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Published in IET Renewable Power Generation
Received on 15th August 2007
Revised on 10th August 2008
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg:20070100

ISSN 1752-1416

AC/DC power conversion interface for

self-excited induction generator
J.-C. Wu
Department of Microelectronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142 Haijhuan Road, Nanzih District
81143, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
E-mail: jinnwu@mail.nkmu.edu.tw

Abstract: A new AC/DC power conversion interface for the self-excited induction generator (SEIG) is proposed here.
The proposed AC/DC conversion interface includes an excitation system and a diode rectier connected in parallel.The
variable frequency AC power generated by the SEIG is converted into DC power by the diode rectier. The DC power of
the diode rectier can charge a battery set and supply DC loads or be further converted into xed-frequency AC power
by an inverter for AC loads.The DC voltage is expected to be regulated in the above applications. The excitation system
supplies an exciting reactive current to maintain the amplitude of the SEIG output voltage to be a constant value.
Moreover, it can also serve as an active power lter to suppress the harmonic current generated by the diode
rectier. The excitation system is composed of an AC power capacitor and a power converter connected in series.
The AC power capacitor is adapted to provide a basic reactive power, and it can also reduce the voltage rating and
the capacity of the power converter. The salient point of the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface is that
the capacity of the power converter in the AC/DC power conversion interface can be minimised, and the power
loss of the AC/DC power conversion interface can also be reduced. A prototype is developed and tested to verify
the performance of the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface.

Introduction

The conventional energy sources for power generation are

fossil fuels, hydro and nuclear energy. However, overexploitation of these resources has caused serious damage to
the environment. The Kyoto agreement on global reduction
of greenhouse emissions has been implemented in 2005 to
relieve this problem, and it has also aroused global interest
in and highlighted the importance of renewable energy
sources. In addition, the limited supply of fossil fuels has
led to the increasing cost of their usage. Hence, renewable
energy sources, such as wind power and solar power, have
become more important. Owing to the marked drop in the
cost of wind power, the use of wind power has rapidly
increased worldwide in recent years.
Induction generators are used in wind power systems to
convert wind energy into electrical energy. According to the
construction of the rotor, induction generators can be divided
into wound-rotor induction generators [13] and squirrelcage induction generators [411]. Wound-rotor induction
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generators are suitable for grid-connected applications. The

stator of a wound-rotor induction generator is directly
connected to the utility, and the rotor is also connected to the
utility through a power conversion system. The major
drawbacks of wound-rotor induction generators are the high
costs of manufacture and maintenance because brushes and
collector rings are required. Owing to their advantages of
rugged construction, simple and reliable operation, low cost
and minimum maintenance required, squirrel-cage
induction generators are very suitable for small-capacity
wind-power generation, during which they can be operated
as a stand-alone or a grid-connected system. Since the rotor
of a squirrel-cage induction generator cannot establish a
stable magnetic eld independently, it requires an extra
external reactive power supply to sustain self-excitation. The
output voltage of a squirrel-cage induction generator will
vary because of the change in rotor speed and load under the
xed exciting reactive current. However, the variable exciting
reactive current can be used to regulate the output voltage
[8]. Some technologies have been proposed to supply the
varied exciting reactive currents [9 11]. Since the frequency
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of the output voltage for the squirrel-cage induction generator
is not unique because of the variation in rotor speed, an AC/
DC power conversion interface is required for a squirrel-cage
induction generator in both stand-alone and grid-connected
applications. Conventionally, a power converter is used as
the AC/DC power conversion interface for a squirrel-cage
induction generator [12, 13], and its conguration is shown
in Fig. 1a. As can be seen, the power converter is connected
to the stator of a squirrel-cage induction generator. The
power converter must convert the real power from AC to
DC and supply the reactive power to excite the squirrel-cage
induction generator. Hence, the power capacity of the power
converter is large, and it increases the cost and power loss.
To reduce the power capacity of the power converter in the
conventional power converter-based AC/DC power
conversion interface, an AC capacitor is used to be
connected in parallel to the power converter, shown in
Fig. 1b, to supply a basic reactive power [14]. The major
exciting reactive current is supplied from the AC capacitor,
and the power converter is only used to ne tune the
exciting reactive current in accordance with the change of
load and rotation speed [14]. However, the power converter
still processes full real power and part reactive power. With
cost taken into consideration, the AC capacitor is more
suitable to excite the squirrel-cage induction generator, and
the rectier is better suited for AC/DC power conversion.
Fig. 2 shows the circuit conguration of the AC/DC power
conversion interface, combining the AC capacitor and
rectier, for squirrel-cage induction generators [6]. For
stable operation of the squirrel-cage induction generator, the
exciting reactive current must vary in accordance with the
change in load and wind speed. However, the supplied
reactive power of the AC capacitor cannot be controlled but
varies with the changing amplitude and frequency of the

