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Uzayn yksn
bildiimizi...
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NEIL ARMSTRONG: Tamam, imdi LEMden
dar admm atacam
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00:00:09,740 --> 00:00:12,660
...Amerikallarn uzay ele
geirdiini dnrz.
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00:00:12,660 --> 00:00:14,860
Ancak gerek yk byle deil.
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Uzay gerekte ele geirenler,
kendilerini bu ie adam,
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00:00:24,340 --> 00:00:27,260
Demir Perdenin te yanndan
bir bek kadn ve erkek.
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00:00:27,260 --> 00:00:29,220
BOZUK RADYO LETM
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00:00:29,220 --> 00:00:31,620
Onlarca yldr sren
gizliliin ardndan
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00:00:31,620 --> 00:00:35,740
artk bu olaanst ykleri ve
uzaya ilk admlar atmak iin
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00:00:35,740 --> 00:00:41,020
yaamlarn nasl tehlikeye
attklarn anlatmakta zgrler.
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EVR:
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Rus arivlerinde, daha nce gn yzne kmam
ekimlerden oluan sahipsiz hazine,
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Sovyetlerin, daha gelimi

Amerikan programn
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ard ardna nasl yenilgiye
urattn aa karyor.
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00:01:12,500 --> 00:01:17,340
Ancak zaferler yannda,
trajediler
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ve bugnlere kadar sren ykmlar
da vard.
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DDK SES
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Bu, kozmonotlarn olaanst
ancak kimi zaman da
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korkutucu yks
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EVR:
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12 Nisan 1961,
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Yuri Gagarin insan soyunu
uzaya kard.
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Gagarin in uuu, insanln
byk anlarndan biriydi.
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lk kez gezegenimizi brakp
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uzaya ktk.
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Dnyamz btnyle yeni
bir k altnda grdk.

27
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Gagarin Dnya y uzaydan gren
ve onu mavi atmosfer izgisinden
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hayranlkla izleyen ilk insan oldu.
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Souk Savataki rakipleri
Amerikallar ardlar.
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Onlarn uzay program
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Alman roket mhendisi
Wernher von Braun ynetimindeydi.
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Uzaydaki ilk insann bir Rus deil
kesinlikle bir Amerikal
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olacan dnyorlard.
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Sradan Amerikallar,
her zaman geri kalm gibi gsterilen
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patates yetitiricilerinden
oluan bir ulusun,
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teknolojik ve bilimsel bir ii
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bu kadar artc
bir yetkinlikle
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baarmasn anlayamadlar.
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ARKI

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Peki, bunu nasl yaptlar?
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Bu patates yetitiricisi ulus
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uzayda Amerikallar nasl yendi?
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Sovyet Uzay programnn kkleri
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kinci Dnya Sava nn
ykntlar arasnda bulunabilir.
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1945 ylna kadar Sovyetler
25 milyon insann yitirdi.
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Yzlerce kent ykma urad.
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lke neredeyse yok olmutu
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Ancak byk umutlar vard.
Savatan sonra, zverileri sonucunda
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kresel olarak etkili bir konuma
geleceklerini dnyorlard.
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Byk rakipleri Amerikallar ile
denk bir konuma gelmeyi bekliyorlard.
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Ancak btn bu dler tek bir
ykc olay yznden parampara oldu.
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PATLAMA
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Hiroima unu gsterdi:

Yeni dnya dzeninde,
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g ve etki insan gcyle deil,
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teknolojiyle llecekti.
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Atom bombasnn kullanlmas,
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showed how far ahead
the Americans were.
Amerikallar n ne kadar
ileride olduunu gstermiti.
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If they were going to compete
on the world stage,
Dnya sahnesinde Amerikallar la
yarmak iin
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the Russians had to catch up.
Ruslar n onlar yakalamas gerekiyordu.
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And they did so,
with remarkable speed.
Bunu olaanst bir hzla gerekletirdiler.
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Within just four years,
Yalnzca drt yl iinde,
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they had produced an atomic bomb
of their own.
kendi atom bombalarn rettiler.
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But at over five tonnes,
the Russian bomb
Ancak Ruslar n bombasnn
arl be tonun zerinde,
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was more than twice as heavy

as the American devices.
Amerikallar nkinin iki kat
kadard.
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It was this massive bomb that would
kick-start the space race.
Uzay yarn ite bu byk
bomba balatt.
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Because the Americans developed
Amerikarllar ok daha kk
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much smaller nuclear weapons
nkleer silahlar daha erken
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at an earlier stage,
bir aamada gelitirdikleri iin,
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they built smaller rockets.
daha kk roketler yaptlar.
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But because the Soviets
nuclear weapons are so heavy,
Sovyetler in nkleer silahlar
ok ar olduundan,
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they have to develop
very powerful rockets
onlar etkili fzeler durumuna
getirmek iin
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to make them
into effective missiles.
ok gl roketler gelitirmek
zorundalar.
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And that has an impact on,
eventually, their space programme.
Bunun da onlarn uzay program
zerinde etkisi oldu.

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To launch their massive bomb
all the way to America...
Byk bombalarn Amerika ya kadar
gndermek iin...
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PATLAMA
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..the Soviets would need the most
powerful missile ever built.
...Sovyetler o gn kadar yaplm
en gl fzeye gereksinim duyacakt.
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The man charged
with building that rocket
Roketin yapmndan sorumlu kii
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was Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev di.
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He was so important to the Soviets
Sovyetler iin Korolev ok nemliydi
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that to protect him
from the threat of assassination,
Suikast tehlikesine kar
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his identity was kept secret.
kimlii sakl tutuldu.
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He was known simply
as the Chief Designer.
O yalnzca Ba Tasarmc
olarak bilindi.
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Sergei Korolev
was known as the founding father
Sergei Korolev Sovyet uzay
programnn
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of the Soviet space programme.
kurucu babas olarak bilindi.
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I wouldn t call him
necessarily a scientist Bir bilim adam olarak
adlandrlmayabilir
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he was really a genius manager.
That s what he really was.
ancak gerek bir dahi yneticiydi.
Gerekten byleydi.
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He was manager, engineer,
inspirational figure,
Ynetici, mhendis,
ynlendirici,
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politician. He knew
how to get the job done,
siyaseti. O bir iin nasl
bitirileceini biliyordu.
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he knew how to work
the levers of power.
Gc nasl denetleyeceini
biliyordu.
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He was all these things
moulded into one.
Btn bunlar bir kiide
bir araya gelmiti.
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In many ways,
Korolev was an odd choice.
Birok adan Korolev allmam
bir seimdi.
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In 1939, Stalin had declared him
an enemy of the state...
1939 da Stalin onu devletin
dman ilan etmi...

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..and sent him to the infamous
Gulag prison camps,
...ve kt nl Gulag alma
kamplarna gndermiti.
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where he was expected to die.
Orada lmesi bekleniyordu.
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But as World War II got going,
the Soviets realised
Ancak II. Dnya Sava srerken,
Sovyetler
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that they needed
all their engineers,
btn mhendislerinden yararlanmas
gerektiinin ayrmna vard
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and he was summoned
back to Moscow.
ve Korolev i Moskova ya geri ard.
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Within just six years,
he was in charge
Alt yl iinde Sovyet fze programnn
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of their entire missile programme.
tek sorumlusu duruma geldi.
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For a decade after the war,
he experimented.
Savatan sonra 10 yl boyunca
deneyler yapt.
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Starting by reconstructing V2
rockets captured from the Germans,
Almanlar dan ele geirilen V2
roketlerini yeniden reterek
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he gradually developed

bigger and bigger missiles.

giderek daha byk fzeler
gelitirdi.
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Until, by 1957, he had created
his masterpiece 104
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the R7 Semyorka.
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34 metres tall, weighing 280 tonnes,
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and powered by a mixture
of liquid oxygen and kerosene,
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it was nine times more powerful than
anything that had been built before.
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One of the launch team
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was a 26-year-old engineer
called Georgi Grechko.
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It looked like the R7
would be an expensive failure.
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But on August 21st, 1957,
a final test was planned.
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It was a complete success.
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Producing nearly 400 tons of thrust,
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the engines lifted the missile
from the launch pad,
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powering it towards its target,
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3,500 miles away in Kamchatka.
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It was the world s first
intercontinental ballistic missile.
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With it, Korolev, at a stroke,
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had transformed the Russians
into a global superpower.
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Though the R7 s ultimate destiny
would not be as a weapon.
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GRECHKO:
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Korolev had always had other plans
for the R7.
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Ever since he d started building
rockets in the 1930s,
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he d dreamt of using them
to go into space.
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Now he had his rocket,
he wasted no time.
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His engineers were already
working on a simple satellite 127
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nothing more than
a radio transmitter

