Comenzi utile in Ubuntu

sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386

INSTALEAZA: sudo apt-get install ia32-libs && sudo apt-get install build-essential && sudo apt-get install
f && sudo dpkg --configure -a

sudo dpkg --force-architecture -i yourfilename.deb

SAU :
sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386 && sudo apt-get install ia32-libs

http://www.videotutorial.ro/?p=4239

Upgrade La Urmatoarea Versiune

1. sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
2. sudo update-manager -d
3. upgrade

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade && sudo update-manager d

sudo update-manager d

UPDATE Program
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade
tergere programe
sudo apt-get remove PROGRAM
sudo apt-get autoremove

AratCalendarulSpecificat
cal102011(luna10anul2011

wget http://www.adresa
lshw

--descarca program

-- Detalii CPU

lsb_release -a
uname -r

Versiunea Ubuntu

Vezi kernel instalat ( ex: 2.6.35-32-generic

Acorda Permisiunea De A Modifica Continutul Unui Folder

(Copy-Paste)
sudo chown

user /adresa folder

cp= copy = copiaz

ls= list= listeaz (afieaz)

mkdir= make directory= creeaz director

mv= move= mut

cvlc http://u17.sky.fm:80/sky_jazzclassics_aacplus
>> Deschide Adresa cu VLC fara interfata completa

CreazaExecutabilDinSCRIPPusInTXT
chmod+xsopcastplayernumefisier
EX:chmod+xsopcastplayerchannelsro

./sopcast-player-channels-ro

DESCHIDE Fisier

Creaza deb ( Instaleaza : sudo apt-get install alien )

Dupainstalaredaicomanzi:

sudo alien -d *.*

dpkgdebbnumepachetsursanumepachet.deb
EX:dpkgdebbtvmaxetvmaxe.deb
EX:dpkgdebbcnijfiltermp210series_2.801_i386cnijfiltermp210series_2.801_i386.deb
sudo alien -d *.tar.gz

CREARE FISIER .DEB DINTR-O ARHIVA

Ifyourbuildfromsourceissuccessful,youcanmakeaDebian(Ubuntu)package(.deb)forfuture
use:
Installpackagetools:
sudoaptgetinstallcheckinstall

sudoaptgetinstallintltool

cd/path
sudocheckinstallDinstall=nocreeza un pachet deb, pe care s

nu-l instaleze
./configure
sudomake
sudocheckinstall
sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb
sudo dpkg -i *.deb

instaleaza orice

deb

sudodpkgi*.debcnij*.debCautasiinstaleazaoricedeb
sudo dpkg -i *.deb *.deb
tar -xzf install_Nume Program.tar.gz (orice .tar )

sudo alien -d *.tar.gz

sudo alien -i *.tar.gz

sudo alien -d *.rpm
sudo alien -d *.tar

Alte comenzi alian :

-d, --to-deb
-r, --to-rpm
-t, --to-tgz
--to-slp
-p, --to-pkg
-i, --install

Instaleaza orice DEB

sudodpkgiscan*.deb
sudodpkgicnij*.deb

.tar

Install
install

tar -xzf

cd Nume Program
./install.sh
./configure
make
sudo make install

Nume Program.tar.gz (orice .tar )

-----------------------

Comandacd..nemutainapoicuundirector
cdnemutaindirectorulhome

CreareFisierText
touchnumefisier

EX:touchtest.txt
Deschideresieditare
geditnumefisier
Vizualizareafisiertext
catnumefifier

Stergerea
rmnumefisier
CreareaDirector
mkdirnume
StergereaDirectorului
rmrfnume
CopiereaFisiertxtinaltFolder
cpnumefisier(adresa)Folderdorit(adresa)

StergereaFisier
AvemcreatfisierTest.txtPeDesktop
rmadresa
EX:rmDesktop/Test.txt(saualtacale)

Mutarea
mvnume(adresa)locatia+nume
AvempeDesktopTest.txt
EX:mvDesktop/Test.txtDocumente/Test.txt
Putemmodificanumele
mvDesktop/Test.txtDocumente/12.txt(VEZIDIFERENTA)

CrearefisierinAltaLocatiefareanaviga
touchDocumente/...nume.txt
EX:touchDocumente/AA/Testare.txt
StergeremvDocumente/AA/Testare.txtDesktop

PUTEMFOLOSI*.extensie(*.txt)

InstalareaProgramelor
.bin
chmod +x NameOfYourFile.bin
./NameOfYourFile.bin

sh ./nume pachet.bin
CautaProgram:aptcachesearchnumeprogram(ex:skype)

clearstergeafisajelecomenzilorefectuate(ecrancurat)casicum

Comanda

deschidemacumterminalul.
Pt ajutor in scriere : tasta TAB
Ex:Casaajungemindesktoplaunprogramscriem:
cddes(TastaTAB)secompleteazascrisul/doua,34,literedinnumele
programuluidepedesktop(TastaTAB)aparescrisul
DacaestefolderscriemlsadicaLSsilisteazacontinutul
InchidereasirevenirealaHOMEsescriecdadicaCD

Arhivareasidezarhivarea
Dacaavempedesktopfisiernewfile(fisiernouredenumitprinstergereaspatiului)scriem:
cdDesktop
Arhiva

ZIP
scriemlsvedemlistacontinutadedesktop
scriemincontinuare(Desktop)zip./numeoricare.zipspatiu.numefisierdearhivat(fisiernou)
Ex:zip./docu.zip./newfile(fisiernou)
MAISIMPLU
avemdocumentcomenzi
scriempentruaarhiva:
zip./comenzibune.zip./comenzi(folosimtastaTAB)

