Michael C.

Constantinou

()

T.T. Soong, G.F. Dargush, A.M.

Reinhorn and A.S. Whittaker
: Prof. N. Makris, Prof. P.
Tsopelas, Prof. M.Symans, Prof. O. Ramirez, Prof. P.
Roussis, Dr. A.S. Mokha, Dr. A. Kasalanati, Dr. E.D.
Wolff, Dr. Ani N. Sigaher, Dr. E. Pavlou, Dr. C.
Chrysostomou
: Dan Fenz, Gordon Warn, Yiannis Kalpakidis,
Yin-Nan Huang ()
: NSF, NCEER, MCEER, FEMA, State of
NY, Caltrans, Industry

, OAKLAND, (SARAH DIEGNAN, SOM, )

Sakhalin I

(NR)
(HDR)
(LR)

(FP)

(Elastoplastic)

50

40
30
20
Shear Force (kN)

10
0
-300

-200

-100

-10

100

200

300

-20
-30
-40
-50
Shear Strain (%)

150
L e a d -ru b b e r B e a ri n g

120

Lateral Force (kN)

2 0 o C , ve l .= 2 5 0 m m /s
Ve r ti c a l L o a d = 1 1 0 0 k N

90
60
30
0

-1 2 0

-9 0

-6 0

-3 0

-3 0 0

30

60

90

120

60

90

120

=20OC

-6 0
-9 0
-1 2 0
-1 5 0

D i sp l a c e m e n t (m m )

150
L e a d -ru b b e r B e a ri n g

120

Lateral Force (kN)

-2 6 o C fo r 4 8 h rs
ve l .= 2 5 0 m m /s
Ve r ti c a l L o a d = 1 1 0 0 k N

90
60
30
0

-1 2 0

-9 0

-6 0

-3 0

-3 0

30

=-25OC

-6 0
-9 0
-1 2 0
-1 5 0

D i sp l a c e m e n t (m m )

,
=1100kN, =100mm, =250mm/sec

Salkhalin II

635mm
87,400kN

( 13,000kN,
1m/sec).

EPS
67,000 kN
1 meter/sec
2500mm

300

1.5

100

0
0

10

15

-100

-200

10

15

20

TIME (sec)

SAKHALIN II PR1,
=6925kN,=240mm,=0.9 m/sec
EPS , 2005

SRMD

4500 kN
2500 mm
1.8 meters/sec
19.3m3/min

-0.5

-1.5

TIME (sec)

0.5

-1

-300

SAKHALIN II PR1,
=6925kN,=240mm,=0.9 m/sec
EPS , 2005

20

VELOCITY (m/sec)

DISPLACEMENT (mm)

200

72 MN

Benicia Martinez bridge

()
Coronado bridge ()
I-40 bridge ()
BENICIA-MARTINEZ 2, =13500kN, =1m, =1.5m/sec
SRMD ,

- ALGA

Force (kN)

, BOLU VIADUCT)
C-element

Displacement (mm)

()
,

AASHTO

(bounding analysis)

prEN 1998-2:2005

Qd :

Qd

Kd

Kd :

Qd and Kd

PTFE

PTFE

25 to 100 mm/sec
0.15

fmax

, B

PTFE Composite No. 1

17.2 MPa, fmax =0.10

0.10

=2,065 mm

0.05

fmin

275.6 MPa, fmax =0.05

=130 mm

0.00
0

200

400

600

(mm/sec)

PTFE

PTFE

fmax

fmax

-40oC

20oC

fmin

50oC

B
fmin

20 -26
48

150
L e a d -ru b b e r B e a ri n g
2 0 o C , ve l.= 2 5 0 m m /s
Ve rtic a l L o a d = 1 1 0 0 k N

Lateral Force (kN)

Tr = Reference Temp. (typ. 200C), T<<Tr

120
90
60

SECTION A-A

30

24"

0
-1 2 0

-9 0

-6 0

-3 0

-3 0

30

60

90

120

-6 0

-1 5 0

Time Dependent
Stiffening

21 shims
@ 0.079"

