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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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twGJ - 1
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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 2
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

icy

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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(en.wikipedia.org)

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

10

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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twGJ - 3
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

11

icy

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

ysLEdkifiHawmf

12

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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tJh'Dorifru vlr av;arG;/ aA'g&D trnfwGif owJh/ &Sif&aoh&JU
orD;ayghav/ oa&acw&m&JU Zmwfvdkufrif;orD;vdkY qdkEdkifygw,f/
(odyHacwfrSmawmh usifi,fa& aomufNyD; AdkufMuD;wm &,fp&myg/
&mZ0ifuawmh &mZ0ifayghav/ orifr bmvdkY AdkufMuD;w,fqdkwm
'Dae&mrSm cPawmh &yfNyD; pOf;pm;Munfhrdygao;w,f/)
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

13

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

waumif;tdrfa&SUrif; 0ufcGif;wJhESpfrSmyJ waumif;rdzk&m; rsufrjrif

trTmyl;av; arG;ygw,f/ aA'g&DeJYqdk 0rf;uGJarmifESr awmfygvdrfhr,f/
r[mor0 eJY plVor0/ oa&acw&mtwGuf Zmwfvdkufrif;om;awGaygh/
tJh'D om;t&if; rsufuef; nDaemif udk bk&if
u &SufNyD; pGefYypfcdkif;&mrSm rwwfomwJh tqHk; tar
vkyfolu azmifay:rSm tpm;taomufawG wifNyD;
arQmypfvdkufygw,f/
tJh'Dazmifawmf ppfyifMuD;udkif;udk wdkufrdwJh
ae&m[m uaeY ppfudkif; jzpfw,f/ pErkcDbDvl;r
azmifay:wuf
vmwmvnf;
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bDvl;ru rif;om;awG&JU tpmudk cdk;pm;aewm
rdoGm;wJhaemuf owfr,f Ncdrf;ajcmufwm uae
csrf;omay;zdkY awmif;yef&if; rif;om;awGudk rsufpd
jrifatmif tultnDay; jzpfoGm;ygw,f/
tJh'Dvdk rsufpdudk pNyD;ukwJh ae&mudk puk?
rsufvHk;vif; vmwJhae&mudk &Gmvif;? rsufpdjrifwJh
ae&mudk ]]rdk;um;tzHk;? ajrum;txJ}} qdkojzifh rdk;zkef;ajrxJvdkY trnfwGif
vmcJh ygw,f/ aemuf tJh'D rif;om;ESpfyg; OD;&D;awmf &aohqD
a&mufvmcJhw,f/
yef;csDay:OD;ouf

bl;vHk;em;rxGif;
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bl;oD;eJY a&pdrf? NyD; usnfawmufxJ a&jznfhckdif;w,f/ usnfawmufjynfhzdkY
wpfaeukef MumowJh/ 'grS &aoh[m oifhawmfr,fxifvdkY pDpOfcJhwmyg/
aA'g&D a&cyfcsdefeJY rif;om;ESpfyg; wdk;awmh ]]bl;vHk;em;rxGif;?
rdkufvSw,f}} qdkum bl;oD;udkxGif; taph xkwfNyD; cyfcdkif;wJhtcg
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

14

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

usnfawmufu cPeJY a&jynfhygw,f/ tJh'Duae pNyD; rdkufrJwJh tvkyfudk

]]bl;vHk;em;rxGif;}} vdkY qdkdk; ay:vmcJhw,f qdkygw,f/
r[mor0 eJY aA'g&D vufquf? r[mor0 rif;jzpf/ arG;vmwJh
om;u 'Gwaygif rif;om; jzpfygw,f/
r[mor0 uG,fvGefawmh nDawmf plVor0 rif;jzpfw,f/ aA'g&Dudk
quf rdzk&m; ajrmufw,f/ tJh'DrSm nDawmf plVor0 eJY ndpGef;aewJh
bDvl;r pErkcDu pdwfqdk;NyD; udk,f0efvG,fvsuf xGufoGm;&mrSm ykyg;rSm
ydEdk;udk arG;ygw,f/
'Gwaygifrif;
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&wJh nDr-rif;orD; ysLtEG,fudk rdzk&m; ajrmufw,f/ e*g;rif;orD;
udkvnf; rdzk&m;ajrmufw,f/
t&dErmvSH? emVm*d&dqif? 0vm[ujrif; pwmawG odMum;rif;u
qufo&w,f/ bkef;MuD;vGef;vdkY oleif;vdkufwdkif; ajrBuD;u uRHuRHus
&mrSm odMum;rif;u oHrIdcHcH ay;&ygowJh/ bkef;BuD;vGef; awmhvnf;
tvkyfenf;enf;IyfwJh oabmjzpfr,f/ vSHysH? wD;vdkuf&if b,folrS em;rcH
EdkifwJh pnfMuD;pwJh vufeufawG tawmfpGrf;ygw,f/ 'DvufeufawGeJY
tEdkif,l&mrSm wdkif;jynfaxmif toD;oD; 'Gwaygifrif; qDrSm tcGefcH
&ygowJh (tcGefquf&w,f)/ 'Gwaygifrif;[m omoemjyKrif; tjzpf
xif&Sm;ygw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

15

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

ydEdk;NrdKU

(www.seasite.niu.edu)

aemufqHk; yefxGmrif;orD;u roefY&Sif;wJh yk0gudk quf&mrSm

rqifrjcif okwfrdwJhtwGuf rif;BuD; ezl;u rSJU&SifuG,fcJhygw,f/ tjyefrSm
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e*g;awGu e*g;jynf ac:oGm;w,fvdkY qdkw,f/ a&epf aooGm;yHk
&ygw,f/
'Gwaygif&JU om;awmf 'Gw&efuae oD&d&mZfrif; txd aemufxyf
rif;quf 8 quf &SdcJhygw,f/
tJh'Daemuf waumif;rif;quf jywfNyD; iwyg;rif;? aemuf olU
om;awmf ygyd&efrif; uae bdZrif;txd rif; 12 yg; tkyfpdk;cJhw,f/
olwdkYaemufrSm aemufqHk; rif;oHk;quf
rif;uawmh twdwsmrif; jzpfygw,f/

&Sd&mrSm

ajymcsifwJh

rdcifudkawmif jypfrSm; vdkw,fvdkY qdkw,f/ rdcifu t"dXmef

NyD; ]]usufoa&wdkufonf aygif;csKyf\odkY jzpfapom;}} qdk&mrSm t"dXmef
atmifNyD; rif;om;vnf; &Suf&SufeJY jyefoGm;&owJh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

16

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

(usufoa&wdkufwdkY? aygif;csKyfwdkY qdkwm uRefawmf rodyg/ aemifrS

jrefrm tbd"mef? ayg&e tbd"mefawGrSm &SmMunfhygtHk;r,f/ bmudk
qdkcsifovJawmh awG;q rdygw,f/)
tJh'Drif;om; aemufqHk; arsmuf jzpfoGm;w,f qdk&JU/ vlawG cJeYJ
aygufvdkY ao&ygw,f/ arsmufjzpfNyD; xGuftajy;rSm r,fawmf
u ]]tavmif;cspfom; vmavmh}} vdkY atmfac:wJh ae&m[m uaeY
avmif;om;acsmif; ygwJh/
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aemufrS ysLapmxD; rif;jzpfvmcJhygw,f/
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rif; 6 yg; tkyfpdk;cJhw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

17

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

xD;rif;,Of? ,Ofrif;ydkuf?
aMumif'l&pf? onfxef/

ydkufaovnf?

aoOfvnfaMumif?

aoOfvnfaMumifrif; vufxufrSm yef;yJarmifwifhw,f armifESr

jzpfwJh r[m*D&dewf pwif ay:aygufcJhygw,f/
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vdkufao/ tJh'DrSm armifESr^cspfolESpfOD; r*Fvm*D&d ewfarmifESr
jzpfoGm;Muygw,f/
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rif;rsdK;r[kwfwJh
trwfoHk;yg;
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rif;vkyfw,f/

aemuf xGefcspfrif; uae rif;acG;txd rif; 3 quf/ aemufrif;rsdK;

r[kwfjyefwJh ol<u,f jrif;auR;rif;/ aemufrif;rsdK; odcFrif; uae
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vkyfMuHNyD; rif;jzpf (iacG; trnfeJY rif; 2yg;awGU&ygw,f)/ aemuf
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bk&if&JU rsdK;quf uGrf;aqmfaMumif;jzLrif; wufvmygw,f/ rdzk&m;oHk;yg;
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taemf&xm wdkY jzpfw,f/
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&w,f/ aemuf pkuaw;rif;/
pkuaw;u taemf&xmh rdcif? olUzcif&JU rdef;rudk qufNyD; rdzk&m;
ajrmufw,f/ taemf&xmudk ]]nDom;aemifr,f}} vdkY vlbHka&SU ac:&mrSm
taemf&xmu em;rvnfvdkY zcif aMumif;jzLrif;udk ar;awmhrS olUrdcifudk
odrf;w,fqdkwJh t"dyg,fudk odw,f/ tJh'DrSm zcif&JU tMuHtpnf?
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

18

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

tpDtrHeJY ykyg;rSm tiftm;pkNyD; yk*Hudk jyefwdkufw,f/ tpfudk pkuaw;eJY

pD;csif;xdk;awmh
pkuaw;ao/
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om;udkryl
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vdkY atmfjrnf idka<u;wJh ae&mrSm ]ykwvifbk&m;} awG wnfawmfrl cJhw,f
vdkY rSefeef;u qdkygw,f/
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bk&ifhorD; tacsmtvS yOuvsmPDudk aemufqHk; rwwfomawmh
taemf&xmqD qufovdkuf&w,f/ vrf;rSm &mZwreftrwfu pdwfrxdef;
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vGwfoGm;awmh EGm;ausmif;om;t&G,f 5000/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

19

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

taemf&xm trdefYeJY owfcJhygw,f/ tJh'Dvdk owf&JUueJY usef&pfwJh

twGuf usefppfrif;vdkY wGifowJh/
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taemf&xm awGUaeygNyD/ pdwfravQmhvdkYu oleJY ,SOfr,fhol qdkNyD;
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(twGJ-4 rSmawmh yk*Hrif;awG taMumif; tao;pdwf azmfjyrSm
jzpfygw,f/)

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

20

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 4
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oef;xGef; u taemf&xmudk 1044-1077? eef;ouf 33 ESpfvdkY azmfjywm
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tajccH a&;om;xm;wJh a':cifrsdK;cspf&JU Anawrahta of Burma
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

21

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

'Dbufurf; rem;wrf; ul;vm? 'Dbufurf; jyefa&mufawmhvnf; anmifOD;

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

22

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

oxHkrS &Sift&[H
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Sift&[H - tmeEmbk&m;
(www.seasite.niu.edu)

ukvm;nDaemif
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

23

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

24

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

25

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

26

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

27

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

28

icy

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

29

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

31

icy

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

32

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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aemufwpfMudrf jyefac:cJh&jyefw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

33

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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pum; em;raxmifbl;vdkY rSefeef;u ajymxm;wJhtwGuf apmvl;&JUvkyf&yfeJY
rSefeef;&JUta[m uGJvGJaewm owdxm;rdygw,f/
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

34

icy

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i&refuef;
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

35

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

36

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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usefppfom;[m &cdkif-Arm jzpfygw,f/

usefppfom; - tmeEmbk&m;

usefppfom;rSm rdzk&m; 4 yg;

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usefppfom;eJY i,foli,fcsif; y&drt&yfu
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rxD;wlr orLv eJY xD;vIdif&Gmpm;orD;
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(www.seasite.niu.edu)

rdzk&m;MuD; ty,f&wemeJY&wJh orD;u

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

37

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

tavmif;pnfoludk a&Ttdrfonf&JU i,f&nf;pm; y#du&m; aoNyD;

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

38

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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tapmydkif;u tavmif;pnfoludkawmif y#du&m;eJY &wJhom;vdkY

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

39

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

The Pala university of Nalanda

(en.wikipedia.org)

40

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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rvm,kuRef;a&muf? weoFm&Da&mufeJY a&mufwJht&yfrSm armif;rrdH
wcsdKUxm;&pfNyD; aejynfawmfjyefw,f/ olUvufxufrSm trIxrf;awG?
qifawG? jrif;awG t&rf;yifyef; MuowJh/ wkwfudkvnf; ab;awmf
taemf&xmvdkyJ pG,fawmfawmif;zdkY a&mufcJhw,f/ OD;wnfbGm;u
yifhcGifhay;ayr,fh taemf&xmvdkyJ yifhvdkYr&/ wyfacguf jyefcJh&owJh/
tavmif;pnfol&JU bkef;vufHk; tpGrf;awGudkawmh rSefeef;u wcrf;
wem; azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ touft&G,f BuD;vmcsdefrSm vlyHktv,f
vufoD;vufarmif;wef;&m tom;ta& ysOf;wGJusaewmudk jrifawmh
rif;y&dowf &,fMuowJh/ tJh'DrSm olUtpGrf;udk jycsifwmeJY wl&Gif;awmifrSm
vlqdk;wpfa,muf aomif;usef;aew,fqdkum jrif;pD;ol&J av;a,mufudk
tzrf;cdkif;? oludk,fwdkifu wl&Gif;awmifay:wuf? vlqdk;[efaqmifNyD;
jrif;pD;ol&JawGudk wdkufazmufxGufcJhNyD; olUtpGrf;udk jycJhzl;ygw,f/
tavmif;pnfolrSm om;awmfoHk;yg;&Sdw,f/ tBuD;qHk;u rif;&Sifapm/
zcif tavmif;pnfoleJY tqifrajywmeJY ESifxkwfwm cH&w,f/ taMumif;
&if;u ESpfcsuf/ yxrwpfcsufu y#du&m;u qufo vmwJh bk&ifh
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