ArhivareFOLDERSecreazafolderarhivatcarecontinefisierulSau............
AvempeDesktopunFOLDERcunumeleBune
scriem:zipr./numedotit./numefolder
Ex:AvempeDesctopdocumentComenzi
zipr./123./Comenzi
Ptfolderlafel:
avemfolder11siarhivamcunumeleBun
scriem:zipr./Bun./11
VaaprezipBuncufolderul11inel

Dezarhivarea

sefacecuosinguracomandapentrufisieresipentrufolder

AvemzippeDesktopcunumeleVC.zip
scriem:unzipVC.zip

ArhivareinformatTAR
AvempeDesktopfolderVC
Scriem:tarczvfnumedorit.tar.gz.gznumefolderdearhivat
Adica:tarczvfProba.tar.gzVC
Extragerea(Dezarhivare)dinTARGZ
Avemarhiva123.tar.gz

Scriem:tarzxvf123.tar.gz
ArhivareinformatTARBZ

AvempeDesktopVCasemanatoare
Scriem:tarcjvfcUCu.tar.bzVC
VaaparecUCu.tar.bz
DezarhivareaTARBZ
AvempedesktopASA.tar.bz
Scriem:tarjxvfASA.tar.bz

STERGEREA
AvempeDesktopVC
Scriem:rmrfVC


AdaugareInstalarePPA
AdaugareinSynaptiv
sudoaddaptrepositorysicopiemadresappa
EX:sudoaddaptrepositoryppa:chromiumdaily/ppa
Acestppaseaflalaadresa:
https://launchpad.net/~chromiumdaily/+archive/ppa(ppaseimbunatateste,seschimba)

Instalare:sudoaptgetinstallnumeprogram
sudodpkgi*.debOricedeb

Dezinstalare(unistall):sudoaptgetremove(purge)numeprogram
Vorramineprogramerezidente.ImediatSedacomanda:
sudoaptgetautoremove
tergereaPPA:

EX:
sudo ppa-purge libreoffice
sudo ppa-purge ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes
Update

upgradeSe
faceodatalasaptamina
sudoaptgetupdateVerificadacasuntpachetenoi
sudoaptgetupgradeIncarcapachetelenoi
sudo dpkg -r pachet

--sterge pachet

sudodpkgiscan*.debcnij*.debCautasiinstaleazaoricedeb
sudo dpkg -i *.deb *.deb

InstalareaProgramelordupinstalareaPPA
Instalareasefaceastfel:Synaptic/Reincarca(stingasus)/Scrienumeppa
adaugat/selecteaza/Aplica
IMPORTANT:Dupaadaugaresefaceupdate:sudoaptgetupdate
ApoiInstalarea:sudoaptgetinstallchromiumbrowser(SAUaltpachet)

ComenzirapidenUbuntu
DeDamien

Oh|14iulie2008|

Pentruceicareiubitoriidetastadeaccesrapidacolo,aiciesteolungalistadecomenzirapidedela
tastaturpentruUbuntuHardy.Celemaimultedintreeleartrebuislucrezenversiuneaanterioar
deUbuntu,deasemenea.Bucuraivdelista.

Comenzirapidegeneraledelatastatur
Ctrl+A=Selecteaztoate
Ctrl+C=Copiazconinutulevideniatnclipboard
Ctrl+V=Lipireconinutulclipboard
Ctrl+N=Nou(Creaiunnoudocument,nunterminal)
Ctrl+O=DeschideundosardinNautilusexplaorer
Ctrl+S=Salvaidocumentulcurent
Ctrl+P=Tipretedocumentulcurent
Ctrl+W=nchidedocumentuldeaproape
Ctrl+Q=Quitcurentcererea

ComenzirapidedelatastaturpentrudesktopulGNOME
Ctrl+Alt+F7=RestorenapoilasesiuneaterminalulcurentcuX
Ctrl+Alt+Backspace=restarteazGNOME
Alt+Tab=Comutarentreprogramedeschise
Ctrl+Alt+L=Blocareecran.
Alt+F1=deschidemeniulAplicaii
Alt+F2=deschidecasetadedialogRunApplication.
Alt+F3=deschideAppletDeskbar
Alt+F4=inchidefereastracurent.
Alt+F5=unmaximizesferestreicurente.
Alt+F7=mutaifereastracurent
Alt+F8=redimensioneazfereastracurent.
Alt+F9=minimizeazfereastracurent.
Alt+F10=maximizeazfereastracurent.
Alt+Space=deschidemeniulfereastr.
Ctrl+Alt++=ComutarelaurmtoarearezoluieX
Ctrl+Alt+=ComutarelarezoluieanterioarX

Ctrl+Alt+stnga/dreapta=mutalaspaiuldelucruurmtoare/anterioar

ComenzirapidedelatastaturpentruTerminal
Ctrl+A=Mutcursorullanceputulliniei
Ctrl+E=Mutcursorullasfritulliniei
Ctrl+C=ucideactualulproces.
Ctrl+Z=trimiteprocesulactualdefundal.
Ctrl+D=bustenitevascoate.
Ctrl+R=constatultimeicomenzisepotrivescculitereleintroduse.
Introduceioscrisoare,urmatdeTab+Tab=listeazcomenziledisponibilencepndcu
acestelitere.
Ctrl+U=Stergeliniacurenta.
Ctrl+K=Stergecomandadeladreaptacursorului.
Ctrl+W=Stergecuvntulnaintedeacursorului.
Ctrl+L=tergeterminaluldeieire
Shift+Ctrl+C=copiaicomandaevideniatnclipboard.
Shift+Ctrl+V(sauShift+Insert)=lipeteconinutuldinClipboard.
Alt+F=semicnainteuncuvnt.
Alt+B=mutnapoicuuncuvnt.
SgeatSus/Jos=comandaistoriecuta
Shift+PageUp/PageDown=Scrollterminalieire

