240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

2 Introduction to C Language Programming

1.

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
2.
2.1
2.2 ASCII
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6 -
3.7

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

1. (Introduction to basic C language)

240-120 Introduction to Computer
Programming
1.1


(Function) (Procedure)
1 main

main
main ( )
{ printf ( My house) ;
printf ..
printf (is very beautiful);
printf..
triangle( );
triangle
box( );
box
prinf(finish) ;
printf.
}
triangle( )
triangle
{ /* draw triangle */
triangle
}
box ( )
box
{
/* draw box */
box
}
1.1
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

main
main
1.2
2
main 2


1.2.1 (Heading)

( )

int main(char)
main char int
1.2.2 (Compound Statements) 3
(Variable Declaration)
(Statement)
;
{ }

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

(Heading)
{ (Variable Declarations)
(Statements)
}

1.3

1. (Source file)
.c .cpp (Editor)
(

)
2. (C Compiler)

(Object file) .obj (

)
3. (Linker)
(C Library)

.exe (

)
C Compiler
Source file

Computer

Object file

Linker

Library

Computer

Execute file

1.2

1.

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
printf(Hello World);
}

1.c
2.
1.obj
3.
stdio.h ( #include ) 1.exe
** printf

printf stdio.h
stdio.h
printf
1.4
3
1.4.1

.h
1.4.2
1.4.3

2.2
#include <stdio.h>
char

int
{

a;

main(void)
a = 23;
printf(Hello World);
return a;

1.3
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

Hello World

- #include <stdio.h> stdio.h

- main main

- char a a
- a = 23 a 23
- printf(Hello World) printf

** (C Statement) ;
1.5

1. printf , scanf , for
2. ; printf(Hello) ;
3. (Free Format)

printf(Hello); printf(Goodbye); a = 95;
1 1
1.6 (Comment)

/* */

/* . .*/

/*
. .
..*/
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

1.7
2
1.7.1 (Keywords)
auto
default float
register struct
volatile
do
far
return
switch
while
case
goto
short
typedef char
else
if
union
const
enum
int
sizeof
unsigned
extern
long
static
void

break
double
signed
continue

1.7.2 (User Defines words)

test Test
_
_







** Borland C 32
1.8 (Variable)

char, int, long, float, double, unsigned int, unsigned long int,
2
1. Global Variable

0 ( )
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

2. Local Variable

, , ,.....;

1. char 1
1 A , b , 1 , ?
2. integer
-32768 32767 2 5 -10 2534
3. long 2
( long int )
4. float a.b x 10e
4 3.4E-38 3.4E+38
6 10.625 -6.67
5. double float
2 8 1.7E-308 1.7E+308
6. unsigned
( )
unsigned int

Char
8
ASCII character (-128 127)
Unsigned char
8
0-255
Int
16
-32768 32767
long int
32
-2147483648 2147483649
Float
32
3.4E-38 3.4E+38 6
Double
64
1.7E-308 1.7E+308 12
Unsigned int
16
0 65535
Unsigned long int
32
0 4294967296
1.1
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

#include<stdio.h>
#define PI 3.14159
int area;
/* global variable */
main( )
{ float radius;
/* local variable */
float process()
/* function declaration */
printf (Radius = ?);
scanf (%f,radius);
process( );
printf(Area = %f,area);
printf(%f,radius);
}

11.
12.
13
14
15
16

float process( )
{ float radius;
/* local variable */
printf(Radius=?);
scanf (%f,radius);
area=PI*radius*radius;
printf(Area = %f,area);
printf(%f,radius);
}

2
int a ;
a
-35768 32767
3
int num1=8;
num1 8
4
float money,price ;
money price
6
5
char ch=A
ch 1 A
6

unsigned long int test;

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10

240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

test


char a,b,c,d;
/* a,b,c,d character */
unsigned e;
/* e unsigned int */
char key = A;
/* key character A */
char name = SAM /* name character SAM */
1.9 (Preprocessor)

#
#include
#define
#if
#program
#endif
#error
#ifndef
#undef
#elif
#else
#ifdef
2
1.9.1. #include
#include <filename> #include filename

#include <dos.h>
dos.h
#include sample.h sample.h

* <>
Option directory

*
(Header Files) .h

1 stdio.h printf
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

11

main() process clrscr()

conio.h include conio.h
1.9.2 #define

#define ( )

#define TEN 10
TEN 10
#define PI 3.141592654 PI 3.141592654
constant 3
1
2
3 ( ASCII)
1

255
decimal int

0xFF
hexadecimal int
0377
octal int

255L 255l
long int

255U 255u
unsigned int

0xFFUL
unsigned long
int

15.75E2
floating point

-1.23
floating point

.123
floating point

123F
floating point

character

a
string
,

1.2

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

12

1.10 (Statement and Expression)

, (Statement)

;
{}
(Statement)
(Operands) (Operators) 3 * 2 - 1 + 7 a * 5

7 + 5

a +b

(a * 3) + 5

2.0 * sin(2.12)

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

13

2. (Input and Output)

2.1

2.2 (ASCII)
American Standard Code for
Information Interchange 128
128
Extended ASCII code
- .