41

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

orD;awmf ukvm;r ybm0wDudk ol tcpm; 0ifcsdefrSm zcifbk&if&JU

ovGefay:u qif;apwJh wpfcsuf/ aemufwpfcsufu teEol&d, trwf
udk rif;0wfwefqmawG ay;oem;xm;wmudk roifhawmfbl; qdkum
twif;cRwf apwJhwpfcsuf jzpfw,f/ 'gudk zcif tavmif;pnfol
u ]]olom rif;jzpfvQifawmh ESdyfpufawmhrnf}} qdkum yxr tzrf;cdkif;/
aemuf rdzk&m;u awmif;yefrS jynfESif'Pfay;cJhygw,f/ om;vwf
e&oludk awmh tdrfa&SUt&may;cJhw,f/
oufawmf 101 ESpfrSm rif;BuD; rusef;rrmjzpfawmh e&olu taz
vkyfoludk eef;csNyD; a&T*lbk&m;rSm zrf;xm;w,f/ aeaumif;vmwJh tcsdefrSm
om;jzpfolu t0wfykqdk;eJY zdowfcJhw,fqdkw,f/ rSefeef;uyJ rif;BuD;udk
Al;pifatmuf xm;&mu Al;pifydaow,fqdkwJh aemufrluGJ wpfckudkvnf;
azmfjyxm;w,f/
tazowfwJhom; e&ol[m eef;vkzdkY jyefvmwJh tpfudkjzpfol
rif;&Sifapm udkvnf; tqdyfcwf owfum eef;wufcJhygw,f/
tavmif;pnfol oHk;oyfcsuf
wdkif;jynfwcGif vSnfhvnf EdkifcJhvdkY tkyfcsKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;awG
pepfwusjzpfvmcJhayr,fh tjcm;wzuf uvnf; aejynfawmfudk
tcsdefMumjrifhpGm ypfy,fxm;cJhwmaMumifh cdk;qdk;vk,ufrIawG xlajymNyD;
wdkif;jynf rNidrf;csrf;cJhzl;qdkwJh rSwfwrf; uav;vnf; awGU&ygw,f/
odrf;oGif;cJhwJh wdkif;jynfawG&JU ykefuefjcm;em; rIawGvnf; rMumcP
MuHKawGUcJh&w,f/
'gawG[m
yk*HNydKuGJysufpD;r,fh
a&SUajy;
vuPmedrdwfawG vdkYvnf; ,lqaumif; ,lqEdkif ygw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf
tavmif;pnfolrif;[m taemf&xm? usefppfom;wdkYeJY wpfwef;wnf;
xm;EdkifwJh yxrjrefrm EdkifiHawmf&JU rif;aumif; wpfyg; jzpfw,fvdkY
NcHKiHkoHk;oyfrdygw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

42

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 5
yk*Hrif;quf
e&olrif; (ukvm;usrif;)
yxrjrefrmEdkifiHrSm taemf&xm? apmvl;? usefppf? tavmif;pnfolwdkY
aemuf rif;jzpfvmoluawmh tz^tudk owfom; e&olyJ jzpfygw,f/
e&ol[m taztavmif;pnfoludk owfNyD;csdefrSm ppfonfawGeJY
eef;vkzdkYvmwJh tpfudk rif;&Sifapm udkvnf; yHhoul rax&fbkef;BuD; uae
wqifh acR;odyfygw,f/ ppfonfawGrvdk? wpfudk,fwnf;vmyg? "m;udk
xrf; eef;wifay;yghr,faygh/ bkef;BuD;uvnf; ,HkMunfNyD; rif;&Sifapmu
oGm;ac:/ a&mufvmwmeJY e&olu tpfudk&JU oHvsufudk xrf;NyD; eef;wif
ay;ygw,f/ nusrS pm;awmfyGJxJ tqdyfcwf owfcJhw,fvdkY rSefeef;u
qdkw,f/ yHhoulrax&fbkef;BuD;vnf; pdwfqdk;NyD; oD[dkjynf jyefcJhowJh/
e&ol[m ,cktcsdef txd yk*HrSm yxrqHk; ay:vmwJh rif;qdk;
rif;npfvkdY qdk&r,f/ zcifay;chJwJh owdkYorD; udkvnf; owf? baxG;awmf
udkvnf; owf/ oefpGrf;wJh &[ef;awGudk twif; vlxGufcdkif;awmh
bkef;BuD;awGvnf; [dka&Smif'Dwdrf;eJY oD[dkjynf <uukefMuowJh/
(zcifvufus ukvm;rif;ord;udk
tpjyKcJh ygawmhw,f/)

owfrd&mrSm olzmwfodrf;zdkU

e&ol[m tawmfav; npfywfwJh rif;jzpfyHk&w,f/ tdrfom0ifNyD;&if

a&raq;bl;/ vdifqufqHwJh tcgrSmvnf; a&raq;bl;wJh/ 'gudk
rdef;rjzpfol ukvm;ru tvGef &GH&SmrdwJh twGuf bk&ifudk wrifwum
a&Smifz,fz,f vkyfaecJhygw,f/ 'gudk &dyfrdoGm;wJh e&ol[m a'gowMuD;
ukvm;rudk oHvsufeJY ckwfowfypfcJhygw,f/ 'Dudpudk ukvm;r&JU zcif
y#du&m; bk&ifMuD; odoGm;wJhtcg vufpm;acszdkY&m twGuf ukvm;
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

43

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

ol&Jaumif; 8 a,muf apvTwfNyD; e&oludk vkyfMuHcdkif;w,f/ e&ol vnf;

ao? ukvm; 8 a,mufvnf; aoaygh/ ukvm;owfvdkY aowJh twGuf
ukvm;usrif;vdkY &mZ0ifrSm wGifusefcJhygw,f/
e&olrif;[m eef;ouf 4 ESpfxJ pHcJh&ygw,f/ tawmfqdk;wJh bk&ifvdkY
oHk;oyfrdaMumif;yg/
rif;,Ofe&odcFrif;
e&ol vGefawmh yxrjrefrmEdkifiHawmf&JU 6 qufajrmufbk&if e&olY
om;awmf rif;,Ofe&odcF eef;wufw,f/ rif;,Of&JU nDawmf
e&ywdpnfol u tdrfa&SU rif;om;aygh/ rif;,Ofe&odcFrSm rdzk&m; 3 yg;
&Sdygw,f/
a0VK0wD? ijynfh? atmifpGmi,f
wcgawmh awmxJrSm awGUwJh a0VK0wD rdef;uav;udk rif;BuD;tm;
qufw,f/ em;&Gufum;um;eJYrdkY bk&ifu rBudKufbJ jyuf&,fjyKum
nDawmfudk vTJay;vdkufowJh/ awmolqdkawmh rjyifrqifvnf; jzpfay
raygh/
aemufawmh em;&Gufudk wefovdk jzwfNyD; taumif;pm; jyifqif
vdkufwJh tcgrawmh tvSqHk;rdzk&m; jzpfvmcJhygw,f/ rif;,OftzdkY
vGwfaomig; BuD;NyDaygh/ 'DtcsdefrSm a0VK0wDudk e&ywdpnfolu
rdzk&m;t&m ay;xm;NyD jzpfwmrdkY rif;MuD;&JU c,frawmfaygh/ tJ'D
c,frawmfudk wPSmrTefNyD; odrf;csifrdwmeJY nDawmfudk iaqmif;csrf;buf
ppfcsDckdif;w,f/ e&ywdpnfoluvnf; &dyfrdowJh/ 'geJY jrif;cHijynfhudk
wpfckckjzpf&if
csufcsif;
owif;ydkYzdkY
rSmum
aejynfawmfrSm
csefxm;&pfcJhw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

44

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

ijynfhuvnf; a0VK0wDudk rif;,Ofbk&if odrf;vQifodrf;csif;

a&SUwef;a&muf tdrfa&SUrif;qD tajy; owif;ydkYygw,f/ c&D;a0;awmh
jrif;udk cP tem;ay;? vrf;rSm wntdyfcJhoaygh/ 'gudk vrf;rSm
wntdyfcJh& aumif;vm;qdkum e&ywdpnfolu armarmeJY owif;
vmydkYol ijynfhudk tqHk;pD&ifw,f/ rdef;rwpfa,muf twGuf yxrqHk;
uswJh aoG;vdkY qdkEdkifr,f/
tJh'Daemuf e&ywdpnfol[m i,fuRef atmifpGmi,fudkac:NyD;
rif;,Ofudk vkyfMuHckdif;w,f/ atmifjrif&if rif;,Of&JU rdzk&m; 3 yg;xJu
BudKufwJholudk ay;r,fvdkYvnf; uwdjyKowJh/
atmifpGmi,fu rif;,Ofudk tdrfomwufaewkef; vkyfMuHcJhw,f/
'Daemuf e&ywdpnfol[m rdzk&m; a0VK0wDeJYtwl eef;wufcJhygw,f/
e&ywdpnfolrif;
tpfudkudk owfNyD; bk&ifjzpfvmwJh e&ywdpnfol[m atmifpGmi,fudk
ay;xm;wJh uwdtwdkif; rdzk&m;ay;&r,fh tcsdefa&mufvmawmh r&D;awmf
rdzk&m; 3 yg;uvnf; atmifpGmi,fvdk rif;rsdK;r[kwfwJhol vufxJ
ra&mufvdkwmeJY bk&ifhudk 0dkif;NyD; idk,dkawmif;yefMuw,f/ e&ywdu
oem;NyD; atmifpGmi,fudk ay;wJh uwd zsufcJhygawmhw,f/
]]rdzk&m; 3 yg;awmh ray;awmhbl;/ wjcm;BudKuf&m,l}} ayghav/
tJh'DrSm atmifpGmi,fu pdwfqdk;NyD; bk&ifudk ]]xGD}} vdkY qdkowJh/
'Dawmhvnf; &mZa'goayghav/ aemufqHk;rSm e&ywd[m olUtrIudk
atmifjrifpGmxrf;ay;cJhwJh atmifpGmi,fudk uGyfrsufcJhjyefygw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

45

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

teEol&d,vuFm
e&ywd[m aemifawmf&JU vl,HkawGudk qufvuf okwfoif&Sif;vif;
ygw,f/ tJh'DrSm rif;,Of&JU txdef;awmfom; teEol&d,vnf; ygoGm;
cJhw,f/
rowfcifrSm ol pyfqdkcJhwJh vuFm 4 ydk'fuawmh jrefrmpmayrSm
txif&Sm;qHk;vuFmyJ jzpfygw,f/ tav;jyK rSwfwrf;wifvdkygw,f/

olwnf;wpfa,muf? aumif;zdkYa&mufrl?
olwpfa,mufrSm? ysufvifhumom? "rwmwnf;/
a&Ttdrfeef;ESifh? MuiSef;vnf;pH? rwfaygif;&Hvsuf?
aysmfpH&dyfNidrf? pnf;pdrfruGm? rif;csrf;omum;?
ork'&m? a&rsufESmxuf? cPwufonfh
a&yGufyrm? wpfoufvsmwnf;/
Muifemoem;? ightm;rowf? ,ckvTwfvnf;
rvGwfMurm? vlwumwdkY? cEmcdkifusnf?
twnfrNrJ? azmufvTJwwfonf? rcRwfpom? ow0gwnf;/
&Sdcdk;aumfa&mf? ylaZmftuRef? yefcJhwHk\
cdkufMuHK0dyguf? oHompuf? BudKufvwGefrl?
wHkYr,lvdk? MunfndKpdwfoef? ocifrGefudk?
csefbdpifppf? tjypfrJha&;? cGifhvQifay;\?
aoG;onftedpm? ighcEmwnf;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

