ICSBE Ade

BUILDING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
ON ATMA JAYA UNIVERSITYS LIBRARY

IN YOGYAKARTA
J. Ade Prasetya S. ST. MT.
Abstract
Numerous numbers of energy conservation strategies were implemented with
neither sufficient consideration of building performance nor occupancy needs and this
has lead to many failures in building performance. In order to find out the level of
environmental conduciveness in a library, this research is done as an evaluation
process to assess the building performance mandates of Atma Jaya Universitys
library in Yogyakarta. Building performance mandates examined are ventilation
performace, lighting performance (both natural and artificial), and thermal comfort
represented in form of cooling loads as the main energy usage inside the building.
The result could be used as a comparison tool to identify the range of deviation
occured between the pre-design and the current operational process. Furthermore, it
could be utilized to form the appropriate energy management system of building.
Building performance analysis is done in order to find the ventilation and
lighting problems emerged in the existing building, by help of ESI CFD, Ecotect v5.5
software and local weather data of Yogyakarta. Hence, the main focus was on the
optimization of passive system to reduce or maintain the current level of energy
consumption (cooling loads) inside the building. Although the model is created
according to the physical field observation and its different usage, the user pattern
was not further investigated. The aim is to show how to find and solve the problems
using computer simulation as the representation of the actual building. The thermal
comfort is represented by level of cooling loads of chosen rooms inside the building.
Lower loads leads to lower utilization of auxiliary energy for air-conditioning and
hence to lower pollutants on the energy production side.
Keywords: total building performance, Atma Jaya Universitys library, computer

simulation, daylight and artificial light, natural and artificial ventilation, cooling loads,
energy.
I.
Introduction
Current world population dan environment problems have made radical
changes in building planning and construction process. The concept of total building
performance application could reduce energy consumption, pollution, and waste
produced by the new or existing building. This would gradually increase living quality
by assuring sufficient thermal and visual comfort inside buildings which is measured
through occupants level of satifaction, health, dan productivity.
II.
Methodology
The study adopted the objective method of research. Its not possible to do
detailed subjective measurement because the examined building had not yet
operated when this research was conducted. The Atma Jaya Yogyakarta Universitys
library has been chosen as the case study. The information was obtained by various
techniques ranging from interviews, walk-through and visual inspection. Field
measurement was recorded using luxmeter, HOBO U12 data logger, non-contact
infrared thermometer and anemometer. Subjective measurement was merely carried
out by conducting a survey on UAJYs library staffs to assess the two performance
criteria i.e. thermal comfort and visual comfort. Data obtained from the surveys were
analyzed and used to simulate actual condition using the ESI CFD and Ecotect v5.5
program.
III.
Non Residential Design Guideline Energy Efficiency Building

The UAJYs library is a new building which has been designed according to
energy conscious mandates in relation to the passive and active building designs,
constructions and building operations pertaining to the architecture, mechanical and
electrical systems, office equipments, landscaping and implementation of energy
management systems. Nevertheless, there were no further studies conducted to
assess the performance of the currently erected building.
This research will measure the chosen mandates of thermal, visual comfort
and the energy efficiency means according to the criterion below.
Thermal Comfort
DBT
RH
200 C (room
50-60%
Visual Comfort
Illumination Lv.
100-300 Lux
with books) and
Building Facades
OTTV
RTTV
<45
<45
2
W/m
EEI (Energy
Efficiency Index)
<189 Kwh/
W/m
m2/year
260 C (without
books)
Non Residential Energy Efficiency Building Requirements
IV.
Data Collection
IV.1
Objective Measurement
Objective measurements were carried out based on a walk-through and visual
inspection inside the building. All of the corresponding rooms are zoned according to
the usage and each particular requirements. The data recorded were about thermal
and visual comfort properties in each room as well as its natural and auxiliary
lighting and the air conditioning system.
IV.2
Subjective Measurement
Subjective measurements were carried out based on a personal interview
from the buildings staffs. The sample size for the survey is 20 staffs and they were
assumed to have same level of sensitivity to the comfort of the environment.
V.
Data Analysis
V.1
Initial Considerations
Due to the halted operation of the building during this research was being
composed, there were assumptions created to compensate with the limited data
input.:
1. Buildings energy analysis based on computer simulation without actual

