment.
ThisfragmentwasexaminedbyCMforsurfacefeatures,andaverysmallsubsamplecutfromoneend
to confirm species identification under the microscope and to assess whether the full timber would
have sufficient rings for dendrochronological analysis. The smallsample was first frozen, and then
cleanedwitharazor,toobtainaclearcrosssectionviewoftheannualringsandwoodstructure.This
sample assessment was augmented by a site visit on 26th February 2014 to undertake a field
assessmentofothertimberelementsfoundinotherpartsofthesameputativefishtrapstructureas
HS01.

5HVXOWV
Samplecharacteristics
ThesmallpieceoftheHS01timberrecoveredfromsitewasexaminedmicroscopicallyandproveditto
be oak (Quercus sp. L.). Furthermore, the retrieved piece (Plate 2) has intact sapwood with bark
adhering.Underthemicroscope,thesmallsubsampletakenforidentificationprovedtobeveryslow
grownoakwithapproximately18annualringspercm.Thisdetachedtimberfragmenthasmaximum
dimensionsof47cmlongby17cmwideby7cmthick,andhasaroughlywedgeshapeincrosssection,
widestatthebarkedge.However,asanerodedend,thecrosssectionheremaynotbetypicalofthe
timberasawhole(Plate1).Thiswasborneoutinthefield,wheretheotherendofthetimberhasa
moreintactDshapedcrosssection,withtheDonitsbackisitwere,andthetimberappearstobea
convertedfromahalvedtrunk,withtheouterfacetrimmedflat,andsapwoodadheringalongatleast
onelongedge,withbarkpresentonthisedgeonthedetachedsampledpiece.

The microscopically examined subsample was from near the outer edge of the tree, where growth
ratesnormallyslowdown,andsotheinnerringsmaybewider.Evensoitseemsreasonabletoassume
thistimbercouldhaveintheregionofat200ringspresent.Giventhespeciesidentificationofoak,the
highringcount,andtheintactbarkedge,thissamplehashighdendrodatingpotential.


Plate 2 (above) Retrieved end piece of timber HS01. Note bark at top edge, and paler sapwood below it,
somewhateroded,butintactunderthebark.(Below)Atthebottomedgethereisanalignmentof3possiblepeg
holes,oneintactatLHSandtwoerodedthroughtotherightofit,allsittingwithinthesamenarrowdepression
whichappearstobemanmaderatherthannatural,andmaybetheremnantsofapeggedjointsimilartothat
survivingbetterattheotherendofthetimber(Plate4).However,naturaloriginsofthese3holeshavenotbeen
entirelyruledout(seetext).

There is evidence of working on the retrieved piece of HS01 (Plate 2), with three aligned holes, one
intact,twoerodedthrough,allsittingwithinahollowedoblongdepressionorientatedalongthelong
axisofthetimber,andwhiletheerodedstateofthisendofthetimbermakesitdifficulttobecertain
theseareallpegholes,theycouldbetheremainsofapeggedjoint,thesurfacefeaturesofwhichhave
beenlost.Furtherpossiblepegholeswereobserved,thoughconsiderationhastobegiventowhether
these could be caused by marine woodboring organisms or by the erosive action of pebbles being
rolledaroundbywaveactionwithinhollowsformedintheerodingwood,asobservedelsewhereon
thesurfaceofthistimberinthefield.

Fieldobservationsoftimberstructures
The field visit allowed the situation and context of the timbers to be better understood, in an
archaeologicalsenseandalsowithrespecttothelandscapeandseascape.Limitedtimewasavailable,
justacoupleofhoursaroundlowtide,sothenewobservationsmadewererapidandanycleaningand
recording was rudimentary. However valuable new observations were made on timber HS01, and a
furtherfourothertimberfeatureswereassessed(Table1).

Table1TimberelementsatHunterstonSands,observedonassessmentvisit26thFeb2014

Timber
LocationDGPS
Approx
Comments
element
Dimensions(m)
217929E652423N >2.2x0.38x0.14
HS01
Oak, narrow ringed, bark edge,
(Plates16)
massive worked structural timber
withhighdatingpotential.
HS02
217949E652450N >2.1x0.45x14
Oak, narrow ringed, sapwood
(Plate7)
retained,workedstructuraltimber,

worked in similar fashion to HS01,
slightly more massive. High dating
potential.
HS03
217964E652457N ?unknownlengthx Small stake, orientated vertically,
(Plate8&9)
(signal problems, 0.10x0.06
cut from slow grown oak with an

locationTBC)
estimated 80100 rings and intact
sapwood.Gooddatingpotential.
Associated with at least one
otheroakstakeandsmallnonoak
roundwood fragments, possibly all
fromawattlestructureinacircular
depression between two boulder
mounds.
HS04
217927E652416N Similar dimensions Massiveoaktimberofsimilarform
(Plate10)
to HS01 & HS02 to HS01 & HS02. Retains sapwood
(notexcavated)
edge. Assume common origin &
similarlyhighdatingquality.
HS05
217931E652406N Similar dimensions Massiveoaktimberofsimilarform
to HS01 & HS02 toHS01& HS02.Assumecommon
(notexcavated)
origin & similarly high dating
quality.


Definite evidence of working was observed on Timber HS01 in the field, with two redundant large
peggedjointspresentatthewellpreservedend(Plates3&4),runningatslightlydifferentanglesto
eachother,andapparentlyonconvergentlines.Itwouldappearthereforethattwofurthersubstantial
timber elements were formerly attached at this end, which of course was not necessarily in this
orientationorlocationoriginally.
Plate3CloseupdetailofthetwoworkedfeaturesonHS01,atthebetterpreservedendofthetimber.Scaleis1
min10cmbars.TakenlateJanuary2014,WA.
Plate4HS01SameworkedfeaturesasinPlate3,cleanedupduringvisitof260214.Detailisseenofthejointto
the LHS with two eroded peg holes at the (watery) edge of the surviving thinner area of wood within, partly
eroded.InthefeaturetotheRHSonepegsurvivesinsitu(Plate5),adjacenttotwofurtherpossiblepegholes,in
arecessalignedalongthelongaxisofthetimber,reminiscentofthepossible3pegholearrangementseenon
thefragmentfromtheotherend(Plate2),whichwouldbeontheoppositeedgeofthetimber.

Thesetimberelementswouldhavebeenpeggedtogether,withonepegsurvivinginsituonHS01.This
isaknifecutoakpeg,roughlyhexagonalinplan(Plate5).Withoutseeingtheothersideofthetimber,
whichcouldnotbelifted,andwasmostlysubmergedinwater,itisdifficulttosayexactlytheformof
theseredundantjoints,whichwaslargelyjudgedbyfeel,notbyvision,buttheendfeatureappearsto
beshapedasaverylargetenonormoreprobablyarecessedlapjoint,cutatanangle,andtheinner
featureisperhapsapeggedlapjointtoo,cutatasteeperangle,presumablytomeettheothernow
lostelement.Erosionofthethinnerpartsofthisinnerfeaturemakestheunderstandingofitsoriginal
formalittleuncertain.
Plate5CloseupdetailofthesurvivingpegfoundinHS01.Thepegisofoakandappearstobeknifecutintoa
roughlyhexagonalshape.ViewedfromtheoppositesideofthetimbertoPlate4.

Oneoddaspectoftheseworkedfeaturesisthattheyindicateattachedtimbersrunningoutfromthe
convexfaceofHS01,whichhasaslightbendinitatabout1.31.4mfromthewellpreservedend(Plate
6).However,thereisapossibilitythatthetimberwasoriginallystraightandhasbeendistortedbythe
pressureofadjacentmassiveboulders.