46

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

'DvuFmudk zwfMum;emNyD;wJhaemuf e&ywd[m MuD;pGmcHpm;&NyD;

vTwfapvdkY trdefYay;w,f/ vufvGef NyD;NyDqdkwm odvdkuf&awmh e&ywd
aemifwjyif;pGm &rdygowJh/ tJh'DrSm igowfrdefYay;NyD;&if csufcsif;rowfbJ
wpfvxm;NyD; ppfaq;ap? owfoifhrSowfapqdkNyD; trdefYay;cJhygw,f/
e&ywd[m a0VK0wD&,f? aemifawmfhrdzk&m; 3yg;&,f qdkawmh?
pkpkaygif; rdzk&m; av;yg; &Sdygw,f/
tJh'Daemufydkif;awmh e&ywd[m rif;usifhw&m; 10yg;eJYtnD tkyfcsKyf
wJh rif;wpfyg; jzpfvmw,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkygw,f/ wdkif;jynfw0Srf;
wdkif;cef; vSnfhvnfcJhw,f/ bk&m;ykxdk;ausmif;awG trsm;tjym;vnf;
omoemjyKcJhygw,f/ yk*HjynfMuD; pnfyif0ajym cJhw,fvdkY qdk&rSm
jzpfygw,f/
aemifawmfudk vkyfBuHpOfu tvG,fwul vkyfBuHvdkY &cJhwmaMumifh
olUvufxufrSm twGif;udk,f&H? tjyifudk,f&H qdkNyD; tapmifhawG txltxJ
csxm;cJhw,f/ eef;awmfxJ Muufwpfaumifawmif r0ifEdkifbl; qdkowJh/
oD[dkudkvTwfNyD; omoemawmf oefY&Sif;a&; aqmif&Gufw,f/
yk*HjynfrSmvnf; Ak'bmom omoem *dkPf;uGJawG trsm;tjym; ay:ayguf
vmcJhw,f/
e&ywd[m olUtpfudk rif;,OfvdkygyJ/ olwpfyg; r,m;udkrS
BudKufwwfw,f xif&JU/ a,mufzawmf okb&mZf&JU r,m;udk odrf;,l
cJhjyefw,f/ okb&mZfvnf; tl;jzpfaygh/ aemufawmh rdzk&m;awG
0dkif;ajzmif;zsvdkY okb&mZfudk udk,fvkyfawmfawG xJu BudKufwm,lvdkY
qdkawmh okb&mZfu 2 a,muf awmif;cJhw,f/ tl;ayr,fh tl;yg;
jzpfyHk&w,f/ 'gayr,fh olU&ifxJ 0ifMunfh&ifawmh b,fvdk&Sdr,f rodbl;/
udk,fhESvHk;onf;yGwf rdef;rudk tpfra,musmf;u odrf;wm cHvdkuf&wJh
tjzpfayudk;/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

47

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

aemufxyfteEol&d,
rif;BuD;rSm &efrefiaxG;qdkwJh ol&Jaumif; wpfa,muf&Sdw,f/
wcgom; rif;BuD;avSudk rdausmif;qGJxm;wJh tcsdef wpfudk,fawmfpGefYpm;
wdkufcdkufNyD; rdausmif;udk taoowfcJhzl;owJh/ usm;eJYwdkufvnf; Edkif?
qifeJYwdkufvnf; Edkifqdkawmh yGJwdkif;ausmf jzpfaewmrdkY teEol&d,
bGJUay;NyD; orD;awmf wpfyg;eJY vufqufapcJhygw,f/
om;awmfig;yg;
xD;eef; tarGay;zdkY&m om;awmfig;yg;&SdwJhtwGuf om;awmfawGudk
0dkif;apNyD; tv,frSm xD;jzLpdkufum xD;jzL,drf;wJhbufu rif;om;udk
tdrfa&SUt&m ay;cJhw,f/ tJh'DrSm ti,fqHk;om;awmf aZ,sodcFrif;om;
tdrfa&SUrif;jzpfvmw,f/ xD;vdkrif;vdk vdkY ac:MuygowJh/
e&ywdpnfol oHk;oyfcsuf
plVrPdwdkY? aumawmhyvifwdkYvdk wefcdk;MuD;bk&m;awG wnfcJhNyD;
a&S;yk*Hrif;rsm;&JU aumif;arGudk qufvufxdef;odrf;EdkifcJhvdkY rif;aumif;
wpfyg; jzpfygw,f/
tapmydkif;rSm uwdrwnfwJh rif;wpfyg;? ESdyfuGyfvGef;wJh bk&ifwpfql
jzpfcJhayr,fh aemufydkif;rSm tawmfajymif;vJ oGm;cJhw,f/ 'gayr,fh
ajymif;vJNyD;wJh aemufrSmawmifrS 'koeaomtrIudk wpfBudrfxyfusL;vGef
cJhwm awGU&ygao;w,f/
e&ywdpnfol[m raumif;wJh tcsufav;awG weifhwydk;&Sdayr,fhvdkY
NcHKMunfh&ifawmh taemf&xm? usefppf? tavmif;pnfolwdkY aemufu
'kwd,wef;pm; rif;aumif;wpfyg; jzpfw,fvdkY oHk;oyfrdygw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

48

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

aZ,sodcF eef;awmif;rsm;rif; (xD;vdkrif;vdk)

eef;awmif;rsm;rif;[m nDti,fqHk;uae rif;jzpfvmcJhayr,fh tpfudk
awGudk rjywf jyKpk apmifha&Smufw,fvdkY qdkw,f/ zcif e&ywdpnfol&JU
pDrHcJhrIawGudkvnf; rvpfr[if; qufvuf xrf;aqmifcJhowJh/ jynfolawG
tvGefcspf qdkyJ/ kyfvnf;vS? oDv? orm"d? ynm eJYvnf;
jynfhpHkwJhrif;wpfyg; jzpfw,fvdkY zwf&w,f/
rSefeef;u kyfacsmw,fvdkYqdkwm 'g yxrqHk;bk&ifygyJ/ rdzk&m; 4 yg;
&Sdygw,f/ &wemazmifawmfeJY c&D;oGm;&if; om;awmf uspGmrif;om;udk
arG;w,f/ arG;NyD; wpfywfaeawmh rdzk&m; uG,fvGef? aemufrMumrD
yxrom;awmf uG,fvGefeJY/ bk&ifcrsm trwfawGa&SU IdufBuD;wiif
idkrdygowJh/ e&ywd rNyD;cJhwJh a*gawmhyvifudk NyD;atmif quf
wnfcJhw,f/
&mZ0ifrSm odyfxl;xl;jcm;jcm;? rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rSwfwrf; r0ifcJhbJ
taumif;awGcsnf; ta&;cHxm;&wJh bk&ifwpfyg; jzpfaMumif;yg/
uspGmrif;MuD; ("r&mZm)
xD;vdkrif;vdk uG,fvGefawmh om;awmf uspGmrif; eef;wufw,f/
jynfolawGudk &if0,fom;vdk qufqHowJh/ yd#uwfoHk;yHk 9 Budrf
oif,lcJhygw,f/ wpfaeY 7 0g pmcsw,fqdkawmh wpfaeY twef; 7 Budrf
wufwmaygh/ b,ftcsdef wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf rvJawmh rod/ bmyJajymajym
bmoma&; tawmfav; vkdufpm;cJhw,f/ aemufydkif; wdkif;a&;jynfa&;udk
om;awmf tdrfa&SUOZemudkom tvHk;pHk vTJtyfxm;owJh/
aemufqHk; uspGmrif;MuD;[m oHvsuf upm;&if; oHvsufxdvdkY
uG,fvGef cJhygw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

49

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

aqG;aEG;csuf/ /
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,lqMuygw,f/ taemf&xmrif; vufxufu t"dXmefeJU pdkufcJhwJh
ayyifMuD;rsm;[m uspGmrif;BuD; vufxufusrS tyifayguf vmvdkU .. vdkU
qdkMuygowJh/
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BudKUyifaumufjrdKU ta&SUbuf yJcl;&dk;r awmifpG,f (O,smOfMuD;&Gm

teD;) rSm uspGmbk&m; qdkwJh apwDBuD;wql &Sdygw,f/ uspGmrif;MuD;
wdkif;cef; vSnhf&if; tJ'Dae&m ta&mufrSm edrdwfaumif;awGjrifvdkU
txG#ftjrwf tjzpf bk&m;wnf cJhw,f qdkygw,f/ &ifjyifuae
txufyp,Hudk wufwJh avSum;awG xnhfxm;yHk rsdK;u wu,hf yk*Hbk&m;
wcsdKU&JU vuf&m yHkpHtwdkif;ygyJ/
OZemrif;
OZemrif;uvnf; odyfawmh pdwf0ifpm;p&m r&Sdygbl;/ om;awmf
ESpfyg;&Sdw,f/ oD[oleJY rif;acG;acs;/ taysmftyg; rufarmw,f qdkw,f/
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qifudk zrf;zdkYvdkuf&if; qifpG,feJY cwfrdvdkY qifay:ujyKwfus?
qifeif;cH&NyD; aoowJh/ tedpa&mufawmh eef;ouf 5 ESpf? oufawmf
38ESpf qdkawmh tawmf i,fao;w,fqdk&r,f/
rif;acG;acs; (e&oD[yawh)(wkwfajy;rif;)
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eef;wuf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gudk rvdkvm;wJh trwf&mZoMu trwfu
olwdkYtrwfawG rif;MuD;OZem oN*Kvfwmudk oGm;a&muf OD;cdkufNyD;
jyefvmrS eef;wufzdkY avQmufowJh/ 'geJY oD[ol eef;rwufjzpfcJh/ aemuf
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

50

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

'va&mufawmh tm;vHk;wdkifyifNyD;
eef;wifcJhygw,f/

oD[oludkzrf;?

rif;acG;acs;udk

rif;acG;acs;[m e&oD[yawhbGJU trnfeJY eef;wufygw,f/ olU

vufxufusrS yk*HqdkwJhtrnf pwif wGifus,fvmcJhwm jzpfw,f/
e&oD[yawh[m bk&m;Asm'dwfawmft& paviacG;? ukvm;usrif; eJY
e&oD[yawhqdkum rif; oHk;Budrf jzpfcJhw,f qdkw,f/ bDvl;0ifpm;wJh
twGuf a'goMuD;? tpm;MuD; aygh/
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&cdkifbufu rpm*D&dpm; ykefuefwmudk ESdrfESif;&mrSm yxrtMudrfrSm
ta&;edrfhcJhNyD; 'kwd,tMudrf xyfwdkufcdkufjyefw,f/ rpm*D&drif; tnHhcHwJh
owif;udk &mZoBu&JUom; tkwfvSi,fudk bk&ifhxH avQmufwifzdkY
apvTwfw,f/
bk&ifvnf; eef;awmfxJuae warQmfarQmfeJY urf;udk Munfhaewkef;
tkwfvSi,f&JU avSazG;azG;udk jrifvdkufwmeJY ppfowif;udk avSvTwf
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ajymyg&aptHk; qdkwJhtwGuf rowfbJ bk&ifha&SU ac:vmw,f/ bk&ifha&SU
ta&muf tkwfvSi,fu acgif;udk ywfxm;wJh rsufESmokwfyk0g udk
ajzcsawmh qHyifawG oef;taxG;axG;eJY aqG;ajrhNyD; jyKwfusvm
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oufaoeJY wuG wifjyvdkufawmh rif;MuD;vnf; pdwfajycJh&ygawmhw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

51

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

&m*MuL; tpm;MuL; bDvl;0ifpm;wJh e&oD[

e&oD[yawh[m udk,fvkyfarmif;r 3000 &SdowJh/ xrif;yGJwpfcgjyif
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armif;rawGudk ypfcwfavh&SdwmrdkY olUteD;tem;rSm vufeufxm;vdkYr&/
toD;tESH awGavmufom xm;&ygw,f/ wcgom; tdyf&mtEdk;rSm tem;
u vkreDoD;eJY ypfayguf&mrSm armif;ri,fwpfOD; cg;udkxdNyD; a&mif&rf;
vmwJhtwGuf tJh'DtoD;udk cg;&rf;oD;vdkY ajymif;ac: cJhMuygowJh/

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(www.seasite.niu.edu)

wkwfppfyGJ
wkwf OD;wnfbGm;u e&oD[yawhxHu tcGefb@m awmif;cHzdkY
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tukef owfap trdefYcs cJhw,f/ trwf awGuawmh oHwrefudk owfwJh
tavh r&SdaMumif; ajymMuayr,fh rif;BuD; em;raxmifygbl;/ tJh'DrSm
wkwfoHtzGJUudk owfypfwJh twGuf OD;wnfbGm;wdkY yk*Hudk ppfcsDvmcJh
ygawmhw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