ComenzirapidedelatastaturpentruCompiz
Alt+Tab=comutareantreferestreledeschise
Win+Tab=comutantreferestreledeschisecuShiftSwitchersauSwitcherefectInel
Win+E=Expo,arattoatespaiuluidelucru
Ctrl+Alt+Jos=Efectdefilm
Ctrl+Alt+leftmousebutton=RotireDesktopCube
Alt+Shift+Up=ScalepentruWindows
Ctrl+Alt+D=Afiaiversiuneadesktop
Win+leftmousebutton=iascreenshotpezonaselectat
Win+rotiamouseului=ZoomIn/Out
Alt+rotiamouseului=TransparentWindow
Alt+F8=Redimensioneazfereastra
Alt+F7=Mutfereastra
Win+P=AdaugHelper
F9=aratwidgetstrat
Shift+F9=aratefecteleap
Win+Shift+leftmousebutton=FocEfecte
Win+Shift+C=efecteclaredefoc
Win+leftmousebutton=Adnotai:Egal
Win+1=adnotarepeStart
Win+3=adnotareEnd
Win+S=selecteazferestrepentrugruparea
Win+T=GrupaWindowsmpreun

Win+U=AnularegruparepentruWindows
Win+Left/Right=FlippentruWindows

RapiddelatastaturpentruNautilus
Shift+Ctrl+N=CreateNewFolder
Ctrl+T=Stergefisierulselectat(e)ncouldegunoi
Alt+Enter=AratFile/FolderProperties
Ctrl+1=ComutareVezicapictograme
Ctrl+2=ComutareVezicalist
Shift+Dreapta=OpenDirectory(DoarnvizualizareaList)
Shift+Left=Directorytrageinjos(numainvizualizareaList)
Ctrl+S=Selecteazmodel
F2=FileRename
Ctrl+A=Selecteaztoatefiiereleifolderele
Ctrl+W=Inchidefereastra
Ctrl+Shift+W=CloseAllNautiluspentruWindows
Ctrl+R=RencarcNautilusWindow
Alt+Up=Deschidedirectorulparinte
Alt+left=Inapoi
Alt+Dreapta=Forward
Alt+Home=DuteladosarulAcas
Ctrl+L=Dutelabarlocaie
F9=Aratsidepane
Ctrl+H=Afiareafiierelorascunse
Ctrl++=ZoomIn
Ctrl+ZoomOut=
Ctrl+0=dimensiuneanormal
(Pentruceicaredorescsvconfiguraipropriilecomenzirapidedelatastatur,opoifacela
System>Preferences>Scurtturitastatur.)
Careestedumneavoastrpreferatcomenzirapidedelatastatur?Existmaidecomenzirapidecare
leamlsatpedinafar?Lasmstiuncomentariuivoiadugainch

A)StructuracomenzilornGNU/Linux
Datoritavantajelorsale,comenzilesuntdesutilizatenLinux.Decelemaimulteoricndun
nceptorarenevoiedeajutoriapeleazlaaltepersoanepeunforumspecializat,rspunsurile
primitevorfisubformaunorcomenzi.
Pentruafimemorateifolositecusucces,comenziletrebuienelese.nprincipiuocomandesteo
scurtpropoziie:computerfastadecisubiect+predicat+complement!Darcumntotdeauna
subiectulesteacelai(computerul/calculatorul/PCul/mainasauindiferentcumaltfellnumim),nu
enecesarsaparncomand,estesubneles...Aadarrmndoarpredicatulicomplementul,
altfelspuscomanda(aciunea)iargumentelenecesareaciunii.Da,demulteoriavemnevoiede

maimulteargumente,decisintaxavafi:
aciuneargument_1argument_2...argument_n
Deasemeniebinedereinutcaacestecomenzisuntprescurtrialecuvintelordinlimbaenglez:
cd=changedirectory=schimbdirectorul(folderul)curent
cp=copy=copiaz
ls=list=listeaz(afieaz)
mkdir=makedirectory=creeazdirector
mv=move=mut
rm=remove=nltur/terge