Plate6HS01,viewedfromtheerodedend,CMexaminestimberHS01atthewellpreservedendwithjointsfacing
outtotheLHS.Notethechangeinangleofthelongaxisofthetimber,justbelowtheendofthe1mscale.Hence
theredundantjointsindicatetimbersemergingfromtheconvexfaceofthetimber.However,ifispossiblethat
thetimberhasbeendistortedbytheweightofadjacentmassiveboulderswithinthemoundstructure.

OnearliervisitsBYAWstaff,onlyasmallflatendsectionoftimberHS02hadbeenvisible.Sometime
wasspentrevealingmoreofthistimber(Plate7),anditprovedtobeverysimilar,thoughslightlymore
massiveinsize(Table2)thanHS01.Thetimberistiltingdownintothesedimentsatoneend,soonly
oneendcouldberevealed,butitshowsasimilarmassiveangledendtenonorlapjointtothatseenin
HS01.Unfortunatelythewaterlevelwastoohightoseeanypegholesorinsitupegsonthisend,but
basedonfeelalonenonewerelocated.

Plate7HS02Anothermassiveoaktimber,ofsimilarformtoHS01,butslightlywider(Table1).Hasan
angled joint at the revealed end (LHS) and disappears down into the sediment at the RHS. The
submergedrecessedLHSofthetimber,underwater,isatthesameangleasthevisibleangledcutnear
thesurface.WherethescaleendsattheLHSthereisaholewhichappearsdeliberatelyworkedatthe
edge of the timber, and a little large for a normal peg hole. It marks the approximate position of a
recessforalapjointontheundersideofthetimber,andrunningatasteeper,convergent,anglethan
the end joint, in a similar arrangement to the two joints seen at the end of HS01. However, these
deductionsmadebyfeel,notbysight,asallunderwater.

TimberHS03differsfromthefourmassiveworkedoaktimbersrecorded(HS01,HS02,HS04,HS05).It
isaverticallysetstakeorpost,visibleonlyfromtheupperend(Plate8).Itisradiallysplitfromslow
grownoak,andhassapwoodattached,probablyintacttosubbarksurface.Withanapproximate10
rings per cm, as estimated from the eroded in situ transverse section, this timber may have 80100
rings. It therefore has reasonably good dating potential, and could give a felling date to the year if
dated.

Plate8HS03Aslowgrownoakpost,withintactpalersapwood(LHS),setverticallyinthesedimentsandviewed
fromabove.Thenarrowrings(runningtoptobottominphoto)arelessclearthantherays(runningsidetoside
inphoto),astrongfeatureinoak.Thesmallerdivisionsonthescalearein1cmintervals.

PostHS03isassociatedwithotherfeatures,includingatleastoneotheroakstake(Plate9)andsome
smallnonoakroundwoodwhichcouldbefragmentsofwattle.Thispostseemedtobesetinaroughly
circulardepressionbetweentwoofthebouldermounds,themoresoutherlyofwhichcontainstimber
HS02.

Plate9HS03(belowLefthandendofscalewherethe1cmintervalschangeto10cmintervals),andanother
smaller upright stake to its Right, just beneath the 40 cm point on the scale. Between these two elements,
smallernonoakroundwoodwasfallingoutoftheedgeoftheroughlycirculardepressioninwhichtheysit.The
fillofthedepressionseemstobefreeoftheboulderswhichotherwisesurroundit.

Twofurthermassiveoaktimbers(HS04andHS05,Table1)werefoundinbouldermoundstothesouth
side of the mound containing HS01. They were only partly exposed, and time did not permit any
detailedinvestigation,buttheyaremassiveoaktimbersofsimilarformanddimensionstoHS01and
HS02. HS04 clearly has a worked angled end (Plate 10), similar to HS01 and HS02. HS05 was less
exposed,andwecouldnotseeenddetails,butappearstobeafourthmassiveoaktimber,againsetin
oneofthebouldermounds.Theexposedmassiveoaktimberswerenotseentobeconnectedtoany
othertimbers,occurringsinglyinindividualseparatebouldermounds.Thepossibilityremainsthatall
of the boulder mounds contain timber, and also that further timbers lie below the exposed surface,
withtheaccidentoferosionhavingexposedjustafewexamples.Theirfunctioninthemoundsisnot
yetunderstood,andwouldprobablyrequireexcavationanddetailed3Drecordingtodeducefurther.

Plate10HS04anothermassiveoaktimberofsimilarformanddimensiontoHS01andHS02,andprobablywell
over2minlength.Ithasasimilarlyangledworkedend,attheexposedend(LHS)andsapwoodwasnotedalong
onelongedge.Therewasnottimetoexploreitfully.

'LVFXVVLRQ

Datingpotentialofthetimber
Examination of the retrieved timber sample from HS01 (Plates 1 and 2) indicates very good dating
potential for this timber. By extension this is likely to apply to the other three similar massive oak
timbers,HS02,HS04andHS05.TheHS01sampleisslowgrownoakwithintactsapwoodandbarkedge,
whichmeansifdatedaprecisefellingdatetotheyearwouldbeobtained.Theobservedgrowthrate
onasmallsubsampleindicatesaround18ringspercmintheouteredge,sothetimberasawhole
wouldhaveanestimated200ringsorso,perhapsmore,ifafullradialcrosssectioncouldbeobtained.
This should be possible by cutting the recovered piece through the middle, at the broadest section
where the bark survives, and taking a slice for analysis from this middle section. This is very good
quality,slowgrown,longlivedoak,thebesttypeoftimberfordendrodating,inaregionofScotland
with particularly good oak reference chronology coverage, although, that said, there are never any
guaranteesindendrodating.

Thesmallertimber,thesplitoakpostHS03,alsohasreasonablygooddendrodatingpotential.Despite
smallsize,itisslowgrownoak,withanestimated80100rings,andhasthesapwoodintactapparently
tobarkedge.Datingindividualsamplesofthissortofsequencelengthmayormaynotwork,butitis

perhaps worth trying as a first step, because this smaller element is very probably integral to this
foreshore structure, felled for this purpose, and not reused. A date for this post would be a very
helpfulcomparisonwithadateforoneofthelargetimbers(HS01).Thelargeroakelementshavemore
rings, and are more likely to give a result, but also the possibility exists that they are reused from
anotherstructure.Thatsaid,thesimilaritybetweenthefourlargertimberseitherarguesforthemall
being obtained from the same nearby dismantled structure, or even fashioned for a jointed timber
frameworkintheforeshorestructure,whichhassincefallenapart.

Usuallymultiplesamplesperphaseandsourceinastructureprovidethebestchanceofobtaininga
dendrodate, as outlined in the English Heritage dendrochronology guidelines. However, longerlived
samples,especiallywith100ringsormore,willsometimesdateasindividuals.Itcouldbeworthtrying
this as a first step at Hunterston Sands, before determining an onward strategy for the rest of the
material. The chances are improved in SW Scotland because it has the best native oak treering
coverage of any part of Scotland. Of course, we do not know at this stage whether this oak is local,
native or imported, but dendrochronological analysis could tell us, using the technique of dendro
provenancing(Bondeetal1997;Daly2007).InformationontheprovenanceoftimberatHunterston
Sandsmayrevealaspectsoftheestateswidereconomicactivitiesandconnections.

In much of Scotland, imported timber becomes common from the latemedieval period, and
ScandinaviaandtheBalticregionsupplymostofthatdemand,inoakandthenconifers,untilthelate
18th Century (Mills & Crone 2012; Crone & Mills 2013). However, as the British Empire expanded,
colonial sources such as North America become more important and the timber supply to Britain
becomesevermorecomplexintotheearlymodernperiod.Allthissaid,theknownpictureofimport
historyinScotlandisveryskewedtotheeastcoastandcentralbelt(Mills&Crone2012).Southwest
Scotland is thought to be an area which maintained a native oak supply much longer than the east
coastandcentralbeltsettlements.