electricity bills input.
2. No subjective data input gathered from the occupants because the building
has not operated yet.
3. Prediction of number and heat produced from electric equipment is done due
to some buildings equipment have not been installed.
4. Materials used for simulation process assumed equivalent with the actual
building as well as lighting properties and air conditioning system.
Simulation is done in order to compare the actual condition of chosen

buildings performance with the newly improved design performance. The problems
occurred in simulation process will be identified and further examined to determine
the application of appropriate solution in each case.
V.2
Climate Study
Geographically, Yogyakarta is located on 7030 8015 South Lattitude and
1100 110052 East Longitude. Based on this location, Yogyakarta is classified in

warm humid climate region with high humidity and rainfall throughout the year, has
constantly high temperatures throughout the year, diurnal temperature variations
around 8C, minimal seasonal variation in temperature, and solar radiation intensity
varies widely with cloud conditions.
MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - Yogyakarta, -
W/ m
CLIMATE SUMMARY
40
1.0k
D
A
Y
L
T
LATITUDE: -7.8
LONGITUDE: 110.4
TIMEZONE: +7.0 hrs
NAME: Yogyakarta
LOCATION: DESIGN SKY: Not Ava ilable
ALTITUDE: 229.0 m
W e athe r M an ag e r
30
0.8k
20
0.6k
10
0.4k
12
10
I
R
R
A
D
8
6
Wind
3pm
0.2k
2
0
-10
0.0k
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
50
Dec
DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st January (1)
W/ m
Wind
9am
T
E
M
P
40
30
20
40
1.0k
30
0.8k
10
20
LEGEND
Comfort: Thermal Neutrality
Temperature
Rel.Humidity
Wind Speed
0
100
500
80
400
60
300
40
200
20
100
10
0.4k
6k
C
4k
Direct Solar
Diffuse Solar
Cloud Cover
0.2k
-10
0.0k
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Climate Data of Yogyakarta

V.3
DEGREE HOURS (Heating, Cooling and Solar)
8k
0.6k
Natural Ventilation Analysis
2k
0k
Identification process was begun with the

assessment of natural airflow inside the building. The
airflow distibution and its behaviour were examined
to find out the best configuration of openings and
other architectural elements which may improve the
air change rate and its relationship with users
comfort and indoor air quality.
Existing Model of UAJYs Library
Its found that the worst case of natural ventilation potential occured when
the wind blows parallel with the buildings long axis (from west and east side). The
experiment below is done by applying wingwalls on north and south side of building
to create both negative and positive pressure at once on each side thus improving
the airflow inside the building. The main focus is taken on first, second and third
floor where the greatest potential of natural ventilation takes place.
Flow Vector
Mainstream
Model A
Model B
Model C
Comparison of Experimental Models
Model C has been chosen by reason that cross-ventilation concept will happen
much often when the air got minimum distance to escape as soon as it enters the
building. Furthermore, in the actual world the availibility of high book shelves will
greatly affected the airflow and hinder it to cross over the other side of openings.
Proposed Model of UAJYs Library

Before the simulation was begun, there were some input data need to be
concluded in the calculation process as below.
Workplane
2m
Wind
Wind
Direction
Speed
West to east
Profile Z
Turbulence Model (k-Epsilon)

Kinetic Energy
2
0,75 m /s
Dissipation Rate
0,49 m2/s3
Initial Input Parameters

V.3.1 CFD Simulation Results
Existing Model
First Floor (8 m)
Proposed Model
Existing model shows strong airflow speed (0.6-0.8
Proposed model shows more even distribution with
m/s) at north side and weak airflow at south side.
air speed 0.2 0.3 m/s on almost every corner of

examined workplane.Cross ventilation is created at
each north and south side of building.
Second Floor (12 m)
Existing model shows little or no airflow throughout

the floor.
Proposed model shows more even distribution air

speed (0.2 0.3 m/s) on almost every corner of
examined floor. Cross ventilation is created at each
north and south side of building.
Third Floor (16 m)
Existing model shows strong airflow speed (0.6-0.8

m/s) at south corridor and no airflow at the other
side.
Proposed model shows more even distribution air

speed (0.2 0.3 m/s) on most of examined floor.
Cross ventilation is created at north and south side
of building.
Comparison of Existing and Proposed Design on First, Second and Third Floor of
Building in the Worst Case Scenario
V.3.2 Conclusion of Natural Ventilation Analysis
Wingwalls application on both side of outer walls have altered airflow

distribution inside building. Basement and ground floor in proposed design which are
not equipped with wingwalls have the same pattern as the existing one. Wingwalls
placement on the windward side proven to be effective to draw air enters and leaves
the interior. On the other side, wingwalls which are on the leeward side are no longer
effective and they tend to have the same behaviour as the ordinary openings due to
their incapability of creating positive and negative pressure.
V.4
Daylight Analysis using Ecotect v5.5 and Desktop Radiance 2.1