52

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

csDwufvmwJh wkwfppfwyfudk yk*Hom;wdkY iaqmifcsrf; (Aef;armf

teD;[k ,lq& - a'gufwmoef;xGef;) t&yfuae cHwyfaqmufNyD; qD;BudK
wdkufygw,f/ wkwfwdkY vlb,favmuf aoao a&SUwdk;vmw,fvdkY
qdkw,f/ 1odef;ao&if 2odef;? 2 odef;ao&if 4odef; a&mufvmowJh/
'geJY aemufqHk; iaqmifcsrf; wkwfvuf usoGm;cJhw,f/
tJh'DrSm e&oD[yawh qifjcifrdwmu yk*Huae wkwfudk cHwdkuf&if
cHEdkifrnf r[kwf/ NrdKUuusOf;? tedrfhydkif;vnf; uswJhtwGuf tukef
ysufpD;&vdrfhr,f/ 'gaMumifh &GmombufrSm cHwyfaqmufNyD; wdkufzdkY
pDpOfw,f/ tkwf tvHktavmuf r&SdwJhtwGuf bk&m;awG? *lawG?
ukvm;ausmif;awG zsufNyD; tkwfudk ,lygw,f/
'gayr,fh &GmomrSm cHwyfaqmufNyD; cHwdkufr,fh tpDtpOfvnf;
ysufcJhygw,f/ aemufqHk; rif;BuD;[m a&TaiG? armif;r? b@m? &dumawG
avSaxmifcsDwifNyD; om;awmftBuD; OZem &Sd&m ykodrfudk pkefqif;cJhw,f/
avSrqHhwJh armif;rawGudk yxr wkwfawG ,lrpdk;vdkY BudK;eJYwkyfNyD; a&rSm
arQmzdkY vkyfayr,fh bkef;BuD;u wm;wJh twGuf toufcsrf;om ay;NyD;
teD;tem;u &[ef;&Sifvl rnfolrqdk BudKuf&m ,lap qdkNyD; xm;ypfcJh
ygawmhw,f/
iaqmif;csrf;u qkwfvmwJh yk*HwyfawG yk*Hvnf; a&mufa&m NrdKU
tcGHBuD;yJ awGUwmeJY ykodrftxd qufvdkufygw,f/ aemufu wkwfwyf
vnf; xyfcsyfruGm vdkufcJhowJh/ wjznf;jznf; atmufa&muf vmawmh
wkwfwyfawG vlursm;? &dumu&Sm;eJY iwfjywfukefwmeJY aemufqHk;
wyfacgufNyD; jyefvnfqkwfcGm oGm;cJhMu&w,f/
e&oD[yawh[m wkwfudk aMumufvdkY ajy;wJhtwGuf wkwfajy;rif;
vdkY trnfwGifcJhygw,f/
ol'Dvdkajy;wm ppfy&d,m,f <u,fw,f qdk&rvm;awmh rod/ jynfol
awGvnf; rao? yk*H bk&m;ykxdk;awGvnf; tukefrysufbJ usefcJhawmh
e&oD[ ajy;wm cyfaumif;aumif; &,fvdkY xifrdaMumif;yg/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

53

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

e&oD[vnf; wkwfawG jyefwmeJY 5 v twGif; jynfawmfjyefzdkY

tpDtpOf qGJygw,f/ olU&JU rdzk&m;i,f 3 yg;uarG;wJh om;awmf 3 yg;
teuf tMuD; OZemu ykodrfpm;? 'kwd,om; ausmfpGmu 'vpm;? ti,f
oD[olu jynfpm; jzpfw,f/ om;i,f jzpfol oD[ol[m zcifudk
vkyfBuHzdkY &SdaMumif; OZem owif;&NyD; e&oD[udk avQmufygw,f/ 'geJY
oD[oludk zrf;csKyfapw,f/ 'gayr,fh zrf;xm;wJh oD[oludk olYjynfu
&Jruf ioefi,feJY owif;i,fwdkY 0ifcdk;vdkY vGwfoGm;owJh/ aemuf jynfrSm
vlpkNyD; ykefuefzdkY jyifqifMuygw,f/
rif;BuD;vnf; t&ifu [if;yGJ 300 uae? ,ck tpm&dum &Sm;wJh
twGuf [if;yGJ 150 jzpfoGm;&wmudk qif;&JvSw,fvdkY nnf;um idkowJh/
aemuf jynfolawGvnf; wuGJwjym; jzpfaeawmh yk*H jyef&ifaumif;rvm;?
ykodrfrSmyJ vlpk&if aumif;rvm; rdzk&m;apmeJY wkdifyifygw,f/ rdzk&m;apm
bk&ifhudk jyefavQmufwifcsuf uawmh &mZ0ifwGif cJhygw,f/
]]jynfh0rf;udk razmuf&m? jynfhOD;uif;udk rESdrf&m? jynfhwHcGefudkvnf;
rvSJ&m? jynfhrsufpdudkvnf; rxkwf&m? jynfhpG,fudkvnf; rcsdK;&m?
jynfhrsufESmudkvnf; rzsuf&m? jynfhajc jynfhvufudkvnf; rjzwf&m}} vdkY
avQmufygw,f/
jynfh0rf;qdkwm olaX; ukefonf awGaygh/
olYwdkY ypnf;udk rw&m; rzsufqD;&? rodrf;&bl;/
jynfhOD;uif;qdkwm rSL;rwfawG/
olwdkYudk rqifrjcif rESdrfeif;&bl;/
jynfhwHcGefqdkwm &aoh? &[ef;? ynm&Sd/
olwdkYudk rpl;rprf; a'go rjzpf&bl;/
jynfhrsufpdqdkwm yd#uwf? aA'ifq&mawG/
olwdkYvnf; rESdyfuGyf &bl;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

54

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

jynfhpG,fqdkwm rif;nDrif;om;/
'gawGvnf; rqifrjcif trsufr&Sd&bl;/
jynfhrsufESm qdkwm rdb? vifom;? rdom;pkawG/
'gawGudk tEdkifrusifh&bl;/
jynfhajcjynfhvufqdkwm ol&Jaumif;awG/
'gawGvnf; raxmufr&I rowf &bl;aygh/
aemufqHk; bk&ifBuD;u ykodrfrSm tiftm; rpk awmhbJ oD[ol &Sd&m
jynfa&mufrS tiftm;pkNyD; aejynfawmf jyefr,fqdkum jynfudk wufoGm;
ygawmhw,f/
jynfa&mufawmh om;awmf oD[olu e&oD[avSudk zrf;?
pm;awmfyGJxJ tqdyfcwfNyD; zcifudk pm;apygw,f/ NyD; "m;azG;azG;eJY avSudk
0dkif;xm;owJh/
rdzk&m;apmu "m;vufcsuf eJY ao&wmxuf? tqdyfeJY ao&wm
ydkoifhawmfaMumif; avQmufwJh twGuf aemufqHk; tpm;rufwJh
e&oD[yawh tqdyfygwJh tpmudk odvsufeJY pm;NyD; uHukefcJh&ygw,f/
uHrukefcif rSmMum;oGm;wmu ]]aemifusifvnf&m b0rSm om;a,mufsm;
r&vdk}} [l jzpfygowJh/
jynfpm; oD[ol
tazudk owfNyD;wJh oD[ol[m tpfudkjzpfol ykodrfpm;OZemudk
quf&Sif;zdkY c&D;xGufw,f/ zcif towfcH&wJh owif;Mum;NyD; rpm;Edkif
raomufEdkifjzpfum OZemrif;om; tdyf&mxJ vJaeygw,f/ 'gudk
oD[olu ovGefay:rSm EkwfEkwfpOf;cJhw,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

55

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

tJh'DrSm OZem&JUuRef iyrGefu yJcl;uae ykefuefw,f/ 'gaMumifh

yxr tpDtpOf twdkif; aemuftpfudk wpfa,muf&SdwJh 'vudk roGm;
ao;bJ yJcl;udk ESdrfESif;zdkYoGm;w,f/ iyrGefudk ypfzdkY wifvdkufwJhjrm;?
twifvGefNyD; udk,fhudk,fudk jyefrSefvdkY oD[ol yJcl;rSm tedp a&mufcJh
ygw,f/ oD[ol tkwf*lrSm bk&m;wnf? rif;BuD;ae&pfawmh qdk&muae
ae&pfbk&m;vdkY trnfwGifcJhygowJh/
ausmfpGmrif;
rdzk&m;apmeJY rSL;rwfawG wdkifyifNyD; om;awmf 'vpm; ausmfpGmudk
eef;wifcJhw,f/
ausmfpGmrif;[m jynfxJa&;udk pdwfr0ifpm;zl; qdkw,f/ pdwfESvHk;
El;nHhowJh/ vlawGuvnf; cspfMuw,f qdkw,f/ 'gayrJh olUvufxufrSm
taemf&xm pkpnf;cJhwJh jrefrmjynf wpfjynfvHk; ykefuefjcm;em;Muygw,f/
'gudk ppfwyfvTwfNyD; ESdrfeif;ayr,fh ratmifcJhygbl;/ ykefuefwJh
jynfawGu &cdkif"n0wD? rpm*D&d? oufawG&JU yef;w0g? rGefyJcl;?
rkwr? ,dk;',m;? weoFm&D? Zif;r,f? usdKif;wHk? oHvGif ta&SU&Srf;? oHvGif
taemuf&Srf; pwmawG jzpfygw,f/
apmfbGm;om;awmfoHk;yg;
bdEuapmfbGm;&JU om;awmfESpfyg; teuf nDjzpfol odcFAdkvf[m
zcifuG,fvGefNyD; tarG qufcHwJh tpfudkeJY roifhrwifh jzpf&mu
xGufajy;&mrSm jrifpdkif;t&yf udka&muf? olaX;orD;eJY tdrfaxmifusNyD;
tocF,m? &mZoMu eJY oD[ol qdkwJh om;awmfoHk;yg; xGef;um;cJhw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

56

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

rdzk&m;apm
ausmfpGmudk eef;wifay;cJhwJh rdzk&m;apm[m tcsdefMumvmwmeJY trQ
olYudk wdkifwdkifyifyif r&SdawmhwJh ausmfpGmbk&ifudk eef;cszdkY apmfbGm;
om;awmf 3 yg;eJY wdkifyifw,f/ rdzk&m;apmu ausmfpGmudk bk&m;zl;
tac:xkwfNyD; jrif;pdkif; ta&mufrSm rif;om; 3 yg;u 0dkif;NyD; twif;
bkef;MuD;0wf ay;vdkufw,f/ tJh'Daemuf rif;om; 3 yg;vnf; jrifpdkif;rSm
wxD;weef; xlaxmifukefMuaygh/
yk*HaemufqHk;rif;qufrsm; (apmepf? apmrGefepf)
ausmfpGmudk olyJwif olyJcscJhwJh rdzk&m;apm[m yk*HjyefvmNyD; ausmfpGm
&JU om;awmftBuD; apmepfudk eef;wifw,f/
apmepf vufxufrSm wkwfOD;wnfbGm; jrefrmjynfudk vmwdkufcJh/
jrif;pdkif;rif;om; 3 yg;eJY t&ifawGUw,f/ wkwfwdkYeJY tiftm;csif;
rrQwmeJY yxr *Rrf;ppfonfawGudk umtu uNyD; "m;a&;? vSHa&;
jyapw,f/ wkwfwdkYu rif;rsdK;r&SdrS jyefr,fqdkoeJY nDaemifoHk;yg;u
eef;us ausmfpGmudk acgif;jzwfNyD; rif;rsdK; r&SdNyD vdkYqdkowJh/ aemufawmh
jrif;pdkif;om;wdkY wkwfudk y@mqufozdkY oabmwlMuNyD; wkwfwyfawG
jyefqkwfoGm;cJhMuygw,f/
apmepf eef;ouf 27 ESpftNyD; eef;wufvmwmuawmh apmepf&JU
om;awmf apmrGefepfyJ jzpfygw,f/ eef;ouf 43 ESpf pHpm;cJhw,f/
yk*Hrif;quf ork'&mZfrif;u pNyD; apmrGefepftxd pkpkaygif; rif; 55
quf pdk;pHcJhaMumif;yg/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

57

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 6
jrifpdkif;? yif;,rif;quf
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w,f/ tBuD; tocF,m[m jrifpdkif;? tvwf &mZoMu[m ru&m?
ti,f oD[ol[m yifv,fNrdKUtoD;oD;rSm rif;vkyfMuw,f/ 5 ESpfaeawmh
ru&mrif; uG,fvGef? yifv,fpm; oD[ol aq;eJY vkyfMuHvdkY jrifpdkif;rif;
vnf; uG,fvGefw,f/
wpfpD;&SifoD[ol eJY yif;,
ti,fqHk; rif;om;oD[olu yif;,NrdKUudk wnfcJhygw,f/ a&rSmarsm
vmwJh qifjzLrudk q,f,l? uBudK;qifNyD; pD;cJhvdkY wpfpD;&Sif oD[olvdkY
tac: &SdygowJh/
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xm;ol rdzk&m;a[mif;) udk rdzk&m; ajrmufcJhygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh yk*Htquf
om;BuD; OZem? olY&ifaoG;awG jzpfwJh ausmfpGm eJY aemf&xm qdkNyD;
om;awmf oHk;yg; &SdcJhw,f/
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tJh'D taxG;qHk;om; apm,Grf; t&G,f a&mufvmawmh qifawG?
jrif;awG? ajrawG tarGawmif;NyD; taz oD[oludk ppfudkif;uae
ykefuefygawmhw,f/ 'gudk tpfudk jzpfolawG wpfvSnfhpD oGm;wdkuf
Muayr,fh ratmifjrifygbl;/ oD[olu wpfzufvSnfheJY om;jzpfolxH
owif; ydkYcJhw,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkygw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

