Utilitas

UTILITAS
Utilitas merupakan unit pokok dalam
prasarana produksi.
Air
Steam
Listrik
Bahan bakar

Air
Sumber air
Air tanah : sanitasi pekerja, air ketel, air
cadangan
Air PDAM : proses produksi, sanitasi peralatan
Persyaratan air

Kebutuhan daya pompa

Digunakan untuk:
Menggerak air (energi kinetik) = (v2/2) x faktor
kehilangan energi pada tikungan dan sambungan
Mengangkat air (energi potensial) = gh
Mengatasi hambatan (gesekan) = (4v2/2) x (L/D)

TABLE 3.1
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FACTORS FOR PIPES

Material

Roughness factor
(e)

Material

Roughness factor
(e)

Riveted steel

0.001- 0.01

Galvanized
iron

0.0002

Concrete

0.0003 - 0.003

Asphalted
cast iron

0.001

Wood staves

0.0002 - 0.003

Commercial
steel

0.00005

Cast iron

0.0003

Drawn tubing

Smooth

Friction factors in pipe

TABLE 3.2
FRICTION LOSS FACTORS IN FITTINGS
k
Valves, fully open:
gate

0.13

globe

6.0

angle

3.0

Elbows:
90 standard

0.74

medium sweep

0.5

long radius

0.25

square

1.5

Tee, used as elbow

1.5

Tee, straight through

0.5

Entrance, large tank to pipe:

sharp

0.5

rounded

0.05

Contoh
Pompa untuk menaikkan air setinggi 22 m
dengan debit 1,2 m3/menit. Pipa dari
galvanis berdiameter 15 cm dengan panjang
120m. Jika ada 8 tikungan berapa kebutuhan
daya pompa.

Reynold number
Assume properties of water at 20C are density 998 kg m-3, and viscosity
0.001 N s m-2
Cross-sectional area of pipe A = (/4)D2
= /4 x (0.15)2
= 0.0177 m-2
Volume of flow V = 1.2 m3 min-1
= 1.2/60 m3 s-1
= 0.02 m3 s-1.

Velocity in the pipe = V/A

= (0.02)/(0.0177)
= 1.13 ms-1

Now (Re) = Dv/

= (0.15 x 1.13 x 998)/0.001

= 1.7 x 105
so the flow is clearly turbulent.

friction loss of energy

From Table 3.1, the roughness factor is 0.0002 for
galvanized iron
and so
roughness ratio /D = 0.0002/0.15 = 0.001
So from Fig. 3.8,
= 0.0053
Therefore the friction loss of energy
= (4v2/2) x (L/D)
= [4v2L/2D]
= [4 x 0.0053 x (1.13)2 x 120]/(2 x 0.15)
= 10.8 J.

TABLE 3.1
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FACTORS FOR PIPES

Material

Roughness factor
(e)

Material

Roughness factor
(e)

Riveted steel

0.001- 0.01

Galvanized
iron

0.0002

Concrete

0.0003 - 0.003

Asphalted
cast iron

0.001

Wood staves

0.0002 - 0.003

Commercial
steel

0.00005

Cast iron

0.0003

Drawn tubing

Smooth

Friction factors in pipe

TABLE 3.2
FRICTION LOSS FACTORS IN FITTINGS
k
Valves, fully open:
gate

0.13

globe

6.0

angle

3.0

Elbows:
90 standard

0.74

medium sweep

0.5

long radius

0.25

square

1.5

Tee, used as elbow

1.5

Tee, straight through

0.5

Entrance, large tank to pipe:

sharp

0.5

rounded

0.05

Energy loss from bends and discharge

For the eight right-angled bends, from Table 3.2 we
would expect a loss of 0.74 velocity energies at each,
making (8 x 0.74) = 6 in all.
velocity energy = v2/2
= (1.13)2/2
= 0.64 J
So total loss from bends and discharge energy
= (6 + 1) x 0.64
= 4.5 J
There would be one additional velocity energy loss
because of the unrecovered flow energy discharged
into the reservoir.