(Characters)
Character
A A
4 4
b b
\0 0
\x7 7
(String)
(Double
qoute) Hello World! Hello World!
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14

240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

2.3


printf

printf ( control , argument

list ) ;

2
control
control 2

printf ( sum of x = );
sum of x =
(Format Code)
%

%d
%ld
%u
%c
%s
%o
%x
%f
%e
%lf

int
long int
unsigned int
char
string
int (octal)
int (hexa)
float
float, double
double

long
unsigned






double

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

15

2.1 printf
argument list
argument list
1 ( , )
* argument list Control
Control Argument list
**
(Format Code)


Escape Sequence
\ (Back-Slash)
1
Escape Sequence
\a
\b
\f
\n
\r
\t
\v
\\
\
\
\?

0x07
0x08
0x0c
0x0a
0x0d
0x09
0x0b
0x5c
0x2c
0x22
0x3f

cursor


cursor
tab
tab
\


?

2.2 Escape Sequence

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

16

1 printf
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
int sum=5;
float e=11.55;
printf(This is the test Program. );
printf(The result is %d \n,sum);
printf(The result is %f %e ,e,e);
}

This is the test Program. The result is 5

The result is 11.550000 1.155000e+01

2 printf
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ char a=A ;
char name=Aree;
int x,y;
printf(What is the first character \n);
printf(The first character is %c \n\n,a);
x=10; y=15;
printf(x+y= %d \n,x+y);
printf( %d 5 = %d \n,y,y-5);
x=65;
printf(x is %c,x);
printf(This program run by %s,name);
}

What is the first character

The first character is A
x+y=25
15-5=10
x is
65

This program run by Aree

(field) + -

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

17

3 printf
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf(|1234567890|\n);
printf(|%10s|\n,price);
}

price 10
%
3
|1234567890|
|
price|

price 10
-
printf() 3
printf(|%-10s|\n,price);

|1234567890|
|price |

float a.b a

b 6 printf()
4
printf(|%10.3f|\n,1999.95);

6
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

18

|1234567890|
|_ _1999.950|

1999.95 10 3

int string
7 printf()
4
printf(|%.10s|\n,This program is running);
printf(|%.10d|\n,20);

7
|1234567890|
|This progr|
|0000000020|

2.4


scanf

scanf ( control , argument list );

control
control
printf
** control scanf
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

19

argument list
argument list
( , )

scanf &

(string)
** scanf argument list
1 scanf
char a;
int b;
char name[22];
/* name 22 21
\0 22 */
scanf(%c %d,&a,&b); /* scan char a
scan int b */
scanf(%s,name);
/* scan string name */
2 scanf
integer x1
30 letter
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
int x1;
char letter[30];
scanf(%d,&x1);
scanf(%s,letter);
}

2.5
2.5.1 getchar ( )
getchar ( ) 1 enter

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20

240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

getchar ( ) ;

#include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
char ch;
ch=getchar ( );
}

1 ch
enter
2.5.2 getch ( )
getch ( ) 1
enter

getch ( ) ;

#include <stdio.h>
main ( )
{
char x;
x = getch( ) ;
}

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

21

1 x
enter
2.5.3 gets ( )
gets ( ) ( )
( gets = get string)

gets ( n ) ;

n \0
enter

#include <stdio.h>
main( )
{
char name[10];
gets(name);
}

name 10
name 9 name 10 ( ) \0
2.5.4 putchar( )
putchar( ) 1

putchar ( ) ;

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

22

#include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
char x;
x=getch ( ) ;
printf (Here is the output \n) ;
putchar ( x );
}

Here is the output

A

2.5.5 puts ( )
puts ( )

puts ( n ) ;

n

#include <stdio.h>
main ( )
{
char name [10];
gets (name) ;
puts (name);
}

name
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

23

3. (Operators)
(Operators)



3

(type) (size of)

3.1 (Arithmetic Operators)

