11/3/2014 CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR ROADS

http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/t0099e/t0099e08.htm#3 1/3
Produced by: Forestry Department
Title: Watershed management field manual...
Espaol Franais More details
FOREWORD
The FAO Watershed Management Field Manual is published within the FAO Conservation Guide Series as
Conservation Guide No. 13 and will consist of seven separate volumes:
Watershed Survey and Planning
Slope Treatment Measures and Practices
Vegetative and Soil Treatment Practices
Road Design and Construction in Sensitive Watersheds (this volume)
Landslide Prevention Measures
Gully Control
Water Harvesting
The objective of this Manual is to assist professionals concerned with the planning and implementation of
watershed management activities by providing practical information supported by examples from a wide variety of
situations. However, the watershed situation in each country is unique and it is impossible to provide step by step
solutions which will apply in any specific area. The user of the Manual is, therefore, invited to add the local
experience and information deemed necessary.
We wish to acknowledge the valuable work of Mr. Peter Schiess, Associate Professor of Logging Engineering,
University of Washington, and Ms Carol A. Whitaker, Hydrologist, on which this volume was based; it has been
prepared for publication by Mr. T. Michaelsen of the Forest and Wildlands Conservation Branch, with the
collaboration of Mr. R. Heinrich and Mr. T.A. Frisk-Smith in the Forest Logging and Transport Branch of the Forest
Industries Division. It is hoped that the publication will be useful to all professionals involved in watershed
management activities.
J.P. Lanly
Director
Forest Resourses Division
Foresty Department
ABSTRACT
The document provides detailed specifications for road design and construction in mountain areas in sensitive
watersheds where on-site protection of the road itself as well as the downstream effects of soil disturbance and
changes in drainage patterns are important considerations. Protection includes provision for adequate drainage as
well as surface and slope protection measures. Road construction and maintenance techniques- are adapted to
conditions of low traffic volumes in steep terrain.
Conversion Table: English - Metric Units
1. Length
11/3/2014 CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR ROADS
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From
To
cm m km
Multiply by
inch 2.54 2.54 * 10-2 2.54 * 10
feet 3.05 * 10 3.05 * 10-1 3.05 * 10-4
yards 9.14 * 10 9.14 * 10-1 9.14 * 10-4
miles 1.61 * 105 1.61 * 103 1.61
2. Area
From
To
cm m km
Multiply by
square inch 6.45 6.45 * 10-4 6.45 * 10-10
square feet 9.29 * 102 9.29 * 10-2 9.29 * 10-8
square yard 8.36 * 103 8.36 * 10-1 8.36 * 10-7
square mile 2.59 * 1010 2.59 * 106 2.59
3. Volume
From
To
cm litre m
Multiply by
11/3/2014 CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR ROADS
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cubic inch 1.64 * 101 1.64 * 10-2 1.64 * 10-5
cubic feet 2.83 * 104 2.83 * 101 2.83 * 10-2
cubic yards 7.65 * 105 7.65 * 102 7.65 * 10-1
gallons 3.78 * 103 3.78 3.78 * 10-3
4. Pressure
From
To
gr/cm kg/cm kg/m
Multiply by
lb / inch2 7.031 * 101 7.031 * 10-2 6.896
lb / feet2 4.882 * 10-1 4.882 * 10-4 4.788 * 10-2
tons (short) /
feet2
9.766 * 102 9.766 * 10-1 9.578 * 10