58

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

OZemrif;
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tBuD;? OZem eef;wufw,f/
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cJhowJh/
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vTJum awmxGufcJhw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ &mZ0ifrSm tifrwef &Sm;wJh rif;
wpfyg;vdkY ,lqrdygw,f/

yif;,*lokH;vkH;rS awmifbuf*l ("mwfykH-qefeDNidrf;)

ig;pD;&SifausmfpGmrif;
ausmfpGmrif; vufxufrSm nDawmf aemf&xm ykefuefw,f/ aemuf
ppfudkif;u apm,Grf; rsdK;quf olU wlawmfol rif;&Jrif;BuD;eJY yl;aygif;
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

59

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

xrif;wpfvkyf icifndK
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apvTwfw,f/ ppfudkif;udk ul;vmwJh icifndK awmxJrSm tpma&pm
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BuHKNyD; ewfwifxm;wJh trJESyfeJY xrif;udk qmqmeJY pm;ypf vdkufygw,f/
aemuf tdyfaewJh apm,Grf;udk owfzdkY &G,fawmh xrif;wpfvkyf aus;Zl;eJY
olUcrsm rowf0HhbJ wGefYqkwfwGefYqkwf jzpf&&Smw,f/
'geJYaemufqHk; apm,Grf;&JU ywjrm;"m;udk ,lNyD; jyefvmcJhygw,f/
ausmfpGmrif;qD a&mufawmhvnf; trSeftwdkif; xrif;wpfvkyf pm;rdcJhvdkY
rowf0Hh jzpf&aMumif; avQmufwifcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wm0ef rausyGef
cJhwJh icifndKudk ausmfpGmrif;u rowfcJhygbl;/ rowfwJh tjyif csD;usL;NyD;
qkvmbfawGawmif ay;oem;cJhw,f/
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awGudk jyef<um;vdkY&wJh wav;wpm; jzpfavmufp&m jrefrm&mZ0if&JU
cspfp&m taumif;qHk; tjzpftysufuav; wpfckvdkY xifjrifrdaMumif;yg/
apmOrm ac: Orm'ED
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ay;ygowJh/
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apm,Grf; orD;? pdk;rif; udk,fawmfBuD;&JU orD; &SifapmBuD;udk rdzk&m;
ajrmufapcJh jyefw,f/
rdzk&m; apmOrm[m rif;BuD;BudKuf ac:&rvm;/ ewforD;wrQ
odyfvSwJh rif;orD;vdkY qdk&rvm; rod/ jrefrm&mZ0if rSmawmh a,mufsm;
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

60

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

61

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

62

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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

63

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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(www.seasite.niu.edu)

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

64

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

65

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

66

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icy

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

67

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

68

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

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(www.seasite.niu.edu)

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

69

icy

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OD;&D;awmf r[majymuf
rif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ uG,fvGefawmh om;awmf qifjzL&Sif eef;wufw,f/
aumif;uifu usvmwJh ewforD; ol&wdeJY oH0gojyKtNyD; pdwfawG
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

70

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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

ysufjym;cJhw,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkw,f/ aemuf olUudk txdef;awmf

iaemufqHu vkyfBuHNyD; rif;wufvkyfw,f/
iaemufqH udkvnf; rSL;rwfawG 0dkif;vkyfBuHum qifjzL&Sifh nDawmf
jyifpnfrif;aqGudk rif;wifw,f/ rif;aqGu jiif;NyD; OD;&D;awmf
r[majymufudk eef;vTJapw,f/ 'gudk rauseyfvdkY rif;aqG&JU nDawmf
od'wfrif;om;u OD;&D;awmfudk vkyfMuHjyefw,f/ r[majymuf aoawmh
aemufqHk; rif;aqGyJ eef;wufcJh& ygw,f/ bGJUtrnfu rif;acgifyg/
yxrrif;acgif vdkYvnf; wcsdKUpmtkyfu qdkygw,f/
bk&ifrif;acgif (rif;aqG)
bk&ifrif;acgif
vufxufrSm
&cdkifjynfudk
odrf;,lw,f/
&mZm"d&mZfu yxrtBudrf tif;0udk csDwuf wdkufcdkufw,f/
yxr jynfudkwdkuf? aemuf ajrxJudk wdkufw,f/ odrf;awmh rodrf;cJh/
a&vrf;wavQmuf avSawGtm;vHk; rD;IdUcJhowJh/ yk*Hudk wdkufzdkYjyifawmh
yk*Hu tcktcHawG rsm;wmeJY tif;0txd csDvmcJhw,f/ aemuf
ppfudkif;em;rSm wyfcsxm;owJh/
rif;acgifu &mZm"d&mZf jyefatmif rnfokdYvkyf&r,f wdkifyifawmh
pBudKoljrwf &[ef;u &mZm"d&mZfxH arwmawmfpm a&;ygw,f/
pBudKoljrwf a[mwJhw&m;udk emNyD; &mZm"d&mZf Z&yfaqmuf? tvSL
vkyfNyD; pBudKoljrwfudk yifhvdkY jyefawmfrlw,f/
&mZm"d&mZf jyefwmeJY olaqmufcJhwJh Z&yfudk rD;IdUw,f/ aemuf
jrif;wyfeJY aemufu vdkufwdkufygw,f/ &mZm"d&mZfvnf; tjyif;
pkefqif;vdkY jynfa&mufwJhtcg &mZm"d&mZf r&Sdwkef; jynfpm;eJY pvif;pm;
aygif;wdkufvdkY acgif;avmif;usrSm &SdwJh orD;awmf wvrJBudK;udk jrefrm
wyfawG zrf;rdNyD; orufjzpfol udk,fvGwf xGufajy;wm od&w,f/ 'geJY
[Hom0wD ta&mufrSm orufudk uGyfrsufygw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

71

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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

aemuf &mZm"d&mZf[m tvHk;t&if;eJY jynfudk 0dkif;w,f/ jynfuvnf;

cHwdkuf cJhygw,f/ olus udk,fuseJY aemufqHk; bk&ifrif;acgif tif;0uae
ppful qif;vmcJhw,f/
&mZm"d&mZfu jynfuae qkwfNyD; olYwyfawGudk e0if;qdkwJh NrdKUuae
cHwyfaqmuf ckcHzdkY jyifapw,f/
tif;0u csDvmwJh rif;acgif jynfa&mufvdkY owif;&wmeJY e0if;udk
vdkufw,f/ e0if;cHwyf usw,f/ a&ul;NyD; qkwfajy;vmwJh rGefwyfawGudk
owfzdkY &mZm"d&mZf trdefYay;w,f/ rSL;rwfawG 0dkif;awmif;yefwmeJY
rowfbJ q,f,lcJhMu owJh/
aemuf &mZm"d&mZfu rSL;rwfawGeJY wdkifyifwJhtcg tif;0rif;acgif[m
&dum trsm;tjym; o,frvmwm oGm;awGUw,f/ &dumudk aemufwef;u
qufcdkif;xm;wm jzpfowJh/ 'geJY &dum vrf;aMumif;udk jzwfawmufNyD;
&dumjywfatmif pDpOfMuygw,f/
rif;acgifu &mZm"d&mZfxH o0Pfyg;&mrSm jynf? jrefatmifwdkYudk
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&mZm"d&mZfu vufrcHawmh zrf;rdxm;wJh &mZm"d&mZf rdzk&m;awG&JU taz
ordefZdyfNyJudk olUorD;awGuae wpfqifh bk&ifudk em;cscdkif;w,f/
&mZm"d&mZfvnf; tpuawmh wif;cHaecJhygw,f/ trwfawG&JU tBuHeJY
&dumjzwfawmufzdkY tpDtpOf &SdaecJhwmudk;/ trwfawG uvnf;
oabmrwlcJhyg/ 'gayr,fh aemufqHk; r,m;pum; EdkifoGm;w,f qdk&r,f/
rif;ESpfyg; tcsdef;tcsufvkyfNyD; opmjyKcJhMuygw,f/
aemufawmh rif;acgifeJY &mZm"d&mZfwdkY trsdK;tEG,f qufzdkY pDpOf
Muw,f/ &mZm"d&mZf orD;awmf wvrJBudK; uawmh rif;acgiftyg; cpm;
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rif;acgif nDr okybma'0D eJY &mZm"d&mZfwdkY r*FvmyGJudk tBuD;tus,f
wcrf;wem; pDpOfcJhMu ygw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

72

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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

om;awmfrif;&JausmfpGm
rif;acgif[m &mZm"d&mZf om;awmf 0ifpm;w,fqdkwJh om;awmf
rif;&JausmfpGmudk tdrfa&SUt&m ay;w,f/ 'gudk OD;&D;awmfudk bk&ifay;wkef;
uwnf;u rauseyfvdkY owfcJhwJh nDawmf ppfudkif;pm; rif;od'wf
rauseyfbl;/ ykefuefw,f/ nDtpfudk ESpfa,muf pD;csif;xdk;/ t&Sif
zrf;rdw,f/ aemufawmh rif;od'wf[m a,mufzawmf &mZm"d&mZf xH
xGufajy; ygawmhw,f/
vuGef;tdrf
tif;0 odrf;xm;wJh &cdkifrSm ta&;tcif; jzpf&mu &mZm"d&mZf &cdkifudk
odrf;w,f/ 'geJYyJ bk&ifrif;acgif twGuf 'kwd,tBudrf? tif;0 twGuf
yOrtBudrf [Hom0wDudk ppfcsDygw,f/
&mZm"d&mZfu vuGef;tdrf wyfeJY qD;BudKwdkufw,f/ vuGef;tdrf wyf
ysufw,f/ 'geJY &mZm"d&mZf rkwrbufu cHwdkufzdkY qkwfowJh/ rkwrudk
3 v avmuf 0dkif;xm;ayr,fh r&/ &mZm"d&mZf uvnf; jynfuydkYwJh
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'geJY rif;acgifu pma&;w,f/ &cdkifudk wdkufwm opmzsuf wmyg/
'gaMumifh aemifawmfh orD;udk olUom;eJY vufquf xm;w,f/
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udk ay;xm;wJh ESr jyefay;yg/ t&SifhorD;vnf; vdkvQif jyefay; ygr,faygh/
ppfajyNidrf;zdkY urf;vSrf;wJh oabm xifygw,f/
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ol&Jaumif; vuGef;tdrfu rESpfNrdKUcJhbl;/ 'geJYyJ bk&m;ay: rwufcifrSm
tif;0buf rdk;nif;owdk;udk ]],ckopm rSefrnfxifoavm}} [k qdkcJhw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

73

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

vuGef;tdrf&JU pum;aMumifh jrefrmawG oHo,jzpfNyD; bk&m;ay: rwufbJ

jyefqkwf oGm;MuygowJh/
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zGifhajymvdkY qdkwm odoGm;cJhw,f/ vuGef;tdrfudk ac:ppfawmh [kwfrSef
aMumif;? ,cktBuH[m ol,kwfwdkY\ tBuH jzpfojzifh? aemif om;pOf
ajr;quf rGefwdkY\ rrSefuefrIudk armfuGef;wif&pfrSm pdk;ojzifh zGifhajym
&aMumif; &Sif;ygw,f/ &mZm"d&mZfu yxrawmh owfap rdefYcJh? aemuf
trwfawG 0dkif;ajymrS tjypfavQmhcJhNyD; toufpGefYvdkY bk&ifrif;acgifudk
owfzdkY apvTwfygw,f/
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twGuf rif;acgif&JU nD rif;od'wfudk wygwnf; xnfhvdkufw,f/
rif;acgif wyfudk ppfaewHk; vuGef;tdrfwdkY 0ifwdkufygw,f/ tJh'DrSm
nDawmf rif;od'wf[m xD;jzL wum;um;eJY txift&Sm; jzpfaewJh tpfudk
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taxG;axG; jzpfNyD; vuGef;tdrfwdkY jyefqkwfcJh& jyefw,f/
jyefa&mufawmh ratmifjrifwJh taMumif;&if; od&wJhtcg &mZm"d&mZf
[m rif;od'wfudk uGyfrsufcJhw,f/ rif;od'wf[m tpfudk jzpfolu
OD;&D;awmfudk bk&ift&may;wm rauseyfvdkY OD;&D;awmfudk owfcJhol
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cJhMuw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

74

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

vuGef;tdrf uvnf; bkef;MuD;wJh {u&mZfudk owfolonf touf

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&ygw,f/
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

75

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 8
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

76

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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

ordefy&rf; ESifh wkwf*grPd

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

77

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

ol&Jaumif; tJrGefw&m
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cJhygw,f/
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qkcscJhygowJh/
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