Daylight simulation inside the building
mainly depend on the dimension, type of

windows dan its placement in the room.
Dimension and windows placement have been
modeled
accurately
in
Ecotect
v5.5.
Meanwhile, the glass properties which will be

used in simulation process are described in
the table below.
Existing Perspective Model
of UAJYs Library
Glass Type
U-Value
Section
1.16
0.65
Transp.
0.56
R. Index
1.74
Explanation
Used as exposed
windows.
6.0
6.0
0.94
0.8
1.74
Used as corridor
windows to reduce
IN S I D E
Kaca Buram
O U T S ID E
1.16
SHGC
IN S ID E
Rayban 40%
O U T S ID E
Asahi
Admitt.
glare.
2.41
Double
2.38
0.75
0.92
1.74
Used as clerestory
windows.
IN S ID E
Low_E
O U T S ID E
Kaca
Glazing
6.0
6.0
0.94
0.92
1.74
IN S ID E
O U T S ID E
Kaca Bening
Glass Properties used in the Simulation
Used as interior
windows.
Reflectance level of surface materials inside the rooms also has great impact
on the distribution of daylight. Floors, walls, and ceilings all have reflectance value of
60%, 80%, and 90% respectively. The simulation process started by defining desired
output, that is the illumination level on a workplane 80 cm above the floor level. Sky
model used in the calculation is the CIE Overcast Sky Model to represent the worst
case scenario when sky light is scattered evenly in the hemisphere.
According to the field observation of existing building, the level of daylight
illuminance is severely insufficient especially in the middle of the building. It was
discovered that the furniture arrangement inside the building has become the major
cause. Daylight enters the building through the windows is blocked by book shelves
that are perpendicularly placed from the incoming daylight from the perimeter
windows.
An experiment has been done by considering the factors above. Simulation
once more is utilized as tools to predict the changes attempted to improve the
daylight distribution qualitively and quantitatively. The improvement applied are:
-
Separating the usage of windows into view and light source windows by
adding clerestories as the daylight source above the existed windows,
supplemented by high reflective light shelves to allow daylight penetrates
deeper into the building. View purpose windows are equipped with
rayband glass 40% to reduce glare.
Increasing the reflectance value of furniture into 50% by re-painting the

book shelves with brighter colour.
Re-arranging the furniture layout especially the tall book shelves which
blocked the daylight penetration.
Utilizing light pipe and hidden skylight to increase illumination level in the
basement.
Detaching the outdoor corridor on ground level from the main building in
order to allow daylight penetrates further to the building.
Building Model used for Daylight Experiment

V.4.1 Daylight Simulation Results
Existing Model
Proposed Model
Basement (0 m)
Basement (0 m)
Lux
Analysis Grid
200+
R AD Illumina nce
185
Contour Range: 50 - 200 Lux

In Steps of: 40 Lux
170
ECOT ECT v 5
Lux
Analysis Grid
400+
R AD Illumina nce
370

In Steps of: 50 Lux
340
ECOT ECT v 5
155
310
140
280
125
250
110
220
95
190
80
160
65
130
50
100
Average Value: 183.83 Lux

Above Clip Threshold: 86.2%
Visible Nodes: 2087

Visible Nodes: 2087
Skylights
Light Pipes
Average illuminance is 30 lux. Most of them are far
Average illuminance is 183 lux. The distribution is
below the recommended level of illumination.
improved and the area below 100 lux is reduced.
Rooms inside are highly dependant on artificial
No auxiliary lighting needed in midday as long as
lighting.
the sun outside is not blocked.
Ground Floor (4 m)
Ground Floor (4 m)
Lux
Analysis Grid
200+
R AD Illumina nce
185

In Steps of: 25 Lux
170
ECOT ECT v 5

Visible Nodes: 2327
Analysis Grid
R AD Illumina nce
In Steps of: 50 Lux
Lux
400+
370
340
ECOT ECT v 5
155
310
140
280
125
250
110
220
95
190
80
160
65
130
50
100
Corridor