Ayrshireshistoricbuildinghistoryislargelyunexploredfromadendrochronologicalpointofview,but
SouthWestScotlandpresentsthebestregionofanyforthechancesofdatingnativeoak,atleastin
the historic period. No part of Scotland has a continuous multimillennial treering record, but the
record is most extensive for oak in South West Scotland. A few isolated prehistoric sites have been
datedhere,bycomparisonwiththelongIrishrecord(Caversetal2011):Buistoncrannog,Ayrshireand
Whithorn, Galloway provide several centuries of oak coverage for the Early Historic period (Crone
1998),andProfessorBailliesoriginalSouthCentralScotlandoakchronology,isstillamainstayofoak
dating in Scotland (Baillie 1977), covering the period AD 946 to 1975, and based on timbers from
mostlysouthwesternScottishsiteslikeGlasgowCathedral,CaerlaverockCastleandCadzowoldliving
oaksnearHamilton.ThusthepotentialfordatinganyoakfromthisregionusedatHunterstonSandsis
very good in the historic period. In the prehistoric period there is a chance of dating over longer
distancestothecontinuouslongchronologiesinIrelandandNEnglandwhichishowafewotherSouth
WestScottishprehistoricsampleshavebeendated.

Woodworkingevidence
The retrieved sample HS01 is clearly from a worked timber, as described above, a halved trunk
subsequently trimmed, with evidence of two pegged joints at one end, at convergent angles, and
possible evidence of a pegged joint at the eroded other end. Further investigation and recording is
desirable to recover the structural details from the distal end of one of the other large oaks, where
there is better preservation; this would help to understand the parent structure more fully. Timber
HS02, only exposed at one end, similarly has two relict joints at convergent angles, and is of very

similardimensions.Itmusthavecomefromthesamestructure,orsametypeofstructure,asHS01.
HS04alsobearssomuchsimilarityastobeanidenticalelementfromthesametypeofstructure,and
thesizeofHS05suggestsitalsohasthesameorigin.Whilecautionmustbeexercisedastotheformof
therelictjoints,giventheywerepartburiedorsubmergedinwater,theyappeartobesimplepegged
lap joints, and there was no evidence of more complex dovetail or scarfed jointing. Harris (1978),
talkingabouttimberframedbuildingsinBritainmoregenerally(whichofcoursearemorecommonin
England),saysthatlapjointswereusedinfewpositionsintimberframedbuildings,andthattheywere
asignificantelementinearlymedievalformsofconstruction,butinlaterbuildingstheyweregenerally
onlyfoundbetweenraftersandcollarsandincruckconstruction.Inotherwords,theyareasimpler
formofconstruction,andnotespeciallyindicativeofaparticularperiod,andwhilemorecommonin
earliertimestheymightalsobeexpectedinlatermoreworkadaystructures.

Theexposedfacesoftheobservedtimbersaretooerodedtobesureofhowtheywereworked,but
theywereprobablysawnorsplitintohalftrunks,andthentrimmedandshapedwithhandtoolssuch
asaxeandadze.Theyseemtooirregularandorganicinformtohavebeenthroughasawmill,andno
evidenceofsawingwasseenonanyexposedfaces,althoughtheseareadmittedlyseaworn.Thehand
madeknifecutoakpegsurvivinginonejointonHS01furtheraddstotheimpressionofhandhewn,
traditionalwoodworking,ofasortwhichisnoteasytopindowntoanyspecificage.

The curving long axis of HS01 is reminiscent of a cruck frame, but the direction of the redundant
recesses (Plate 1 foreground; Plate 3) seems wrong for the expected attachmentsof collar or brace,
which might otherwise explain two adjacent remnant lap joints at different angles. Instead it seems
those lost other timbers extended out from the convex edge of the timber, not the concave side as
wouldbethecaseinacruckframe.However,thereisapossibilitythatthistimberhasbecomebent
anddistortedbytheweightofboulderspressingagainstit.Itwasnotpossibletoseethefulllengthof
theotherlargeoakelementstodiscernwhethertheywerecurvedornot.

Four of the five oak timbers are quite massive, and this overengineering in terms of scantling is
suggestiveofthepossibilityofthembeingreusedshipstimbers(Prescott&Atkinson2012).However
thesurvivalofsapwoodonseveralandbarkaswellonHS01seemstothrowsuchanoriginintodoubt.

Furtherrecordingand researchisrequiredtoworkoutwhatstructureorelementthesetimbersare
mostlikelytorepresent.Whilethisisnotyetdetermined,theclosesimilaritybetweentheformofthe
four large oaks, and their common placement each within a mound of boulders at the edge of the
putativefishtrap,suggeststheyshareacommonorigin,eitherdeliberatelyselectedfromonenearby
dismantledstructureorfashionedinthisformaspartofthestructureofthefishtrapitself.

The high quality, slowgrown, long lived oak present here is a type of timber rarely seen in post
medieval Scottish structures, yet rather more commonly found in medieval structures, including a
numberinSouthWestScotland(Mills&Crone2012).Whencombinedwiththeapparentlysimplelap
jointtechnologyandthehandhewnnatureofthetimbers,itistemptingtoconsideramedievalorigin
ratherthanalaterone,albeitthatearliertimberscouldhavebeenreusedinalatermoreworkaday
structure.Onemightthereforelookfornearbymedievalstructureswhichcouldhavecarriedmassive
timbers available for later reuse; of course there are many candidates of ruined medieval keeps,
castlesandchapelsinthisarea,butonesuchtemptingexampleisthemedievalcastleatSouthAnnan,
ontheadjacentestatetotheimmediateNorthofHunterston.Onehastoconsiderwheresuchlong
lived and massive oak might have been grown, and it strikes me as most similar in character to oak
fromtheslowgrown,widesquattrunksofoaksseeninancientdeerparkoaks,likethoseatCadzow,

wheresometreesof15thCenturyplantedoriginsurvive,andDalkeithPark(probablyalsomedieval).
Such wooded parks were once far more common around castles and high status houses across
Scotland.BleausAtlas,publishedinthemid17thCentury,butbasedonPontandotherearliersources,
oftengivesagoodclueastowhereparksonceexisted,andinthisparticulararea,themostextensive
enclosedwoodedparkisshownasSouthIennan(Southannan)justNorthofHunterston(whichisnot
shown,probablyacartographicerror).ThusSouthannanpresentsonelocalpossibilityasasourceof
thistypeoflargeslowgrownoldoaktimber,eitherdirectlyfromtheparkorrecycledfromtheroof
structuresofitsoldbuildings.Manyotherpossibilitiesexistofcourse.

According to Canmore, quoting MacGibbon & Ross (1897) writing in the late 19th Century, Nothing
now remains of Southannan Chapel. The castle has been extensive, with a high enclosing courtyard
wall, with an arched entrance porch to the W, defended by shotholes. Along the N side of the
courtyardhasbeenarangeofdwellings,twostoreysinheight;thereweresmallerbuildingsontheE
side.Thecastlewasmuchenlargedabout1596byRobert,4thLordSempill;itwasdismantledtowards
theendofthe18thcentury.Thispresentsjustonepossibilityofthetypeofsourcestobeconsidered
formassiveoaktimberofsuchhighquality.Furtherresearchintopotentialtimbersourcesfortheoaks
at Hunterston Sands is best undertaken after dendrochronological analysis hones down the
possibilities,hopefullyprovidingspecificdatesandindicationsofprovenance.

