DWDM

n tt nghip
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG
-------------------------------
iso 9001:2008
N TT NGHIP
NGNH: IN T VIN THNG
Ngi hng dn : Thc s on Hu Chc
Sinh vin
: Trn Th Kim Chi
HI PHNG - 2010
Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi
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127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012
n tt nghip
B GIO DC V O TO
-----------------------------------
THIT K MNG DWDM V CC GII PHP CNG NGH
N TT NGHIP I HC CHNH QUY

NGNH : IN T VIN THNG
Ngi hng dn : Thc s on Hu Chc
Sinh vin
: Trn Th Kim Chi
Hi phng - 2010
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B GIO DC V O TO
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NHIM V TI TT NGHIP
Sinh vin
: Trn Th Kim Chi . M s : 101334.
Lp
: T1001. Ngnh: in t vin thng.
Tn ti
: Thit k mng DWDM v cc gii php cng ngh.
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NHIM V TI
1. Ni dung v cc yu cu cn gii quyt trong nhim v ti tt nghip
( v l lun, thc tin, cc s liu cn tnh ton v cc bn v).
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2. Cc s liu cn thit thit k, tnh ton.
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3. a im thc tp tt nghip.
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CN B HNG DN TI TT NGHIP
Ngi hng dn th nht:
H v tn : on Hu Chc
Hc hm, hc v: Thc s.
C quan cng tc : Trng i hc Dn lp Hi Phng.
Ni dung hng dn
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Ngi hng dn th hai:
H v tn
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Hc hm, hc v
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C quan cng tc
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Ni dung hng dn
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ti tt nghip c giao ngy ....... thng ....... nm 2010.
Yu cu phi hon thnh xong trc ngy ....... thng ....... nm 2010.
nhn nhim v TTN
giao nhim v TTN

Ngi hng dn
Sinh vin
Hi Phng, ngy ....... thng ....... nm 2010.

HIU TRNG
GS.TS.NGT Trn Hu Ngh

PHN NHN XT TM TT CA CN B HNG DN
1. Tinh thn thi ca sinh vin trong qu trnh lm ti tt nghip:
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2. nh gi cht lng ca n ( so vi ni dung yu cu ra trong
nhim v .T.T.N trn cc mt l lun, thc tin, tnh ton s liu...):
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3. Cho im ca cn b hng dn (ghi c s v ch) :
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Cn b hng dn
PHN NHN XT TM TT CA NGI CHM PHN BIN

1. nh gi cht lng ti tt nghip v cc mt thu thp v phn tch s
liu ban u, c s l lun chn phng n ti u, cch tnh ton cht lng
thuyt minh v bn v, gi tr l lun v thc tin ti.
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2. Cho im ca cn b phn bin. (im ghi c s v ch).
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Ngi chm phn bin
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MC LC
BNG I CHIU THUT NG ANH - VIT ........................................ 5
LI M U .................................................................................................. 8
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V CNG NGH DWDM V C S K
THUT GHP KNH THEO BC SNG ........................................... 10
1.1. K thut ghp bc sng quang.................................................... 10
1.2. Nguyn l c bn ca ghp bc sng quang .............................. 11
1.3. Cc tham s chnh trong DWDM ................................................. 17
1.3.1. Suy hao ca si quang............................................................ 17
1.3.2. S knh bc sng ................................................................. 18
1.3.3. rng ph ca ngun pht .................................................. 19
1.3.4. Qu cng sut......................................................................... 20
1.3.5. Tn sc ................................................................................... 21
1.3.6. Vn nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn ...................... 24
1.3.7. Di bc sng lm vic ca DWDM ..................................... 32
1.4. Cc u im ca h thng DWDM ............................................... 33
CHNG 2. CC THNH PHN C BN CA MNG DWDM ...... 34
2.1. Cu trc truyn dn c bn ca mng DWDM.............................. 34
2.2. Khi pht p quang OTU ............................................................. 34
2.3. B gii ghp knh quang ................................................................ 36
2.3.1. Phng php ghp knh s dng b lc mng mng ............ 37
2.3.2. Mt s thit b tch knh dng b lc in mi mng mng 38
2.3.3. Phng php ghp knh s dng cch t nhiu x................ 40
2.3.4. Cc b tch ghp bc sng s dng cch t ........................ 41
2.3.5. Phng php ghp si ............................................................ 42
2.4. B khuch i quang s dng cng ngh EDFA .......................... 44
2.4.1. Tng quan v cng ngh EDFA............................................. 44
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2.4.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA ............................................ 45