128
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encased in a metal sphere.
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Korolev called it Sputnik,
or "fellow traveller".
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If he could launch it into orbit,
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he would be the first to prove
that space travel was possible.
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Less than six weeks after
the R7s first successful test,
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he had another rocket
on the launch pad,
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ready to send Sputnik into orbit.
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Calculating the trajectory of an
orbital launch was more complicated
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than the simple up and down
of a ballistic missile launch.
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To launch a satellite,
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rather than going straight up,
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the rocket s trajectory
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had to flatten off so that
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instead of falling back to Earth

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it would fall into orbit.
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It seemed that the launch
had gone perfectly.
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But the only way to know
that Sputnik had made it
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00:15:30,060 --> 00:15:34,140
safely into orbit was to
wait for the radio signals
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beamed from the tiny satellite.
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BEEPING
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CHEERFUL MUSIC PLAYS
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00:16:30,780 --> 00:16:34,820
Around the world,
people went Sputnik-crazy.
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00:16:36,220 --> 00:16:39,420
They queued up to try to catch
sight of the Earth s second moon
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00:16:39,420 --> 00:16:40,860
crossing the sky.
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But not everyone was looking up
with admiration.
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00:16:55,540 --> 00:16:58,980
In the United States,
the appearance of Sputnik
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00:16:58,980 --> 00:17:01,020
only fuelled

their Cold War paranoia.

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00:17:04,060 --> 00:17:08,700
America was already consumed
by the threat of Communism.
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00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:11,340
It s a conspiracy to take over
our government by force.
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00:17:11,340 --> 00:17:14,100
If I had my way about it,
they d all be sent back to Russia,
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or some other unpleasant place.
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00:17:18,620 --> 00:17:20,940
Many were convinced
that the country had been
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00:17:20,940 --> 00:17:24,180
infiltrated by Communist spies
planning a revolution.
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RUSSIAN ACCENT: Americans.
They have too many freedoms.
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That is another thing
you must remember, comrade.
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00:17:35,180 --> 00:17:37,220
For one day it will be your mission
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00:17:37,220 --> 00:17:40,100
to destroy those bourgeois
capitalist freedoms.
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00:17:43,260 --> 00:17:47,340
And this new Soviet star
flying over their heads
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00:17:47,340 --> 00:17:50,540
was surely part of that plot.
167

00:17:50,540 --> 00:17:53,300

We should have been
the first ones to have it.
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00:17:53,300 --> 00:17:56,980
Somebody s falling down on the job.
Badly.
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00:17:56,980 --> 00:18:00,220
We fear this. We fear that
they have something out there
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00:18:00,220 --> 00:18:02,660
the majority of people
don t know about.
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00:18:02,660 --> 00:18:06,780
The Americans assumed that
the Russians were sinister people.
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00:18:06,780 --> 00:18:10,980
So they put an enormous amount
of effort into trying to decode
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00:18:10,980 --> 00:18:14,980
this "beep-beep", assuming that
it was sending signals
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00:18:14,980 --> 00:18:18,940
for other missile strikes,
or surveillance, or whatever.
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00:18:18,940 --> 00:18:24,140
They couldn t accept what it was
the Sputnik was saying,
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00:18:24,140 --> 00:18:27,100
which was, simply,
"Beep-beep. Beep-beep."
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00:18:27,100 --> 00:18:29,020
SPUTNIK BEEPS
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00:18:29,020 --> 00:18:33,740
But for all its simplicity, Sputnik
was a brilliant propaganda coup.
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00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:38,340

And the Soviet Premier

Nikita Khrushchev
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00:18:38,340 --> 00:18:39,940
was desperate for more.
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It seemed an impossible task.
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00:19:26,660 --> 00:19:29,380
Khrushchev had given Korolev
just five weeks
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00:19:29,380 --> 00:19:31,140
to launch another mission.
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00:19:52,420 --> 00:19:53,940
In his secret headquarters,
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00:19:53,940 --> 00:19:57,220
Korolev leapt at the chance
to demonstrate his plans
186
00:19:57,220 --> 00:19:58,860
for the domination of space.
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00:20:00,500 --> 00:20:04,300
Within the month, he would launch
another satellite 188
00:20:04,300 --> 00:20:07,300
but this one
would carry a passenger.
189
00:20:13,660 --> 00:20:17,220
The first cosmonaut
would be a dog called Laika.
190
00:20:19,740 --> 00:20:23,180
She was a stray who d been
found on the streets of Moscow
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and chosen for the mission
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00:20:25,220 --> 00:20:28,060
because of her unmatched ability

to sit still.
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00:20:29,940 --> 00:20:33,180
Now she was loaded into
a specially built capsule,
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00:20:33,180 --> 00:20:35,540
complete with food and water trays.
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00:20:35,540 --> 00:20:38,700
And for two days
she waited patiently
196
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:40,700
at the top of the rocket
197
00:20:40,700 --> 00:20:43,420
as it was fuelled and readied
for lift-off.
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00:20:59,260 --> 00:21:02,220
Live pictures of Laika sitting
comfortably in her canister
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00:21:02,220 --> 00:21:04,580
were broadcast back to Earth.
200
00:21:04,580 --> 00:21:07,860
It was a massive leap
for animalkind.
201
00:21:07,860 --> 00:21:11,340
But for Laika,
it would be a one-way trip.
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00:21:13,700 --> 00:21:16,340
For many years, the Russians claimed
203
00:21:16,340 --> 00:21:18,860
she survived in orbit
for several days.
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00:21:22,700 --> 00:21:25,500
But in 2002, they finally admitted
205
00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:28,420
that the climate controls had failed

206
00:21:28,420 --> 00:21:31,700
and she died of overheating
after only six hours.
207
00:21:36,180 --> 00:21:38,660
But Laika s sacrifice
provided the Russians
208
00:21:38,660 --> 00:21:41,060
with a second precious
propaganda victory.
209
00:21:43,460 --> 00:21:46,300
For the Americans,
it was another kick in the teeth.
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00:21:47,820 --> 00:21:50,940
They re still reeling
from what Sputnik says,
211
00:21:50,940 --> 00:21:54,260
but suddenly the programme has been
taken in a completely different
212
00:21:54,260 --> 00:21:55,860
and unexpected direction.
213
00:21:55,860 --> 00:21:59,700
It s not about satellites any more,
it s about space travel.
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00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:05,260
Because...if the Russians
are able to put a living being,
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00:22:05,260 --> 00:22:09,820
a dog, into a space capsule,
and launch them into orbit,
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00:22:09,820 --> 00:22:13,380
that also suggests that
they ll be able shortly to do so
217
00:22:13,380 --> 00:22:17,940
with a human being. So this again
underlines to the Americans

218
00:22:17,940 --> 00:22:20,420
just how far behind
the Russians they are.
219
00:22:25,940 --> 00:22:29,660
It was now the Americans turn
to play catch-up.
220
00:22:29,660 --> 00:22:31,820
At the beginning of December 1957,
221
00:22:31,820 --> 00:22:34,540
they were ready to launch
their first satellite.
222
00:22:36,260 --> 00:22:40,500
Millions tuned in to live pictures
of the Vanguard rocket lifting off.
223
00:22:47,180 --> 00:22:48,740
It was a total humiliation.
224
00:22:51,420 --> 00:22:54,420
It underlined just how
comprehensively the Soviets
225
00:22:54,420 --> 00:22:56,900
had won the first stage
of the Space Race.
226
00:23:05,020 --> 00:23:06,740
The next stage of the contest
227
00:23:06,740 --> 00:23:09,980
would be to see who could put
the first man into orbit.
228
00:23:12,180 --> 00:23:15,140
By the early 1960s,
20 potential cosmonauts
229
00:23:15,140 --> 00:23:18,820
were training in total secrecy
in the Russian countryside.
230
00:23:18,820 --> 00:23:22,900
Among them was a young airman

called Alexei Leonov.