Visible Nodes: 2327
Average illuminance is 90 lux. Most of them are far
below the recommended level of illumination. The
corridors canopy at the buildings south side is
The south side is no longer have problem in
suppressing the penetration of daylight.
allowing the daylight enters the building because

the corridor has been detached from the building.
First Floor (8 m)
First Floor (8 m)
Lux
Analysis Grid
300+
R AD Illumina nce
280

In Steps of: 50 Lux
260
ECOT ECT v 5

Visible Nodes: 2341
Lux
Analysis Grid
400+
R AD Illumina nce
370

In Steps of: 50 Lux
340
ECOT ECT v 5
240
310
220
280
200
250
180
220
160
190
140
160
120
130
100
100
Parallel Arrangement
of Furniture

Visible Nodes: 2341
Perpendicular
Arrangement of Furniture
Average illuminance is 150 lux. Most of them are
far below the recommended level of illumination.
The furniture arrangement does not accommodate
Furniture arrangement has been altered to
the daylight distribution inside the building.
accommodate daylight distribution. The gradation

of illumination level near windows is smooth which
means glare is minimized.
Second Floor (12 m)
Second Floor (12 m)

Lux
Analysis Grid
300+
R AD Illumina nce
280

In Steps of: 50 Lux
260
400+
R AD Illumina nce
370

In Steps of: 50 Lux
340
ECOT ECT v 5
ECOT ECT v 5

Visible Nodes: 2327
Lux
Analysis Grid
240
310
220
280
200
250
180
220
160
190
140
160
120
130
100
100
Parallel Arrangement
of Furniture

Visible Nodes: 2327
Perpendicular
Arrangement of Furniture
Average illuminance is 130 lux. Most of them are
far below the recommended level of illumination.
The furniture arrangement does not accommodate
Reference room at the west side still has problems
the daylight distribution inside the building.
due to the small windows application.
Third Floor (16 m)
Third Floor (16 m)
Lux
Analysis Grid
300+
R AD Illumina nce
280

In Steps of: 50 Lux
260
ECOT ECT v 5
Analysis Grid
R AD Illumina nce
In Steps of: 50 Lux
Lux
300+
280
260
ECOT ECT v 5
240
240
220
220
200
200
180
180
160
160
140
140
120
120
100
100

Visible Nodes: 2399

Visible Nodes: 2842
Average illuminance is 180 lux. Only the corridor
and some part of office room have enough
illumination level. Glare is the main problem since
Nevertheless, light intensity is concentrated on
the gradation of illumination contours near the
the open corridor, it could become the source of
windows is too extreme.
glare.
Comparison of Daylight Illuminance Levels on The Existing and Proposed Design

V.4.2 Field Measurement to Validate The Simulation Results
In order to test the accuracy of daylight simulation result, a field observation
to record the daylight levels inside the building has been conducted. The
measurement was done in the overcast sky of mid day at 01.00 pm to match the
simulation process. All of the electric lights were turned off, then a luxmeter was
used to measure and record the daylight illumination level on 80 cm above floors
height. Finally the result shows similar tendency with the simulation process.
Furniture arrangement which neglects the daylight distribution inside the

building.
V.4.3 Conclusion of Daylight Simulation
Generally, the pattern of daylight distribution has been greatly improved.

Average illuminance has increased up to 200%, especially in the basement. The
previous strategies of daylight utilization are successful in improving and distributing
light intensity needed by rooms inside the building. The usage of two type windows
(view and light source) effectively enhanced the distribution pattern on the
workplane. The placement of high clerestory windows equipped with light shelf
allows the daylight to penetrate further into the middle of rooms. Furniture rearrangement helps daylight to lit the room evenly. Increased reflectance values on
the book shelves adds more positive effect in light distribution. Utilization of light
pipe and hidden skylight have increased average illumination level in the basement
up to 600%.
V.5
Artificial Lighting Simulation using Ecotect v5.5 and Desktop Radiance

2.1
Artificial lighting simulation is done in order to measure how effective the
placement of light points are in fulfilling minimum requirement 100 lux of ambient
illumination level. Since there were no IES data found, the simulation assumed the
photometrics are omni-directional and only lumens are used as input. Based on the
blue-print, the building model and the lights are created in Ecotect v5.5 as below:
Existing Lamp Type
Simulation Lamp Type
Lumens
Lampu Baret BCS 22 Clean
Metal Halide
3600
RM 2x36W MO SAVY
Fluorescent
2200
GMS 1x36W ACR SAVY
Fluorescent
1100
Downlight Philips FBS 18W
Compact Fluorescent
1440
Roset ESS 18W
Compact Fluorescent
1000
Spot model QBS
Compact Fluorescent
1000
Lamps Used Based on Related Lumens