2.4.3. Phn loi EDFA ..................................................................... 46
2.5. B xen/r knh quang OADM ....................................................... 49
2.6. B kt ni cho quang OXC .......................................................... 52
2.7. Khi b tn sc ............................................................................... 54
2.8. Cc loi si quang s dng trong cng ngh DWDM ................... 55
2.8.1. Si quang G.652..................................................................... 55
2.8.2. Si quang G.653..................................................................... 56
2.8.4. Si quang G.654..................................................................... 56
2.8.4. Si quang G.655..................................................................... 56
CHNG 3. THIT K TUYN THNG TIN QUANG DWDM ........ 57
3.1. Cc yu t nh hng n vic thit k h thng ......................... 57
3.2. Thit k tuyn im - im ........................................................... 59
3.3. Mng qung b v phn b ........................................................... 61
3.4. Mng cc b LAN......................................................................... 63
3.5. Thit k mng im - im da trn h s Q v OSNR ............... 64
3.5.1. Cch tnh h s Q t OSNR ................................................... 65
3.5.2. Cch tnh OSNR cho mng im - im ............................... 65
3.5.3. Tnh ton OSNR bng khuch i Raman ............................. 67
3.6. Qu thi gian ln ........................................................................... 67
3.7. Yu cu v qu cng sut ............................................................. 68
3.8. nh hng ca tn sc si n vic thit k tuyn thng tin quang
tc cao thng qua phng php xc nh tn hao cng sut .................... 70
3.9. Phn loi cc mng quang ............................................................. 73
3.9.1. Thit k mng truy nhp ........................................................ 74
3.9.2. Thit k mng th .............................................................. 76
3.9.3. Thit k mng Long Haul ...................................................... 79
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3.10. Bo v mng DWDM ................................................................. 80

3.10.1. Bo v kiu 1+1 trn lp SDH ............................................ 80
3.10.2.Bo v on ghp knh quang (OMSP) ............................... 82
3.11.ng dng trong mng ring ...................................................... 83
CHNG 4. NH GI KH NNG PHC HI MNG IP/DWDM
......................................................................................................................... 85
4.1. IP/DWDM ..................................................................................... 85
4.1.1. Lp quang .............................................................................. 86
4.1.2. Chuyn mch a giao thc theo nhn MPLS......................... 86
4.1.3. Chuyn mch a giao thc theo bc sng MPS ................ 86
4.2. Kh nng hi phc ca mng IP/DWDM ..................................... 87
4.2.1. Khi nim kh nng phc hi ca mng ................................ 87
4.2.2. Mt s cch t vn tip cn nghin cu vn nng lc
hi phc mng ................................................................................................. 88
CHNG 5. TM HIU THIT B OPTIX METRO DWDM 6100 CA
HUAWEI ........................................................................................................ 91
5.1. Gii thiu chung v thit b........................................................... 91
5.1.1. V tr trong mng truyn dn .................................................. 92
5.1.2. Cng ngh .............................................................................. 93
5.1.3. Dung lng truyn dn .......................................................... 93
5.1.4. Khong cch truyn dn......................................................... 93
5.1.5. Topo mng ............................................................................. 93
5.2. Mt s tnh nng ca thit b......................................................... 93
5.2.1. Kh nng truy nhp cc dch v ............................................. 93
5.2.2. Cc tnh nng v k thut....................................................... 94
5.3. Cu trc phn cng ca thit b .................................................... 95
5.3.1. T (Cabinet) ........................................................................... 95
5.3.2. Subrack ................................................................................... 96
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5.4. Chc nng cc card ....................................................................... 98