Energy to move 1 kg water

Energy to move 1 kg water against a head of
22 m of water is
E = Zg
= 22 x 9.81
= 215.8 J.
Total energy requirement per kg:
Etot = 10.8 + 4.5 + 215.8
= 231.1 J

energy requirement of pump

and theoretical power requirement
= Energy x volume flow x density
= (Energy/kg) x kgs-1
= 231.1 x 0.02 x 998
= 4613 J s-1.
Now the head equivalent to the energy requirement
= Etot/g
= 231.1/9.81
= 23.5 m of water,

TABLE 3.2
FRICTION LOSS FACTORS IN FITTINGS
k

Valves, fully open:

gate

0.13

globe

6.0

angle

3.0

Elbows:

90 standard

0.74

medium sweep

0.5

long radius

0.25

square

1.5

Tee, used as elbow

1.5

Tee, straight through

0.5

Entrance, large tank to pipe:

sharp

0.5

rounded

0.05

TABLE 3.1
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FACTORS FOR PIPES

Material

Roughness factor
(e)

Material

Roughness factor
(e)

Riveted steel

0.001- 0.01

Galvanized
iron

0.0002

Concrete

0.0003 - 0.003

Asphalted
cast iron

0.001

Wood staves

0.0002 - 0.003

Commercial
steel

0.00005

Cast iron

0.0003

Drawn tubing

Smooth

Friction factors in pipe

Listrik
LUAS (m2)

LOKASI

CANDL

LUMEN

E
Taman

30,4

152

Kantin

13,57

81,42

Mushola

50,53

454,77

20

15

300

129,50

34

4403

10

20

30

25

750

130

36

4680

36

10

360

Laboratorium

Perkantoran dan TU
Toilet
Area

penyimpanan

produk
Area Proses
Area

Penerimaan

Pengeluaran Bahan Baku

dan

RUANG

FC

LUAS RUANG(ft)

LUMEN
(FCxLUAS)

KANTOR

30

1184,07

35522,1

PROSES

20

10764,26

215285,2

TOILET

10

775,03

7750,3

LABORATORIUM

30

322,93

9687,9

GUDANG

10
1614,64

16146,4

645,86

6458,6

4305,71

43057,1

258,34

2853,4

RODA 2

430,57

4305,7

MOBIL

645,86

6458,6

10

322,93

3229,3

JALAN+HALAMAN

3229,28

16146,4

PEMBUANGAN LIMBAH

322,93

1614,65

BAHAN BAKU
BAHAN TAMBAHAN
COOL STORAGE
MUSHOLA

10

PARKIR

10

RUANG GANTI

TOTAL

368245,65

PERHITUNGAN JUMLAH LAMPU

N= (E.A)/Qlampu.Cu.LLF
KETERANGAN:
N
= JUMLAH LAMPU
E
=KEKUATAN PENERANGAN(LUX)
A
=LUAS AREA
QLAMPU =BESAR LUMEN DARI LAMPU
Cu
=KOEFESIEN OF UTILITY 0.5(STANDART)
LLF =LIGHT LOST FILTER 0.7(STANDAR)
Untuk sistem penerangan langsung dengan warna plafon dan dinding
terang, CU ( coeffesien of utilization ) nya 50-65 %. Light loss factor ( LLF )
= 0,7-0,8. LLF tergantung ; kebersihan sumber cahaya, tipe kap lampu,
penyusutan cahaya dari permukaan lampu, dll.

 Suatu ruang laboratorium di pabrik berukuran 20 x 20 m. Direncanakan

dipasang lampu TL 36 watt. Berapa buah lampu TL yang dbutuhkan?
E= 500 LUX
A=20 x 20 METER= 400 METER2
QLAMPU 1 WATT = 75 LUMEN
36 WATT = 2700 LUMEN
Cu
= 0.5 (STANDART UNTUK Cu)
LLF = 0.7
N= (E.A)/Qlampu.Cu.LLF
N= (500.400)/(2700.0.5.0.7)
= 211,64
DIBUTUHKAN 212 LAMPU PADA RUANGAN TERSEBUT

Contoh perhitungan : ruangan kantor berukuran 20 x 10 x 3 m direncanakan

memakai TL 4 x 40 watt dengan penerangan E = 300 lux. Hitung, jumlah lampu dan
daya listrik yang dibutuhkan.
Penyelesaian : dari tabel,
Untuk 1 bh TL 40 watt, jumlah lumen = 40 x 75 = 3000 lumen. Untuk 4 TL 40 watt,
jumlah lumen = 4 x 3000 = 12.000 lumen.
Dipilih CU 60 % dan LLF 0,8
Jumlah lampu yang dibutuhkan ( N ) = E x A dibagi lampu x CU x LLF =
300 x
200 dibagi 12000 x 0,6 x 0,8 = 10,4
Jadi N = 11 buah 4 x TL 40 watt. Pemakaian watt untuk lampu TL 40 watt termasuk
ballast = 50 watt. Jumlah beban dari lampu = 11 x 4 x 50 watt = 2200 watt. Untuk
stop kontak peralatan kantor diperhitungkan 20 % dari beban lampu = 20 % x 2200
watt = 440 watt. Total kebutuhan watt = 2640 watt, atau watt/m2 = 13, 4.