In the design process, the artificial lights have been considered nicely by
distributing the lights evenly in every area, yet in fact the prediction is missed
because of the insufficient space needed to place the book shelves. It has made the
shelves arranged closer one to another than the previous prediction, consequently
the lights placement are then ignored to meet the spatial needs. Furthermore, books
have bad reflectance value as well as the old shelves used. The above situation
makes the lights quality and distribution inside building are decreasing.
Experimental method in artificial lighting is done by re-arranging the furniture
according to the existed lights placement and increasing its reflectance value to
50%. The method is simple yet enough to improve the lighting distribution for
ambient needs.
V.5.1 Artificial Lighting Simulation Results
Existing Model
Proposed Model
Basement (0 m)
Basement (0 m)
L ux
Analysis Grid
3 0 0+
R AD Illumina nce
2 80

In Steps of: 20 Lux
2 60
L ux
Analysis Grid
3 0 0+
R AD Illumina nce
2 80

In Steps of: 20 Lux
2 60
E CO T E CT v 5
E CO T E CT v 5
2 40
2 40
2 20
2 20
2 00
2 00
1 80
1 80
1 60
1 60
1 40
1 40
1 20
1 20
1 00
1 00

Visible Nodes: 2087

Visible Nodes: 2087
Image and false color of book shelves in thesis room
Image and false color of atrias stairs in thesis room
Image and false color of book shelves in thesis room
Image and false color of atrias stairs in thesis room
relatively even throughout the building. Reading
improved since less area clipped. Reading area
area has higher illuminance level than the other.
has higher illuminance level than the other. No
Deficiency occurs in book shelves area and causing
deficiency occurs in book shelves area because
insufficient illumination level (below 100 lux). It
the furniture layout has been adjusted according
happens mainly because of the low reflectance
to the lights placement and its reflectance has
values of the books and the shelves.
been increased.
Ground Floor (4 m)
Ground Floor (4 m)
L ux
Analysis Grid
3 0 0+
R AD Illumina nce
2 80

In Steps of: 20 Lux
2 60
E CO T E CT v 5
Lux
Analysis Grid
3 00 +
R AD Illumina nce
280

In Steps of: 20 Lux
260
E CO T E CT v 5
2 40
240
2 20
220
2 00
200
1 80
180
1 60
160
1 40
140
1 20
120
1 00
100

Visible Nodes: 2668

Visible Nodes: 2668
Image and false color in lobby
Image and false color in transition room
Image and false color in transition room
Average illuminance level is 144 lux. The
Average illuminance level is 173 lux .The
distribution is relatively even throughout the
distribution is even better throughout the building.
building. Working area has higher illuminance level
Working area has higher illuminance level than
than the other. No tall furniture makes the lights
the other. No tall furniture makes the lights
capable to efficiently lit the whole floor area.
First Floor (8 m)
Analysis Grid
R AD Illumina nce
In Steps of: 20 Lux
First Floor (8 m)
L ux
3 0 0+
2 80
2 60
Analysis Grid
R AD Illumina nce
In Steps of: 20 Lux
Lux
30 0+
280
260
E CO T E CT v 5
E CO T E CT v 5
2 40
240
2 20
220
2 00
200
1 80
180
1 60
160
1 40
140
1 20
120
1 00
100

Visible Nodes: 2689
Image and false color of atrias stairs in collection room

Visible Nodes: 2689
Image and false color of atrias stairs in collection room
Image and false color of book shelves in reference room
Image and false color of book shelves in reference room
Average illuminance level is 108 lux. Clipped area
appears in the middle of room. The layout and low
distribution has improved in the collection rooms.
reflectance values of furniture does not
The layout has been adjusted as necessary and
accommodate light distribution thus degrading its
the reflectance of furniture has been increased as
quality. Even if both daylight and auxiliary lighting
well to accommodate light distribution inside the
utilized all the day, its still doubtful that they could
room. Created ambient lighting has met the
give the required light intensity inside this area,
minimum requirement of light intensity in the
especially for reading activity.
library (> 100 lux).
Second Floor (12 m)
Second Floor (12 m)