5.4.1. Chc nng v s khi ca card OUT ................................ 98
5.4.2. Chc nng v s khi ca card MUX/DEMUX ............. 100
5.4.3. Chc nng v s khi ca card khuch i OA .............. 103
5.4.4. Card gim st OSC ............................................................... 104
5.4.5. Card iu khin kt ni SCC ............................................... 105
5.4.6. Cc card ph tr (Card Auxiliary) ....................................... 106
5.5. Cc kiu nt mng trong h thng DWDM ................................ 108
5.5.1. Nt mng ghp knh quang u cui OTM ......................... 109
5.5.2. Nt mng xen/r quang OADM ........................................... 111
5.5.3. Nt mng khuch i ng dy OLA ................................ 112
5.6. Bo v mng ................................................................................ 113
5.6.1. Bo v knh quang ............................................................... 113
5.6.2. Bo v ng quang ............................................................ 115
KT LUN .................................................................................................. 116
TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................... 117
PH LC ..................................................................................................... 118
1. Bng tra v tr ca tng board ............................................................. 118
2. Bng tn s v bc sng trung tm h thng Optix Metro6100....... 122
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BNG I CHIU THUT NG ANH VIT

Vit tt
Ting Anh
Ting Vit
ADM
Add/Drop Multiplexer
B ghp knh xen/r
APD
Avalanche Photo Diode
Diode quang thc
APS
Automatic Protection Switching
Chuyn mch bo v t
ng
ASE
Amplifier Spontaneous Emission
Nhiu t pht c
khuch i
BER
Bit Error Ratio
T s li bit
DCF
Dispersion Compensated Fiber
Si b tn sc
DCM
Dispersion Compensator Module
Module b tn sc
DEMUX
Demultiplexer
Thit b tch knh
DSF
Dispersion Division Multiplexer
Si dch chuyn tn sc
DWDM
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer Ghp knh theo bc

sng mt cao
EDFA
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
B khuch i quang
si pha trn Erbium
FWM
Hiu ng trn bn bc
Four Wave Mixing
sng
IP
Internet Protocol
Giao thc Internet
LED
Light Emitting Diode
Diode pht quang
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LD
Laser diode
Diode laser
MUX
Multiplexer
Thit b ghp knh
NE
Network Element
Phn t mng
OADM
Optical Add/Drop Mutplexer
B xen/r bc sng
quang
OBA
Optical Booster Amplifier
B khuch i cng
sut
OLT
B kt cui ng
Optical Line Terminator
quang
OLA
B khuch i ng
Optical Line Amplifier
dy
OPA
Optical Pre-Amplifier
B tin khuch i
OTN
Optical Transport Network
Mng truyn ti quang
OTU
Optical Transponder Unit
Khi thu pht quang
OSC
Optical Supervisor Channel
Knh gim st quang
OSNR
Optical Signal to Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn tp
m quang
OXC
Optical Cross Connect
Khi kt ni cho
quang
PMD
Polarization Mode Dispersion
Tn sc mode phn cc
TFFs
Thin Film Filters
B lc mng mng
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SBS
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Tn x do kch thch
Brillouin
SMF
Single Mode Fiber
Si n mode
SNR
Signal to Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn tp
m
SONET
Synchronous Optical Networrk
Mng quang ng b
SPM
Self Phase Modulation
iu ch t dch pha
SRS
Stimulated Raman Scattering
Tn x do kch thch
Raman
SSMF
Standard Single Mode Fiber
Si n mode chun
XPM
Cross Phase Modulation
iu ch pha cho
WDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexer
Ghp knh theo bc