Figure 2 AC/DC power conversion interface congured by

an AC capacitor and a rectier for SEIG
output voltage generated by the squirrel-cage induction
generator. Moreover, the rectier will generate rich
harmonic currents to be injected into the AC capacitor and
induction generator. This may result in power resonance,
vibration and noise of the induction generator. Hence, the
AC/DC power conversion interface, composed of the AC
capacitor and rectier, is not compatible with the squirrelcage induction generator.
In this paper, a new AC/DC power conversion interface is
proposed for the self-excited induction generator (SEIG).
The proposed AC/DC conversion interface comprises an
excitation system and a diode rectier connected in parallel
to convert the unregulated AC power to regular DC power.
The regular DC power can charge a battery set and supply
DC loads. The DC power can also deliver to the DC side
of the single-phase or three-phase inverter to be converted
into a single-phase or three-phase AC power for the AC
loads. The advantages of the proposed AC/DC conversion
interface are small power capacity of the power converter
and constant output voltage of the induction generator. To
verify the performance of the proposed AC/DC power
conversion interface, a three-phase prototype is developed
and tested.

Figure 1 AC/DC power conversion interface for SEIG

a Conventional power converter-based AC/DC power conversion
interface
b Improved power converter-based AC/DC power conversion
interface

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System conguration

Fig. 3 shows the system conguration of the proposed AC/

DC power conversion interface for the stand-alone SEIG.
The proposed AC/DC conversion interface comprises an
excitation system and a diode rectier connected in parallel.
The conventional AC/DC conversion interface, shown in
Fig. 2, has the problems of uncontrollable reactive power
and serious harmonic current caused by the rectier. These
problems can be improved by using a power converter
serially connected to the AC capacitor to serve as an
excitation system. The diode rectier in the proposed AC/
DC conversion interface converts the AC power with
variable frequency generated by the SEIG into DC power.
The DC power of the diode rectier can charge a battery
set and supply with the DC loads. The DC power can also
deliver to the DC side of the single-phase or three-phase
inverter to be converted into the single-phase or three-phase
AC power for the AC loads. The DC voltage is expected
to be regulated in the above applications. The excitation
system supplies a variable exciting reactive current to
maintain the amplitude of the SEIG output voltage to be a
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where VG and v are the amplitude and angular frequency of
the SEIG output voltage, respectively. The applied power
converter generates a sinusoidal voltage whose phase is in
or out of phase with the output voltage of the SEIG to
adjust the exciting reactive current. Then, the voltage across
the AC capacitor can be represented as
vcR (t) VG + VC1

Figure 3 Proposed AC/DC power conversion interface for

SEIG
constant value. Besides, it can also serve as an active power
lter to suppress the harmonic current of the diode
rectier. The AC power capacitor in the excitation system
is adapted to provide a basic reactive power and reduce the
voltage rating and power capacity of the power converter.
The power converter is used to adjust the exciting reactive
current within a predetermined range and suppress the
harmonic current. Hence, the power capacity of the power
converter in the proposed AC/DC power conversion
interface can be minimised, and the power loss of the AC/
DC power conversion interface can also be reduced.