L ux
Analysis Grid
3 0 0+
R AD Illumina nce
2 80

In Steps of: 20 Lux
2 60
E CO T E CT v 5
Lux
Analysis Grid
3 00 +
R AD Illumina nce
280

In Steps of: 20 Lux
260
E CO T E CT v 5
2 40
240
2 20
220
2 00
200
1 80
180
1 60
160
1 40
140
1 20
120
1 00
100

Visible Nodes: 2673

Visible Nodes: 2673
Image and false color of book shelves in collection room
Average illuminance level is 115 lux. Clipped area
appears in the middle of room. The layout and low
distribution has improved in the collection room.
reflectance values of furniture does not
The layout has been adjusted as necessary and
accommodate light distribution thus degrading its
the reflectance of furniture has been increased as
quality. Even if both daylight and auxiliary lighting
well to accommodate light distribution inside the
utilized all the day, its still doubtful that they could
room. Created ambient lighting has met the
give the required light intensity inside this area,
minimum requirement of light intensity in the
especially for reading activity.
library (> 100 lux).
Third Floor (16 m)
Third Floor (16 m)
L ux
Analysis Grid
3 0 0+
R AD Illumina nce
2 80

In Steps of: 20 Lux
2 60
E CO T E CT v 5
Lu x
Analysis Grid
3 00 +
R AD Illumina nce
28 0

In Steps of: 20 Lux
26 0
E CO T E CT v 5
2 40
24 0
2 20
22 0
2 00
20 0
1 80
18 0
1 60
16 0
1 40
14 0
1 20
12 0
1 00
10 0

Visible Nodes: 2842

Visible Nodes: 2842
Image and false color in office room
Image and false color in office room
distribution is efficiently planned in the building.
distribution is efficiently planned in the building.
Working area has higher illuminance level than the
Working area has higher illuminance level than
other. No tall furniture makes the lights capable to
the other. No tall furniture makes the lights
efficiently lit the whole floor area.
Comparison of Artificial Illuminance Levels on The Existing and Proposed Design

V.5.2 Field Measurement to Validate The Simulation Results
In order to test the accuracy of artificial lighting simulation result, a field
observation to record the illumination levels of auxiliary lighting inside the building
has been conducted. The measurement was done in the evening at 08.00 pm to
avoid any daylight interference during the day. All of the electric lights were turned
on, then a luxmeter was used to measure and record the light illumination level on
80 cm above the floors height. Finally the result shows similar tendency with the
simulation process.
Furniture arrangement which neglects lights placement inside the building.

V.5.3 Conclusion of Artificial Lighting Simulation
The simulation shows positive changes on energy efficiency means since the
lights installed effectively lit most of the area inside. Little adjustment in furniture
layout and the application of brighter paints are able to increase the average
illuminance level up to 30% as well as maintaining the effective distribution of
artificial lighting inside the building.
V.6
Thermal Simulation using Ecotect v5.5

Thermal data gained from the field observation will be calculated in Ecotect
v5.5 to assess the building performance from thermal comfort aspect. Energy
analysis then will be done as representation for the previous thermal simulation
expressed by the form of Air-Conditioning cooling loads. Focus will be given on worst
case scenario by finding the maximum cooling loads for each room in a year.
Rooms will be examined are the main room with an atria which covers the
basement, ground floor, first floor, and second floor. It consists of thesis room
(basement), transition room (ground floor), collection room (first floor), and
reference room (second room). Additional experiment of computer room in basement
is also done as comparison to the atria room. Comparison method will be done by
comparing required cooling loads from the simulation result with the manual
calculation done by the buildings consultant.
V.6.1 Cooling Loads Manual Calculation
Since the manual calculation has been done in the design process by a
trusted building consultant, this calculation is best considered as the benchmark of
simulation process. The calculation was done based on the atria with the open
partition scenario shows the required cooling loads of 858.000 Btu/h. It needs to be
converted to watts in order to compare directly with the simulation result. The
converted calculation then is 251.3 kW. With the same method, the computer room
in basement shows 30.000 Btu/h or 8.79 kW.
V.6.2 Cooling Loads Simulation using Ecotect v5.5
Here the simulation will be utilized to calculate cooling loads prediction in the
developed design according to the previous experiments made by means of
ventilation and lighting quality improvements. This process can be merely said to be
a test about the impact of design changes that have been made so far on the
buildings energy consumption aspect.
Some variables need to be included in the simulation process are desribed in
the table below.
HVAC
Operating
Occupants
Equipment
time /
System
Efficiency
day
Air Infiltration
Heat
Numbers
Clothes
Activity
Sensible
Latent
ACH
Sensitivity
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.25
Main Room with Atria (<20 C)