sng
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LI M U
Trong nhng nm gn y, chng ta chng kin s pht trin cha
tng c v nhu cu s dng bng thng truyn dn, chnh iu ny sn sinh
ra mt lng thng tin rt ln truyn ti trn mng to ra nhiu p lc mi
cho mng hin ti. Bng tn truyn dn tr thnh ti nguyn qu gi hn bao
gi ht.
p ng yu cu trn, cho n nay si quang vn c xem l mi
trng l tng cho vic truyn ti lu lng cc ln. i vi h thng dung
lng thp, cng ngh TDM thng c s dng tng dung lng truyn
dn ca mt knh cp n ln 10Gbps, thm ch l 40Gbps. Tuy nhin, vic
tng tc cao hn na l khng d dng v cc h thng tc cao i hi
cng ngh in t phc tp v t tin. Khi tc t ti hng trm Gbps,
bn thn cc mch in t s khng th p ng c xung tn hiu cc k
hp, thm vo chi ph cho cc gii php tr nn tn km v c cu hot
ng qu phc tp i hi cng ngh rt cao.
nng cao tc truyn dn, khc phc c nhng hn ch m cc
mch in hin ti cha khc phc c, cng ngh ghp knh quang phn
chia theo bc sng mt cao DWDM ra i. DWDM c th ghp mt s
lng ln bc sng trong vng bc sng 1550nm nng dung lng h
thng ln hng trm Gbps. V th, DWDM ngy cng c ng dng rng ri
nhiu nc trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam.
Vi u th v cng ngh c bit, ghp knh theo bc sng mt
cao DWDM tr thnh mt phng tin ti u v k thut v kinh t m
rng dung lng si quang mt cch nhanh chng v qun l hiu qu h
thng. DWDM p ng c hon ton yu cu pht trin cc dch v
bng rng trn mng v l tin xy dng v pht trin mng ton quang
trong tng lai.
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Khi thit k mt h thng DWDM, ngi thit k phi i mt vi mt

s vn nh: bao nhiu bc sng c ghp trn mt si v nhng tc
no? Cc bc sng s c gim st v qun l nh th no? C bao
nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau m khch hng yu cu? Cc thut ton v
giao thc hiu qu nht l g? di ca mt chng m khng cn trm lp l
bao xa? B khuch i no c s dng tha mn yu cu v h s
khuch i v tp m? V c th tr li c nhng cu hi trn i hi
ngi thit k phi nm vng c nguyn l, cu trc cng nh thng
xuyn cp nht nhng k thut mi c th a ra c nhng gii php tt
nht cho h thng ang xy dng. Chnh v l do nn em tin hnh tm
hiu ti: Thit k mng DWDM v cc gii php cng ngh.
Em xin c by t lng cm n su sc ti thy Th.S on Hu Chc
tn tnh gip , hng dn nghin cu em c th hon thnh n ny.
Do c hn ch v mt thi gian v kin thc, n tt nghip ca em
cn nhiu thiu st, knh mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy
gio trong b mn v cc bn ti ca em c hon thin hn.
Em xin trn trng cm n!
Hi Phng, ngy 10 thng 7 nm 2010
Sinh vin
Trn Th Kim Chi
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Chng 1
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH DWDM V C S
K THUT GHP KNH THEO BC SNG
thy c vai tr quan trng ca cng ngh ny i vi vic pht
trin h thng mng, trong chng ny chng ta s xem xt nhng nt chung
nht v cng ngh DWDM so vi cc cng ngh truyn dn khc.
gii quyt vn bng thng v pht trin h thng a dch v trn
cng mt mng, cng ngh DWDM thc hin ghp nhiu bc sng trn
cng mt si quang. Vi vic tng s bc sng ghp trn mt si quang mt
cch ng k so vi cng ngh WDM trc y, im ni bt ca DWDM
chnh l kh nng cho php truyn trn si quang mt lu lng khng l ln
ti hng Terabits/s. Tuy nhin, t c iu ny mt cch c hiu qu th
h thng DWDM c nhng yu cu rt c bit i vi cc chc nng quang
nh: linh hot cao, kt cu u cho nhanh, cc b lc v ngun laser phi
c kh nng iu hng, cc b thu phi c tp m thp v nhy cao.
Cc h thng DWDM hin nay lm vic trn cc knh bc sng theo
khuyn ngh ca ITU-T dnh cho DWDM. Nhiu bc sng ghp trn mt
si quang mang li s linh hot v mm do cho c cc dch v v bng
thng. Mi knh bc sng c th truyn ti mt loi lu lng khc nhau
nh SONET/SDH trn mt knh, ATM trn mt knh khc, tn hiu thoi
TDM hay Internet trn mt knh khc na.
1.1. K THUT GHP BC SNG QUANG
Trong h thng n knh, khi tc ng truyn t n mc no
, ngi ta thy cc hn ch ca cc mch in t trong vic nng cao tc
cng nh ko di c ly truyn dn. Thm vo , chi ph cho cc gii php
trn tuyn truyn dn rt tn km v cu trc h thng kh phc tp. Do ,
k thut ghp knh quang ra i nhm khc phc c nhng hn ch trn.
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Cc phn t quang trong h thng thit b s ng vai tr ch o trong vic