231
00:23:25,420 --> 00:23:29,060
LEONOV, TRANSLATION:
232
00:23:58,340 --> 00:24:00,580
But as well as extreme fitness,
233
00:24:00,580 --> 00:24:06,700
the cosmonauts also had to
train for the rigours of space.
234
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:10,900
No-one knew what to expect,
so they prepared for everything.
235
00:24:13,980 --> 00:24:16,380
They had to be able to
withstand the high G-forces
236
00:24:16,380 --> 00:24:18,220
expected on take-off and landing.
237
00:24:23,020 --> 00:24:26,140
They were locked in soundproof
rooms for days at a time
238
00:24:26,140 --> 00:24:29,700
to train them for the psychological
isolation of space.
239
00:24:38,540 --> 00:24:42,460
And, worst of all, they had
to prepare for the possibility
240
00:24:42,460 --> 00:24:45,780
of being trapped inside
a wildly spinning capsule.
241
00:25:15,860 --> 00:25:17,980
On the other side
of the Iron Curtain,
242
00:25:17,980 --> 00:25:22,780
the Americans were also feverishly
working to send a man into space.
243

00:25:26,660 --> 00:25:30,380

And they d been rapidly
catching up with the Soviets.
244
00:25:33,300 --> 00:25:36,580
So much so that astronaut
Alan Shepard
245
00:25:36,580 --> 00:25:41,340
was scheduled to become the first
man in space on March 6th, 1961.
246
00:25:42,860 --> 00:25:46,980
Alan B Shepard, from East Derry,
New Hampshire.
247
00:25:46,980 --> 00:25:49,340
I don t think there s any question
248
00:25:49,340 --> 00:25:52,260
that we are on the threshold
of space travel.
249
00:25:53,700 --> 00:25:55,660
But before they launched a human,
250
00:25:55,660 --> 00:25:59,900
they planned one final test flight
carrying a chimp called Ham.
251
00:26:02,340 --> 00:26:04,580
But the mission did not go
as well as expected.
252
00:26:08,220 --> 00:26:10,340
A mistake in the navigation system
253
00:26:10,340 --> 00:26:12,860
sent the rocket
on to the wrong trajectory 254
00:26:12,860 --> 00:26:17,620
and the capsule splashed down
in the ocean, 100 miles off-target.
255
00:26:20,220 --> 00:26:22,860
By the time the retrieval vessel
reached the capsule,

256
00:26:22,860 --> 00:26:24,940
Ham had almost drowned.
257
00:26:26,660 --> 00:26:29,620
In response,
Shepard s flight was postponed.
258
00:26:33,900 --> 00:26:37,580
And that delay gave the Russians
a crucial opportunity.
259
00:26:39,900 --> 00:26:44,020
Within weeks, Korolev went to meet
the cosmonauts for the first time.
260
00:26:48,860 --> 00:26:52,180
Most people thought the competition
to be the first Soviet in space
261
00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:55,140
had come down to two candidates 262
00:26:55,140 --> 00:26:56,580
Yuri Gagarin...
263
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:00,860
..and Gherman Titov.
264
00:27:02,380 --> 00:27:05,460
And now Korolev
would make his choice.
265
00:28:35,980 --> 00:28:38,820
Korolev knew that if he succeeded,
266
00:28:38,820 --> 00:28:42,700
Gagarin s face would be on the front
of every newspaper in the world.
267
00:28:45,340 --> 00:28:48,740
But they had no time to lose if they
were going to beat the Americans.
268
00:28:54,340 --> 00:28:59,340
Just four days after that first
meeting, Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

269
00:28:59,340 --> 00:29:01,780
was suited up
and taken to the launch pad
270
00:29:01,780 --> 00:29:04,140
to be strapped
into the Vostok capsule.
271
00:29:06,860 --> 00:29:09,580
Of the seven unmanned
test flights of Vostok,
272
00:29:09,580 --> 00:29:11,980
only two had returned
to Earth safely.
273
00:29:14,220 --> 00:29:17,580
Some feared they were rushing to
launch before they were ready.
274
00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:22,100
They were taking an incredible risk
275
00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:25,820
launching Yuri Gagarin
into space in 1961.
276
00:29:25,820 --> 00:29:28,860
It was an extremely risky mission.
277
00:29:28,860 --> 00:29:31,260
Rockets were constantly exploding 278
00:29:31,260 --> 00:29:35,220
there was a fair-to-good chance that
he might not survive that launch.
279
00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:01,700
MUFFLED RADIO COMMUNICATION
IN RUSSIAN
280
00:30:07,860 --> 00:30:10,660
On that morning in 1961,
281
00:30:10,660 --> 00:30:14,540
Yuri Gagarin went

where no man had gone before.

282
00:30:18,540 --> 00:30:22,220
To everyone s relief, the rocket
delivered him safely into orbit.
283
00:30:22,220 --> 00:30:24,020
MUFFLED RADIO COMMUNICATION
284
00:30:25,500 --> 00:30:28,860
It would take him an hour and
a quarter to circle the planet.
285
00:30:30,460 --> 00:30:33,620
Cocooned within Vostok,
this was in many ways
286
00:30:33,620 --> 00:30:35,940
the easiest part of the mission.
287
00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:42,540
The real challenge was to return him
safely to Earth.
288
00:30:44,260 --> 00:30:47,660
The flight of Yuri Gagarin
was a very dramatic flight,
289
00:30:47,660 --> 00:30:50,580
and there were many points where
things certainly went wrong,
290
00:30:50,580 --> 00:30:53,100
and that could have ended
the flight in disaster,
291
00:30:53,100 --> 00:30:55,140
including, most significantly,
the re-entry.
292
00:30:56,980 --> 00:31:00,420
At 10:25, as he passed over
West Africa,
293
00:31:00,420 --> 00:31:03,660
with 8,000km still to go,
294

00:31:03,660 --> 00:31:08,340

Vostok s retro-rockets fired,
slowing the capsule down
295
00:31:08,340 --> 00:31:10,420
and sending it
back towards the Earth.
296
00:31:12,820 --> 00:31:15,660
In order to safely re-enter
the Earth s atmosphere,
297
00:31:15,660 --> 00:31:18,340
the spherical landing capsule
had to separate
298
00:31:18,340 --> 00:31:20,300
from the rest of the spacecraft.
299
00:31:20,300 --> 00:31:22,860
But the straps didn t release...
300
00:31:26,260 --> 00:31:29,580
..and the whole craft
started spinning dangerously
301
00:31:29,580 --> 00:31:30,820
towards the Earth.
302
00:31:32,100 --> 00:31:33,940
As it re-entered the atmosphere,
303
00:31:33,940 --> 00:31:36,420
the friction of the air
tore at the capsule.
304
00:31:38,420 --> 00:31:42,060
Gagarin reported seeing
flames pass the windows
305
00:31:42,060 --> 00:31:44,380
and a burning smell in the cabin.
306
00:31:48,740 --> 00:31:50,860
Finally, the straps melted,
307
00:31:50,860 --> 00:31:54,180

freeing the landing capsule,

allowing it to stabilise.
308
00:31:58,260 --> 00:32:01,460
At an altitude of 7,000m,
309
00:32:01,460 --> 00:32:04,420
Gagarin ejected
and parachuted to the ground.
310
00:32:09,020 --> 00:32:11,340
He landed several hundred
kilometres off-course
311
00:32:11,340 --> 00:32:13,540
in a field near the Volga River.
312
00:32:18,700 --> 00:32:21,460
Gagarin was given a hero s welcome.
313
00:32:21,460 --> 00:32:25,340
BAND PLAYS, PEOPLE SING
314
00:32:30,580 --> 00:32:32,900
He had been promoted
while still in space.
315
00:32:37,180 --> 00:32:39,660
And wearing a borrowed
Major s jacket,
316
00:32:39,660 --> 00:32:43,180
he was greeted at the airport
by Nikita Khrushchev himself.
317
00:32:47,740 --> 00:32:50,540
My father gave him a big hug
318
00:32:50,540 --> 00:32:53,820
and accompanied him to the door
of his open limo
319
00:32:53,820 --> 00:32:57,860
and told him, "You re the hero
and I will follow you."
320
00:32:57,860 --> 00:33:00,420

And Gagarin said, "No, no,

Comrade Khrushchev,
321
00:33:00,420 --> 00:33:03,420
"it was your achievement too.
Please join us."
322
00:33:03,420 --> 00:33:07,700
So it was the biggest celebration
of the Soviet Union,
323
00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:10,580
as big as the victory in 1945.
324
00:33:41,460 --> 00:33:44,900
SINGING, TRANSLATED:
325
00:33:52,780 --> 00:33:54,580
He toured the world.
326
00:33:56,380 --> 00:34:00,140
The first man OFF the planet
became the most famous man ON it.
327
00:34:07,540 --> 00:34:10,540
The symbol of the Soviets
unchallenged mastery of space.
328
00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:31,780
The world was captivated
as it waited to see
329
00:34:31,780 --> 00:34:34,980
where the next battle
in the Space Race would be fought.
330
00:34:38,300 --> 00:34:43,660
This is OK. Rate of descent
is reading about 35 feet a second.
331
00:34:43,660 --> 00:34:48,420
Alan Shepard became the second man
in space just four weeks later.
332
00:34:48,420 --> 00:34:51,300
My condition is still good,
I m getting ready for impact.