Sexemplificm:
1)cd/home/user/Desktop=>comandaaceastavaschimbadirectorulcurentndirectorul
/home/user/Desktop,adicnevamutanaceldirector.Aceastniruirecarepoatepreagreoaie
estenecesarpt.aartasistemuluicaleaexact(path)ctreaceldirector.Dacsuntemndirectorul
/home/userajungecomandacdDesktop,deoarecesistemulvededirectorulDesktopndirectorul
curent.Dardacsuntemn/sau/usr/binsau/home/user/Downloads,deoareceacestedirectoarenu
coninundirectorDesktopvomprimioutputul(ieirea,rspunsul,eroarea)bash:cd:Desktop:No
suchfileordirectory!Deaceeatrebuiefolositcaleaexact!
2)cpfile.txtDocuments=>comandcevamutafiierulnumitfile.txtndirectorulDocuments.Se
observcampusntiaciuneadorit(copiere)apoiargumentelenecesare(cemutm+unde
mutm).Argumentelesuntdatenaceastordine:1fiierul/directorulsurs,2fiierul/directorul
destinaie...
3)rmrfMuzic=>aceastcomandtergedepemaindirectorulMuzic.Dardacdirectorul
nuegol(coninealtedirectoareifiiere),sistemulnuvaexecutaaciuneadorit!Pentruaceasta
adugmcomenziiuneleOPIUNI,ncazulnostrurf(opiunilesuntprecedatedeoliniu).r=
recursive=seaplicattdirectoruluincauzctisubdirectoarelorifiierelorconinute,iarf=
force=forat=nuneintereseazcdirectorulnuegol,sauceimportant,nuneintereseaz
prereasitemului.Deci,opiuneaf=forcetrebuiefolositcuATENIE!!!
4)sudoaptitudeinstallvlcsausudoaptgetinstallvlc=>comandcarevainstalaaplicaia
multimediavlc.Sudovinedelasuperuserdo(facemcevacudrepturideroot/superuser,avem
drepturideplinepesistem),aptitude(aptget)estenumeleutilitaruluicucareadministrmaplicaii,
install=instaleaz,vlc=programulpecaredorimslinstalm.
5)chmod777/home/user/Director=>chmod=changemod=schimb
permisiunile/atributele/drepturileunuidirector/fiier,777suntpermisiuniledatencifre,
/home/user/Directorestedirectorulcruiadorimsimodificmpermisiunile.
6)rmf/home/user/.*=>comandcaretergetoatefiiereleacrordenumirencepecu.i
continucuoriceiorictecaractere.Suntfiiereledeconfigurareisuntascunse(punndpunctn
faanumeluiunuifiier/directorlascundem.Aceastcomandestefoarteutilncazulncaream
fcutmodificrinsistemsauaplicaii,avemuneleproblemeinutimsremediemsausrevenim
lasetrileanterioare.Duprulareacomenziivomaveaunsistemvirgin,cutoatesetrileiniiale
(tem,wallpaper,setriaplicaii,conexiunenet,semnedecartenFirefox,etc.),ievidentam
scpatdesetrileproblematice.
7)rmrf/=>ESTEOCOMANDEXTREMDEPERICULOAS,TERGEPARTIIA/
(ROOT)!!!NUORULAINICIODAT!ODAUPENTRUUNSINGURMOTIV:NAINTEDE
ADAOCOMANDINCERCAISNELEGEICEVAFACEACEASTCOMAND!!!
ncazulacestarm=remove=terge,rf=recursiv+forat=seaplictuturordirectoarelori
fiierelor,indiferentdaceoprostie,/estedirectorulroot,rdcinasistemuluidefiiere,efectiv

curmTOT...
8)Veiprimieroarelauneledinacestecomenzi.Motivul:nuaveipermisiuneadealefolosi!
Soluia:trebuiesdeveniiroot/superuser(sudosu,sausudosu,sauactivaicontulderoot),saus
cptaidrepturilederoot/superuserpentruoanumitperioad(sudopusnainteacomenziidate).
Descoperiisinguricaresuntcazurilencaretrebuiecptatedrepturisuplimentare,suntconvinsc
aaveinvamultmaimulteimaiuor!
Ctevacomenzimaidesutilizatesegsescla:
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q
k3aVXn3pGA
http://ss64.com/bash/
Credcaiobservatcamfolositcaracterul*pentruanlocuiunulsaumaimultecaractere(litere,
cifre).*ialteasemeneasimbolurisenumescmetacaractere(wildcards),isuntfoarteutile.
Metacaracteresunt:*,,?,[],etc.Defaptaproapetoatesimbolurilenonalfanumerice(decicarenu
suntliteresaucifre).Singurelecaracterenonalfanumericecarenusuntmetacaracteresuntpunctul
(.)iliniajos(_).
Comenzilesepotgrupa,deciputemdasimultan2saumaimultecomenzi,despritedeunele
simboluri:
1)comenzifrlegturntreele,comenziexecutatepernd(comenzilegateprin;):
pwd;lslpwd=aratncedirectorsuntem,lsl=aratconinutuldirectorului,
darnuesteinfluenatdeprimacomandsauinvers,ambelecomenzisepotdaseparatcuaceleai
rezultate,sausepoateinversaordinealor...:
camelia@stressat~$pwd;lsl
/home/camelia
total734100
rwrwr1cameliacamelia432010012017:59cityfm_128.m3u
drwxrwxrwx2cameliacamelia40962010030616:13Desktop/
rwrr1cameliacamelia76760152010021408:49dixit.qdb
drwxrxrx7cameliacamelia40962010021408:44Documents/
drwxrxrx8cameliacamelia40962010030620:44Downloads/
...etc.Suntpreamulteliniipentruafiafiateaici.