thay th hot ng ca cc phn t in cc v tr xung yu i hi k thut
x l tn hiu nhanh.
V l thuyt, ta c th lm tng ng k dung lng truyn dn ca h
thng bng cch truyn ng thi nhiu tn hiu quang trn cng mt si nu
cc ngun pht c ph cch nhau mt cch hp l v u thu c th thu c
cc tn hiu quang ring bit nu phn thu c b tch bc sng, y chnh l
c s k thut ghp bc sng.
1.2. NGUYN L C BN CA GHP BC SNG QUANG
Nguyn l c bn ca ghp bc sng quang c th minh ha nh hnh
1.1. Gi s c cc ngun pht quang lm vic cc bc sng 1,2,,n.
Cc tn hiu quang lm vic cc bc sng khc nhau ny s c ghp vo
cng mt si dn quang. Cc tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau c ghp li
pha pht nh b ghp knh, b ghp bc sng phi m bo c suy hao nh
v tn hiu sau khi ghp s c truyn dc theo si n pha thu. Cc b
tch sng quang khc nhau pha u thu s nhn li cc lung tn hiu vi
cc bc sng ring r ny sau khi chng qua b gii ghp bc sng.
Si
quang
O1( 1 )
I1( 1 )
MUX
In( n )
DEMUX
O( 1 n )
I( 1 n )
On( n )
Hnh 1.1: M t tuyn thng tin quang c ghp bc sng
c im ni bt ca h thng ghp knh theo bc sng l tn dng

hu hiu ngun ti nguyn bng thng rng trong khu vc tn hao thp ca
si quang n mode, nng cao r rt dung lng truyn dn ca h thng,
ng thi h gi thnh ca knh dch v xung mc thp nht.
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H thng WDM da trn c s tim nng bng tn ca si quang

truyn i nhiu bc sng nh sng khc nhau, iu thit yu lc ny l vic
truyn ng thi nhiu bc sng cng mt lc khng gy nhiu ln nhau.
Mi bc sng i din cho mt knh quang trong si quang. Cng ngh
WDM pht trin theo xu hng m s ring r bc sng ca knh c th l
mt phn rt nh ca 1nm hay 10-9 m, iu ny dn n cc h thng ghp
knh theo bc sng mt cao DWDM. Cc thnh phn thit b trc kia
ch c kh nng x l t 4 - 16 knh, mi knh h tr lung d liu ng b
tc 2.5Gbps cho tn hiu mng quang phn cp s ng b (SDH/SONET).
Cc nh cung cp WDM sm pht trin cc thit b nhm cho vic truyn
nhiu hn cc knh quang. Cc h thng vi hng trm knh gi y sn
sng c a vo s dng, cung cp mt tc d liu kt hp hng trm
Gbps v tin ti t tc Tbps truyn trn mt si n.
C hai phng n thit lp h thng truyn dn s dng ghp bc
sng quang WDM.
Truyn dn mt chiu trn hai si.
WDM mt chiu l tt c cc knh quang cng trn mt si quang
truyn dn theo cng mt chiu, u pht mang cc tn hiu c bc
sng khc nhau v iu ch 1,2,,n thng qua b ghp knh t
hp li vi nhau v truyn dn mt chiu trn mt si quang. V cc tn
hiu c mang thng qua cc bc sng khc nhau, do s khng
ln ln. u thu, b tch knh quang tch nhng tn hiu c bc
sng khc nhau, hon thnh truyn dn tn hiu quang, hng ngc
li truyn dn qua mt si quang khc, nguyn l ging nh trn.
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My pht
quang
1.
.
.
1
B ghp
knh
My pht
quang
n
1.
My thu
quang
.
.
B tch
knh
1, 2 ....... n
B tch
knh
My thu
quang
B
khuch
i si
quang
B
O khuch
i si
quang
B ghp
knh
n
My thu
quang
My thu
quang
My pht
quang
My pht
quang
.
.
.
.
.
.
1, 2 ....... n
Hnh 1.2: S truyn dn mt chiu trn hai si quang
Truyn dn hai chiu trn mt si.