Full AC
80 %
13 hrs
325
light
sedentary
6
0
Computer Room in Basement (<26 C)

Full AC
80 %
13 hrs
41
light
sedentary
24
HVAC System Input Data
V.6.3 Cooling Loads Comparison on Existing and Proposed Model

Cooling Loads on Existing Model
Cooling Loads on Proposed Model
Main Room with Atria

Basements Thesis Room
Basements Thesis Room
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - bas_baca
Yogyakarta
4000000
4000000
8000000
8000000
2000000
2000000
6000000
6000000
6000000
6000000
2000000
2000000
8000000
8000000
4000000
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - bas_baca
4000000
0000000
Jan
Heating
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0000000
Jan
Heating
Cooling
Max Cooling: 39050 W at 12:00 on 11th October
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Cooling
Ground Floors Transition Room

W
Yogyakarta
Ground Floors Transition Room
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - gf_ruangutama
Yogyakarta
4000000
4000000
8000000
8000000
2000000
2000000
6000000
6000000
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - gf_ruangutama
Yogyakarta
6000000
6000000
2000000
2000000
8000000
8000000
4000000
4000000
0000000
Jan
Heating
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0000000
Jan
Heating
Cooling
Max Cooling: 63176 W at 12:00 on 11th April
Feb
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
First Floors Collection Room
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - 1st_ruangutama
Yogyakarta
4000000
4000000
8000000
8000000
2000000
2000000
6000000
6000000
6000000
6000000
2000000
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - 1st_ruangutama
Yogyakarta
2000000
8000000
8000000
4000000
4000000
0000000
Jan
Heating
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0000000
Jan
Heating
Cooling
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Cooling
Second Floors Reference Room

W
Apr
First Floors Collection Room

W
Mar
Cooling
Second Floors Reference Room
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - 2nd_koleksi
Yogyakarta
4000000
4000000
8000000
8000000
2000000
2000000
6000000
6000000
6000000
6000000
2000000
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - 2nd_koleksi
Yogyakarta
2000000
8000000
8000000
4000000
4000000
0000000
Jan
Heating
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Cooling
0000000
Jan
Heating
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Cooling
Computer Room (Basement)
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - bas_AV
Yogyakarta
1600000
2400000
1200000
1800000
800000
1200000
400000
600000
400000
600000
800000
1200000
1200000
1800000
1600000
2400000
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - bas_AV
1.27945e+06
2000000
Yogyakarta
1.31374e+06
1.27858e+06
Mar
Apr
1.16003e+06
1.22929e+06
1.22025e+06
1.21042e+06
1.17579e+06
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
1.37106e+06
1.31231e+06
1.23401e+06
1.2727e+06
Oct
Nov
Dec
3000000
Jan
Heating
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Cooling
Jan
Heating
Feb
May
Cooling
Comparison of Max Cooling Loads on The Existing and Proposed Design