Astrategyforthesite
A cautious stepwise approach to investigating the timber elements of this site seems wise. While it
would be ideal to have as many samples as possible, before attempting dendrodating, this would
entailcuttingthroughthelargetimbers,requiringsignificantexcavation,recording,andreinstatement
work, to gain the necessary access to be able to saw slices through these massive timbers. Not to
mention the damage it would do to them, before we know how old or how significant they are. It
wouldseemmoresensibletoattempttorefineanunderstandingofthedateandnatureofthesiteand
theculturalsignificanceofthetimberelementsbeforeanymoreinvasiveworkisconsidered.

Therefore,Isuggestthewisestnextstepwouldbetoundertakedendrochronologicalanalysisoftwo
timbers,thosewheresamplescanberecoveredwithminimaldisruptionordamagetothesite.These
twosampleswouldbe(a)thepreviouslyrecoveredendpieceofHS01and(b)aslicefromthetopof
smalloakpostHS03.HS01hasthemostringsandthusthehighestdatingpotential,butHS03maywell
have sufficient rings to work, especially if local native oak. The value of doing both is that they are
differenttypesofstructuralelement.PostHS03isfarlesslikelytoberecycled.Ifitprovedpossibleto
datebothHS01andHS03,thenwecouldbeconfidentthedateforHS03isadateforapartofthefish
trapstructure,andwecouldseeiftheyhavethesameordifferentdates.IfHS01provedmuchearlier,
thenthecaseforrecycling,andasourceinasignificantearlystructure,couldbepursuedfurtheron
thebasisofthedateandformofthelargetimbers.Thereafter,weshouldbebetterinformedtodecide
onwhetheralargerscaleinvestigationofthesitewouldbeappropriate.

Sampling HS03 would require a return visit to the site. It would be useful during that visit also to
attempttouncoverandrecordthedistalendofoneofthelargeoaks,otherthanHS01,whichwastoo
erodedtobesurewhetherbothendscarriedpeggedjoints.Apossiblealignmentofthreepegholes
was seen at the eroded end, similar to those observed on the lap joint at the other end. Gaining a
complete view in plan of one of the timbers would aid identification of the form of the parent
structure.


$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV
The author is most grateful to WA Coastal & Marine, especially Dr Andrew Bicket, for arranging this
work, which is funded by Historic Scotland through the COALIE project. I am also grateful to the
HunterstonEstateandHunterstonBpowerstationauthoritiesforassistanceandaccess.

5HIHUHQFHV

Baillie,MGL1977AnoakchronologyforSouthCentralScotland.TreeRingBulletinVol37,3344.

Bonde,N,Tyers,I&Wazny,T1997Wheredoesthetimbercomefrom?Dendrochronologicalevidence
oftimbertradeinNorthernEurope,inSinclair,A,Slater,E&Gowlett,J(eds)ArchaeologicalSciences
1995,2014.Oxford.

Cavers,G,Crone,A,Engl,R,Fouracre,L,Hunter,F,Robertson,J,Thoms,J2011Refiningchronological
resolutioninIronAgeScotland:excavationsatDormansIslandCrannog,Dumfries&Galloway,Journal
ofWetlandArchaeology10,71108.

Crone,BA1998ThedevelopmentofanEarlyHistorictreeringchronologyforScotland,ProcSocAntiq
Scot128,48593.

Crone,A&MillsCM2013TimberinScottishbuildings,14501800:adendrochronological
perspective,ProcSocAntiqScot142(2012),329369.

Daly,A2007Timber,tradeandtreerings.Adendrochronologicalanalysisofstructuraloaktimberin
NorthernEurope,c.AD1000toc.AD1650.UnivAarhus;PhDThesis.

EnglishHeritageDendroGuidelines:
http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/publications/dendrochronologyguidelines/

Harris,R1978Discoveringtimberframedbuildings.ShirePublications.

MacGibbon,D&Ross,T18967'TheecclesiasticalarchitectureofScotlandfromtheearliestChristian
timestotheseventeenthcentury',3vEdinburgh,Vol.3,p607.

Mills,CM&Crone,A2012DendrochronologicalevidenceforScotlandsnativetimberresourcesover
thelast1000years,ScottishForestry66,1833.