333
00:34:56,460 --> 00:34:59,100
But his 15-minute
sub-orbital flight
334
00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:02,140
was a damp squib
compared to Gagarin s triumph.
335
00:35:06,420 --> 00:35:09,500
Even though they had made it
into space less than a month
336
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:13,060
after the Soviets, it was yet
another embarrassing defeat.
337
00:35:18,780 --> 00:35:21,540
President Kennedy desperately
needed to find a way
338
00:35:21,540 --> 00:35:25,660
to beat the Russians and restore
his country s battered prestige.
339
00:35:27,900 --> 00:35:30,140
We choose to go to the moon!
340
00:35:30,140 --> 00:35:32,420
We choose to go to the moon...
341
00:35:33,900 --> 00:35:36,860
We choose to go to the moon
in this decade
342
00:35:36,860 --> 00:35:39,940
and do the other things,
not because they are easy,
343
00:35:39,940 --> 00:35:41,620
but because they are hard.
344
00:35:43,220 --> 00:35:46,420
Going to the moon
was certainly going to be hard.
345
00:35:46,420 --> 00:35:49,260
The furthest any mission

had flown so far

346
00:35:49,260 --> 00:35:52,260
was just 200 miles
above the Earth s surface.
347
00:35:53,740 --> 00:35:57,660
The moon was a quarter
of a million miles away,
348
00:35:57,660 --> 00:36:01,340
and getting there
was going to be expensive.
349
00:36:01,340 --> 00:36:06,860
Swing into the orbit of more than
2.5 million families right now,
350
00:36:06,860 --> 00:36:09,420
with the happy-go-spending,
351
00:36:09,420 --> 00:36:13,220
buy-it-now young adults of today.
352
00:36:13,220 --> 00:36:17,060
With their booming economy,
the Americans were able
353
00:36:17,060 --> 00:36:20,340
to immediately commit
huge amounts of money
354
00:36:20,340 --> 00:36:24,180
to developing a lunar programme that
could venture so far from the Earth.
355
00:36:27,420 --> 00:36:31,540
Korolev had also drawn up plans
for a moon mission.
356
00:36:31,540 --> 00:36:35,060
But his political masters
were unwilling to bankroll
357
00:36:35,060 --> 00:36:37,740
such an expensive venture.
358

00:36:37,740 --> 00:36:41,300

Korolev said,
"We have to build the new launcher,
359
00:36:41,300 --> 00:36:43,820
"and it will be expensive."
360
00:36:43,820 --> 00:36:47,580
And my father asked how much.
361
00:36:47,580 --> 00:36:51,740
And Korolev told, "I don t know,
but it is not important."
362
00:36:51,740 --> 00:36:54,300
My father said,
"It is not important for you,
363
00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:56,700
"but it s very important for me.
364
00:36:56,700 --> 00:37:00,780
"And we, in this Soviet Union,
have other priorities.
365
00:37:00,780 --> 00:37:04,420
"We need to increase
production of food.
366
00:37:04,420 --> 00:37:06,620
"Still we have shortages.
367
00:37:06,620 --> 00:37:08,980
"We need to build
more and more homes.
368
00:37:08,980 --> 00:37:12,140
"And I don t want to
spend all this money
369
00:37:12,140 --> 00:37:15,940
"only to beat Americans
on the race to the moon."
370
00:37:18,260 --> 00:37:22,860
Instead, Korolev continued
with his much cheaper R7 rocket,

371
00:37:22,860 --> 00:37:26,300
launching a string of missions
into low Earth orbit,
372
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:28,900
each of which
scored a new propaganda victory.
373
00:37:31,020 --> 00:37:33,700
MUSIC PLAYS
374
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:39,140
In August 1961, Gherman Titov
375
00:37:39,140 --> 00:37:42,220
became the first person
to spend more than a day in orbit.
376
00:37:46,820 --> 00:37:51,700
A few months later, Korolev
launched two spacecraft 377
00:37:51,700 --> 00:37:53,420
Vostok 3 and 4 378
00:37:53,420 --> 00:37:56,620
that orbited the planet
simultaneously.
379
00:37:57,980 --> 00:38:00,900
In June 1963, Valery Bykovsky
380
00:38:00,900 --> 00:38:03,540
orbited the Earth
for nearly five days 381
00:38:03,540 --> 00:38:05,340
still the longest solo flight.
382
00:38:07,420 --> 00:38:10,460
And just two days later
he was joined in orbit
383
00:38:10,460 --> 00:38:14,860
by Valentina Tereshkova,
the first woman in space.

384
00:38:14,860 --> 00:38:17,940
CHEERING
385
00:38:51,420 --> 00:38:53,780
I think it s simply marvellous.
386
00:38:53,780 --> 00:38:57,140
I never thought I should live to see
such a thing in my lifetime.
387
00:38:57,140 --> 00:38:59,340
I think it s
a wonderful achievement,
388
00:38:59,340 --> 00:39:01,340
and I think we might be able
to persuade the wife
389
00:39:01,340 --> 00:39:03,660
it would be a good idea, if I could,
to get her to go up there.
390
00:39:06,300 --> 00:39:09,460
But by now, the outside world
was beginning to notice
391
00:39:09,460 --> 00:39:12,060
that despite the noisy propaganda,
392
00:39:12,060 --> 00:39:15,300
there was a remarkable similarity
between all the Soviet missions.
393
00:39:16,660 --> 00:39:20,980
The Russians had a big rocket,
they put a capsule on this rocket,
394
00:39:20,980 --> 00:39:23,580
and then they put a man
in the capsule.
395
00:39:23,580 --> 00:39:25,260
And that was their stunt.
396
00:39:25,260 --> 00:39:28,140
And they repeated that stunt
in different ways.

397
00:39:28,140 --> 00:39:32,180
The idea was to give
the impression to the Americans
398
00:39:32,180 --> 00:39:35,140
that they were actually moving
forward, that they were way ahead,
399
00:39:35,140 --> 00:39:38,780
when in fact they were doing
the same thing over and over again.
400
00:39:41,900 --> 00:39:44,860
Finally, Khrushchev relented.
401
00:39:44,860 --> 00:39:48,260
In one of his last acts as Premier,
he signed the decree
402
00:39:48,260 --> 00:39:51,020
authorising the development
of a moon programme.
403
00:39:52,780 --> 00:39:55,940
They had given the Americans
a three-year head start,
404
00:39:55,940 --> 00:39:59,380
and now it was a question of
whether the Soviets could catch up.
405
00:40:05,860 --> 00:40:08,500
Korolev knew the Americans were
already preparing
406
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:11,100
to launch their first two-man
missions.
407
00:40:12,980 --> 00:40:17,100
Determined not to be upstaged, he d
planned another spectacular first.
408
00:40:19,900 --> 00:40:24,940
On March 18th, 1965,
on a freezing morning in Kazakhstan,

409
00:40:24,940 --> 00:40:27,620
another R7 was being
prepared for launch.
410
00:40:30,660 --> 00:40:33,780
Pavel Belyayev and Alexei Leonov
411
00:40:33,780 --> 00:40:36,180
would both have to squeeze
into the tiny capsule,
412
00:40:36,180 --> 00:40:39,340
which had been renamed Voskhod.
413
00:40:41,740 --> 00:40:45,380
The plan was that,
once the capsule reached orbit,
414
00:40:45,380 --> 00:40:48,460
the crew would extend
an inflatable canvas airlock,
415
00:40:48,460 --> 00:40:51,300
and Leonov would crawl
through that airlock
416
00:40:51,300 --> 00:40:54,780
to become the first man
to walk in space.
417
00:41:00,060 --> 00:41:03,100
Leonov had started preparing
for the mission two years earlier.
418
00:42:31,780 --> 00:42:33,940
By the time they reached orbit,
419
00:42:33,940 --> 00:42:37,260
the crew should have been
prepared for anything.
420
00:43:16,060 --> 00:43:18,780
As Leonov pushed himself
through the airlock
421
00:43:18,780 --> 00:43:21,620
he became the first man

to drift free in space...

