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Chapter 15 Dynamics
Chapter 15 Dynamics
Chapter 15
Explicit Dynamics
15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics
15.2 High-Speed Impact
15.3 Drop Test
15.4 Review
Section 15.1
Basics of Explicit Dynamics
Key Concepts
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M D + C D + K D = F
Transient Structural solves the above equation using the following algorithm:
Dn+1 = Dn + t
Dn+1 = Dn + tDn +
The parameters
and
Dn+1 + (1
)Dn
1 2
t 2 Dn+1 + (1 2 )Dn
2
It is called an implicit method because the response at the current time step depends on
not only the historical information but also the current information; iterations are
needed in a single time step.
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{}
{ } {}
M D + C D + K D = F
Explicit Dynamics solves the above equation using the following algorithm:
Dn+ 1 = Dn 1 + Dn t
2
Dn+1 = Dn + Dn+ 1 t
2
It is called explicit methods because the response at the current time can be calculated
explicitly; no iterations within a time step is needed.
Solution Accuracy
Explicit Dynamics uses the principle of conservation of energy to monitor the solution
accuracy.
(Reference Energy) + (Work Done)Reference
Current
= (Current Energy)
It calculates overall energy at each cycle. If the energy error reaches a threshold, the
solution is regarded as unstable and stops. The default threshold is 10%.
Current
With explicit methods, the integration time step needs to be small enough to ensure
stability and accuracy of the solution. The German mathematicians, Courant, Friedrichs,
and Lewy, suggested that, in a single time step, a wave should not travel further than the
smallest element size, i.e.
t
h
c
where h is the smallest element size, c is the wave speed in the element.
Because of the CFL condition, when generating meshes for Explicit Dynamics, make
sure that one or two very small elements do not control the time step. In general, a
uniform mesh size is desirable for Explicit Dynamics simulations.
= m V , where m is the
mass and V is the volume of the element. Therefore the CFL condition yields
t fh
m
VE
The idea of mass scaling is to articially increase the mass of small elements,
so that the stability time step can be increased.
Static Damping
Section 15.2
High-Speed Impact
10
11
Section 15.3
Drop Test
R20
5 m/s
10
R3
20
Unit: mm.
60
12
13