Operating principle

The output voltage of the SEIG varies with the load, rotor
speed and exciting reactive current. It is expected to be
controlled within a specied range to be accepted by the
AC/DC power conversion interface for normal operation.
This means that the reactive current of the excitation system
must vary in accordance with the change in load and rotor
speed of the SEIG. The excitation system comprises an AC
capacitor and a power converter connected in series. The
AC capacitor supplies a basic exciting reactive current, and it
can reduce the voltage rating and the capacity of the power
converter. The power converter linearly adjusts the exciting
reactive current supplied by the excitation system within a
predetermined range around the basic exciting reactive
current. In addition, the power converter can avoid damage
because of the harmonic resonance caused by the AC
capacitor and the impedance of the SEIG. Besides, the
power converter can also act as an active power lter to
suppress the harmonic current generated by the rectier.
The AC capacitor C, shown in Fig. 3, supplies the basic
reactive current to excite the SEIG, and the amplitude of
the basic exciting reactive current can be derived as
Ie,base vCVG
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(1)

(2)

where VC1 is the amplitude of the fundamental output voltage

of the power converter, and it can be controlled. If the phase
of the fundamental output voltage of the power converter is in
phase with the output voltage of the SEIG, the voltage across
the AC capacitor becomes smaller. In contrast, if the phase of
the fundamental output voltage of the power converter is
out of phase with the output voltage of the SEIG, the
voltage across the AC power capacitor becomes larger.
At this instant, the amplitude of the exciting reactive
current generated by the proposed excitation system can be
represented as


V
Ie vC(VG + VC1 ) Ie,base 1 + C1
VG

(3)

Equation (3) indicates that the reactive current supplied

by the excitation system is around the basic exciting
reactive current and can be adjusted by changing the output
voltage of the power converter. The maximum amplitude of
the fundamental voltage VC1 generated by the power
converter without over-modulation varies with the DC bus
voltage, VDC , of the power converter, and it can be
represented as [15]
1
VC1, max Vdc
2

(4)

The minimum exciting reactive current is derived as



V
Ie,min Ie,base 1  dc
2VG

(5)

and the maximum exciting reactive current is derived as


Ie,max Ie,base

V
1 dc
2VG


(6)

Hence, the reactive current supplied by the excitation system

can be linearly adjusted, and its amplitude is between Ie,max
and Ie,min . Since the exciting reactive current demanded by
the SEIG is always leading and restricted within a specied
range, the proposed excitation system congured by an AC
capacitor and a power converter is superior to that congured
by a power converter alone. In general, the wind power
generation system is only operated in a specied range of
wind speed, and the speed range of SEIG is also limited.
Hence, the range of the exciting reactive current demanded
by the SEIG can be known in advance; the DC bus voltage
of the power converter and the capacitance of the AC
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Figure 4 Harmonic frequency equivalent circuit for the SEIG

system
capacitor can be determined using (1), (5) and (6). If the speed
of SEIG is out of the specied range, the operation of SEIG
will be stopped. This design can prevent the over-uxing and
over-saturation of SEIG at low speeds.
Moreover, the excitation system can also serve as an active
power lter to suppress the harmonic current generated by
the diode rectier. Fig. 4 shows the harmonic frequency
equivalent circuit for the SEIG system with the proposed
AC/DC power conversion interface. The diode rectier is
simplied as a current source, and the power converter is
simplied as a dependent voltage source. To suppress the
harmonic current of the diode rectier, the output voltage
of the power converter is derived as
Vc,h IL,h Zc,h

(7)

where Zc,h is the impedance of the AC capacitor.