422
00:43:24,180 --> 00:43:26,580
..nearly 500km up.
423
00:43:26,580 --> 00:43:28,980
It was the furthest
and most isolated
424
00:43:28,980 --> 00:43:32,140
any human had ever been from
the surface of the Earth.
425
00:44:27,020 --> 00:44:30,140
As he drifted in
the vacuum of space,
426
00:44:30,140 --> 00:44:33,940
the greater air pressure inside
his suit was causing it to expand
427
00:44:33,940 --> 00:44:35,420
like a balloon.
428
00:45:23,420 --> 00:45:26,580
But as Leonov tried to
deflate his suit,
429
00:45:26,580 --> 00:45:28,940
he ran the risk of starving
himself of oxygen.
430
00:46:41,340 --> 00:46:43,220
As Leonov recovered,
431
00:46:43,220 --> 00:46:46,180
they noticed that the oxygen
pressure inside the capsule
432
00:46:46,180 --> 00:46:48,220
was steadily rising,
433
00:46:48,220 --> 00:46:51,300
until the whole atmosphere
became dangerously inflammable.
434
00:46:53,540 --> 00:46:57,380

Four years earlier, cosmonaut

trainee Valentin Bondarenko
435
00:46:57,380 --> 00:47:01,700
had burned alive in a training
accident in an oxygen-rich chamber.
436
00:47:04,460 --> 00:47:07,540
Two years later,
the crew of Apollo 1
437
00:47:07,540 --> 00:47:10,220
would die in a similar
training accident.
438
00:47:39,420 --> 00:47:41,260
But worse was to come.
439
00:47:41,260 --> 00:47:44,540
When the time came
to return to Earth,
440
00:47:44,540 --> 00:47:46,740
their automatic
re-entry system failed.
441
00:47:48,380 --> 00:47:51,260
They would have to fire
the retro rockets manually.
442
00:47:52,620 --> 00:47:55,220
But they would have little control
over where they landed.
443
00:47:56,740 --> 00:47:59,500
So they needed to find
a huge uninhabited area
444
00:47:59,500 --> 00:48:01,220
that they could aim for.
445
00:48:33,740 --> 00:48:37,900
The Taiga is a vast, almost
uninhabited area of forest
446
00:48:37,900 --> 00:48:39,380
in Russia s frozen north.

447
00:48:41,660 --> 00:48:43,980
Although they touched down safely,
448
00:48:43,980 --> 00:48:46,900
the two spacemen were now
stranded on Earth.
449
00:48:48,900 --> 00:48:52,780
No-one in mission control knew where
they were or if they were alive.
450
00:49:06,820 --> 00:49:08,620
HE MIMICS RADIO BLEEPS
451
00:50:44,420 --> 00:50:47,380
For eight years,
the Russian s had blazed a trail
452
00:50:47,380 --> 00:50:49,700
through the Space Race.
453
00:50:49,700 --> 00:50:52,740
But Leonov s spacewalk marked
the end of the first
454
00:50:52,740 --> 00:50:55,380
golden age of the
Soviet space programme.
455
00:51:00,900 --> 00:51:04,540
The Americans lavish spending on
their moon programme was paying off.
456
00:51:12,780 --> 00:51:16,340
Within days, they would welcome
back the first manned mission
457
00:51:16,340 --> 00:51:17,820
of their Gemini Program.
458
00:51:19,540 --> 00:51:21,380
And many more would soon follow.
459
00:51:24,460 --> 00:51:26,940
Their astronauts
were oozing confidence.

460
00:51:31,460 --> 00:51:34,500
But while the Americans
space programme prospered,
461
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:37,660
things were about to go horribly
wrong for the Russians.
462
00:51:41,540 --> 00:51:44,340
Sergei Korolev had been
the driving force
463
00:51:44,340 --> 00:51:46,660
behind the entire
Soviet space programme.
464
00:51:48,140 --> 00:51:52,300
An inspirational leader to an army
of engineers and cosmonauts.
465
00:51:53,900 --> 00:51:55,820
In January 1966,
466
00:51:55,820 --> 00:51:58,180
two days after his 59th birthday,
467
00:51:58,180 --> 00:52:01,860
he was admitted to hospital
for a routine operation.
468
00:52:01,860 --> 00:52:05,460
Three days later, he d still not
regained consciousness.
469
00:52:29,660 --> 00:52:34,660
His funeral was the first time
he received any public recognition.
470
00:52:34,660 --> 00:52:39,660
Throughout his career, even his name
had been a closely guarded secret.
471
00:52:39,660 --> 00:52:43,340
FEMALE INTERVIEWEE:
472
00:53:16,060 --> 00:53:19,860
With Korolev gone,

his deputy, Valery Mishin,

473
00:53:19,860 --> 00:53:23,540
was appointed to replace him
as Chief Designer.
474
00:53:23,540 --> 00:53:27,100
But he lacked Korolev s vision
and management skills.
475
00:54:08,940 --> 00:54:13,300
Mishin s first job in charge was to
oversee the new Soyuz spacecraft
476
00:54:13,300 --> 00:54:15,940
that would take a crew to the moon.
477
00:54:15,940 --> 00:54:18,260
But it s development
had been a disaster...
478
00:54:20,780 --> 00:54:24,780
..beset by delays and
a catalogue of testing failures.
479
00:54:24,780 --> 00:54:28,340
The parachute system alone had
failed on two of its seven tests.
480
00:54:31,980 --> 00:54:35,980
The cosmonauts due to fly in the
craft were understandably concerned.
481
00:54:39,180 --> 00:54:42,060
The ship is clearly
not ready because
482
00:54:42,060 --> 00:54:44,940
it s had three failed
missions in a robotic mode.
483
00:54:44,940 --> 00:54:47,780
But they still went ahead
and put a human being on board.
484
00:54:47,780 --> 00:54:49,220
You have to understand

485
00:54:49,220 --> 00:54:50,980
that the Americans, NASA,
486
00:54:50,980 --> 00:54:52,300
had just flown ten highly
487
00:54:52,300 --> 00:54:54,100
successful Gemini missions,
488
00:54:54,100 --> 00:54:57,700
during which period the Russians
had flown not a single mission.
489
00:54:57,700 --> 00:54:59,100
So there s a lot of pressure
490
00:54:59,100 --> 00:55:01,980
and the engineers internally
felt that pressure.
491
00:55:01,980 --> 00:55:06,220
But there was nobody who could stand
up and say, "We shouldn t do this."
492
00:55:06,220 --> 00:55:09,700
With his political masters
demanding results,
493
00:55:09,700 --> 00:55:13,740
Mishin reluctantly agreed that the
first manned launch should go ahead.
494
00:55:25,660 --> 00:55:28,620
On April 23rd, 1967,
495
00:55:28,620 --> 00:55:32,380
Vladimir Komarov, a highly respected
engineer and test pilot,
496
00:55:32,380 --> 00:55:34,540
prepared for launch.
497
00:55:40,820 --> 00:55:44,180
He was about to become the first
cosmonaut to go into space twice.
498

00:55:52,180 --> 00:55:55,300

To everyone s relief,
the launch was a total success.
499
00:56:02,980 --> 00:56:06,420
And Komarov sent out a message
to the Soviet people from orbit.
500
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:22,140
But then things began to go wrong.
501
00:56:22,140 --> 00:56:25,740
One of the solar panels didn t
deploy, so they had power problems.
502
00:56:25,740 --> 00:56:28,260
Other systems on the ship didn t
work, so they said,
503
00:56:28,260 --> 00:56:29,780
"Just bring Komarov back."
504
00:56:29,780 --> 00:56:32,700
Of course, bringing him
back proved to be very difficult
505
00:56:32,700 --> 00:56:35,260
because there was
so many problems on the ship,
506
00:56:35,260 --> 00:56:38,180
including the automated
attitude-control system
507
00:56:38,180 --> 00:56:40,740
that positioned the
ship properly for re-entry.
508
00:56:40,740 --> 00:56:43,700
So he had to do all this manually,
which he didn t train for,
509
00:56:43,700 --> 00:56:45,180
but he did it very well.
510
00:56:46,460 --> 00:56:48,940
But as the Soyuz
re-entered the atmosphere,

511
00:56:48,940 --> 00:56:50,900
a final, fatal error emerged.
512
00:56:53,540 --> 00:56:56,180
Once again,
the parachute system failed.
513
00:56:59,180 --> 00:57:02,660
The Soyuz was heading towards
the ground at 700mph
514
00:57:02,660 --> 00:57:04,940
with nothing to slow it down.
515
00:57:19,220 --> 00:57:23,060
Komarov was killed instantly,
as the capsule hit the ground.
516
00:57:23,060 --> 00:57:26,620
The remaining fuel on board
set fire to the wreckage.
517
00:57:31,300 --> 00:57:34,460
Mishin s first flight in charge
had ended in catastrophe.
518
00:57:50,260 --> 00:57:52,660
NEW SPEAKER:
519
00:58:18,220 --> 00:58:20,660
But worse was to follow.
520
00:58:20,660 --> 00:58:22,420
In March 1968,
521
00:58:22,420 --> 00:58:26,140
a routine training flight crashed
in these woods outside Moscow...
522
00:58:28,180 --> 00:58:29,780
..killing Yuri Gagarin...
523
00:58:33,100 --> 00:58:36,300
..the smiling symbol of
the Soviet s mastery of space.