D i sp l a c e m e n t (m m )

1/2"
cover

1"
16"

Crystallization
Stiffening

150
L e a d -ru b b e r B e a ri n g
-2 6 o C fo r 4 8 h rs
ve l .= 2 5 0 m m /s
Ve rtic a l L o a d = 1 1 0 0 k N

Instantaneous
Thermal
Stiffening

t2

t1

16"

22 rubber layers
@ 0.35"

12.8" 1/2"
cover

-1 2 0

Time
Required for
Thermal
Equilibrium

SECTION B-B

2.75"
1.5"

-9 0

Lateral Force (kN)

STIFFNESS AT T/STIFFNESS AT Tr

120

90
60

16"

30
0
-1 2 0

-9 0

-6 0

-3 0

-3 0

30

-9 0

TIME (log scale)

60

90

1"

120

2"

-6 0

2"

-1 2 0
-1 5 0

D i sp la c e m e n t (m m )

(Bounding analysis)

Qdmax=max Qdnominal
Qdmin=min Qdnominal
Qdnominal :
(

Qd

Kd

, 3, 50

: a
c
():
:
tr
:
scrag
:
t

AASHTO
,

max = max,i
i

min = min,i
i

: (1)1999 AASHTO Guide Specification for Seismic

Isolation Design, (2) prEN 1998-2:2005, (3)2005 ASCE-7
Minimum Design Loads

, (), 1994
Corinth , ()

Ataturk , ()
()

AboveNet , ()
New de Young , ()
Woodrow Wilson , DC ()
Sakhalin II , ()
CPMC , (), 2005

New de Young , , 2003

76,7624
(Bret Lizundia)
Is olation Sys tem Stiffnes s (x1/N Locations)

400

Lower-Bound Stiffness
Upper-Bound Stiffness
Nominal Stiffness (3rd Cycle)
1st-Cycle Stiffness

350
300
Force (kips)

250
200
150
100
50
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

Displacement (inches)

Corinth , 1996
Twin,

(DU)

AboveNet , 2001

, 13,000
98

0.045
0.067

0.032
0.111
0.13

Woodrow-Wilson , DC, 2003

, , 1996
Type 1 Type 2

4.5 (/)

()
()

42
23

32
16

, , 1996

4.5 (-)
()
()

1950
900

1540
700

430

EPS

10

65,000 , 75 ,
35
9%

1m (PERLITE)
(CURTAIN)

1m 1m

,REVITHOUSSA,

,,

(R-factors,: API 620 2.0)

(
)

,REVITHOUSSA,

11

SAKHALIN
SAKHALIN I

SAKHALIN ,

SAKHALIN I

SAKHALIN
PILTUN LUNSKOYE
SAKHALIN II

12

SAKHALIN II

SAKHALIN II

SAKHALIN II

500

1.
2.

Tem perature rise ( C)

400

300

3.
4.
5.
6.

Unidirectional seismic motion

240 mm amplitude, 0.6 Hz, 10
cycles, 30.8 N/mm2 pressure

200

100

Bidirectional seismic motion

with varying axial load

(
)

Woodrow-Wilson ()

Bolu ()

1999 Ducze

0
0

10

20

30

40

Time (sec)

13

Woodrow Wilson ,
2004

(1.6,16,000,
25,)

WOODROW WILSON

WEAR TEST

100
80
LATERAL FORCE (KIPS)

250mm/sec, =1500kN

3mm/sec, =2000kN
16,000 , 1600m

60

15401-15405
=1550

40

WOODROW
WILSON

20
0
-1.5

-1

-0.5

-20

0.5

1.5

-40
-60
-80
-100
DISPLACEMENT (INCH)

14

WOODROW WILSON

(1600)

-40
-60

20
0
-6

-4

-2

-20

-40
-60

-80

BEARING NO. 2 THERMAL TEST

AFTER WEAR TEST
VELOCITY= 0.006 in/sec (0.15 mm/sec)

