Electronic structure and periodic

table

Outlines
To learn about the chemistry (chemical bonds, etc) we
need to know about the electronic structure of atoms.
Energy
Because light gives the information about atom
electronic structure, we start this chapter from the
nature of light :

The wave nature of light electromagnetic radiation

Quantum theory
Electronic structure
Electron configuration
Trend in periodic table

Energy
Energy = the ability to do work
Potential energy (energy due to the position of
the object)
Kinetic energy (energy due to the motion of the
onject)
Total energy = potential energy + kinetic energy
Energy is conserved: it may be converted from
one form to the other, but it is not destroyed.

The nature of light

Energy can also be transferred between atoms and
molecules in the form of light electromagnetic
energy
This is a very important form of energy in chemistry.
Ex: chemical systems emit visible light when they
reacts.
Electromagnetic radiation
Lets see the movie
A moving charge creates an electric current, which in turn
creates a magnetic field around it
Electromagnetic waves dont need a medium to travel
through as water and sound waves do. They can across
empty space

Properties of waves

The number of cycle per second 1Hz = 1s-1

Electromagnetic spectrum
Radiomagnetic waves are categorized by frequency

Quantum energy
Electromagnetic radiation can be viewed as stream of photon
Max Planck (German physicist 1858-1947) proposed that electromagntic
radiation can be viewed as a stream of tiny packets or quanta of energy,
later called photons
The energy of one photon is called one quantum of energy

Atomic line spectra

- Bohrs theory of hydrogen atom -

Line spectrum is different from continuous cpectrum

Rydberg equation

RH = Rydberg constant (109,678 cm-1)

When the atom absorbs energy, the

electron is raised to the higher
energy level.
When the electron falls to the lower
energy level, light of a particular
energy and frequency is emitted
Consider the mass of electron, its
charge, and Plancks constant, n
(quantum number)
E = -b / n2

Dual nature of electron

Electron behave as both waves and matter
Particles with wavelike properties

Quantum numbers
Principle quantum number (n)
n = 1, 2,3,

Secondary quantum number (l)

l = 1 , l = n-1
Magnetic quantum number (ml)
ml = -l, 0,., + l

Spin quantum number (ms)

ms = + , -

Electron configuration

 Shell - level
Sub-shell - sublevel
Orbital
shell subshells orbitals

Shapes of atomic orbitals

1. The s orbital spherical shape

p orbital
Has two regions (lobes) of high probability
ml = -1, 0, +1 have three diffrenet
orientations
px, py, pz

d orbital
ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5 diffreent
orientations
dxy, dxz, dyz, dx2-y2, dz2

Higher orbital
Example : f orbital (l=3) 7 orbitals
multiloped shape

Orbitals energy

Hydrogen atom

Other atoms

Electron configurations
Pauli exclusion principle (larangan pauli)
No two electrons in an atom can have identical
values of all 4 quantum numbers (mx. 2 electrons
per orbitals)
Single orbital can hold a pair (2) electrons with
opposite spins

Paramagnetism & diamagnetism

Aufbau principle
Atomic number
number of protons
number of electrons (in
neutral atoms)
Add electrons to atomic
orbitals two
electrons/orbital

Hunds rule
The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells
is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins.
(i.e., don't pair electrons until all orbitals of that type in
the same energy level, e.g., 2p, have one electron.)

Lets see to the periodic table

s orbitals alkali & alkaline earth metals

p orbitals main group elements
d orbitals transition metals
f orbitals lanthanides and actinides

Short-hand notation
Ge
Ge

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 where
[Ar] = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Valence shell configurations

Electron Configurations in Groups

Elements can be sorted into 4

different groupings based on their
electron configurations:
1) Noble gases 8A
2) Representative elements 1A-7A

3) Transition metals B group

4) Inner transition metals