Prescott,R&Atkinson,D2012ShiptoShore:racemarks,timbermanagementandtherecyclingof
shiptimbersinthe1820thcenturies,inCMMills(ed)Woods,Trade&Boats,NWDGScottish
WoodlandHistoryConferenceNotesXVII,3038.
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Plate 1 Examining HS01, the worked timber from which the dendro
sample was taken (from a detached fragment at the near end, out
of shot). Scale marked in 10 cm blocks
(Photo: WA Coastal & Marine).
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The COALIE project (Coastal Archaeological Landscapes: Intertidal and Estuarine
http://blogs.wessexarch.co.uk/coalie/) has assessed foreshore archaeology along the North
Ayrshire coast near Largs, Hunterston, Portencross and Ardrossan, and has mostly returned records
of stone built structures (Bicket 2014). However, the Hunterston Sands site is unusual in containing
some timber elements within boulder structures (Bicket 2014). Hunterston Sands lie in the intertidal
zone adjacent to Hunterston B nuclear power station, and were originally part of the historic
Hunterston Estate. There is a complex of foreshore structures here, including a boulder-edged intertidal pond, or series of ponds, originally tentatively identified as falling-tide fish traps, with timbers
embedded within the mounds of boulders which define the sea-ward edge of this feature. Further
to an assessment of five exposed oak timber elements embedded within this feature, in February
(Mills 2014), WA Coastal & Marine have commissioned this initial dendrochronological analysis of a
detached fragment from one the massive timbers (HS01).
The location of the sampled timber HS01 was recorded as 217929E 652423N by RCAHMS using
DGPS, and the other four assessed timber features lie in an arc to the North and South of HS01,
within about 100 m of each other and all apparently part of the same structure. A sixth possible
timber was noted by WA in September 2013, but not relocated in our February 2014 visit. Of
course, further timber elements may be present in the sub-structure but not visible at the surface.
As described in the timber assessment, the massive oak timbers (HS01, HS02, HS04, HS05) are
probably re-used from another structure, given the redundant joints observed at the exposed ends
of three of them. The oak post HS03 (Plate 5) is more likely to be fresh timber cut for construction
of the inter-tidal structure, and could date its construction, but it has not yet been sampled. The
character of the large oak timbers, hand hewn from long-lived slow grown oaks, with apparently
simple lap joints, was seen as more likely of medieval than later origin (Mills 2014).
There was no specific dating information for these structures at Hunterston Sands; the putative fish
traps do not appear on any historic maps, charts or records so far uncovered, although it is known
that the estate engaged in improvements including land reclamation in the late 18th century (Bicket
pers comm), from first forays into the largely untapped Hunterston family archives. It was argued
that, as a first step, attempting dendro-dating of the only available sample, from timber HS01, could
give a useful terminus post quem for construction even if re-used, especially in the absence of any
other dating evidence at the site. It could provide information on the age and character of the
original structure from which the recycled timber came and indicate which periods of the
Hunterston Estate and wider histories would be most relevant for targeted documentary research.
Even though dating of a single timber is less likely to be possible than dating a group of samples
(English Heritage 1999), the dating potential of HS01 was assessed as high, given it was made of
slow grown oak, with an estimated 200 rings and preserved bark edge (Mills 2014). Ayrshires
historic building history is largely unexplored from a dendrochronological point of view, but South
West Scotland presents the best region of any for the chances of dating native oak, at least in the
historic period, being well represented in Baillies SCOTLAND south western regional reference
chronology, augmented by other later medieval sites analysed more recently (Ballie 1977a; Crone &
Mills 2013) and with some early historic coverage too (Crone 1998). No part of Scotland has a
continuous multi-millennial tree-ring record, but the record is most extensive for oak in South West
Scotland.
www.dendrochronicle.co.uk
Page | 1
0HWKRGV
The small detached fragment of timber HS01 (Plate 2), recovered by WA Coastal & Marine early in
2014, was prepared for dendrochronological analysis. A sub-sample was sawn from the fragment at
the position towards the centre where the most rings would be present and the sapwood appeared
most intact under the now detached fragment of bark, which was not detached when the sample
was originally taken. Gaffer tape was first wrapped securely around the section to be sawn, to keep
it intact. Given that only a single sample was available for analysis, two radii (HS01a & HS01b) were
measured and averaged together, to enhance the quality of the resultant single sequence. The subsample was first frozen, then allowed to thaw slightly before two radial tracks across the transverse
section were prepared carefully using hand-held razor blades. Surface preparation and
measurement proceeded very slowly and carefully due to the very narrow rings and the close-set
rays, and decades were marked out carefully with small pins prior to measurement.
The tree-ring width sequences were measured on a Heidenhain measuring table, under a lowpower microscope, linked to a P.C. Data capture, analysis and plotting were undertaken using the
Dendro suite of programs (Tyers 1999). The program produces `t' values as a measure of the
degree of correlation between sequences, and as a general rule of thumb values above 3.5 are
considered to be significant (which is not the same as being necessarily correct), and the length of
overlap and the degree of replication also has to be taken into account. Visual cross-matching of the
graphed tree-ring width sequences is undertaken to verify statistical positions of match, and thus to
provide an absolute calendrical date span to the sample. This cross-matching process helps to
eliminate potential inaccuracies caused by difficult ring patterns or compressed bands of growth.
5HVXOWV
Sample characteristics
The recovered small piece of the HS01 timber (Plate 2) was previously identified as slow-grown oak
(Quercus sp. L.) with sapwood present and some bark adhering (Mills 2014). The detached timber
fragment is about 47 cm long by 17 cm wide by 7 cm thick, and has a roughly wedge shape in crosssection (Plate 2; Plate 3). However, as an eroded end, the cross-section here is not typical of the
timber as a whole (Plate 1). The other end of the timber has a more intact D-shaped cross-section
(with the D on its back in the ground) and the timber was probably converted from a halved trunk.
Plate 2 Retrieved fragment of timber HS01. Note bark at top edge, and paler sapwood below it, somewhat
eroded but thought to be intact under the bark. Three holes along the lower edge are thought to be peg
holes, but there is shipworm damage elsewhere on this sample (see Plate 3).
Page | 2
The prepared sub-sample has very narrow annual growth rings, with close-set rays at right angles to
them (Plate 3). Three holes revealed in cross-section look more like marine worm holes than peg
holes, and may call into question the interpretation of other holes on the recovered fragment being
peg holes (Plate 2 and Mills 2014).
Plate 3 (L) Frozen surface of sub-sample HS01 reveals the compressed growth and close set rays of this oak.
The chequered scale is in 1 cm sections. In the LH image, the inner rings are at the RHS of the sample and the
intact sapwood is at the LHS, lower corner. Three large holes revealed in cross-section, with mineral material
within, and about 1 cm diameter, are probably naval shipworm (Teredo navalis L.) holes, not peg holes, and
may call into question the man-made origin of other possible peg holes seen on this sample (Plate 2).
(R) The prepared surface of HS01, slightly defrosted, with the sapwood to the RHS where pins mark the
decades. Radius HS01a started at the very LHS of the sample as shown here, which is estimated to be about
15 rings away from the centre of the stem, and followed the top edge, but stopped short of the sapwood
which was too deteriorated to measure at that edge. Radius HS01b started a little way in at the bottom edge,
stepping over rays initially, and then followed a ray out, just below the last worm hole, to where the pins are
placed, capturing the outermost surviving rings, very probably to the sub-bark surface.
The assessment report estimate of about 200 rings being present (Mills 2014) was borne out in
analysis, with 198 rings measured: the dendrochronological characteristics of the measured radii
HS01a and HS01b, and the resulting combined sequence HS01, are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Characteristics of tree-ring sample HS01, and its two component radii
Dendro
code
Total
rings
Measured
Sapwood
rings
Outer Edge B = subbark surface, H/S=

heart/sap boundary
Average ring
width (mm)
Comment
151
Centre
(PO=pith
offset
estimate)
PO -15
HS01a
Nothing
0.76
HS01b
164
PO -50
30
Probable B
0.62
HS01
198
PO -15
30
Probable B
0.72
Radius a (spans Relative

Years 1 to 151)
Radius b (spans Relative
Years 35 to 198)
Radii a & b combined
(spans Relative Years 1198)
Radius 1a started at the first ring preserved on the sample, closest to the centre (or pith) of the
tree, but stopped short of the sapwood which was less well preserved on this side of the subsample. Radius 1b, near the other edge of the sample, started further from centre but traversed a
Page | 3
better preserved area of sapwood and captured the outer edge (Plate 3). Under the microscope, the
sapwood appeared a little deteriorated, and it was difficult to get an entirely clear razor surface at
the very outer edge, which was very soft and spongy, and tended to tear rather than cut cleanly
when razored. Therefore I am being cautious and recording that outermost measured ring as being
at Probable Bark Edge (Table 1) as I cannot be absolutely certain that the sub-bark-surface was
present on the outermost ring measured. At most there would be a couple of further rings missed.
However, very probably the last ring measured is at the sub-bark surface, given that a small patch of
bark was attached here originally and no further rings could be observed at this edge.
The two measured radii matched each other very well, with a t value of 12.89 (r=0.77) at the
relative positions Years 1-151 (HS01a) and Years 35-198 (HS01b). The two radii were subsequently
combined as a new raw sequence HS01, so that the resultant 198 year averaged sequence is still
seen as a single-tree sequence by the Dendro software, and not weighted as a two-timber mean in
running further comparisons. The original tree from which the timber was hewn would have been
over an estimated 213 years of age, when the rings missing from the centre of the measured
fragment (the pith offset data) are allowed for (Table 1). That is likely to be an underestimate of
tree-age, given the measured fragment must be from part-way up the stem.
Dating of Sample HS01
An important caveat needs to be stated first, that is that the dendrochronological date produced is
based on a single sample. While the dendrochronological results are convincing and only presented
because they are thought to be reliable, like any dendro date they are ultimately a statement of
probability, and the analyst recommends taking further samples from other timbers at this site to
confirm the date of the massive oak timbers (see recommendations section) as well as to provide an
important new dendrochronological resource for Scotland.
To enhance the security of the date, comparisons with reference chronologies were made for the
combined sequence HS01 (a mean of the two measured radii), and also separately for the two
individual radii HS01a and HS01b. Comparisons with oak ring width reference chronologies (Table
2) indicate that the date span of Sample HS01 is AD 1020 AD 1217, and this is supported by
independent dating of the component radii at the expected positions of AD 1020 AD 1170 for
Radius HS01a and AD 1054 AD 1217 for Radius HS01b.
The last ring present on the measured sequence (HS01b) is very probably at the sub-bark surface
and appeared to have complete latewood present which indicates the timber was felled in the
winter of AD1217 to 1218, and before the growing season of AD1218. However, as explained
above, the bark fragment had become detached before analysis, and the sapwood was a little
deteriorated and so it was not possible to be absolutely certain that the outer ring captured was at
the very edge, and there is a small chance the felling date is within a few years just after
AD1217/18. Analysis of further samples would elucidate this.
Page | 4
Table 2 Comparisons of HS01 at AD 1020-1217 with oak reference chronologies (in bold).
Results for radii HS01a and HS01b at corresponding positions AD1020-1170 and AD 10541217 are
also given (not in bold).
Reference chronology
Span of
chronology
t-value
Reference source
SCOTLAND, South West/ Central Scotland

regional composite chronology
AD 946-1975
Baillie 1977a
GLASGOW CATHEDRAL Q2648 single timber