524
00:59:04,100 --> 00:59:06,020
In just a couple of years,
525
00:59:06,020 --> 00:59:08,700
the space programme had lost
its iconic hero...
526
00:59:10,420 --> 00:59:12,340
..one of its finest cosmonauts...
527
00:59:15,420 --> 00:59:19,380
..and its inspirational
leader, Korolev.
528
00:59:20,820 --> 00:59:23,740
All three were buried
with full military honours
529
00:59:23,740 --> 00:59:25,300
in the Kremlin Wall.
530
00:59:26,700 --> 00:59:30,860
WOMAN SINGS IN RUSSIAN:
531
01:00:01,940 --> 01:00:05,460
MUSIC: Destination Moon
by Nat King Cole
532
01:00:08,060 --> 01:00:11,580
# Come and take a trip
in my rocket ship... #
533
01:00:11,580 --> 01:00:15,820
But despite these losses,
the race to the moon was still on.
534
01:00:15,820 --> 01:00:18,860
The American programme was
going from strength to strength.
535
01:00:18,860 --> 01:00:21,980
# ..Destination moon... #
536
01:00:21,980 --> 01:00:25,180
During the Gemini missions,
they had perfected

537
01:00:25,180 --> 01:00:29,260
in-flight docking manoeuvres
and spacewalks.
538
01:00:29,260 --> 01:00:32,740
RADIO: This the greatest experience.
It s just tremendous.
539
01:00:32,740 --> 01:00:34,580
And now they were preparing
540
01:00:34,580 --> 01:00:37,860
to launch the first manned
Apollo missions 541
01:00:37,860 --> 01:00:40,660
the missions that
would take them to the moon.
542
01:00:40,660 --> 01:00:45,500
# ..Destination moon! #
543
01:00:53,860 --> 01:00:58,540
The Soviets were also
preparing for their moon landing.
544
01:00:58,540 --> 01:01:02,140
MAN SINGS IN RUSSIAN:
545
01:01:07,660 --> 01:01:11,580
The cosmonauts were learning
how to use the spacesuit that had
546
01:01:11,580 --> 01:01:13,660
been designed to walk on the moon.
547
01:01:16,500 --> 01:01:20,180
This bizarre test rig was built
to mimic the one-sixth gravity
548
01:01:20,180 --> 01:01:22,340
felt on the moon s surface.
549
01:01:39,380 --> 01:01:42,140
And they were already working
on the lander

550
01:01:42,140 --> 01:01:45,860
that would deliver a single
cosmonaut onto the moon s surface.
551
01:02:49,860 --> 01:02:54,220
But a successful lunar mission
needed one more crucial element...
552
01:02:56,220 --> 01:03:00,220
..a rocket powerful enough to carry
a crew all the way to the moon.
553
01:03:04,660 --> 01:03:07,900
The Americans answer
was their vast Saturn V,
554
01:03:07,900 --> 01:03:10,620
still the most powerful rocket
ever built.
555
01:03:15,860 --> 01:03:18,900
And the Russians were also
working on a behemoth.
556
01:03:21,140 --> 01:03:22,740
The N1.
557
01:03:23,940 --> 01:03:26,580
With 30 separate engines,
558
01:03:26,580 --> 01:03:30,300
it would be 16 times
more powerful than the R-7.
559
01:03:33,140 --> 01:03:35,980
It had been designed by Korolev,
560
01:03:35,980 --> 01:03:39,460
but starved of funding and beset
by political in-fighting,
561
01:03:39,460 --> 01:03:43,060
it took years to get from
the drawing board to the launch pad.
562
01:03:46,260 --> 01:03:49,180
The hopes of the entire

Soviet space programme

563
01:03:49,180 --> 01:03:51,580
were resting on the success
of this rocket.
564
01:04:19,500 --> 01:04:22,500
The explosion destroyed
the entire launch complex.
565
01:04:25,540 --> 01:04:27,580
Without a rocket or launch pad,
566
01:04:27,580 --> 01:04:30,660
the Soviets had no way
of getting a crew to the moon.
567
01:04:34,220 --> 01:04:37,020
After several more failed tests,
568
01:04:37,020 --> 01:04:40,100
the giant rocket built by this
nation of potato farmers
569
01:04:40,100 --> 01:04:42,660
ended up housing their pigs.
570
01:04:49,420 --> 01:04:51,740
With the Russians out of the race,
571
01:04:51,740 --> 01:04:55,180
the Americans now had
a clear run at the moon.
572
01:04:55,180 --> 01:04:58,580
Less that three weeks
after the N1 explosion,
573
01:04:58,580 --> 01:05:01,500
on July 20th, 1969,
574
01:05:01,500 --> 01:05:04,980
Apollo 11 made its final
approach to the moon s surface.
575
01:05:04,980 --> 01:05:07,860
We copy you down, Eagle.

576
01:05:07,860 --> 01:05:11,180
That s one small step for man,
577
01:05:11,180 --> 01:05:14,740
one giant leap for mankind.
578
01:05:14,740 --> 01:05:20,940
# Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins
579
01:05:20,940 --> 01:05:27,900
# Were launched away in space
580
01:05:27,900 --> 01:05:34,900
# Millions of hearts were lifted
581
01:05:34,900 --> 01:05:41,140
# Proud of the human race... #
582
01:05:41,140 --> 01:05:45,420
The cosmonauts
could only watch and admire.
583
01:06:14,300 --> 01:06:18,100
NEW SPEAKER:
584
01:06:32,220 --> 01:06:34,980
The moon race was perhaps
the greatest period
585
01:06:34,980 --> 01:06:37,220
of international competition
in space.
586
01:06:38,900 --> 01:06:41,140
But it s what happened next
that would define
587
01:06:41,140 --> 01:06:43,220
the future of space exploration
588
01:06:43,220 --> 01:06:45,140
right up to the present day.
589
01:06:48,020 --> 01:06:49,740
Over the next few years,

590
01:06:49,740 --> 01:06:52,860
the Americans landed five more
missions on the moon.
591
01:06:52,860 --> 01:06:56,140
But as they drove
around the moon s surface,
592
01:06:56,140 --> 01:06:58,260
and even played a bit of golf,
593
01:06:58,260 --> 01:07:00,860
they seemed to have
lost their purpose.
594
01:07:03,380 --> 01:07:06,140
When the Americans landed
on the moon,
595
01:07:06,140 --> 01:07:09,260
it causes a great crisis for NASA,
596
01:07:09,260 --> 01:07:13,340
because the moon has always
been a race, space was a race,
597
01:07:13,340 --> 01:07:16,180
and the thing about a race
is that it has a finishing line,
598
01:07:16,180 --> 01:07:18,300
and a finishing line implies an end.
599
01:07:18,300 --> 01:07:21,380
And that s really the way
the American people saw it, too.
600
01:07:21,380 --> 01:07:25,500
And so, from that day forward,
NASA s been a bit lost in space.
601
01:07:25,500 --> 01:07:30,140
It s not really had a purpose
that has been able to inspire
602
01:07:30,140 --> 01:07:32,380

the American people in the same way.

