Overview:

Continuousfunctions
Periodicfunctions;fundamentalperiodandfrequency
Complexexponentialfunction
Linearcombinationofperiodicfunctions
EnergyandPowerfunctions
Reflection,translation,scaling,stretch,compression
Unitstepfunction
Rectangularimpulsefunction
Signumfunction
Rampfunction
Samplingfunction
Unitimpulsefunction(Diracdeltafunction)
PropertiesofUnitimpulsefunction

 AContinuousFunction:f(t)issaidtobecontinuousatt0iffor
everythereexistssuchthat
|f(t)f(t0)|<whenever|tt0|<
and lim .If f t 0
Anotherdefinition:Let lim

= f t 0 = f t thenfiscontinuousatt0.

Ifafunctioniscontinuousateverypointinitsdomain,itiscalled
acontinuousfunction.

 Continuoustimefunctionf(t)over[a,b]Thefunctionf(t)
neednotbecontinuous.Thedomainonwhichitisdefinedis
continuous.
Ifx(t)satisfiesx(t)=x(t+nT)wheren=1,2,3,thenx(t)is
periodicofperiodT.
Example:
(i)x(t)=Asin(t)isperiodicoffundamentalperiod2
(ii)t=Asin(t)isperiodicofperiod2Hereiscalledthe
frequencyofthesinusoidalfunction.
Consideracollectionofcomplexexponentialfunctionsdefined
by k (t) = e jkw t where j ,k=1,2,3,.,and w 0 issome
realnumber.
0

Question:Is k (t) periodic?Ifyes,whatistheperiod?

 Letusassumethatx(t)andy(t)areperiodicwithfundamental
periodsT1andT2respectively.
Question:Isz(t)=ax(t)+by(t)periodic(aandbaresome
realnumbers)?
Thelinearcombinationoftwoperiodicfunctionsisperiodicif
theratiooftheirfundamentalperiodsisarationalnumber

 Energyandpowersignals:
Let, x(t)=voltageacrossaresistanceR.
i(t)=currentproduced
theni(t)=x(t)/R.
Theinstantaneouspower=Ri2(=x2/R)andtheenergy
expendedduringtheincrementaltimeintervaldtis(x2/Rdt).
LetusassumeR=1ohm.Thentheenergyovertimeintervalof
length2Lisgivenby

2
x .

TotalEnergy= lim
L

AveragepowerP= lim
L

 Considerthefunctionx(t).
x(t)
x(t)
x(t)+c
x(t+c)
x(ct)
x(ct)
cx(t)

Reflectionintaxis
Reflectioninxaxis
Translationalongxaxisbycunits;positivecup
Translationalongtaxisbycunits;positivecleft
c<1Stretchbyafactorofcalongtaxis;
c>1compressionbyafactorofcalongtaxis;
Stretch/compressionbyafactorofcalongxaxis

Example:
(1) Sketchthegraphofx(t)=sin(t)
(2) Sketchthegraphofx(t)=2sin(/4t)+1/2

Somespecialfunctions
1 t

UnitStepfunction: u(t)=

Sketchu(ta),u(t+a)and[u(t+a)u(ta)]

1
t

Rectangularpulsefunction:rect(t/)=

Example:Sketchrect(t/2a)andcomparethiswith[u(t+a)u(ta)]

 Signumfunction:

1 t

Sgn(t)=

t t

Rampfunction:r(t)=

Samplingfunction:Sa(t)=sin(t)/t

Sincfunction:Sinc(t)=sin(t)/t

 UnitImpulsefunction:(t)Diracdeltafunction
Bytechnicaldefinitionofafunction,theDiracdeltafunction
isnotafunction.(t)hasfollowingproperties:
(1) (0)infinity
(2) (t)=0,tnotequalto0.

(3)

(t)dt = 1

(4)

(t)=(t)

Example:

0 t
ConsiderP1(t)=

Itcanbeshownthat lim
P1(t)=(t)

NotethatP1(t)canberewrittenas

P1(t)=

Anyfunctionx(t)canbeapproximatedbyinfinitesumof
weightedrectangularpulsefunctionsofvaryingheights.
Supposeweknowx(t)atpoints{234k
t
.

Recall,

rect

rect

x(k)rect

x(t)

x(t)

Forinfinitesimallysmallletusdenotebydandkby
Therighthandsidereducesto(recalltheRiemannSumdefinition

ofanintegral) x(

x(t) x(t)

Example:Evaluate

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SiftingProperty;
ScalingProperty;

SamplingProperty:
Derivative

EvenandOddfunctions:
x(t)isevenifx(t)=x(t)forallt.
x(t)isoddifx(t)=x(t)forallt.
Example1:
x(t)=cos(t)andx(t)=t2+4t4areevenfunctions.Verify.
Example2:
x(t)=sin(t)andx(t)=2t+3t3areoddfunctions.Verify.
Example3:
x(t)=(t2)2isneitheroddnoreven.Verify.
Anyarbitraryfunctionx(t)canbewrittenassumoftwo
functionxe(t)andxo(t)wherexe(t)isanevenfunctionandxo(t)
isanoddfunction.
Letx(t)beanarbitraryfunction.Letusassumethatthereexistsan
evenfunctionxe(t)andanoddfunctionxo(t)suchthat
x(t)=xe(t)+xo(t)
then x(t)=xe(t)+xo(t)=xe(t)xo(t)
Bysolvingthesetwoequationsweget
xe(t)=1/2[x(t)+x(t)]andxo(t)=1/2[x(t)x(t)]
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Exercise:Showthatx(t)=(t1)2+sin(t)isneitherevennorodd.
Findanevenfunctionxe(t)andanoddfunctionxo(t)suchthat
x(t)=xe(t)+xo(t)

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