According to the above, the harmonic suppression shown
in (7) and the maximum/minimum exciting reactive current
shown in (5) and (6) must be considered when designing the
value of DC bus voltage for the power converter.
The power converter in the conventional power converterbased AC/DC power conversion interface in Fig. 1a is
directly parallel with the output of SEIG. The DC voltage
rating of the power converter in the conventional power
converter-based AC/DC power conversion interface must be
higher than the peak value of the maximum output voltage of
SEIG, and the current rating is the combined result of the
real current and the exciting reactive current. In this paper, an

AC capacitor set, a rectier and a small capacity power

converter are used to replace the power converter shown in
Fig. 1a. Since the cost of the AC capacitor and the rectier is
signicantly lower than that of the power converter, the
manufacturing cost of the proposed AC/DC power
conversion interface is less than that of the conventional
power converter-based AC/DC power conversion interface.
Since the major fundamental component of SEIG output
voltage drops on the AC capacitor in the proposed AC/DC
power conversion interface, the DC bus voltage of the power
converter is independent of the peak value of maximum
output voltage of SEIG and the voltage rating can be reduced
signicantly in comparison with the conventional power
converter-based AC/DC power conversion interface. Besides,
the current rating of the power converter is only the
combined result of the exciting reactive current and the
harmonic current of the diode rectier. Hence, the current
rating is also smaller in comparison with the conventional
power converter-based AC/DC power conversion interface.
Since the switching loss of the power converter depends on
the DC voltage and the current, the power loss of the power
converter in the proposed AC/DC power conversion
interface is smaller in comparison with the conventional
power converter-based AC/DC power conversion interface.
Although the improved power converter-based AC/DC
power conversion interface shown in Fig. 1b reduces the
current of the power converter, the power converter is still
parallel with the output of SEIG directly and its voltage
rating is still higher than the peak value of maximum output
voltage of SEIG. Hence, the power rating and switching loss
of the power converter are still higher than those of the
proposed AC/DC power conversion interface. Table 1 shows
the comparison result of these AC/DC power conversion
interfaces.

Control block diagram

The proposed AC/DC power conversion interface is applied

to a stand-alone small-capacity wind power system. The
purpose of the excitation system is to supply a reactive
current to excite the SEIG to sustain the output voltage of
the SEIG, and a current to suppress the harmonic current

Table 1 Compensation results of AC/DC power conversion interfaces

Power converter only [12, 13]

Power converter with parallel

capacitor [14]

Proposed system (diode rectier

and excitation system)

Processing power of
the power converter

all exciting reactive power and part of exciting reactive power

real power
and all real power

part of exciting reactive power

and harmonic power of the
diode rectier

DC voltage rating of
the power converter

large (higher than peak value large (higher than peak value
of maximum output voltage of of maximum output voltage of
SEIG)
SEIG)

small

Current rating of the

power converter

large (all real current and

reactive current)

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small (all real current and

small reactive current)

small (all reactive current and

harmonic current of the diode
rectier)

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of the diode rectier. This means that the output current of
the SEIG contains only two components, a fundamental
real current component and a fundamental reactive current
component. To simplify the control circuit, the object of
control of the excitation system is the output current of the
SEIG, and current-mode control is used. Because the
waveforms of the fundamental real current component and
fundamental reactive current component for the output
current of the SEIG are known in advance, only their
amplitudes have to be determined. The excitation system
supplies a controllable reactive current to excite the SEIG
to maintain the output voltage of the SEIG constant.
Hence, the amplitude of the fundamental reactive current
can be obtained by regulating the output voltage of the
SEIG. The amplitude of the fundamental real current
determines the real power supplied from the SEIG. With
the excitation system assumed to be lossless, the real power
supplied by the SEIG equals that demanded by the diode
rectier in the steady state. Since a DC capacitor is connected
to the DC bus of the power converter, whose real power
ow is bi-directional, the real power difference between the
SEIG and rectier will be supplied from or injected into
the DC capacitor under the transient state. This real power
difference will lead to a variation in the DC bus voltage.
Hence, the amplitude of the fundamental real current
component of the SEIG can be obtained by regulating the
DC voltage of the power converter.
Fig. 5 shows the control block diagram of the power converter
for the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface. The
control block diagram can be divided into an AC voltage
regulation loop and a DC voltage regulation loop. The AC
voltage regulation loop determines the fundamental reactive
current component, and the DC voltage regulation loop
obtains the fundamental real current component. In the AC
voltage regulation loop, the output voltage of the SEIG is
detected and sent to low-pass lter I, whose output is then
sent to a root mean square (RMS) detection circuit to detect
the RMS value of the SEIG output voltage. The output of
the RMS detection circuit is compared with the AC setting
voltage, and the compared result is sent to the proportionalintegral (PI) controller I to obtain the amplitude of the
fundamental reactive current. The fundamental reactive