(in SCOTLAND master) Many outer rings
unmeasured, probably from c 1258 felling
phase (Baillie 1982, Fig 8.2)
(in SCOTLAND master) No sapwood, probably
c. 1385 felling phase (Baillie 1982, Fig 8.2)
CARL_MED, Carlisle Medieval composite
AD 946-1137
6.65 HS01
6.18 HS01a
6.44 HS01b
8.01 HS01
6.32 HS01a
8.06 HS01b
Baillie & Brown pers comm
RKELVIN, bridge timber from River Kelvin,

Scotland
AD 1056-1331
BELFAST, Northern Ireland regional

composite chronology
AD 1001-1970
CAERLAVEROCK Q2855 single timber (In

SCOTLAND master)
AD 1045-1249

(in SCOTLAND master)
AD 1008-1164
WASDALE, Wasdale Beck logboat,

Windermere, North West England
AD 995-1214

(in SCOTLAND master)
AD 1015-1228
CAERLAVEROCK Q2850 single timber (In

SCOTLAND master)
AD 1073-1327
LINCLUDEN Q2928 single timber (in

SCOTLAND master)
AD 1068-1434
5.28 HS01
4.49 HS01a
5.21 HS01b
5.27 HS01
4.74 HS01a
5.54 HS01b
5.17 HS01
5.02 HS01a
5.24 HS01b
5.00 HS01
4.46 HS01a
4.67 HS01b
4.82 HS01
3.95 HS01a
4.93 HS01b
4.57 HS01
3.81 HS01a
4.60 HS01b
4.52 HS01
3.98 HS01a
4.21 HS01b
3.82 HS01
3.48 HS01a
4.07 HS01b
3.56 HS01
3.34 HS01a
3.04 HS01b
3.85 HS01
3.70 HS01a
3,42 HS01b
AD 1039-1295
AD 893-1600
Baillie &
comm.
Brown
pers
Baillie &
comm.
Brown
pers
Baillie &
comm.
Brown
pers
Baillie 1977b
Cathy Tyers pers comm
Baillie &
comm.
Brown
pers
Baillie &
comm.
Brown
pers
Baillie &
comm.
Brown
pers