Cooling loads profile in the main atria room shows the required energy to
maintain room temperature below 200 C. Lowest loads shown by thesis room which
has the smallest room volume, otherwise the greatest loads is shown by collection
room in first floor due to its biggest volume among others. Total cooling loads
required in the existing main atria room is 245 kW and the proposed one is 242
kW. Meanwhile, cooling loads required in the existing computer room is only 6 kW
and the proposed is 5.5 kW.
V.6.4 Conclusion of Cooling Loads Calculation
Ecotect simulation has lower prediction of maximum cooling loads than the
manual calculation. It is likely that the assumptions up to 30% which are used in the
manual calculation for the unpredictable loads have caused little differences with the
simulation result. Yet it needs further investigation to find out the exact cause of this
deviation. For now, the error of Ecotect v5.5 for cooling loads calculation based on
the manual prediction is 2.4%.
Developed design which has been made so far could not reduce the energy
consumption significantly, it can only save about 10-15% of total cooling loads in
the examined room.
V.7
Overall Conclusion
The result indicates that the investigated building performance in form of
actual ventilation and lighting quality have many unexpected deficiencies. The worst
natural ventilation performance occured when the wind blows from west and east
side of building. The improvement is done by applying wingwalls on north and south
side of building in order to create both negative and positive pressure at once on
each side thus improving the airflow distribution inside the building. Daylight and
artificial light distribution inside the building are not satisfactory either, there are
many area which have illumination level below the standards of 100 lux. The
utilization of view type and light source type windows, lightshelf, lightpipe, skylight,
furniture re-arrangement, and reflectance value modification contribute significantly
in improving the visual quality and daylight as well as artificial light distribution up to
200% inside the building. The cooling loads calculation on proposed design could not
reduce the energy usage significantly (only 10-15%) due to the restrictions that
forbid to do major changes on the building. Nevertheless, the previous building
performance problems in ventilating and lighting quality have been solved and
greatly improved.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Dr. Amos Setiadi ST. MT., Ir. Djoko Istiadji M.Sc., and
Floriberta Binarti, S.T., Dipl.NSD.Arch. for sharing their experiences and guidance in
preparing this report.
References
Norbert Lechner, 2001, Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Metode Desain untuk Arsitektur
Edisi Kedua, , John Wiley & Sons Inc, PT RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta.
Jimmy Priatman, Energy Consciuos Design Konsepsi dan Strategi Perancangan
Bangunan di Indonesia, Jurnal Universitas Kristen Petra, Surabaya.
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-440-06N, 16 January 2004. Cooling Buildings by
Natural Ventilation, Department of Defense, USA
Peter F. Smith, 2001, Architecture in a Climate of Change: A guide to sustainable
design, Architectural Press, Oxford.
Prasasto Satwiko, 2005, Arsitektur Sadar Energi, Andi Offset, Yogyakarta.
Prasasto Satwiko, 2009, Fisika Bangunan, Andi Offset, Yogyakarta.

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BUILDING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

ON ATMA JAYA UNIVERSITYS LIBRARY

Keywords: total building performance, Atma Jaya Universitys library, computer

Non Residential Design Guideline Energy Efficiency Building

with books) and

1. Buildings energy analysis based on computer simulation without actual

Simulation is done in order to compare the actual condition of chosen

1100 110052 East Longitude. Based on this location, Yogyakarta is classified in

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - Yogyakarta, -

DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st January (1)

Climate Data of Yogyakarta

DEGREE HOURS (Heating, Cooling and Solar)

Natural Ventilation Analysis

Identification process was begun with the

Comparison of Experimental Models

Proposed Model of UAJYs Library

Turbulence Model (k-Epsilon)

Initial Input Parameters

Existing model shows strong airflow speed (0.6-0.8

Proposed model shows more even distribution with

m/s) at north side and weak airflow at south side.

air speed 0.2 0.3 m/s on almost every corner of

Second Floor (12 m)

Existing model shows little or no airflow throughout

Proposed model shows more even distribution air

Third Floor (16 m)

Existing model shows strong airflow speed (0.6-0.8

Proposed model shows more even distribution air

Wingwalls application on both side of outer walls have altered airflow

Daylight Analysis using Ecotect v5.5 and Desktop Radiance 2.1

mainly depend on the dimension, type of

Meanwhile, the glass properties which will be

Glass Properties used in the Simulation

Increasing the reflectance value of furniture into 50% by re-painting the

Building Model used for Daylight Experiment

Contour Range: 50 - 200 Lux

Contour Range: 100 - 400 Lux

Average Value: 183.83 Lux

Average Value: 28.38 Lux

Average illuminance is 30 lux. Most of them are far

Average illuminance is 183 lux. The distribution is

below the recommended level of illumination.

improved and the area below 100 lux is reduced.

Rooms inside are highly dependant on artificial

No auxiliary lighting needed in midday as long as

the sun outside is not blocked.

Contour Range: 50 - 200 Lux

Average Value: 87.58 Lux

Average Value: 293.53 Lux

Average illuminance is 90 lux. Most of them are far

Average illuminance is 293 lux. The distribution is

below the recommended level of illumination. The

improved and the area below 100 lux is reduced.

corridors canopy at the buildings south side is

The south side is no longer have problem in

suppressing the penetration of daylight.

allowing the daylight enters the building because

Contour Range: 100 - 300 Lux

Average Value: 144.64 Lux

Contour Range: 100 - 400 Lux

Average Value: 233.89 Lux

Average illuminance is 150 lux. Most of them are

Average illuminance is 234 lux. The distribution is