2)comenziinterdependente:adouacomandseexecutasuprarezultatuluiprimeicomenzi,cu
condiiacaprimacomandssencheiecusucces(comenzilegateprin&&):
cd/home/user/Documents&&lslmaintischimbmdirectorul,apoivrem
stimceconine:
camelia@stressatDesktop$cd/home/camelia/Documents&&lsl
total139244
drwxrwxrx2cameliacamelia40962010030711:341Tutoriale/
rwxrwxrwx1cameliacamelia12470642009091018:37
5151_100_Linux_Tips_and_Tricks.PDF*
rwxrwxrwx1cameliacamelia519522009092618:53ashersamuraijack.png*
rwrwr1cameliacamelia2531592010011717:53atheros.pdf
drwxrwxrx3cameliacamelia40962010012719:58bashMandriva/
drwxrwxrx2cameliacamelia40962010012719:57bashSabayon/
rwxrwxrwx1cameliacamelia7290882009080111:57cartelinux.doc*
rwxrwxrwx1cameliacamelia215042009080111:53ComenziLinux.doc*

Spuneamcprimacomandtrebuiesfiecorect,ssencheiecusucces,altfeladouacomand
nusepoateaplica,einutil:
camelia@stressat~$cd/home/user/Documents&&lsl
bash:cd:/home/user/Documents:Nosuchfileordirectory
Greealaesteusernlocdenumelecorectaluserului(nacestcazcamelia).
camelia@stressat~$cd/home/camelia/Documens&&lsl
bash:cd:/home/camelia/Documens:Nosuchfileordirectory
GreealaacumesteDocumensnlocdeDocuments.
3)comenziinterdependente:adouacomandseexecutDOARdacprimaderoare(comenxi
legateprin||):
cdproba||mkdirpproba=>vremsnemutmndirectorulproba,dacelexistadoua
comandnusemaiexecut,dardacnuexist,intervineadouacomand,carelcreeaz:
camelia@stressat~$cdproba
bash:cd:proba:Nosuchfileordirectory
camelia@stressat~$cdproba||mkdirproba
bash:cd:proba:Nosuchfileordirectory
camelia@stressat~$cdproba
camelia@stressatproba$Observmcsacreatdirectorulproba...

B)Permisiunile/drepturilefiierelor/directoarelor
Unaltaspectcamnenelesdenceptorisereferlapermisiunile/drepturile/atributelefiierelori
directoarelor.SpredeosebiredeWindows,sistemeleLinuxauopoliticstrictdedepartajarea
utilizatorilor.Deobiceicauserobinuitvomaveadreptuldeafacetotcevremndirectorulnostru
personal(/home/user),darnuindirectoarelealtorutilizatori(/estedirectoruluseruluiroot,
/home/danestedirectorulaltuiuser/dan).
Acestedrepturiasupraobiectelorsempartntreicategorii:
1)read=citire=r=4
2)write=scriere=w=2
3)execute=execuie=x=1
isedaupentrutreicategoriideutilizatori:proprietarulobiectului,grupulproprietarului,restul
lumii.
Acestedrepturideaccessepotscrienformarwxsau7(r+w+x=>4+2+1=7)pt.drepturi
depline,saurxrespectiv5(r+x=>4+1=5)pt.permisiunidecitireiexecuie,darnudescriere
(modificareaconinutului).
Pentruavedeadrepturiledeaccesasupraunuiobiectfolosimcomandalsl(lslfilept.Fiierul
file,saulslpt.toateobiecteledindirectorulncaresuntem(subdirectoareifiiere).Pentrua
vedeaifiiereleascunsecomandaestelsal.
Outputul(rspunsulsistemului)vaficevadeforma:
dan@stressatDocuments$lsl
total139244
drwxrwxrx2dandan40962010030708:181Tutoriale/

rwxrwxrwx1dandan12470642009091018:375151_100_Linux_Tips_and_Tricks.PDF*
rwrwr1dandan36452010010912:37Alexlinuxcounter500412.png
rwxrwxrwx1dandan519522009092618:53ashersamuraijack.png*
rwrwr1dandan2531592010011717:53atheros.pdf

Permisiuniledecarevorbimsunt:rwxrwxrwx.Grupatepeuseriarficamaa:rwxrwxrwx,trei
grupuridelitererwx.Primulgrupreprezintdrepturileproprietarului,aldoileagrupdrepturile
userilordingrupulproprietarului,altreileagrupdrepturilecelorlali,alealtoruseri(ceicenusunt
niciproprietarinicinusuntngrupulacestuia).nexempluldemaisusproprietaruledan,iargrupul
sutotdan.rwxrwxrwxaratfaptulctoatlumea(proprietar,grupulacestuia,restullumii)au
drepturideplineasupraobiectului(citire+scriere+execuie).Dacunusernuareundreptnlocde
acestdreptvomaveaolinie.
duldinfaalinieidrwxrwxrx2dandan40962010030708:181Tutoriale/aratcobiectul
esteundirector.
Urmtoarelecaracterenearatdrepturileasupraobiectului:drepturideplinept.proprietarigrup,
drepturidecitireiexecuie(pt.directoareexecuienseamndeschidere)pt.ceilali,darnuidrept
descriere.nlocdewavemolinie,ceeacereprezintfaptulcacetiuserinupotmodifica
coninutulobiectuluidecinuaudreptdescriere...ncifredrepturilesescriu775.

Liniuadinfaalinieirwrwr1dandan2531592010011717:53atheros.pdfaratc
avemdeafacecuunfiier.Drepturileasupraacestuifiiersuntrwrwr,dreptdescriere+citire,
nuideexecuiept.proprietarigrupulsu,respectivdreptdecitire(nuiscriereiexecuie)pt.
restullumii).ncifredrepturilearfi:664.
a)Modificareadrepturilordeaccessefaceprincomandachmod.
Exemplu:chmod777/home/user/Tutoriale/*
chmodR777/home/user/Tutoriale

AceastcomandvadadrepturideplinetuturorasupradirectoruluiTutorialesiasupratuturor
fiierelorconinutedeacesta!Detaliiaflaicuajutorulcomenziichmodhelp
IMPORTANT:
Daccinevaedispussfaccompletri,sdezvoltesubiectul,smodificestilulntrunulmai
penelesulnceptorilor,poatecopiatextul,sl
adapteze/modifice/completeze/mbunteascisfacaltpost,cusinguracondiiesm
anunept.atergepostulsta(nuarerostsaglomerminutilforumul),saudaceadmins
lteargpersonal!!!