Page | 5
'LVFXVVLRQ
Date of timber HS01
Comparisons with oak ring width reference chronologies (Table 2) indicate that the date span of
Sample HS01 is AD 1020 AD 1217, albeit with the caveat that this is based on dating of a single
timber and it would be advisable to confirm the date with better replicated data. However, this date
is further supported by separate dating of the component radii at the expected positions of AD
10201170 for Radius HS01a and AD 10541217 for Radius HS01b.
The last measured ring of sample HS01 dated to AD1217 is very probably at the sub-bark surface,
although difficulties with the slightly deteriorated condition of the sapwood mean that there is a
slim possibility that this is not quite at bark edge. Assuming the last measured ring is at bark edge,
then the timber was felled in the winter of AD1217/1218, and before the growing season of AD1218
started; if not quite at bark edge then it was felled within a very few years thereafter.
Given that an estimated 15 rings are missing from the inner end of the measured sample, which
may have been located some height up the stem, then the stem from which timber HS01 was cut
originated approximately around the year AD 1000, was about 220 years old when felled. This fits
into a wider pattern of long-lived native medieval oak timber originating about this time (Mills &
Crone 2012). After the last known Early Historic dendro-dated construction phase, at mid-8th
century Whithorn (Crone 1998), there is a gap in Scottish oak chronology coverage from the mid 8 th
to the mid 9th centuries, with a number of medieval sites built from the later 12th century onwards
containing native oak much of which started life in the 10th century (Mills & Crone 2012).
Timber HS01, re-used in the foreshore feature at Hunterston Sands, originally comes from a massive
oak lap-jointed structure built early on in the reign of King Alexander II (AD 1214-1249), a period for
which there is little other dendrochronological evidence for construction in Scotland. After 8th
century Whithorn, the next dated building episodes in the Scottish tree-ring record are 12th
century, in the early stages of burgh development. Excavated timbers from Aberdeen, Inverness,
Glasgow and Perth identified a phase of building activity in the late 12th century, which used local
oak from mature trees originating in the 10th century or later (Crone 2000). Only at Perth High
Street were any early 13th century timbers identified, some of which might have been felled in the
reign of Alexander II, but the last ring present on any Perth sample is AD1204 and their felling dates
are not very specific (Crone & Baillie 2010). Other than Perth High Street, the only other dated 13 th
century structural timbers in Scotland probably post-date Alexander IIs reign and are from
Jedburgh Abbey (a single timber in a foundation raft dated by Baillie to AD1258 9; Lewis & Ewart
1995, 40), Spynie Palace in Moray (fragments of three re-used timbers felled after AD 1246; Mills
2002) and an assemblage of small re-used oak joists from St Johns House in St Andrews, with a
felling date estimated between AD 1249 and 1289 (Mills 2000). The earliest construction phase
identified at Caerlaverock Castle, the only other 13th century dendro-dated material known in
Scotland, was around AD 1277 (Baillie 1982, 162-3).
Therefore the massive oak timbers recycled at Hunterston Sands, felled in AD 1217/18 or shortly
thereafter, represent something rare and important; the remnants of a large structure built early in
the reign of Alexander II at a period where documentary evidence is thin but when various threats
at home and abroad (Duncan 1989; Oram 2012) would make securing the western seaboard and
the mouth of the Clyde strategically important. The structure dates from fairly early on in the long
history of the Hunter family, one of the first Norman families established in England and Scotland,
probably moving north to Scotland under David I, but perhaps as early as 1080 when a Norman
Page | 6
Hunter is referred to at Hunterston (Hunter 1865; Millar 1885). The Hunters were later confirmed in
their position and their lands by a charter of Robert II in 1374 (Hunter 1865; Shaw 1925). In the
medieval period they held extensive lands in Scotland including Hunterston itself, Ardneil, Little
Cumbrae, Millport (South Kames) and Holy Isle and Almolash (Lamlash) on Arran (Hunter 1865; Lyon
1925). From their Normandy origins, the Hunter (or Venator) family were also hereditary keepers of
the royal hunting forests and some of their own lands, including Little Cumbrae and on Arran (Lyon
1925; Millar 1885), were held in Forest (Hunter 1865).
Hunterston Castle has an early tower house at its core and may have 13th century elements, and
Little Cumbrae, on the opposite shore from Hunterston, also had an early castle; just two of the
many possible sources of large 13th century oak timbers within Hunter lands. Further investigation
is required to work out what that original early 13th century structure might be; given the survival of
a suite of similar timbers with preserved carpentry details, and the dendro-dating information, the
potential for closer identification of that original structure is good.
Provenance and character of timber HS01
Dendrochronological analysis is capable of providing information on the provenance as well as the
date of timber, using the technique of dendro-provenancing, although this works best with wellreplicated data (Bonde et al 1997; Daly 2007). The closest matches for HS01 were found with
Scottish native oak reference data (Table 2), particularly with SCOTLAND, Professor Baillies South
Western/West Central Scotland oak chronology and its component sites (Baillie 1977; Baillie 1982).
At the relevant earlier end of the SCOTLAND reference chronology, the component material is from
three sites; Glasgow Cathedral, Caerlaverock Castle and Lincluden Collegiate Church near Dumfries
(Baillie 1977a). The Glasgow Cathedral oak samples came from timbers in storage, originally from its
medieval roofs (from mid 13th century and late 14th C felling phases; Baillie 1982, 159 & Figure
8.2), from Caerlaverock Castle bridge timbers (from a succession of bridge structures across the
moat, with felling dates of c. 1277, 1333 and 1371, Baillie 1982, 162-3) and from long lived oaks
used in the Lincluden College choir stall timbers, felled in the 15th century (Baillie 1982, 149). In
particular there were some close matches between Hunterston HS01 and some individual
sequences from Glasgow Cathedral (Table 2), including Q2648 (AD 946-1137), which had a much
earlier start date than any other of the cathedral timbers, and so is not necessarily of the same
source as the others. There was also a good match with a bridge timber from the River Kelvin (Table
2), a sample taken at a location near Balmuidy Roman Fort in the original expectation that it would
be Roman but dated by Baillie to AD 1056-1331 (Crone 2000).
Baillie does not comment on the sources of the medieval components of SCOTLAND, except to
imply by their inclusion in that this is native Scottish oak. Possibly some Glasgow Cathedral timber
came from Loch Lomondside, based on documentary evidence. In AD 1277 Bishop Wishart
purchased from the Lord of Luss the right to fell timber to build a campanile and a treasury, housed
in two western towers demolished in the mid 19th century (Primrose 1918). The roof timbers
analysed by Baillie probably come from the mid-13th century choir and 14th century nave (Baillie
1982; Oldrieve, 1916), but possibly the same source of timber was used more than once at the
cathedral.
The HS01 sequence also matched well with some Northern Irish and Northern English reference
material including the long Belfast chronology and medieval material from Carlisle (Table 2). It did
not produce any high t values or consistent dates with a suite of other North European continental,
Scandinavian or Scottish import oak chronologies, confirming the more local origin of the oak.
Page | 7
Essentially, HS01 matches with a range of medieval oak chronologies around the northern half of
the Irish Sea basin, and given the closest matches are with Glasgow Cathedral and the River Kelvin
material, a reasonably local origin is indicated. However, the network of individual native oak
medieval sites at this period is too sparse to pin provenance down any more closely than Western
Central Scotland to South West Scotland, especially for a single timber. Again, analysis of further
samples from Hunterston Sands would help to refine the provenance. Furthermore, additional
samples would provide a key dating resource in the Scottish tree-ring record for this particular
region and, if any longer lived oaks are present amongst these timbers, they could help to bridge
the 8th/9th century gap.
As noted in the assessment report (Mills 2014), the use of long-lived slow grown oak is a
characteristic noted most commonly in the medieval part of the Scottish dendro record, for
structures built from the late 12th to the early 15th centuries (Mills & Crone 2012). Such sites often
appear to have used whatever timber could be obtained, sometimes known to be granted from
forests, rather than using timber from woods being managed for timber production (Mills & Crone
2012). Similarly, the slow grown, contorted nature of the oak used in HS01 (Plate 3, Table 1) is not
indicative a carefully managed timber resource, which would be expected to be faster grown and
straighter grained. The character of the timber is more reminiscent of material seen in medieval
wooded parks, like Cadzow and Dalkeith, of which there would have been many more in earlier
times. The Hunters were hereditary keepers of the Norman royal hunting forests, and in their lands
in Scotland they held forest on Little Cumbrae and elsewhere (Hunter 1865). Early maps can be a
good guide to where ancient wooded forests and parks survived. The mid 17th century Bleau Atlas
(based largely on Ponts late 16th century manuscript maps) unfortunately omits Hunterston and a
section of the coast there, but indicates one such wooded park at nearby Southannan, the estate to
the immediate north of Hunterston. This also had a chapel and a medieval castle, the latter
dismantled in the late 18th century (Macgibbon & Ross 1896-7, 607), another possible source of
recycled timber. Bleau does not show forest on Little Cumbrae, or any other detail, but does
include a castle there, probably the same castle as survives now as the fairly intact ruins of Little
Cumbrae tower house, of reputed early 16th century date. MacGibbon and Ross assume it to have
been built when the longstanding guardianship of Little Cumbrae was passed from the Hunters to
Hew, Earl of Eglington (MacGibbon & Ross 1889, 182). However, an earlier precursor to the castle
seems likely at this strategic point on the mouth of the Clyde, opposite Hunterston, and it would be
worth investigating the fabric of both Hunterston and Little Cumbrae castles to see whether any
early elements survive. There appear to be original timbers in the roof spaces of Hunterston castle
tower house (from a photograph of the attic on the Virtual Hunterston website:
http://virtual.hunterston.eu/attic.htm) which be worth examining as there is a possibility of a 13th
century origin to this castle.
Wood working evidence
The retrieved sample HS01 is from a large worked timber, as described more fully in the timber
assessment report (Mills 2014); it is a halved trunk subsequently shaped with hand tools, with
evidence of two pegged joints at one end (Plate 4), at convergent angles, and possible evidence of a
pegged joint at the eroded other (sampled) end (Plate 2).
HS01 is similar in size and form to the other large timbers seen in February; HS02, HS04 and HS05.
Unfortunately it was not possible to observe two well-preserved ends on any of the timbers; only
HS01 allowed sight of both ends, but one end was exposed and decaying, with much shipsworm in
evidence (Plate 3) at the end from which the detached sample of HS01 came. The others were only
partially exposed at the surface, and at best one end could be examined. Further investigation and
Page | 8
recording is desirable to recover the structural details from both ends of at least one of these large
timbers, and ideally more; this would help to understand the parent structure more fully.
Plate 4 HS01 Worked features as seen at far end of timber in Plate 1, cleaned up during visit of 26-02-14.
Detail is seen of the joint to the LHS with two eroded peg holes at the (watery) edge of the surviving thinner
area of wood within, partly eroded. In the feature to the RHS one peg survives in situ, adjacent to two further
possible peg holes, in a recess aligned along the long axis of the timber, reminiscent of the possible 3 peg-hole
arrangement seen on the sample of HS01, a detached fragment from the other end of the timber (Plate 2).
While caution must be exercised as to the form of the relict joints, given they were part buried or
submerged in water, they appear to be simple pegged lap joints, and there was no evidence of
more complex notched, dovetail or scarfed jointing. Harris (1978), talking about timber framed
buildings in Britain more generally (which of course are more common in England), says that lap
joints were a significant element in early medieval forms of construction. Hewetts work on English
historic carpentry (Hewett 1980; 1985) indicates that lap joints are an early type, and that notched
lap joints had been developed and widely used by the 12 th century in England, to strengthen the
joints and make the elements un-withdrawable. There is no obvious evidence of notches in the
observed joints at Hunterston Sands (eg Plate 4), and it may be they represent a simpler or different
form of lap joint, but fuller exposure and recording is desirable.
Four of the five oak timbers observed at Hunterston Sands are quite massive, and this overengineering in terms of scantling initially suggested a possibility of re-used ships timbers (Mills
2014; Prescott & Atkinson 2012). However, the survival of sapwood on several and bark on HS01
seems to throw such an origin into doubt. One might therefore look for nearby medieval structures
which could have carried massive early 13th century timbers available for later re-use; of course
there are many candidates of ruined medieval keeps, castles and ecclesiastical sites in this area, and
now with a date available, it should be possible to define the candidates more closely.
Recommendations
As a relatively low-cost next step, it would be worth considering sampling and dendro-analysing oak
post HS03 and any others like it. Timber HS03 differs from the four massive worked oak timbers
recorded (HS01, HS02, HS04, HS05). It is a vertically set stake or post, visible only from the upper
Page | 9
end (Plate 5). It is radially split from slow grown oak, and has sapwood attached, probably intact to
sub-bark surface. With an approximate 10 rings per cm, as estimated from the eroded in situ
transverse section, this timber may have 80-100 rings. It therefore has reasonably good dating
potential and could give a felling date to the year if dated; the likelihood of dating would be
improved if multiple posts could be found and analysed. The importance of this post, and any
others like it, is the strong possibility that it was cut fresh for the foreshore construction, and not
recycled from an earlier structure.
Plate 8 HS03 A slow grown oak post, with intact paler sapwood (LHS), set vertically in the sediments and
viewed from above. The narrow rings (running top to bottom in photo) are less clear than the rays (running
side to side in photo), a strong feature in oak. The smaller divisions on the scale are in 1 cm intervals.
In the longer term, fuller exposure and more detailed recording of some of the large oak timbers,
especially their form and carpentry details, could elucidate the type of structure they came from
originally. Obtaining further tree-ring samples from the other large timbers would replicate the
tree-ring record for the site, allow the dating and felling date to be confirmed, and provide an
important new medieval oak tree-ring chronology for Scotland and for North Ayrshire in particular.
Combined with additional structural information, further documentary and archival research could
refine the likely candidates for the original structure from which massive early 13th century oak
timbers came.
&RQFOXVLRQ
The discovery of a timber at Hunterston from a large structure dating to AD1217/1218 or soon
after, early in the reign of Alexander II, and at a strategic point at the mouth of the Clyde on one of
the oldest family estates in Scotland, is a very rare and important find. The survival of several other
timbers of similar character at the same site heightens the importance of this discovery culturally
and dendrochronologically. Further investigation of the Hunterston Sands timbers is recommended,
to record more fully their carpentry and structural details and to establish the nature of the
structure from which they came. Further samples would be important in confirming the date and
providing replicated tree-ring data for this area and period. If any longer lived recycled timbers are
present, they could also help to bridge the 8th/9th century gap in the Scottish oak record. The
construction date of the foreshore feature could be addressed by dendro-analysis of HS03 and any
other small oak posts which are thought to be fresh timber cut for the purpose. The sectioning of
sample HS01 revealed evidence of shipworm (Teredo navalis L.) damage (Plate 3) and so this timber
Page | 10
structure is degrading, at least where exposed, and there is an argument for rescuing information
from this important site before it is lost.