60

60

40

40

20
0
-4

-3

-2

-1

-20

LATERAL FORCE (kips)

-20

40

LATERAL FORCE (kips)

60

LATERAL FORCE (kips)

80

60

-40

20
0
-4

-3

-2

-1

-20
-40

-80

-100

-60

-100

DISPLACEMENT (inch)

DISPLACEMENT (inch)

DISPLACEMENT (inch)

WOODROW WILSON

-60
DISPLACEMENT (inch)

180
158.3kN

160
140

STRENGTH (kN)

LATERAL FORCE (kips)

100

80

20
-2

BEARING NO.2 THERMAL TEST

BEFORE WEAR TEST
VELOCITY = 0.006 in/sec (0.15 mm/sec)

BEARING NO. 2 TEST B1 (5 CYCLES, 4.5 inch, 10 in/sec)

AFTER WEAR TEST

100

40

-4

BEARING NO. 2 TEST B1 (5 cycles, 4.5 inch, 10in/sec)

BEFORE WEAR TEST

-6

WOODROW WILSON

120

100
55.3kN
44.5kN

80
60
8 minutes

40
20

30 minutes

0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

TIME (sec)

BOLU ,
2.3 km
1999 Ducze
ANATOLIAN
210 mm
AASHTO 1000 mm
1400mm

15

BOLU
2.3km,5859,39.2m
,
7

10
10

BOLU

480mm

PTFE/
210mm

== 320
320 mm
mm

BOLU

BOLU

Force (kN)

10%
7.3

Displacement (mm)

16

500 mm

1000 mm

1999 AASHTO prEN 1998-2 ),

BOLU ,

1991 AASHTO
1638

210 TO 480 mm
AASHTO,820
mm
,1025 mm

, DUZCE 1400 mm
:

17

Ataturk , 2000
Istanbul, 240x160
100 , 120

1993
1952,TAFT(PGA0.6g),

HAYWARD ,
HAYWARD
SAN BERNANDINO ,,1993
400186
600mm

53
15
600mm

18

HERMES, 2004
(PRAXITELES, 300)
ARCHEOLOGICAL
OLYMPIA,
4, 320mm

: (1) (2)

(BRB)

19

0.1
0.3

(1)
(2)

, 292

(BRB)

(ADAS)

4
, 2002

, 1997
292

20

()

u
W

()chevron

Co

Co

Chevron

WOODLAND ,
16

,
292

2
90

Co

3
Co

21

,
= 1370 kN
= 0.3
= 160 kN-s/m,
= 37,
1 = 31.9, 2 = 43.2,
3 = 9, = 70,

u D = fu
Co

90

q1

q2

F = C0 f 2u

C0 f 2 gT
4W

uD

0.8

0.8

0.02

Chevron

1.0

1.0

0.03

2.7

2.7

0.20

3.2

3.2

0.28

2.2

2.2

0.13

22

YERBA-BUENA ,
37,,,2001.
20

CYPRUS, 2005
352

23

Double Concave Small Scale FP Bearing (13.3 kip, 0.10 Hz)

0.2

Double Concave Small Scale FP Bearing - Bottom Surface Lubricated (13.3 kip, 0.10 Hz)
0.2

0.15

0.15

0.1

-0.05

Lateral Force / Normal Force

Lateral Force / Normal Force

0.1

0.05

-0.05

-0.1

-0.1

-0.15

-0.15

-0.2
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Displacement (in)

0.05

-0.2
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

, 2004

Displacement (in)

, 2004

24

tower_r4b4x.swf

ISOLATOR 2 UPLIFT DISPLACEMENT

DISPLACEMENT (inch)

750
900 mm,
,

0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05 5

10

15

20

25

TIME (sec)

Erzurum ,,2006,160mx140m, 4, 386

Erzurum,, 2006
386
:
555mm

25

MCEER

MCEER

Quality
Of
100
Infrastructure
(percent)
50

0
t0

t1

time

:
,,,

26