AnAZIndexoftheBashcommandlinefor
Linux.
adduser Add a user to the system
addgroup Add a group to the system
alias
Create an alias

apropos
apt-get
aptitude
aspell
awk

Search Help manual pages (man -k)

Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
Spell Checker
Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index

basename
bash
bc
bg
break
builtin
bzip2

Strip directory and suffix from filenames

GNU Bourne-Again SHell
Arbitrary precision calculator language
Send to background
Exit from a loop
Run a shell builtin
Compress or decompress named file(s)

cal
Display a calendar
case
Conditionally perform a command
cat
Concatenate and print (display) the content of files
cd
Change Directory
cfdisk
Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp
Change group ownership
chmod
Change access permissions
chown
Change file owner and group
chroot
Run a command with a different root directory
chkconfig System services (runlevel)
cksum
Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear
Clear terminal screen
cmp
Compare two files
comm
Compare two sorted files line by line
command Run a command - ignoring shell functions
continue Resume the next iteration of a loop
cp
Copy one or more files to another location
cron
Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab Schedule a command to run at a later time
csplit
Split a file into context-determined pieces
cut
Divide a file into several parts
date
Display or change the date & time
dc
Desk Calculator
dd
Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records
ddrescue Data recovery tool
declare Declare variables and give them attributes
df
Display free disk space
diff
Display the differences between two files
diff3
Show differences among three files
dig
DNS lookup
dir
Briefly list directory contents
dircolors Colour setup for `ls'
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs
Display list of remembered directories
dmesg
Print kernel & driver messages
du
Estimate file space usage
echo
egrep
eject
enable
env
ethtool
eval
exec
exit
expect

Display message on screen

Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
Eject removable media
Enable and disable builtin shell commands
Environment variables
Ethernet card settings
Evaluate several commands/arguments
Execute a command
Exit the shell
Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal

j
k
l

expand
export
expr

Convert tabs to spaces

Set an environment variable
Evaluate expressions

false
fdformat
fdisk
fg
fgrep
file
find
fmt
fold
for
format
free
fsck
ftp
function
fuser

Do nothing, unsuccessfully
Low-level format a floppy disk
Partition table manipulator for Linux
Send job to foreground
Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
Determine file type
Search for files that meet a desired criteria
Reformat paragraph text
Wrap text to fit a specified width.
Expand words, and execute commands
Format disks or tapes
Display memory usage
File system consistency check and repair
File Transfer Protocol
Define Function Macros
Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file

gawk
getopts
grep
groups
gzip

Find and Replace text within file(s)

Parse positional parameters
Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
Print group names a user is in
Compress or decompress named file(s)

hash
head
help
history
hostname

Remember the full pathname of a name argument

Output the first part of file(s)
Display help for a built-in command
Command History
Print or set system name

iconv
id
if
ifconfig
ifdown
ifup
import
install

Convert the character set of a file

Print user and group id's
Conditionally perform a command
Configure a network interface
Stop a network interface
Start a network interface up
Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
Copy files and set attributes

jobs
join

List active jobs

Join lines on a common field

kill
killall

Stop a process from running

Kill processes by name

less
let
ln
local
locate
logname
logout
look
lpc
lpr
lprint
lprintd
lprintq
lprm

Display output one screen at a time

Perform arithmetic on shell variables
Make links between files
Create variables
Find files
Print current login name
Exit a login shell
Display lines beginning with a given string
Line printer control program
Off line print
Print a file
Abort a print job
List the print queue
Remove jobs from the print queue

o
p

ls
lsof

List information about file(s)

List open files

make
man
mkdir
mkfifo
mkisofs
mknod
more
mount
mtools
mtr
mv
mmv

Recompile a group of programs

Help manual
Create new folder(s)
Make FIFOs (named pipes)
Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem
Make block or character special files
Display output one screen at a time
Mount a file system
Manipulate MS-DOS files
Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)
Move or rename files or directories
Mass Move and rename (files)

netstat Networking information

nice
Set the priority of a command or job
nl
Number lines and write files
nohup
Run a command immune to hangups
notify-send Send desktop notifications
nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively
open
op

Open a file in its default application

Operator access

passwd
paste
pathchk
ping
pkill
popd
pr
printcap
printenv
printf
ps
pushd
pwd

Modify a user password

Merge lines of files
Check file name portability
Test a network connection
Stop processes from running
Restore the previous value of the current directory
Prepare files for printing
Printer capability database
Print environment variables
Format and print data
Process status
Save and then change the current directory
Print Working Directory

quota
Display disk usage and limits
quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage
quotactl Set disk quotas
ram
ram disk device
rcp
Copy files between two machines
read
Read a line from standard input
readarray Read from stdin into an array variable
readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly
reboot
Reboot the system
rename
Rename files
renice
Alter priority of running processes
remsync Synchronize remote files via email
return
Exit a shell function
rev
Reverse lines of a file
rm
Remove files
rmdir
Remove folder(s)
rsync
Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
screen
scp
sdiff

Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh

Secure copy (remote file copy)
Merge two files interactively

sed
select
seq
set
sftp
shift
shopt
shutdown
sleep
slocate
sort
source
split
ssh
strace
su
sudo
sum
suspend
symlink
sync
t