$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV
The author is most grateful to WA Coastal & Marine, especially Dr Andrew Bicket, for arranging this
work; the assessment stage was funded by Historic Scotland through the COALIE project, and the
dendro-dating of HS01 was funded by Wessex Archaeology themselves. I am also grateful to the
Hunterston Estate and Hunterston B power station authorities for information and access.

5HIHUHQFHV
Baillie, M G L 1977a An oak chronology for South Central Scotland, Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol 37, 33-44.
Baillie, M G L 1977b The Belfast oak chronology to AD 1001, Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol 37, 1-12
Baillie, M G L 1982 Tree-Ring Dating and Archaeology. London & Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bicket, A 2014 Coastal Archaeological Landscapes: Intertidal & Estuarine (COALIE). Survey Project
Data Structure Report. WA Coastal & Marine, Edinburgh.
Bonde, N, Tyers, I & Wazny, T 1997 Where does the timber come from? Dendrochronological
evidence of timber trade in Northern Europe, in Sinclair, A, Slater, E & Gowlett, J (eds)
Archaeological Sciences 1995, 201-4. Oxford.
Crone, A 1998 The development of an Early Historic tree-ring chronology for Scotland, Proc Soc
Antiq Scot 128, 485-93.
Crone, A 2000 Native tree-ring chronologies from some Scottish medieval burghs, Medieval
Archaeology 44, 201-16
Crone, A & Baillie, M 2010 Appendix 5; Perth High Street dendrochronological studies. In Perry,
D, Murray, H, Beaumont James, T & the late Nicholas Q Bogdan, Perth High Street Archaeological
Excavation 1975-1977. Fascicule 1, The excavations at 75-95 High Street and 5-10 Mill Street, Perth,
pp221-5. Perth (Tayside and Fife Archaeological Committee).
Crone, A & Mills C M 2013 Timber in Scottish buildings, 1450-1800: a dendrochronological
perspective, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 142 (2012), 329-369.
Daly, A 2007 Timber, trade and tree-rings. A dendrochronological analysis of structural oak timber in
Northern Europe, c. AD 1000 to c. AD 1650. Univ Aarhus; PhD Thesis.
Duncan, AAM 1989 Scotland: the making of the kingdom. The Edinburgh History of Scotland
Volume 1. Edinburgh: Mercat Press.
English Heritage 1999 Dendrochronology guidelines.
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/dendrochronology-guidelines/
Page | 11
Harris, R 1978 Discovering timber-framed buildings. Shire Publications.

Hewett, C A 1980 English historic carpentry. London & Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd.
Hewett, C A 1985 English cathedral and monastic carpentry. Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd.
Hunter, R 1865 The pedigree of Hunter of Hunterston, or, of that ilk. Compiled from state records,
exchequer rolls, parish register, and other public authorities, also from charters, family documents,
and private MSS., in the possession of Robert Hunter Esqr. Of Hunterston. Self-published for the
Advocates Library; copy held in NLS.
Lewis, J & Ewart, G 1995 Jedburgh Abbey: The archaeology and architecture of a Border abbey.
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Monograph 10.
Lyon, T M 1925 Hunterston. Scottish Field, Glasgow.
MacGibbon, D & Ross, T 1889 The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the
twelfth to the eighteenth century. Volume 3. Edinburgh.
MacGibbon, D & Ross, T 1896-7 The ecclesiastical architecture of Scotland from the earliest
Christian times to the seventeenth century. Volume 3. Edinburgh.
Millar, A H 1885 Historical and Descriptive Accounts of the Castles and Mansions of Ayrshire.
Edinburgh: William Paterson.
Mills, C M 2000 Dendrochronology of oak timbers from historic buildings in St Andrews, Fife.
Tayside and Fife Archaeological Journal 6, 200-210
Mills, C M 2002 Dendrochronology of timbers, In Lewis, J and Pringle, D Spynie Palace and the
Bishops of Moray, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph 21, 164-5.
Mills, C M 2014 COALIE: Hunterston Sands timber assessment, client report for WA Coastal &
Marine.
Mills, C M & Crone, A 2012 Dendrochronological evidence for Scotlands native timber resources
over the last 1000 years, Scottish Forestry 66, 18-33.
Oldrieve, W T 1916 The ancient roof of Glasgow Cathedral, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 50, 155-73.
Oram, R 2012 Alexander II : King of Scots, 1214-1249. Edinburgh: John Donald.
Pilgrim Press 1975 Hunterston Castle, West Kilbride, Ayrshire: the historic fifteenth century
stronghold of the Hunters of Hunteston, now the property of Neil Hunter of Hunterston, 29th laird of
Hunterston. Derby: Pilgrim Press
Prescott, R & Atkinson, D 2012 Ship to Shore: race marks, timber management and the recycling of
ship timbers in the 18-20th centuries, in C M Mills (ed) Woods, Trade & Boats, NWDG Scottish
Woodland History Conference Notes XVII, 30-38.
Page | 12
Primrose, J 1918 Glasgow Cathedral in the thirteenth century, from an ancient seal, Proc Soc
Antiq Scot 52, 151-8.
Shaw, M S 1925 Some family papers of the Hunters of Hunterston. Presented to the Advocates
Library by Lt-Gen. Sir Aylmer Hunter-Weston. Edinburgh: Skinner & Co.
Tyers, I 1999 Dendro for Windows Program Guide 2nd edition. ARCUS Report 50.
Page | 13
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Wessex Archaeology Ltd 2014, all rights reserved

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Over 30 intertidal structures: unknown intertidal structures from Largs to Hunterston

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Timber assessment and preliminary dating of Hunterston Sands features

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Harris, R 1978 Discovering timber-framed buildings. Shire Publications.

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