603
01:07:38,900 --> 01:07:42,580
In contrast, the Soviets
quickly forgot about the moon
604
01:07:42,580 --> 01:07:47,020
and found a new purpose that would
resurrect their space programme 605
01:07:47,020 --> 01:07:49,260
colonisation.
606
01:07:49,260 --> 01:07:52,500
They would find a way
not just to visit space
607
01:07:52,500 --> 01:07:54,420
but to live and work there.
608
01:08:02,060 --> 01:08:05,460
It was thought rapidly spinning
spacecraft could produce
609
01:08:05,460 --> 01:08:09,140
a form of artificial gravity
through centrifugal force...
610
01:08:09,140 --> 01:08:13,620
if only the cosmonauts could cope
with the disorienting effects.
611
01:08:17,500 --> 01:08:20,900
But experiments on the ground
can only tell you so much.
612
01:08:20,900 --> 01:08:23,540
What was needed was
the ability to perform
613
01:08:23,540 --> 01:08:26,020
long-term experiments in space.
614
01:08:28,980 --> 01:08:31,700
CLICKING
615
01:08:36,580 --> 01:08:39,060

In April 1971,
616
01:08:39,060 --> 01:08:43,380
the world s first space station,
Salyut 1, was launched into orbit.
617
01:08:48,300 --> 01:08:51,020
On June 6th, Georgi Dobrovolski,
618
01:08:51,020 --> 01:08:53,060
Vladislav Volkov
619
01:08:53,060 --> 01:08:56,780
and Viktor Patsayev were sent
to become its first occupants.
620
01:09:11,620 --> 01:09:14,500
For three weeks,
they lived and worked in orbit,
621
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:17,700
performing experiments
that were broadcast nightly
622
01:09:17,700 --> 01:09:19,300
to an audience of millions.
623
01:09:21,220 --> 01:09:24,900
It was the longest anyone
had ever been in space
624
01:09:24,900 --> 01:09:26,980
and the crew became national heroes.
625
01:09:35,460 --> 01:09:39,100
On June 29th, they re-boarded
their Soyuz for the journey home.
626
01:09:42,260 --> 01:09:45,820
Their capsule parachuted down
to Earth exactly as planned.
627
01:09:55,900 --> 01:09:57,580
But when it was opened,
628
01:09:57,580 --> 01:10:01,500
the three crew members were found

dead in their seats,

629
01:10:01,500 --> 01:10:04,940
suffocated when a faulty valve
caused the capsule
630
01:10:04,940 --> 01:10:06,980
to catastrophically depressurise.
631
01:10:14,060 --> 01:10:18,060
Alexei Leonov had been due
to command the mission,
632
01:10:18,060 --> 01:10:21,060
but the day before liftoff,
illness had forced his crew
633
01:10:21,060 --> 01:10:23,140
to be replaced by their backups.
634
01:11:05,700 --> 01:11:09,100
Despite the tragedy, it was still
a triumph for the Soviets.
635
01:11:10,700 --> 01:11:13,980
They d shown that it was possible
to live and work in space.
636
01:11:19,980 --> 01:11:24,140
For the rest of the 1970s, the
Russians continued to send crews
637
01:11:24,140 --> 01:11:28,060
to a series of Salyut space stations
on longer and longer missions.
638
01:11:29,740 --> 01:11:34,340
And these extended flights finally
gave engineers like Georgi Grechko
639
01:11:34,340 --> 01:11:36,460
the chance to go into space.
640
01:12:17,140 --> 01:12:20,540
Grechko and the other cosmonauts
on these long-term missions
641

01:12:20,540 --> 01:12:23,900

were the guinea pigs who would learn
what it took to live in space
642
01:12:23,900 --> 01:12:25,460
for extended periods.
643
01:12:29,020 --> 01:12:31,220
By the mid-1980s,
644
01:12:31,220 --> 01:12:34,020
while the Americans
were still concentrating on
645
01:12:34,020 --> 01:12:36,700
short-duration flights
in their Space Shuttle...
646
01:12:39,540 --> 01:12:43,500
..the Russians were ready
to take their next step 647
01:12:43,500 --> 01:12:46,620
the first permanent
orbital space station.
648
01:12:50,020 --> 01:12:51,460
Mir.
649
01:12:52,940 --> 01:12:56,900
Over the years, it would become
a vast orbiting laboratory,
650
01:12:56,900 --> 01:13:01,500
with separate modules for
astrophysics, material science,
651
01:13:01,500 --> 01:13:03,900
and, as it reached full size,
652
01:13:03,900 --> 01:13:06,580
a section dedicated
to studying the Earth.
653
01:13:06,580 --> 01:13:09,860
It was beyond anything
that had ever been conceived.

654
01:13:18,900 --> 01:13:22,900
Teams of cosmonauts would visit the
station for up to a year at a time.
655
01:13:25,900 --> 01:13:29,060
While they worked, crew members
like Alexander Laveikin
656
01:13:29,060 --> 01:13:32,020
gained a new perspective
on the planet beneath them.
657
01:14:46,860 --> 01:14:50,380
But just as the cosmonauts had
finally mastered life in orbit,
658
01:14:50,380 --> 01:14:53,980
it would all go wrong
for them...again.
659
01:15:00,180 --> 01:15:04,740
In 1991, as Mir
orbited silently overhead,
660
01:15:04,740 --> 01:15:07,260
the Soviet Union fell apart.
661
01:15:09,180 --> 01:15:12,980
And the political turmoil on the
Earth was soon felt in space.
662
01:15:16,740 --> 01:15:21,220
The Soviet space programme became
the Russian space programme.
663
01:15:21,220 --> 01:15:25,860
But it was so short of funding that
its very existence was threatened.
664
01:15:29,740 --> 01:15:33,380
It was a prospect that
terrified the Americans.
665
01:15:33,380 --> 01:15:35,740
Their worst fear
was that it would leave
666

01:15:35,740 --> 01:15:37,900

an army of rocket engineers jobless
667
01:15:37,900 --> 01:15:41,900
and they would go to work
for Iran or North Korea.
668
01:15:44,180 --> 01:15:47,980
So, instead, the American government
offered to go into partnership
669
01:15:47,980 --> 01:15:49,820
with the Russians.
670
01:15:49,820 --> 01:15:52,100
This is an historic moment
and I m just very excited.
671
01:15:52,100 --> 01:15:54,020
Mr Kopchev,
I want to give you a hug.
672
01:15:54,020 --> 01:15:57,260
LAUGHTER AND APPLAUSE
673
01:15:59,100 --> 01:16:02,420
After decades of rivalry,
the two space super-powers
674
01:16:02,420 --> 01:16:03,860
would become partners.
675
01:16:03,860 --> 01:16:07,860
It was a relationship that should
have suited both sides.
676
01:16:11,100 --> 01:16:13,540
The Americans would
benefit from sharing the Russians
677
01:16:13,540 --> 01:16:15,700
experience of long-term
space flight.
678
01:16:16,980 --> 01:16:20,300
And the Russians would be kept
afloat by the Americans cash.

679
01:16:25,340 --> 01:16:27,900
The first step
was that American astronauts,
680
01:16:27,900 --> 01:16:31,900
like British-born Michael Foale,
would go to live and work on Mir.
681
01:16:37,460 --> 01:16:39,420
To be really honest,
I don t think Americans
682
01:16:39,420 --> 01:16:41,300
were really keen
to be involved in Mir.
683
01:16:41,300 --> 01:16:43,340
They were told to be involved
by the White House.
684
01:16:45,300 --> 01:16:47,300
I look back on it
and it was a very positive thing,
685
01:16:47,300 --> 01:16:48,700
but I had to be told.
686
01:16:48,700 --> 01:16:51,820
And the general feeling amongst
American engineers was,
687
01:16:51,820 --> 01:16:54,580
"Why s the money going to Russia?
It should come to our company
688
01:16:54,580 --> 01:16:56,860
"so that we can build
the Space Station on our own.
689
01:16:56,860 --> 01:16:58,300
"We don t need the Russians."
690
01:16:59,700 --> 01:17:04,580
In May 1997, six years after
the break up of the Soviet Union,
691
01:17:04,580 --> 01:17:07,940

Michael Foale travelled on the

Space Shuttle to dock with Mir.
692
01:17:11,020 --> 01:17:14,380
The plan was that he would
spend six months on the station
693
01:17:14,380 --> 01:17:16,340
with its Russian crew 694
01:17:16,340 --> 01:17:19,820
Alexander Lazutkin
695
01:17:19,820 --> 01:17:21,420
and Vasily Tsibalyev.
696
01:17:24,180 --> 01:17:27,340
I had already had three flights,
I d done a spacewalk...
697
01:17:27,340 --> 01:17:29,660
Very excited about those flights.
698
01:17:29,660 --> 01:17:32,660
But going to this
fairly unknown can in space 699
01:17:32,660 --> 01:17:35,900
cluttered, crowded,
with 13 years of equipment,
700
01:17:35,900 --> 01:17:38,900
with two guys on board,
who I didn t know well,
701
01:17:38,900 --> 01:17:41,460
and had not trained with,
Vasily and Sasha...
702
01:17:41,460 --> 01:17:44,180
I was very apprehensive.
703
01:17:44,180 --> 01:17:46,420
I thought of this
worse than boarding school.
704
01:17:49,820 --> 01:17:52,100