78

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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

xifyg&JU/ 'gayr,fh ijyefu rvkyf&ufvdkY rvkyf/ qifuvnf; olU

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em;vnfoa,mif qifu rsuf&nfus ygowJh/
rif;&JausmfpGm usqHk;jcif;
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0dkif;ygw,f/
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rSmowJh/
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roGm;Ekdif cJhacsbl;/
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avmuf xdNyD; emvGef;wJh twGuf qifcgvdkY rif;&JausmfpGm qifay:u
avQmusw,f/ aygifudk qifxdw,fvdkY qdkw,f/ 'geJY rwfwyf r&yfEdkifbJ
wGm;oGm;NyD; OESJyifatmufrSm ykef;aecJh&ygw,f/
rif;&JausmfpGmudk zrf;rdawmh aq;ukwm? tpmauR;wm vufrcHbl;/
&mZm"d&mZf ta&;awmfyHkrSmawmh temonf;vdkY nOfYoHk;csufwD; rSm
uG,fvGefw,fvdkY qdkw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

79

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

rSefeef;uawmh rif;&JausmfpGmu tpmrpm;? a&raomufbJ

olUudkowfyg qdkvdkY &mZm"d&mZfu uGyfrsufcJhw,fvdkY a&;ygw,f/
ol&Jaumif; qifyurwfvnf; rGefwyfeJY jyefvnf aygif;zufrd
cJhygw,f/
a&SUqifhaemufqifh rif;acgifeJY &mZm"d&mZf
bk&ifrif;acgifwyf tif;0u 'vudk tjyif;csDvmcJhw,f/ a&mufrS
om;awmf usqHk;rSef;od&NyD; &mZm"d&mZf wyfawGudk vdkufvHwdkufcdkuf
ygw,f/ rGefwyfawG qkwfay;cJh&/ 'vudk jrefrmawG &cJhygw,f/
tJh'Daemuf ykodrfudk ppfcsDNyD; ordeftif;0Edkifudk awGUcsifw,f qdkwmeJY
ordeftif;0Edkifvnf; rif;acgifudk xGufawGUowJh/
'gayrJh vrf;rSmwif rif;&JausmfpGm&JUom;? rif;&Jausmfxif&JU uRef
ijrwfawmfu vSHeJY qD;xdk;w,f/ 'geJY jyefvSnfhNyD; rif;acgifxH jzpfpOfudk
vSrf; owif;ydkY ygw,f/ bk&ifrif;acgif vnf; pdwfqdk;NyD; ijrwfawmfudk
zrf;vdkY ordeftif;0EkdifqD vkyfcsif&m vkyfzdkY tyfygw,f/ ordeftif;0Edkif
uawmh ijrwfawmfudk ppfar; MunfhwJhtcg ocifhudk owfwJhtwGuf
trsufudk rxdef;EdkifvdkY trdefY ray;bJ vSHeJYxdk;rdygw,f qdkwmaMumifh
ol&Jaumif; jzpfygw,f qdkum rowfbJ jyefvTwf ay;cJhw,f/ tJh'Daemuf
wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf ,HkMunfrI &oGm; cJhMuw,fvdkY rSefeef;u
qdkygw,f/
om;awmf oD[oludk aooGm;wJh rif;&JausmfpGm rdzk&m; apmrif;vSeJY
vufqufay;NyD; tdrfa&SUt&m ay;ygw,f/ tJh'Daemuf rif;acgifvnf;
ppfrufa&;&m rudkifwG,fawmhbJ aumif;rIukokdvfawG jyKNyD; aevmcJh&mrSm
oufawmf 49 ESpfrSm tedp a&mufcJhygw,f/
rif;acgif uG,fvGefwm Mum;awmh &mZm"d&mZfvnf; pdwftvGef
xdcdkuf cJh&owJh/ olvnf; ppfa&;u tem;,lNyD; bmoma&;yJ aemufydkif;
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

80

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

vkyfcJhygw,f/ wpf&ufawmh zrf;rdwJh qifwpfaumifudk vSvGef;wmeJY

vufeJY oyfaewkef; qifta0SY cH&vdkY aygifrSm 'Pf&m &w,f/ tJh'D
'Pf&meJYyJ aemufqHk; uG,fvGefcJh&ygw,f/
&mZ0ifwGifatmif ESpft&SnfMumqHk; ppfawGwdkufcJhwJh rif;acgifeJY
&mZm"d&mZfwdkY wkdufyGJrSm rusqHk;bJ a&SUqifhaemufqifh tedp a&mufcJh
Muygw,f/ rSefeef;uawmh ]]rif;acgifeJY &mZm"d&mZf vlYjynfNiD;
ewfxD;MuiSef; <ujref;awmf rlMuw,f}}vdkY vSvSyy a&;zGJUxm;aMumif;yg/
oD[olrif;
rif;acgif uG,fvGefawmh om;awmf oD[ol eef;wufw,f/ rGefbuf
rSmvnf; &mZm"d&mZf uG,fvGefNyD; om;vwf Anm;"r&mZm eef;wuf
cJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh nDawmf Anm;usef;u '*Hkuae ykefuefowJh/
aemifawmf Anm;&Huvnf; aemufydkif;xyfNyD; ykefuefcJhvdkY rGefwdkY tkyfpk 3ck
uGJcJhMuw,f/
Anm;usef;u 'vudk ulwdkufzdkY ac:wmeJY oD[olu &mZoBuFefudk
apvTwfw,f/ 'vudkEdkifawmh &mZoBuFefu ypnf;awGwif ru vlawGyg
odrf;wJhtcg Anm;usef;u rauseyfvdkY &mZoBuFefudk jyefwdkufygw,f/
&mZoBuFef usqHk;w,f/ jrefrmwyfvnf; w0ufavmuf ysufcJhw,f
qdkw,f/
aemuf oD[olu rdk;nif;owdk;udk AdkvfrSL;cefYNyD; ppfcsDygw,f/
ykodrf? 'v awGudk odrf;w,f/ '*kefudk 0dkif;awmh '*kefrif; Anm;&Hu
ESrawmf &Sifapmykudk ay;yghr,fvdkY urf;vSrf;owJh/ &Sifapmyku
&mZm"d&mZf&JU orD; jzpfNyD; yxra,mufsm;ao? 'kwd,a,mufsm;u
armifESr 0rf;uGJawmfwJh Anm;&H/ oD[oleJY &awmh touf 29 ygwJh/
odyfvSw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

81

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

'DvdkeJY oD[ol MunfMunfEl;El; jyefqkwfvmcJh&mrSm om,m0wD

a&mufawmh ol&Jaumif; ordefy&rf;u EIwfqufNyD; om;r,m; awGUcsif
w,fqdkum xGufajy;ygw,f/ oD[olu vdkufcdkif;ayr,fh rrDcJhbl;/
aejynfawmf a&mufawmh oD[ol[m usefwJh rdzk&m;awGudk ypfNyD;
rdzk&m;topf &SifapmykeJYyJ MunfEl;aecJh ygowJh/ 'gudk remvdkjzpfNyD;
rdzk&m; &SifbdkYr,fu oHbGm;udk vkyfBuHcdkif;w,f/ oHbGm;u awmxJu
apmifhNyD; oD[oludk wdkuf&mrSm jrm;'Pf&m 3 csufeJY oD[ol uG,fvGef
cJh&w,f/ oD[oludk rdef;rMuL; w,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkw,f/
bk&ifrif;vSi,f? uav;aus;awmifndKrif;
oD[olaoawmh olYom;awmf rif;vSi,f touf 9 ESpfrSm bk&if
jzpfw,f/ 3 v Mumawmh aq;cwfNyD; vkyfBuH cH&w,f/ uav;
aus;awmifndKrif; eef;wufygw,f/
uav;aus;awmifndKrif; vufxufrSm rdk;nif;rif;w&m;u tif;0udk
vkyfBuHw,f/ tif;0ysufNyD; awmifndKrif; &cdkifudk ajy;&/ &ckdifudk odrf;NyD;
&cdkifutm;eJY jyefwdkufr,fvdkY &nfG,fcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh pvif;NrdKU
tvGef vrf;rSmyJ uG,fvGefcJh&Smw,f/ rdzk&m; &SifbdkYr,f eJY ol&Jaumif;
b,*grPdwdkY uawmh tJh'DrSmyJ tajccs cJhMuowJh/
rdk;nif;rif;w&m;
&mZ0if toGm;tvm? trsdK;tEG,fawG t&qdk&if rdk;nif;rif;w&m;
[m &Srf;? jrefrm ujym; jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmrif;rsdK;eJY &Srf;apmfbGm;rsdK;wdkY
pyfxm;wm jzpfw,f/ bmvdkYvJqdkawmh olUrsdK;dk;udk &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm;
azmfjy&mrSm wzufu yk*He&ywdpnfolrSm qHk;NyD;? wpfzufrSm anmif&rf;
apmrGefepfqDrSm qHk;ygw,f/ yk*Hrif;rsdK;qdkawmh rGefaoG;? &cdkifaoG;
awGvnf; ygr,f xif&w,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

82

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

rdk;nif;&JU om;awmf tdrfa&SUrif;om;u aemufxyf rif;&JausmfpGm

trnfeJY rif;om; jzpfygw,f/ rdk;nif; vufxufrSm ykcef;udk Edkifw,f/
rdk;nif; vufxufrSm eHrnfBuD;cJhwm b,*grPd ppfolMuD;yg/ olu
&Srf;wyfawGudk EkdifcJhwm tygt0if wdkufyGJtrsm;tjym; atmifEkdifcJhygw,f/
a&SUwef; a&mufaewHk; rdef;rudk pdwfrcsvdkY kyfzsufNyD; jyefMunfh&mrSm
vifi,faewm rdNyD; owfr,f G,fayr,fh rowfjzpfcJh/ 'guawmh olU&JU
tBuD;rm;qHk; atmifyGJvdkY qdkygw,f/
rGefrif;orD; &Sifapmyku b,favmuf acsmarmvSy ovJawmhrod/
rGefwdkYu wul;wu jyefcdk;,l Mujyefw,f/ 'Dawmh rGefjynfu Anm;&HqD
jyefa&mufcJh owJh/ tJh'DtcsdefrSm touf 36 ESpf om&Sdao;NyD; vSqJyJvdkY
qdkygw,f/
Anm;&Hu jynfudk vkyfMuHwmeJY tif;0u rdk;nif;w&m; ppfcsD
cJhjyefw,f/ Anm;&Hu aygif;wnfpm;udk zrf;xm;ovdk rdk;nif;u
rGefol&Jaumif; ordefy&rf;udk zrf;xm;w,f/ Anm;&Hu wlrawmfeJY
vufqufzdkY urf;vSrf;vmwJh tcg rdk;nif;rif;w&m; uvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif;
oabmwl? ususee r*FvmaqmifNyD; wyfjyefqkwfcJhygowJh/
rdk;nif;rif;w&m; vufxufrSm jrefrmou&mZf NzdKcJhygw,f/
(rdk;nif;&JU aumif;rIawG &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm; a&;xm;&mrSm oabmus
rdwJh tcsufwcsdKUuawmh jynfhwefqmrawGudk vif,lcsif&if vif,lcGifh
ay;cJhwJhtcsuf? udk,fvkyfawmf? tysdKawmfawG a,mufsm;eJY azmufjym;&if
tjypfray;bJ vufxyfay;cJhwJh tcsufawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ udk,fcsif;pm
w&m;&SdNyD; vlYtcGifhta&; em;vnfwJh rif;wyg;vdkY ,lqrdaMumif;yg/)

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

83

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 9
tif;0rif;quf
rif;&JausmfpGm
rdk;nif;rif;w&m; uG,fvGefawmh om;awmf rif;&JausmfpGm eef;wuf
w,f/ rdk;nif;? uav;u ykefuefvdkY ESdrfESif;w,f/ awmifil? awmifwGif;?
&rnf;oif;? yifv,f pwmawGvnf; ykefukefMuvdkY ESdrfESif;cJh&w,f/
awmifilrSm rif;apmOD;eJY tif;0bufu b,*grPdwdkY pD;csif;xdk;&mrSm
rif;apmOD; usvdkY awmifiludk &cJh/
oufawmf 32 ESpfrSm rif;&JausmfpGm tedpa&mufw,f/
rif;&JausmfpGm uG,fvGefawmh a,mufzawmf oD[yawhudk eef;wif
ayr,fh jiif;cJhwJhtwGuf nDawmf oD[oludk eef;wifMuw,f/ oD[ol[m
e&ywd trnfeJY eef;wufcJhygw,f/
e&ywd
e&ywd vufxufrSm wkwfawG tif;0udk ppfcsDcJhMuw,f/
odkiHbGm;udk awmif;&mrSm e&ywdu &rnf;oif;NrdKUrSm ykefuefaewJh
rif;i,fausmfxifudk zrf;Edkifygu tvJtvS,fjyK r,fvdkY jyefMum;cJhw,f/
wkwfawGvnf; &rnf;oif;udk tEkdifwdkufNyD; tif;0udk
jyefvmMuw,f/ odkiHbGm;u aq;pm;NyD; aovdkY tavmif;udk xkyfydk;NyD;
wkwfawGqD ay;w,f/ wkwfawGu odkiHbGm;udk &wJhtcg tludkxkwf
oHwHpdkYrSm xdk;vdkY rD;uif tajcmufvSef;NyD; ,lowJh/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