Stream Editor
Accept keyboard input
Print numeric sequences
Manipulate shell variables and functions
Secure File Transfer Program
Shift positional parameters
Shell Options
Shutdown or restart linux
Delay for a specified time
Find files
Sort text files
Run commands from a file `.'
Split a file into fixed-size pieces
Secure Shell client (remote login program)
Trace system calls and signals
Substitute user identity
Execute a command as another user
Print a checksum for a file
Suspend execution of this shell
Make a new name for a file
Synchronize data on disk with memory

tail
Output the last part of files
tar
Tape ARchiver
tee
Redirect output to multiple files
test
Evaluate a conditional expression
time
Measure Program running time
times
User and system times
touch
Change file timestamps
top
List processes running on the system
traceroute Trace Route to Host
trap
Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
tr
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true
Do nothing, successfully
tsort
Topological sort
tty
Print filename of terminal on stdin
type
Describe a command
ulimit
umask
umount
unalias
uname
unexpand
uniq
units
unset
unshar
until
useradd
usermod
users
uuencode
uudecode

Limit user resources

Users file creation mask
Unmount a device
Remove an alias
Print system information
Convert spaces to tabs
Uniquify files
Convert units from one scale to another
Remove variable or function names
Unpack shell archive scripts
Execute commands (until error)
Create new user account
Modify user account
List users currently logged in
Encode a binary file
Decode a file created by uuencode

v
vdir
vi
vmstat

Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')

Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
Text Editor
Report virtual memory statistics

wait
watch

Wait for a process to complete

Execute/display a program periodically

wc
whereis
which
while
who
whoami
Wget
write

Print byte, word, and line counts

Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a program
Search the user's $path for a program file
Execute commands
Print all usernames currently logged in
Print the current user id and name (`id -un')
Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP
Send a message to another user

xargs
xdg-open
yes
.
!!
###

Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)

Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.
Print a string until interrupted
Run a command script in the current shell
Run the last command again
Comment / Remark

Commandsmarkedarebashbuiltins,theseareavailableunderallshells.
Morebashcommands:Linux

CommandDirectoryfromO'Reilly
SS64bashdiscussionforum
LinkstootherSites,booksetc

ForDebian/Ubuntubasedsystems:
sudo dpkg -i *.deb
su rpm -Uvh *.rpm

2.Grupareacomenzilor
ex.:

Potfiintrodusemaimultecomenzipeaceeailinie,separateprin';'.De

$pwd;lsl
vaafiamaintinumeledirectoruluicurent(pwd) iapoiivaafiaconinutul(ls);
proceseleseexecutsecvenial.
Deasemenea,sepotgrupacomenzinforma:
cmd1|cmd2|...|cmdn
unde comenzile cmd1 , cmd2 ,..., cmdn sunt executate n paralel, ieirea standard a

fiecreicomenzi(cuexcepiaultimeia)fiindlegatprintroconductcuintrareastandard
acomenziiurmtoare.
Ex.:vremsdeterminmctefiiereconinedirectorul/bin.Pentruaceastavomfolosi
programelelslistaredirectoriwcnumrlinii:
$lsl/bin|wcl
Grupareacomenzilorsubforma:
(lista_comenzi)
determinexecuiaacestoracaunprocesseparat.
Ex.:
$pwd;(cd../test;pwd);pwd
/users/u1/demo
/users/u1/test
/users/u1/demo
Efectulcomenzii cd dinlistadecomenzi nchisntreparantezeesteanulatla
ntlnirea parantezei nchise, deoarece cd a schimbat catalogul curent numai pentru
subprocesullansatpentruexecutareaaceleilistedecomenzi.
Grupareacomenzilorsubforma:
{lista_comenzi}
executlistadecomenzincadrulprocesuluicurent.

Ex.:
$pwd;{cd../test;pwd};pwd
/users/u1/demo
/users/u1/test
/users/u1/test
Efectulcomenziicdsepstreazidupterminarealisteidecomenzidinacolade.

3.Lansareacomenzilornfundal
Uneleprocesesuntneinteractiveiauoduratmaredeexecuie.Pentruastfelde
procese,sistemulUNIXprevedeunmodspecialdeexecuie, nfundal (background).
Pentrulansareaexecuieinfundalaunuiproces,comandatrebuieterminatcucaracterul
&.Deex.:
$calcul&
Odatexecuiapornit,sistemulafieazidentificatorulprocesuluilansatnfundaliapoi
prompterul,utilizatorulputndintroducealtecomenzi.Acesteapotfiexecutatenprim
plan(foreground)saunfundal(background),dacsespecificacestlucru.
Distrugereaproceselorceruleaznfundalserealizeazcuajutorulcomenziikill,
avnd ca parametru identificatorul procesului vizat, comunicat de sistem la lansarea
procesului n fundal. (nu se poate realiza cu ^C deoarece procesele n fundal nu
interacioneazcuutilizatorulprinterminal).
Uzual,seexecutnfundalprocesecareauoduratmareicareiaudatelede
intraredinfiieredejapregtite,punndrezultatelenaltefiiere,pecareutilizatorulle
poate inspecta i folosi ulterior. La terminarea execuiei unui astfel de proces,
interpretorul de comenzi afieaz un mesaj informativ, de genul 'procesul cu
identificatorul...saterminat'.