current generated by the excitation system leads the SEIG

output voltage by 908. The SEIG output voltage (after lowpass lter I) is sent to a differential circuit to obtain the
waveform of the fundamental reactive current, whereas the
outputs of PI controller I and the differential circuit are sent
to a multiplier to obtain the fundamental reactive current. In
the DC voltage regulation loop, the DC bus voltage is
detected by a voltage detector and sent to low-pass lter II
to lter out its ripple. The output of low-pass lter II is
compared with the DC setting voltage, and the compared
result is sent to PI controller II to obtain the amplitude of
the fundamental real current. The fundamental real current
component is in phase with the SEIG output voltage, which
(after low-pass lter I) is the waveform of the fundamental
real current component. The outputs of PI controller II and
low-pass lter I are sent to a multiplier to obtain the
fundamental reactive current. The reference signal is obtained
by the summation of the fundamental reactive current and
fundamental real current components. The output current of
the SEIG is detected, which is sent with the reference signal
to form a closed-loop control. The output current of the
SEIG is compared with the reference signal, and the
compared result is sent to a controller. The output of the
controller is sent to the pulse-width modulation (PWM)
circuit to generate the modulation signals to drive the power
electronic switches of the power converter. With a welldesigned controller, the power converter will generate an
output current to the power feeder so as to force the SEIG
output current to comply with the reference signal.

Experimental results

To verify the performance of the proposed AC/DC power

conversion interface for the SEIG, a three-phase prototype
is developed. A 1/2 hp with four-pole squirrel-cage induction
generator is used in the following experiments. A 1/2 hp
induction motor is employed to drive this squirrel-cage
induction generator. In the laboratory, it is easy to obtain
and install the experiments by using a squirrel-cage
induction generator with four poles. The operating speed
range of squirrel-cage induction generator with four poles is
about 1500 2000 rpm. In practice, the operating speed
range of most wind power generators is lower than the

Figure 5 Control block diagram of the power converter for the proposed power conversion interface
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Table 2 Major parameters of the prototype
AC capacitor

40 mF

Switching frequency 20 kHz lter inductor

2 mH

DC voltage

180 V

above. The squirrel-cage induction generator may be

designed as a generator with more poles for the wind
power applications. Besides, the wind power generators
may be speeded up by using a gear box. The major
parameters of the developed prototype are shown in
Table 2. This prototype is a stand-alone system, and the
load used in the experimental system are light bulbs. As
seen in Table 2, the DC bus voltage of the power converter
is only 180 V, and it is smaller than that (about 380 V) of
the conventional and the improved power converter-based
AC/DC power conversion interface. Hence, the power
rating of the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface
is smaller than that of the conventional and the improved
power converter-based AC/DC power conversion interface.
Fig. 6 shows the relationship between the SEIG output
voltage and load capacity. Fig. 6a shows the experimental
result of the SEIG output voltage from no load to full load
after applying the excitation system using the AC capacitor
alone. As can be seen, the output voltage variation of the
SEIG from no load to full load is about 30 V, which is too
large to be accepted by the DC load under the excitation
system of using the AC capacitor alone. Fig. 6b shows the
experimental result obtained by the proposed excitation
system. As can be seen, the output voltage variation of the
SEIG from no load to full load is , 0.5 V. This veries
that the AC voltage regulation of the proposed excitation
system under the load variation is excellent. Fig. 7 shows

Figure 6 Relationship between SEIG output voltage and

load capacity
a With excitation system using the AC capacitor alone
b With the proposed excitation system