The ageing station

was showing the strain
705
01:17:52,100 --> 01:17:53,820
the Russian space programme
was under.
706
01:17:56,060 --> 01:17:59,660
Just three months before, there had
been a near disastrous fire.
707
01:18:01,020 --> 01:18:03,100
And the Russians were still looking
708
01:18:03,100 --> 01:18:05,180
for ways to cut corners
and save money.
709
01:18:08,460 --> 01:18:12,500
Every few months, Mir received
supplies on an unmanned cargo ship.
710
01:18:13,900 --> 01:18:17,020
It was guided by an automated
but expensive system,
711
01:18:17,020 --> 01:18:19,340
provided by a Ukrainian company.
712
01:18:20,940 --> 01:18:25,020
About $2 million was being paid,
each flight, to the Ukrainians,
713
01:18:25,020 --> 01:18:28,420
and the Russian government
didn t want to pay this.
714
01:18:28,420 --> 01:18:31,300
And so they had come up
with an idea, a bad idea,
715
01:18:31,300 --> 01:18:35,980
to try and do this experiment where
they would put the cargo ship
716
01:18:35,980 --> 01:18:40,180
five kilometres away, and then
fly it in using a cosmonaut,

717
01:18:40,180 --> 01:18:43,180
remote control,
looking through a TV camera.
718
01:18:45,700 --> 01:18:47,620
The new system
was like a computer game.
719
01:18:49,180 --> 01:18:51,260
Tsibalyev, the station commander,
720
01:18:51,260 --> 01:18:54,460
used a camera on the cargo ship
to guide it towards the station.
721
01:18:55,900 --> 01:18:59,180
He had trained with
a simulator on Earth.
722
01:18:59,180 --> 01:19:02,820
But in orbit, he and his
flight engineer, Sasha Lazutkin,
723
01:19:02,820 --> 01:19:05,940
were having difficulty
even locating the cargo vessel.
724
01:19:11,260 --> 01:19:14,180
MAN SPEAKING RUSSIAN:
725
01:19:36,060 --> 01:19:37,500
I asked what I could do to help.
726
01:19:37,500 --> 01:19:41,620
And so they sent me with a laser
range finder to the docking port.
727
01:19:41,620 --> 01:19:44,220
I looked out of this tiny
little hole, and I couldn t see it.
728
01:20:37,700 --> 01:20:41,180
You could see the space station
getting bigger and bigger in the
camera s view.
729

01:20:49,620 --> 01:20:53,060

At which point, Sasha said,
"Go to the Soyuz..."
730
01:20:53,060 --> 01:20:56,140
That s our life boat...
"..to get it ready to return home."
731
01:21:05,900 --> 01:21:07,740
CRASHING SOUND
732
01:21:17,260 --> 01:21:21,380
The walls of the Space Station
Mir are only 3mm thick aluminium.
733
01:21:22,740 --> 01:21:25,580
I heard a crunch and
I waited to see the walls separate
734
01:21:25,580 --> 01:21:27,260
and just see the depths of space.
735
01:21:27,260 --> 01:21:29,260
And I thought,
"I ve got to breathe out
736
01:21:29,260 --> 01:21:31,900
"so I don t have an embolism
and die from an embolism."
737
01:21:31,900 --> 01:21:33,420
Not really considering the fact
738
01:21:33,420 --> 01:21:36,460
that I would die ten seconds
later anyway from no air.
739
01:21:36,460 --> 01:21:39,660
ALARM BEEPS
740
01:21:56,100 --> 01:21:58,580
BEEPING CONTINUES
741
01:22:07,460 --> 01:22:09,860
The rate at which
the pressure was dropping,
742

01:22:09,860 --> 01:22:12,060

the air was leaving
the station, gave us less
743
01:22:12,060 --> 01:22:14,140
than 30 minutes of what
we call reserve time,
744
01:22:14,140 --> 01:22:15,620
which is time to be conscious.
745
01:22:15,620 --> 01:22:18,620
So I started to look
at my fingernails to see
if they were going to go blue.
746
01:22:18,620 --> 01:22:20,620
Cos if you re
going to die from anoxia,
747
01:22:20,620 --> 01:22:23,180
the first thing that happens
before you lose consciousness
748
01:22:23,180 --> 01:22:24,500
is your fingers go blue.
749
01:22:26,580 --> 01:22:29,460
The cargo ship had struck
the Spektr power module.
750
01:22:32,460 --> 01:22:35,100
If the crew were to survive,
they had to seal it off.
751
01:22:36,900 --> 01:22:38,660
Sasha knew
there was a hole in there.
752
01:22:38,660 --> 01:22:41,500
And he said,
"It s hissing in there."
753
01:22:41,500 --> 01:22:45,260
So Sasha, feverishly, started
to try and take away cables that
754
01:22:45,260 --> 01:22:49,540

were preventing a hatch to

close on the Spektr module.
755
01:22:49,540 --> 01:22:51,380
ALARM CONTINUES BEEPING
756
01:22:56,860 --> 01:22:59,460
But though they successfully
sealed the hatch,
757
01:22:59,460 --> 01:23:01,700
they now faced another problem.
758
01:23:01,700 --> 01:23:03,940
The impact had knocked
the station out of alignment
759
01:23:03,940 --> 01:23:08,060
and the damaged solar panels were no
longer pointed towards the sun.
760
01:24:16,020 --> 01:24:19,220
I remember the three of us
looking out at the Galaxy.
761
01:24:19,220 --> 01:24:20,900
It s utterly beautiful.
762
01:24:20,900 --> 01:24:22,740
You have the centre of the Galaxy 763
01:24:22,740 --> 01:24:25,580
maybe there s
a million civilisations there.
764
01:24:25,580 --> 01:24:28,580
And I remember saying to Vasily,
"This is a beautiful sight."
765
01:24:28,580 --> 01:24:31,140
And he goes,
"Yes, but it s been a terrible day."
766
01:24:34,900 --> 01:24:38,660
For 24 hours, they drifted
silently around the planet,
767

01:24:38,660 --> 01:24:41,500

while the crew devised a plan
to save the crippled station.
768
01:24:44,220 --> 01:24:46,940
Using the thrusters
on the Soyuz escape craft,
769
01:24:46,940 --> 01:24:49,380
they painstakingly
realigned the station
770
01:24:49,380 --> 01:24:52,500
so the solar panels once again
caught the sun s rays.
771
01:24:55,460 --> 01:24:59,300
Mir was back online, but the
station s days were numbered.
772
01:25:02,380 --> 01:25:05,420
Just six months later,
it was announced that Mir would be
773
01:25:05,420 --> 01:25:08,700
decommissioned and
eventually brought down from orbit.
774
01:25:50,860 --> 01:25:53,980
As Mir fell back to Earth,
it was torn apart
775
01:25:53,980 --> 01:25:57,580
in the upper atmosphere
as it made its final fiery farewell.
776
01:26:09,340 --> 01:26:12,780
The death of Mir marked an end
for the Russian space programme.
777
01:26:14,140 --> 01:26:16,260
But it also signalled
a new beginning.
778
01:26:17,580 --> 01:26:20,740
Mir s replacement,
the International Space Station,
779

01:26:20,740 --> 01:26:23,220

was already taking shape in orbit.
780
01:26:24,980 --> 01:26:27,780
The first truly
international venture in space.
781
01:26:29,220 --> 01:26:33,300
A collaboration between 15 different
space agencies
782
01:26:33,300 --> 01:26:35,820
to build a station
four times bigger than Mir.
783
01:26:37,260 --> 01:26:40,460
Though not everyone regarded it
as a positive development.
784
01:27:22,900 --> 01:27:26,860
But in reality, the ISS
is the greatest testament
785
01:27:26,860 --> 01:27:30,020
to the achievements of the
mighty Soviet space programme.
786
01:27:33,020 --> 01:27:36,580
Its very existence
depends on technology and expertise
787
01:27:36,580 --> 01:27:40,820
built up by the Soviets and Russians
over 50 years of space exploration.
788
01:27:49,540 --> 01:27:51,860
The station s crucial
life support systems
789
01:27:51,860 --> 01:27:54,500
are based on those
developed on Salyut and Mir.
790
01:27:58,180 --> 01:28:00,820
The spacesuits they use
are Russian-made 791
01:28:00,820 --> 01:28:04,380

descendants of the suit Leonov

wore on the first space-walk...
792
01:28:06,180 --> 01:28:08,380
..and those designed
to walk on the moon.
793
01:28:10,780 --> 01:28:14,940
And, since 2011, the only way
to get to the station
794
01:28:14,940 --> 01:28:18,540
has been in a Soyuz capsule mounted
on the top of an R7 rocket...
795
01:28:20,780 --> 01:28:23,020
..updated versions
of the originals
796
01:28:23,020 --> 01:28:25,740
designed by Sergei Korolev
half a century ago.
797
01:28:29,060 --> 01:28:32,020
The Soviets may have lost
the race to the moon,
798
01:28:32,020 --> 01:28:35,940
but our continued presence
in orbit owes everything
799
01:28:35,940 --> 01:28:39,140
to the Russians determination
to conquer space.