84

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

odkiHbGm;eJY OD;wnfbGm;[m bdk;awmfodkcsnfbGm; vufxufuwnf;

u 10 ESpfausmf ppfrufjyKcJh MuygowJh/ rdk;aumif;? rdk;nif;qdkawmh
{&m0wDudk jzwfjzwf wdkuf&wJhtcg wkwfwdkY txdemavh &Sdygw,f/
rGefbk&if "r&mZmrif; om;awmf Anm;usef;[m Anm;&HeJY roifhjrwf
vdkY tif;0rSm cdkvIHw,f/ e&ywdu om;t&if;eJY rjcm; pvif;udk tydkifpm;
apcJhowJh/
[Hom0wDrSm Anm;&H uG,fvGefawmh &Sifapmyk&JU om;awmf Anm;yl
eef;wufw,f/ Anm;yl vkyfBuHcH&awmh pvif;pm; Anm;usef;udk rif;
jyefvkyfzdkY urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f/ e&ywduvnf; tapmihfa&SmufawGeJY wuG
[Hom0wDudk apvTwfygowJh/
rGefrif; Anm;usef; tedp a&mufawmh Anm;&H &JU om;awmf
vdwfrGwfaxm rif;jzpfw,f/ wpfESpfaevdkY tJh'Drif; uG,fvGefawmh
t&D;awmf &Sifapmykudk rif;ajrmuf cJhygw,f/ &Sifapmyk[m touf 59 ESpf
t&G,frSm Anm;usef;awm trnfeJY bk&ifr jzpfcJhygw,f/ atmuf
jrefrmjynf[m rGefvufatmufrSm qdkawmhum a&Twd*Hk? ql;av pwJh apwD
awmfBuD;awG jyKjyifrGrf;rH wnfaqmufcJhwJh bk&ifr &Sifapmykvnf;
jzpfygw,f/
e&ywd&JUajr;? tdrfa&SUrif;&JU om; owdk;ausmf[m ppfudkif; rdzk&m;
orD;awmfeJY BudKuf&mrSm e&ywdu oabmrwlbJ cGJzdkYvkyfw,f/ 'geJY
ajr;awmf owdk;ausmf[m olUtaz tdrfa&SUrif; tdrfudk rD;IdUw,f/
rD;avmifvdkY IwfIwf,Suf,Suf jzpfaecsdefrSm bdk;awmf e&ywdudk "m;eJY
0ifckwfygowJh/
rdzk&m;u 'Pf&m&wJh bk&ifudk csDNyD;xGufajy;? &mZoBuFef om;tzu
u,fNyD; jynfudk ydkYay;ygw,f/ jynfrif;BuD;pGm uvnf; &mZoBuFef
om;tzudk rMumcP &efp wmuae pD;csif;xdk;Mu? NyD; &mZoBuFefwdkY
tif;0udk jyefxGufajy;ygw,f/ tif;0rSm e&ywd om;awmftBuD; eef;wuf
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

85

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

aeNyD; zcifjzpfoludk xD;eef;jyef,lzdkY ajymayr,fh jiif;y,fcJhygowJh/

e&ywdvnf; ajr;awmf&JU "m;'Pf&meJYyJ tedp a&mufcJhygw,f/
e&ywd NyD;awmh om;awmf tBuD;[m 'kwd,rif;acgif trnfeJY
eef;wufw,f/ 'kwd,rif;acgif[m jrif;pD;twwf tvGefuRrf;usif
w,fvdkY qdkw,f/ olUvufxufrSm awmifil[m tif;0vufatmufcH
jzpfqJyg/ ol uG,fvGefawmh om;awmfti,fu e&ywd trnfeJYyJ
eef;wufcJhygw,f/
ou&mZf 888 rSm tif;0ysufNyD; rdk;nif;pvHkom;awmf odk[efbGm;
eef;wufcJhygw,f/

tif;0eef;awmf

(www.seasite.niu.edu)

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

86

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 10
tif;0rif;quf
yxrtif;0ysuf
tif;0rSm owdk;rif;zsm;u pvdkY rif;quf 14 quftNyD; yxrtif;0
ysufw,f/ rdk;nif;pvHk&JU om;awmf odk[efbGm; eef;wufygw,f/
tif;0udk atmifEdkifcJhwJh rkd;nif;pvHk uawmh olUtrwfawG vkyfBuHvdkY
uG,fvGef chJ&ygowJh/
awmifilbk&if rif;w&m;a&TxD;
awmifilbk&if rif;w&m;a&TxD;[m ou&mZf 900 rSm rGef[Hom0wD
udk vkyfMuHw,f/ rGefrif; ol&SifwumGwfyd jynfudk xGufajy;&JU/ jynfrif;
e&ywdeJY ol&SifwumGwfyd aygif;NyD; tif;0u &Srf;odk[efbGm;udk ppful
awmif;w,f/ [Hom0wDudk rif;w&m;a&TxD;&NyD;wJhaemuf jynfudk qufNyD;
vdkufvmcJhygw,f/ tif;0wyfeJY awmifilwyftawGUrSm tif;0wyfawG
ta&;edrfhovdk ol&Sifwum&Gwfydvnf; usqHk;cJhw,f/ odk[efbGm;wdkY
tif;0udk jyefqkwf oGm;cJh&ygw,f/
odk[efbGm;
odk[efbGm;[m tvGef &ufpufMurf;MuKwf w,fvdkY rSefeef;u
qdkw,f/ bk&m;ykxdk;awG[m ArmawG a&TaiGawG 0Sufxm;wJh ae&mqdkum
zsufqD; owJh/ bkef;BuD;awG[m om;r,m; r&SdbJ wynfhwyef; aygrsm;wJh
twGuf wcsdefrSm ykefuefEdkifw,fqdkum oHCmawGudk yifhaqmif pkpnf;NyD;
owfjypf cJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh &Srf;awGu oem;NyD; vTwfcJhwJh twGuf
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

87

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

usefwJh &[ef;awG jynf? awmifilbufudk xGufajy;Muygw,f/ zrf;xm;wJh

&[efk; 1300 ausmfrSm 360 ausmf owfcJhygowJh/
ArmawG tay:vnf; &Srf;awG tawmf ESdyfpufcJhw,fvdkY rSefeef;
uqdkw,f/ 'geJY rcHr&yfEdkif jzpfNyD; pkaygif;BuHpnfum rif;BuD;&efaemif
OD;aqmifvdkY odk[efbGm;udk vkyfBuHcJhMuw,f/ &Srf;wdkY tif;0u xGufajy;
MuowJh/
tkef;abmifcHkrIdif;
odk[efbGm;udk atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfBuHcJhwJh rif;BuD;&efaemifu
xD;eef;r,lbJ &[ef;abmif 0ifoGm;cJhw,f/ tif;0 e&ywd&JU aqGrsdK;
tkef;abmifcHkrIdif;BuD;&JU om;i,f? cHkrIdif;i,fudk eef;wifygw,f/ cHkrIdif;
eef;wufwJh ESpfrSmyJ apmfbGm;awG tiftm;pkNyD; jynfudk ppfcsDum rif;w&m;
a&TxD;udk wdkufw,f/ HI;NyD; jyefqkwfcJh&/ tkef;abmifckHrIdif; uG,fvGefw,f/
rdk;NAJe&ywd
cHkrIdif; vGefawmh olUom;awmf rdk;NAJpm; e&ywd tif;0 eef;udk
wufw,f/ olYvufxufrSm ppfudkif; pnfolausmfxif 0ifwdkufvdkY eef;
usNyD; tif;0eef;udk ppfudkif; pnfolausmfxif wufvmcJhw,f/ oluvnf;
e&ywdbGJY eJYyJ eef;wufw,f/ w,frsm;wJh e&ywdawG ygvm;vdkY
xifrdaMumif;yg/
bk&ifhaemif tif;0udk odrf;jcif;
ou&mZf 916 rSm [Hom0wD jynhf&Sif jzpfaewJh awmifilu
bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xm tif;0udk odrf;,lygw,f/ tJh'Daemuf
nDawmf owdk;rif;apmudk tif;0udk pm;apcJhowJh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

88

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

yxrtif;0 oHk;oyfcsuf
tif;0acwf[m trSefawmh jrefrmtifyg,mudk xlaxmifEdkifcJhjcif;
r&Sdygbl;/ jrefrmjynf tv,fydkif; uGufuGufuav;rSmom rif;rlaeEdkifwJh
NrdKUjyEdkifiH tpkuav;yJ jzpfygw,f/ atmufjrefrmjynfrSm rGefwdkY
tm;aumif; aeNyD; taemufbufu &cdkifuawmh rGef? Arm wpfvSnfhpD
todrf;cH&wJh taetxm; &Sdygw,f/
tm;NydKifwJh EdkifiHi,fav;awG rsm;NyD; tiftm;csdefcGifvQm nDrQ
aewJhtwGuf uaeY jrefrmEdkifiHqdkwJh tifyg,m tpkwpfck ay:xGuf
vmcJhjcif; r&SdwJh acwfvdkY oHk;oyfrdaMumif;yg/
awmifilrif;quf
ou&mZf 641 rSm o0efBuD;u awmifilukd wnfw,f/ 679 rS nD
o0efi,f eef;wufw,f/ yif;,wpfpD;&Sif vmwdkufvdkY opmcHcJh&ygw,f/
686 rSm o0efi,f uG,fvGefawmh r,m;MuD; apmpvm[m
om;apmepfudk rif;vsmxm;NyD; rif;vkyfowJh/ wpfESpfyJ cHygw,f/
axmifrSL;u&ifb u apmepfudk vkyfBuHNyD; rif;vkyfcJhjyefw,f/
axmifrSL;u&ifb vufxufrSm awmifilNrdKU[m pwifpnfum; vmcJh
w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/
ou&mZf 704 rSm orufawmf vuf,mpMum eef;wuf/ 2 ESpf
aeawmh nD axmufavSum; vkyfBuHNyD; rif;jyKowJh/ aemuf 2 ESpf
Mumawmh axmufavSum;udk od*Fyg owfNyD; rif;jyKcJhjyef ygw,f/ od*Fyg
aoawmh om;ysHcsDBuD; eef;wuf/
ysHcsDMuD;udk tif;0rif;BuD;pGmu vkyfBuH cdkif;vdkY jynfrif;u vkyfMuH
cJhw,f/ 'gaMumifh awmifilrSm NrdKUapmifh rGef rpdef eef;wuf cJhygw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

89

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

tJh'Daemuf ysHcsDBuD;om; awmifiludk jyefwdkufNyD; ysHcsD trnfeJYyJ

eef;wufjyefw,f/
aemuf pkuaw; rif;jzpf/ pkuaw;udk rif;abmif;um; vkyfMuH?
rif;vkyf/ rif;abmif;um;u tif;0udkvnf; aygif;&? [Hom0wD udkvnf;
aygif;&aygh/
aemufom;awmf apmOD;/ apmOD;udk i,fw,fqdkum tif;0
rif;BuD;pGmu &mxl;uz,fvdkY rif;aerdudk eef;wifw,f/ aemif
rif;acgifBuD; vufxufrSm icifndKudk awmifil pm;apcJh jyefw,f/
'DvdkeJY rif;qufaygif; rsm;pGm tkyfcsKyfvmNyD;aemuf ou&mZf 872 rSm
r[moD&daZ,ol& eef;wufw,f/ olUom;awmfu wyifa&TxD;/
wyifa&TxD;vdkY trnfay;cJhvdkY rif;quf jywf&w,fvdkY qdkowJh/ olU
txdef;awmf rif;&JodcFol&JU om; &Sif&JxGwf uawmh bk&ifhaemif
ausmfxifaemf&xm jzpfvmcJhw,f/
wyifa&TxD; eef;wufawmh touf 17 ESpf/ em;xGif; r*Fvmudk
[Hom0wD? aTarma"mrSm vkyfvdkwJhtwGuf rGefjynfxJudk &J&J0Hh0Hh wdk;0ifNyD;
em;xGif;cJhygw,f/ rGefol&Sifwum&Gwfydu tzrf;ckdif;ayr,fh zrf;rrdcJhyg/
rGefrif; "rapwD&JU om;awmf rif;&JausmfpGmudk tdrfa&SUrif;u
owfw,f/ tJh'DrSm jrefrmAdkufxJ 0ifpm;NyD; rGefudk ESdyfpuf&ygvdk\
qkawmif;owJh/ tJh'D towfcH&wJh rGefbk&ifhom;awmf[m wyifa&TxD;
jzpfvmw,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkygw,f/ (a&SUrSm &mZm"d&mZfeJY
rif;&JausmfpGmvnf; tvm;wl Zmwfvrf;ygyJ/)
wyifa&TxD;[m awmifiluae tiftm; BuD;xGm;vmNyD; [Hom0wDudk
ppfcsDcJhygw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

