We shall strive to continuously improve to meet the ever

rising expectation of our customers at the lower cost. Each one of us

must fulfill the need of our customer, both internal and external with
the highest degree of commitment thereby creating a quality
organization geared to ensure total customer satisfaction and the
sustained health and prosperity of our business.
1.4 Company History
The genesis of Escorts goes back to 1944 when two brothers, Mr.H.
P. Nanda and Mr. Yudi Nanda, launched a small agency house,
Escorts AgentsLtd. in Lahore. Over the years, Escorts has surged
ahead and evolved into one of India's largest conglomerates. In this
journey of six decades, Escorts has had
the privilege of being associated with some of the world leaders in t
he engineeringmanufacturing space like Minneapolis Moline,
Massey Ferguson, Goetze, Mahle,URSUS, CEKOP, Ford Motor
Company, J C Bamford Excavators, Yamaha, Claas,Carraro, Lucky
Goldstar, First Pacific Company, Hughes Communications,Jeumont
Schneider, Dynapac .These valued relationships be it technological
or marketing, are our highly cherished experiences treasures, which
have helped usinculcate best in class manufacturing practices and to
emerge as a technologicallyindependent world class engineering
organization.
1944 - Launch of Escorts (Agents) Ltd.1948 - Pioneered
farm mechanization in the country by launching EscortsAgricultural
Machines Limited, with a franchise from the U.S. based
MinneapolisMoline, for marketing tractors, implements, engines &
other farm equipment.Launch of Escorts (Agriculture and Machines)
Ltd.1949 - Franchise of MasseyFerguson tractors for northern
India.1951 - Escorts established India's first private Institute of
Farm Mechanization atDelhi.1953 - Escorts (Agents) Ltd. and

Escorts (Agriculture and Machines) Ltd. mergedto form Escorts

Agents Pvt. Ltd.1954 - 1st industrial venture of Escorts to
manufacture piston rings in collaborationwith Goetze of Germany,
in an era when joint ventures of Indian firms with foreigncompanies
were virtually unheard of.1958 - Started importing Massey
Ferguson tractors from Yugoslavia for marketingthe same in India.
1959 - Collaboration with Mahle of Germany to manufacture
pistons. Soon,Escorts became the largest producer of piston assemblies
in India.1960 - Set up of Escorts Limited1961 - Setting up of
manufacturing base at Faridabad for manufacture of tractors
incollaboration with URSUS of Poland and 50% indigenous
components. Launch of Escort brand of tractors collaboration with
CEKOP of Poland for manufacture of motorcycles and scooters. Escorts
moves into high gear by nurturing the twowheeler culture. The first
Rajdoot motorcycle rolls off the assembly line.1969 - Escorts Tractors
Limited was born a technical and financial joint venturewith the global
giant Ford Motor Company, USA, to manufacture Ford tractors inIndia.
The years ahead saw Escorts grow as the largest tractor manufacturer
inIndia.Escorts Institute of Farm Mechanization (EIFM) established at
Bangalore.Escorts Employees Ancillaries Ltd. (EEAL), a unique venture
in industrialdemocracy comes into being.1971- 1st February, the first
tractor FORD 3000 rolled out of the factory. Escortsdiversifies and starts
manufacturing construction equipment.1974 - Crossing national
boundaries, Escorts exports for the first time. After winning a global
tender, 400 tractors were exported to Afghanistan, which was perhaps
the world's largest ever airlift of tractors.1977 - Escorts enters the world
of self-developed technology by setting up its firstindependent R&D
Center. Escorts Scientific Research Centre marked its beginningat
Faridabad by developing its own Engines for E-27 and E-37. Due to
constanttechnology absorption, indigenization level touched 72% for
FORD tractors. 2nd plant at Bangalore for manufacturing piston

assemblies was set up.1979 - Collaboration with JCB Excavators Ltd.,

UK for manufacture of excavators.1980 - Foray into healthcare, Escorts
Hospital and Research Center set up inFaridabad.1983 - Escorts Tractors
Limited (ETL) established a state-of-the-art research anddevelopment
centre to spearhead newer breakthroughs in Farm Mechanisation andto
maintain industry leadership. Line concept introduced for engine
block machining. 11,000 ton floating dry-dock Escorts I launched.1984 JV Escorts - Yamaha to manufacture motorcycles.

32
Chapter-6
Bolt Selection and Failure
Introduction
Bolts are defined as headed fasteners having external threadsthat meet
an exacting. Bolt are manufactured in a wide range of materials
fromcommon steel to titanium, plastic and other exotic materials. Many
materials arefurther separated into different grades to describe specific
alloy mixtures,hardening processes, etc. In addition, some materials
are available with a variety of coatings or plating to enhance the
corrosion resistance, or appearance of thefastener.Selection of bolt
depend on the torque requirement. When replacing bolt, it isgenerally
best to match what you are replacing. Replacing a bolt with a
stronger one is not always safe. Harder bolts tend to be more brittle and
may fail in specificapplications. Also some equipment is designed so
that the bolts will fail beforemore expensive or critical items are
damaged. In some environments such as saltwater galvanic corrosion
must also be considered if changing fastener materials.
6.1Bolt Grading

There are three grades of bolt in common used. Most bolts whichyou
will come across will only deviate slightly from these three grades. The
lowestgrade is 4.6, commonly known as commercial grade. Next comes
grade 8.8, knownas structural grade, and finally, the highest grade is
12.9, known as high
tensile bolts. In between these there are many grades are used such as 4.
8, 5.6, 9.8 and10.9 etc.

33
4.6
Ultimate Tensile strength Yield Strength is4*100MPa 60% of tensile Str
engthi.e. 0.6*4*100=240MPa
Table 6.1 Bolt grade and there material
Class Head MarkingSize Range(mm)MinimumProof Strength(10
6
Pa)TensileYieldStrength,(10
6
Pa)MinimumTensileStrength(10
6
Pa)Material4.6 M5 - M36 225240400Low or mediumcarbon steel

34Class Head MarkingSize Range(mm)MinimumProof Strength(10

6
Pa)TensileYieldStrength,(10
6
Pa)MinimumTensileStrength(10
6
Pa)Material4.8M1.6 -M16310340420Low or mediumcarbon
steel5.8 M5 - M24 380420520Low or mediumcarbon steel8.8 M16 M36 600660830Medium carbonsteel, Q & T9.8M1.6 -

M16650720900Medium carbonsteel, Q & T10.9 M5 M36 8309401040Low carbonmartensite steel,Q & T

35Class Head MarkingSize Range(mm)MinimumProof Strength(10

6
Pa)