+
*
/
%
-++

(Modulo)
1
1

A+B
A-B
A*B
A/B
5%3=1 2 2
A -- A=A-1
A++ A=A+1

3.1
(Operation)

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

C
(Precedence) 3.2

()
*/
+-

* -
* -

3.2 Precedence
a + b* c C % * / + a+b+c a b
c

%

/
a/b

a b integer integer
a b float float

39 / 5 7
39. / 5 7.8
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

25

integer floating operand

1/3
( 0) 1.0/3.0 0.333 1.0/3.0
1.0/3 1/3.0 0
(Increment & Decrement)

- ++
- --

2
- (prefix) ++n
- (postfix) n++

1 n ++n
n++ ()
++n n++

n 5
x = n++;
x = ++n;

x 5
x 6

(i+j)++

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

3.2 (Relational, Equality, and Logical Operators)

Operator

(Relational Operator)

(Equality Operator)

(Logical Operator)

<
>
<=
>=
==
!=
!
&&
||

3.3
3.2.1 (Relational Operator)

2
int

1
0 (0

)
4
< ( ) > ( ) <= ( ) >= ( )

a<3 /* a 5 0 () */
a>b /* a=10 b=8 1 () */
-1 >= (2.2*X+3.3)
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

a<b<c

27

/*
b c a */

a =< b
a< = b

/* = < */
/* < = */

3.2.2 (Equality Operator)

2
2
2
== ( ) != ( )

c == A
/* c A */
k != -2
/* k 2 */
x+y == 2 * z 5

a=b
/* a b
a b */
a= =b -1
/* = 2 */
3.2.3 (Logical Operator)

2
3
! ()

&& ()

|| ( )

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28

240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

**
1

!a
/* a */
!(x+7.7)
!(a<b || c<d) /* a b ||
c d
|| */

a!
/* ! */
a! = b /* != */
&& ||
2

a&&b
/* a b a b
*/
a || b
/* a b a b
*/
!(a<b) && C /* a b
&& C */
3 && (-2 * a + 7)
/* && 3 */

a &&
/* */
a| |b
/* || */
a&b
/* && */
&b
/* b */
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

&& ()
2 3.4
P
0
0
1
1

Q
0
1
0
1

P && Q
0
0
0
1

3.4 && P Q
|| ( )
2 3.5

P
0
0
1
1

Q
0
1
0
1

P || Q
0
1
1
1

3.5 || P Q
! ()
3.6
P
0
1

!P
1
0

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29

30

240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

3.6 ! P

3.3 (Compound Operator)

+

10
+= -=
/=
%=
<<= >>= |=
^=

Variable op= expression;

Variable = variable op expression;

i = i + 1;
i = I a;
i = 1 * (a + 1);
i = i / (a-b);
i = i %101;
i = i << 1;
i = i >> i;
i = i & 01;
i = i & 01;
i = i ^ (07 | 0xb);

i += 1;
i - = a;
i = *=a+1;
i /= a-b;
i %= 101;
i <<=1;
i >>= i;
i |= 0xf;
i | = 0xf;
i ^ = 07 | 0xb;

3.4. (Sizeof Operator)

Sizeof sizeof ()
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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

31

int ABC;
printf(%d,sizeof(ABC));

ABC integer 2
integer
3.5. (Conditional Operator)

? (Condition Expressions)
1 ? 2 : 3
1 0 ( )
2 1 0 3
c = ((a+5)? (a+1) : 0);
a 1 a+5 c 2 a+1
a 5 a+5 c 0
#include<stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
int a,b;
a = 15;
b = ((a+5)? (a+1) : 0);
print(b= %d\n,b);
a=0;
b=((a+5)?(a+1) : 0);
printf(b= %d\n,b);
a=5;
b=((a+5)?(a+1) : 0);
printf(b= %d\n,b);
}

b = 16

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

32
b = 1
b = 0

3.6 -
- 3.7

(), [], ->,

|, ~, ++, --, +(), -(), *, &(type), sizeof
*, /, %
+, - ( )
<<, >>
<, <=, >, >=
==, !=
&
^
|
&&
||
?:
=, +=, -=, /=, %=, &=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=
,

3.7

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

33

3.7 (Casting)

int int


( )

(int)(a*5.2)
(float)(b+5)

output int
output float

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240-120 Introduction to Computer Programming

34

C
a.

ab
a+b

b.

b
a+ 2
c

c.

a
+c
b
b
a
c

d.

a+b
ab

e.

a +b

cd

f.

ab + bc + ac
a+b+c
abc

a, b, c, d integer 4
float

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