90

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

aemifdk;wdkufyGJ
aemifdk; wpfzufurf;u rGefwyfawGudk wdkufzdkY bk&ifhaemifrSm
tiftm; rvHkravmuf jzpfaew,f/ rGeftiftm;u olwdkYxuf 10 q rsm;
ygowJh/ tJh'DrSm azmifeJY wpfzufurf;ul;/ NyD; azmifawGzsuf/ zsufNyD;wJh
tcg wyifa&TxD;u olUudk apmifhygtHk;vdkY vSrf;rSmwmudk ]]wdkufyGJ
atmifEdkifcJhygNyD}} vdkY owif;ydkY ckdif;w,f/
tJh'DrSm wu,fvdkYrsm; ratmifjrifcJh&if b,fvdkvkyfrvJ 0dkif;ar;wJh
tcg bk&ifhaemifu atmifEdkif&if touf&Sifrnf? ratmifvQif aornf/
aoNyD;oludk tjypfb,fvkd ay;rvJvdkY jyefajymcJhygowJh/
tiftm; 10 q enf;wJh olUwyfawG&JU pdwf"mwfudk 10 q ru
wdk;jrifhay; cJhwmyg/
touf&Sifcsifovm;/ aemufqkwfp&m vrf;r&Sd/ EdkifatmifwdkufzdkYyJ
&Sdygw,f/
aemifdk;wdkufyGJ atmifEdkifNyD;rS ausmfxifaemf&xmudk wyifa&TxD;u
bk&ifhaemifbGJU csD;jrifhcJhwm jzpfowJh/
[Hom0wDudk wyifa&TxD; odrf;NyD;aemuf rGefbk&if ol&Sifwum&Gwfyd
ewf&GmpHwJhtcg rGefwdkY wyifa&TxD;xH 0ifvmMuw,f/ tJh'Daemuf rGefjynf
t&yf&yfudk wqufwnf;odrf;,lcJhum [Hom0wDrSm eef;pdkufcJhygw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

91

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 11
awmifilrif;quf
tif;0eJY wyifa&TxD;wdkufyGJ
tif;0 tkef;abmifcHkrIdif;eJY apmfbGm;awG wkdifyifMuwmu yxr
jynfrSm wyfpGJNyD; awmifiludk wdkufr,f/ aemuf [Hom0wD udkqif;NyD;
rif;w&m;a&TxD;udk t&,lr,faygh/
wyifa&TxD;&JU wyfawGrSm rGefol&JawGvnf; trIxrf; aeMuw,f/
wyfrSL; wpfOD;jzpfwJh apmvuGef;tdrfu Munf;aMumif;eJY tEdkifwdkufNyD;rS
a&wyfudk
NzdKcGif;zdkY
tMuHay;w,f/
bk&ifhaemifuvnf;
ol
Munf;aMumif;u wdkufr,f/ wyifa&TxD;udk a&aMumif;u csDaygh/ tJh'DrSm
jynfudk tcdkiftrmjyKxm;wJh tif;0wyfawG qkwfay;&owJh/ &Srf;wyfawG
4 pkuGJ xGufajy; Mu&NyD; wyifa&TxD;wdkY pvif;txd vdkufcJhMuw,f/
pvif;w0dkuf NrdKUjyawG yk*Htygt0if odrf;,lcJhygw,f/
ou&mZf 906 rSm wyifa&TxD;u eef;awmftwGif;rSm aTvTwfawmf
aqmufvkyfcJhw,f/
wyifa&TxD; &cdkifcsDjcif;
wjznf;jznf; tiftm; BuD;xGm;vmwJh wyifa&TxD;[m wyftiftm;
tvHk;t&if;eJY &cdkifudk csDcJhw,f/ &cdkifwdkY yxr ckcHayr,fh tiftm;rrQvdkY
oHwGJusw,f/ tJh'Daemuf &cdkifbkef;MuD; av;yg;u 0ifa&muf aphpyfay;wJh
twGuf &ckdifbk&ifudk eef;rcsbJ rlvtwdkif; aeapum vufaqmif
y@moGif;apcJhygw,f/
&cdkifudk wdkufaewHk; [Hom0wDrSm tiftm;enf; oGm;wJhtwGuf
,dk;',m;wdkY xm;0,fudk vkyfMuHw,f/ xm;0,fpm;vnf; rcHEkdifwmeJY
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

92

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

a&;udk qkwf&owJh/ 'geJY rkwrpm; apmvuGef;tdrfudk wm0efay;NyD;

,dk;',m;udk jyefwdkufapygw,f/ ,dk;',m; wyfawGvnf; wyifa&TxD;
jyefvmNyD txifeJY weoFm&Dudk qkwfcJhMuowJh/
wyifa&TxD; ,dk;',m;csDjcif;
,dk;',m;oGm;rJh vrf;wavQmufu NrdKUpm;awGu ppfonf? &dum
quf&w,f/ NrdKUapmifhwyfawG wm0efay;w,f/ vmr,fqdkwm BudKodawmh
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uvsm; xGufajy;&mrSm NrdKUuae jyefvnf ckcHwdkufcdkufowJh/ ,dk;',m;
bk&ifhom;eJY nDawmfudk zrf;rdcJhw,f/
,dk;',m;NrdKUu tjrifhrSm wnfxm;NyD; usHK;&SdordkY a&ywfvnf
0dkif;aeowJh/ tajrmufvufeufvnf; xlxlxyfxyf csxm;awmh wdkufzdkY
rvG,fbJ wpfvavmuf 0dkif;xm;cJh&w,f/ aemuf wyifa&TxD;u
teD;tem; ,dk;',m; vufatmufcHawGudk odrf;,lwmu ydktusdK;&Sdr,fvdkY
wGufNyD; wyfudk jyefkyfcJhygw,f/
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Muygw,f/
bk&ifhaemifwdkY &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH jyefvnf wdkufcdkuf&mrSm ,dk;',m;wdkY
tustHI; rsm;pGmeJY jyefqkwfoGm;&w,f/ 'DrSmvnf; wyifa&TxD;u olUudk
apmifhygtHk; rSmowJh/ 'gayr,f bk&ifhaemifu em;raxmifygbl;/
,dk;',m;wyfawG 0dkif;vmwJhtcgrSm ppfyGJtaeeJY wpfzufu vHk;0
jyifqifvdkY rNyD;cif? aMumufvdkY Nidrfaew,f xifrSwfrSm pdk;wmeJY wdkuf&
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tjypfr,lcJh/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

93

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

ukvm;eJYaygif;vdkY b0ajymif;&wJh wyifa&TxD;

rkwrpm; zrf;rdvdkY qufvmwJh b&if*sDukvm; wpfa,mufudk
wyifa&TxD; tvGef ESpfoufcJhygw,f/ olu aoewfypf tvGefawmfowJh/
'geJY udk,fvkyfawmfeJY ay;pm;NyD; tem; cpm;apw,f/ udk,fvkyfawmfu
ukvm; tpm;tpmawG csufjyKwfNyD; bk&ifudk qufow,f/ aemuf
pyspf&nfudk tcsOfazmufNyD; qufowJh/ 0dkifjzpfraygh/ 'grSr[kwf
'D*&Dwdkif;wm r&Sd&if 0dkifxufvnf; jyif;oGm;Edkifygw,f/ wpfaeukef
rl;,pf aeawmhum bk&ifvkyfwJhol trSm;rSm; t,Gif;,Gif;awG qHk;jzwfrd
ygawmhw,f/
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rar;rprf; uGyfrsuf pwJh trSm;rsdK;awG awmufavQmuf usL;vGef
vmcJhowJh/ bk&ifhaemifu rrSm;&avatmif twwfEdkifqHk; tem;rSm
aeay;w,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkw,f/ 'gayr,fh bk&ifhaemif r&SdwJhtcsdef
w&m;pD&if &ifawmh tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm;awG jzpfaeqJyg/
wBudrfrawmh ppfawmif;pm; ordefapmxGwfu uomrSm qifjzL
ay:w,fqdkNyD; ac:w,f/ 'geJY wyifa&TxD; vdkufoGm;Nyd; tyg;awmfNrJ
apmvuGef;tdrfudk rkwrjyefum vlolqifjrif; pkHk;apowJh/ bk&ifhaemif
rSmvdkufwmu bmtaMumif;eJYyJ jzpfjzpf uRef apmvuGef;tdrfudk tyg;u
rcGmapzdkYyg/ 'gayr,fh wyifa&TxD;u tE&m,fr&SdaMumif; qdkum
apmvuGef;tdrfudk jyefvTwfcJhygw,f/
tem;rSm udk,f&Hawmf r&SdwJh nrSmyJ ordefapmxGwf&JU nD vuf0J
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vIyfaewJh rsufawmif aeY 1 csufwD;rS &yfowJh/ wyifa&TxD;eJY ygvmwJh
qifjrif; vlolawG? wpfcsdKUvnf; xGufajy;? wpfcsdKUvnf; ppfawmif;pm;u
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

94

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

wyifa&TxD; r&Sdawmh [Hom0wDrSm&SdwJh bk&ifhaemif&JU nDawmf

oD[olu &SdwJh qifjrif;vlolawG odrf;MuHK; ac:aqmifNyD; awmifilrSm
rif;vkyf jcm;em;w,f/ ordefapmxGwfuvnf; [Hom0wDrSm oD[ol r&Sd
awmhrSef; odawmh ordefpua0g trnfeJY [Hom0wDudk jyefNyD; rif;jyK
ygw,f/ bk&ifhaemif ausmfxifaemf&xmuawmh xdktcsdefu 'vrSm
a&mufaecJhowJh/
bk&ifhaemif[m yxr 'vrSm vlolpkHk;w,f/ aemuf nDawmf
oD[ol? rif;acgiftrnfeJY ykefuef jcm;em;wJh awmifiludk t&ifwkduf
ygw,f/ [Hom0wDrSm ordefpua0gudk trwfawG eef;csNyD; rkwru
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bk&ifhaemifxH cdk0ifvmowJh/
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w,f/ aemuf yk*H/ txufydkif; wpfckvHk;eD;yg; odrf;NyD;wJh tcgrS
[Hom0wDudk csDygw,f/ wdkufyGJrSm ordefaxm&mr usqHk;w,f/
ppfEdkifwJh bk&if? 'kwd,jrefrmEdkifiHudk wnfaxmifcJhol bk&ifhaemif
ausmfxifaemf&xmu ppfNyD;NyD;csif; NrdKUxJ csufcsif; r0ifao;bJ
NrdKUtjyifu aygufwdkifbk&m;rSm npufawmfac:NyD; reuf rdk;aomufcsdef
a&mufrS [Hom0wDNrdKUxJ 0ifw,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkygw,f/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

95

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 12
qifjzLrsm;&Sif? b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;
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rGefoHk;&yfESifh tif;0
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cJhwm jzpfygw,f/
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

96

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

tif;0udk odrf;NyD;aemufrSm &Srf;awGudk qufwdkufr,f BuHayr,fh

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

97

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 13
bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xm
bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xm
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u &efpovdk jzpfw,f? bmhaMumifh rEkdifovJvdkY tif;0udk ar;awmh
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vnf; uonf;apmfbGm; orD;udk yifhvdkY aejynfawmf jyefcJhowJh/
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ajymp&m &Sdr,f xifrd&JU/
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p&m tkyf0wK omom b0tajc edrfhcJhMuay&JU/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

98

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

,dk;',m;udk ppfcsDjcif;
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wpfck ygvmw,f/ tJh'D oauFw t"dyg,fudk bk&ifhaemifu Anm;'v
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[Hom0wD r[m&mZXmeD a&TNrdKUawmf
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

ou&mZf 928 rSm [Hom0wDr[m&mZXmeD a&TNrdKUawmfudk wnfw,f/

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ajrmufwHcg; 5 ckuawmh weoFm&DwHcg;? ,dk;',m;wHcg;? rkwr
wHcg;? ykcef;wHcg; eJY ykodrfwHcg;/
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100

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 14
bk&ifhaemif ausmfxifaemf&xm
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ppfyGJeJY jywfw,f&,f r&Sd/ ppfEdkifjyef&ifvnf; MumMumrcH/ jyefykefuef
MuwmygyJ/
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ulwdkuf &jyefw,f/
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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

aemuf [Hom0wDu vTwfvdkufwJh bk&ifhoHudk ,dk;',m;bk&ifu

uGyfrsufwJhtcg ,dk;',m;rif;MuD; tudk&JU oruf? ydavmufpm; Mo,m
[Hom0wDatmuf 0ifa&muf cpm;owJh/
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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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icy

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vufcsnf; r&Sd vdkY rSefeef;u vSvSav; a&;ygw,f/
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104

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icy

twGJ - 15
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icy

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106

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

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108

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 16
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

109

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

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twGJ - 17
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rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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Photo by flappingwings (flickr.com)

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twGJ - 18
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

122

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twGJ - 19
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123

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124

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

twGJ - 20
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125

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

icy

rif;&Jausmfxif bk&if jzpfvmwJhtcg omvGefrif;&JU om;awmf oD&d

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

127

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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twGJ - 21
anmif&rf;rif;quf
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tif;0udk jcm;em;Muw,f/
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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

128

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

129

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf

130

icy

rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

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(20-Oct-08)

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