M4 DCMACHINES

Unit3

Dr.Prabodh Bajpai
AssociateProfessor
Department of Electrical Engineering
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur

M4 DCMachines
M4
DC Machines
U3
U3 EMFandtorqueequations
EMF and torque equations
EMF&TorqueEquations
GNPandMNP
GNP and MNP
Armaturereaction
Crossmagnetizing&DemagnetizingAT
C
ti i & D
ti i AT

U3 EMFandtorqueequations
q
q

D.Cmachineperformance
Twofundamentalequationsnamelytheemfequation
andthetorqueequations
Bothmotoringandgeneratingactionsgotogetherin
D.C. machines. Voltage induce across the brushes in a
D.C.machines.Voltageinduceacrossthebrushesina
motorinsamewayasinagenerator
Same
Sameemfequationcanbeemployedtocalculate
emf equation can be employed to calculate
inducedemfforbothgeneratorandmotoroperation.
Sametorqueequationcanbeusedtocalculate
b
d
l l
electromagnetictorquedevelopedinbothmotoringand
generating actions
generatingactions.

EMFEquation
AppolarD.Cgeneratorwhosefieldcoilisexcitedto
produceafluxdensitydistributionofWbfluxperpole
alongtheairgap
l
th i
Armatureisdrivenbyaprimemover(atconstantspeed)
atnrps
zbethetotalnumberofarmatureconductorsandabe
thenumberofparallelpathsinthearmaturecircuit
Magnitude
Magnitudeofthevoltagefromoneconductorto
of the voltage from one conductor to
anotherislikelytovery,Therefore,totalaveragevoltage
acrossthebrushesiscalculatedonthebasisofaverage
g
fluxdensityBav

Pole pitch & area on armature surface per pole

A voltage induce across the armature so long there exists

some flux / pole and machine is rotating, irrespective of the
fact that the machine is operating as generator or as motor

Torqueequation
Ifarmaturecarriescurrentinpresenceofflux,conductor
experiencesforcewhichgivesrisetoT
p
g
p
e developedboth
inmotorandgeneratormodeofoperation
Direction
Directionofconductorcurrentsreversesasconductor
of conductor currents reverses as conductor
movefromonepoletotheother,thisensures
unidirectional torque to be produced.
unidirectionaltorquetobeproduced.
ThedirectionofTe willbealongthedirectionofrotation
in case of motor operation and opposite to the direction
incaseofmotoroperationandoppositetothedirection
ofrotationincaseofgeneratoroperation.

For steady speed operation

operation, Te = TL and Te = Tpm
respectively for motor and generator mode

MNP&GNP
MagneticNeutralPlane(MNP) Theplanealongwhich
thereisnofieldORplaneperpendiculartonetfield
GeometricalNeutralPlane(GNP)aplanewhichis
perpendicular to stator field axis.
perpendiculartostatorfieldaxis.
ForanunloadedgeneratorGNPandMNPcoincide
MNPforloadedgeneratorgetsshiftedalongthe
directionofrotationofthearmature
MNPforaloadedmotorwillbeinadirectionopposite
totherotation

Armaturereaction
EffectofarmatureATonthedistributionofmagnetic
fluxintheairgapproducedbythemainfieldpoles
Duringlightlyormoderatelyloadingcondition
flux
fluxperpolewillremainsameasinnoloadoperationbecause
per pole will remain same as in no load operation because
theincreaseoffluxinonehalfwillbebalancedbythe
decreaseinthefluxintheotherhalf.

Atratedarmaturecurrent
increaseoffluxinonehalfofthepoleisratherlessthanthe
decreaseintheotherhalfduetopresenceofsaturation.

Armaturereaction
Netdecreaseinfluxperpoleduringsufficientloading
of machine (Demagnetising AT )
ofmachine(DemagnetisingAT)
Decreaseinemfaswellastorquedevelopedaffectingthe
p
performanceofthemachine

Distortioninthefluxdistributionwillcausesomeflux
alongthebrushaxisofthemachine.(Crossmagnetising
AT)
Emfisgeneratedinthecoilundergoingcommutationleading
tosparkingoncommutationsurface

Crossmagnetising&DemagnetisingAT

Angle between GNP and new brush axis =

Commutation&Armaturereaction
Duringnoloadoperationwhentheconductorreaches
theMNP,
Inducedvoltageinitiszeroasthereisnofluxispresentin
thebrushaxis.
Alsoanycoilpresentinthispositionandundergoing
Al
il
i hi
ii
d d
i
commutation,willgetshortcircuitedbythecommutator
segmentsandbrushessonocirculatingcurrent

Butfluxinbrushaxiswillneverbezerowhenthe
machine is loaded
machineisloaded.
Hencecoilundergoingcommutationwillhavecirculating
currentcausingprobleminsmoothcommutation

Compensatingwinding
Forsmallmachinesnospecialcareforarmature
reaction effects
reactioneffects.
Forlargemachines,compensatingwinding,interpoles
orbothareused
b h
d
Additionalwindingcalledcompensatingwinding
placedonthepolefacesofthemachineand
connectedinserieswiththearmaturecircuitinsuchthatthe
d
directionofcurrentincompensatingwindingisoppositeto
f
d
thatinthearmatureconductor

Interpoles
Additionalsmallpolescalledinterpolesareprovided
inbetweenthemainpolesinlargemachinestogetrid
p
g
g
ofthecommutationproblem
Inter
Interpolewindingiscomposedoffewturnsofthick
pole winding is composed of few turns of thick
wireandconnectedinserieswitharmaturecircuit
Polarityoftheinterpoleshouldbe
sameasthatofthemainpoleaheadincaseofgenerator
and
and
sameasthatofmainpolebehindincaseofmotor.