4.Fiierestandard.Redirectare
Dupiniializareasesiuniidelucru,sedeschid3fiierestandard(0,1i2)pentru
intrare,ieireiafiareaerorilor.Elesuntatribuiteterminaluluidelacareselucreaz
(tastatura i ecranul). n momentul lansrii n execuie a programului asociat unei
comenzi,acestamotenete(caproces"fiu")fiiereledeschise,deciipecelestandard.
Interpretoruldecomenzipermitensredirectareafiierelorstandardsprealteperiferice:
cu '<' se redirecteaz fiierul standard de intrare. Acest lucru nseamn c
programullansatnexecuienuvaluadateledeintraredelatastatur,cidinfiierul

indicatdup'<';
cu'>'seredirecteazfiierulstandarddeieire.Informaiacetrebuieafiatpe
ecranulterminaluluivafiscrisnfiierulindicatdup'>'.Deexemplu,
$lsl>fis
vacreafiierulfis,undevadepuneinformaiiledindirectorulcurent.
Dacafiierulfisexistaanterioridorimssepstrezeinformaiadinelsefolosete
operatorul'>>'nlocde'>'(operaiaappend).

5.COMENZIPENTRUGESTIUNEA
DIRECTOARELOR
cd

schimbdirectorulcurent

ls

listeazconinutulunordirectoare

mkdir

creeazunnoudirector

pwd

tipretenumele(calea)directoruluicurent

rmdir

tergeundirectordacestegol(coninedoar.i..)

6.COMENZIPENTRUFIIERETEXT
cat

concateneazapoiafieazfiieretext
Ex.catfis1fis2>nouconcat.fis1cufis2=>nou
catfisafiarealuifis
cat/dev/nul>fissecopiazfiierulspecialalperifericului
cat>fiscreare(editare)fiierfis(ieirecu^D)

rm

tergefiier

comm

gseteiafieazliniilecomunendoufiieretext

diff

gsetediferenelentredoufiieretext

grep

filtreazliniileunuifiiertext,cutndabloane

lpr

tipretelaimprimantfiieretext(suntpusencoadadeateptare)

pt.paginare,sefolosetepr
pr

tipretefiieretext(paginare,titlu,listare)

sort

sorteazliniilenunulsaumaimultefiiere

tail

afieazsfritulunuifiiertext

tee

duplicfiierulstandarddeintrare

wc

numrcaractere,cuvinteiliniinfiieretext

7.COMENZIPENTRUGESTIUNEA
FIIERELOR
ar

ntreineobibliotec(arhiv):inserare,tergeresaunlocuiredefiieren
biblioteci

chmod

schimbdrepturiledeaccesaleunuifiier

chown

schimbproprietarullacareesteafiliatunfiier

chgrp

schimbgrupullacareesteafiliatunfiier

cmp

compardoufiiere

cp

copiazunfiier

crypt

cifrareaunuifiier
crypt[<parola>][<fis1>][<fis2>]
Decriptarea:crypt[<parola>][<fis2>][<fis1>]

file

determintipulunuifiier

find

gseteunfiierntrunsubarbore

ln

creeazonouintrarendirectorpentruunfiier

mv

mutiredenumeteunfiier

od

vidajfiiere

rm

tergefiiere

tar

ntreineobibliotec(arhiv)pebandmagnetic

8.COMENZIPENTRUGESTIUNEA
VOLUMELOR
df

afieazspaiulliberpedisc

dn

tipretesumarulprivindutilizareadisuluintrunsubarbore

mkfs

creeaz(iniializeaz)ostructurdinsistemuldefiiere

mount

montarea/demontareaunuisistemdefiiere

umount

9.COMENZIPENTRUGESTIUNEA
PROCESELOR
lanseaznexecuieunfiierdecomenziShelllauntimpspecificat

at

ex.:at17jan2prog.sh>pe2ian.ora17
kill

oprireprocesncursdeexecuie

nice

lanseazuntaskcuprioritateredus(nr.mici=prioritatemare,<20)

ps

afieazstareaproceselor

sh

lanseaznexecuieinterpretorulShell

sleep

suspendtemporarexecuiaunuiproces

time

furnizeaztimpuldeexecuieauneicomenzi

10.COMENZIINFORMAIONALEI
PENTRUTERMINALE
cal

permiteafiareacalendarului

date

afieazdataiora

echo

afieazargumente

login

intrareansistemaunuinouutilizatorfrcavechiulutilizatorsifi

terminatsesiunea
mail

emite/recepioneazpotaelectronic
Mesajulvafipusnfiierulcutiepotaladestinatarului,ndirectorul
/usr/spool/mail

man

help

passwd

schimbparolasauoinstaleaz

stty

seteazcaracteristicileterminalului

tty

afieaznumeleterminalului

who

afieaznumeleutilizatorilorconectailasistem

write

trimiteimediatunmesajlaunutilizator(ieireadineditarecu^D)

Desfurarealucrrii:
1.Citiicuajutorulcomenziimandetaliidesprecomenziledemaisus.
2.Careesteconinutulfiieruluifisdupexecutareafiecreisecvenedecomenzi:
1) $pwd>fis
$ls>fis

2)

$pwd>fis
$ls>>fis

3.Creaiundirectorcumaimultesubdirectoareifiiere.Executaicomandalscudiveri
parametri.tergeiapoidirectorulcreaticoninutulacestuia.
4.Deceurmtoareledousecvenedecomenzinusuntechivalente:
1) grepmaina.cb.cc.c>fis&

2) grepmaina.cb.cc.c|wcl

wcl<fis&
rmfis&
5.Cumsecomportinterpretoruldecomenzilalansareacomenzii:
cd<cale>&