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Figure 7 Experimental result of the proposed AC/DC power

conversion interface under half-load condition
a
b
c
d

SEIG output voltage

SEIG output current
Output current of the excitation system
Rectier current

the experimental result of the proposed AC/DC power

conversion interface under the half-load (about 170 W)
condition. Fig. 8 shows the experimental result of the
proposed AC/DC power conversion interface under the
full-load (about 310 W) condition. As can be seen, the
load current contains rich harmonic, and the total
harmonic distortion (THD) is 78%. However, the output
current of the SEIG is almost sinusoidal, and its THD is
only 4.9%. These results verify that the proposed excitation
system can effectively suppress the output harmonic current
of the diode rectier. Since the power factor of the
induction generator in the experimental system is very low
(,0.5), a large exciting reactive current is required in
Figs. 7 and 8. If the power factor of SEIG can be
improved, the current of the power converter will be
evidently smaller than the output current of SEIG. Fig. 9
shows the experimental result of the proposed AC/DC
power conversion interface under step-on load. The load is

Figure 8 Experimental result of the proposed AC/DC power

conversion interface under full-load condition
a
b
c
d

SEIG output voltage

SEIG output current
Output current of the excitation system
Rectier current

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Figure 9 Experimental result of the proposed AC/DC power

conversion interface under step-on load (from 120 to
310 W)
a
b
c
d

SEIG output voltage

SEIG output current
Output current of the excitation system
Rectier current

increased from 120 to 310 W instantaneously. As can be

seen, the output voltage of the SEIG drops at the instant
of the step-on load, but swings back gradually to the
setting voltage. The response is not quick enough because
of the inertia of the SEIG. Fig. 10 shows the experimental
result of the proposed AC/DC power conversion interface
under the step-off load. The load is decreased from 310 to
120 W instantaneously. As can be seen, the output voltage
of the SEIG rises at the instant of the step-off load, but
swings back gradually to the setting voltage. Fig. 11 shows
the experimental result of the proposed AC/DC power
conversion interface under varying rotor speed. The rotor
speed is changed from 1650 to 1860 rpm. As can be seen,
the output voltage of SEIG is almost constant. It shows

Figure 11 Experimental result of the proposed AC/DC

power conversion interface under variation in rotor speed
a
b
c
d

SEIG output voltage

SEIG output current
Output current of the excitation system
Rectier current

that the proposed excitation system has good AC voltage

regulation under the varying rotor speed. The above results
verify that the proposed scheme can work under varying
loads and wind speeds.

Conclusions

The squirrel-cage induction generator has the advantages of

low cost and high durability. Hence, it is very suitable for
the application in small-capacity wind-power systems. This
paper proposes an AC/DC power conversion interface for
the SEIG, which comprises a rectier and an excitation
system, to regulate the output voltage to maintain stable
operation of the SEIG system and convert the AC power
with variable frequency into DC power. The DC power can
charge a battery set and supply DC loads. The DC power
can also deliver to the DC side of the single-phase or threephase inverter to be converted into single-phase or threephase AC power for AC loads. The advantages of the
proposed AC/DC power conversion interface are as follows:
1. Since an AC capacitor is employed in the proposed
excitation system, the power capacity of the power
converter can be reduced signicantly. Besides, the DC
voltage of the power converter can also be reduced effectively.
2. Since the diode rectier is used to convert the real power
generated from the SEIG, it can reduce the power capacity of
the power converter to process the real power.

Figure 10 Experimental result of the proposed AC/DC power

conversion interface under step-off load (from 310 W to
120 W)
a
b
c
d

SEIG output voltage

SEIG output current
Output current of the excitation system
Rectier current

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3. The proposed AC/DC power conversion interface can

effectively regulate the output voltage of the SEIG.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to express gratitude to the students of

KSU who have helped in setting up of the hardware for the
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tests. The author also acknowledges the nancial support of
National Science Council Taiwan under NSC 94-2213-E168-014.

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