WDM hai chiu l knh quang trn mi si cng truyn dn theo hai
chiu khc nhau, dng cc bc sng tch ri nhau thng tin hai chiu
(song cng).
H thng WDM song hng yu cu pht trin v ng dng cao hn,
c c cu phc tp hn i hi yu cu k thut cc k nghim ngt. C rt
nhiu vn cn lu nh phn x quang, xuyn m gia cc knh, mc
in ca cng sut truyn dn. pha pht, cc thit b ghp knh phi c suy
hao nh t mi ngun quang ti u ra ca b ghp knh. pha thu, cc b
tch sng quang phi nhy vi di rng ca cc bc sng quang. Khi thc
hin tch knh cn phi cch ly knh quang tht tt vi cc bc sng khc
bng cch thit k cc b tch knh tht chnh xc, di lm vic n nh. Do
s dng b khuch i quang hai chiu nn h thng song hng gim c
s lng b khuch i v tit kim c si quang.
1
.
.
.
n
1
.
.
.
My pht
quang
My pht
quang
My thu
quang
1, 2 ....... n
n
B ghp/tch
knh
My thu
quang
B
khuch
i si
quang
n+1, n+2 ....... 2n
My thu
quang
1
.
.
.
My thu
quang
n+1
My pht
quang
1.
2n
My pht
quang
B ghp/tch
knh
.
.
Hnh 1.3: S truyn dn hai chiu trn mt si quang
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V nguyn l, bt k mt b ghp bc sng no cng c th c

dng lm b gii ghp bc sng. Nh vy, iu n gin l Multiplexer
trong trng hp ny thng s dng dng chung tng thch cho b
ghp v b gii ghp, tr trng hp cn thit phn bit hai thit b ny.
Ngi ta chia loi thit b ghp bc sng quang thnh ba loi: Cc b
ghp (MUX), cc b gii ghp (DEMUX) v cc b ghp v gii ghp hn
hp (MUX - DEMUX). Cc b MUX v DEMUX c dng cho cc phng
n truyn dn song hng.
Phn loi cc b ghp bc sng trong k thut ghp bc sng:
Cc b ghp
bc sng
Th ng
Tch cc
Cc b thu
Vi quang
Tn sc
Tn x vt liu
Ghp si
pht nhiu
Quang t hp
Cc thit b
khc
Phi tuyn
Giao thoa
bc sng
B lc
Phn cc
Cch t
Hnh 1.4: Phn loi cc b ghp bc sng quang
Cc b ghp bc sng th ng c s dng hin nay thng l cc

b vi quang hc (micro-optic) v b ghp si kiu dn sng (guided wave
fibre coupler). Mi loi u c u nhc im.
Cc b vi quang hc thng i hi h thng ghp ni cc thu knh
ghp vo si quang. Cc kh khn trong vic nh v v ghp ni lm hn ch
cc c tnh k thut, c bit l i vi cc si n mode. Tuy nhin, vic s
dng cc b vi quang hc cho php la chn c tnh ca b lc rng ri hn.
Cc b ghp si t chu nh hng ca cc kh khn nu trn nhng li
b hn ch trong vic la chn cc c tnh cn c ca b lc, chng hn nh
mc bng phng ca bng thng.
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C 3 tiu chun c bn xc nh c tnh ca b ghp bc sng:

Suy hao xen
Xuyn m
rng ph ca knh
Suy hao xen
Suy hao xen y c xc nh nh lng tn hao cng sut trn tuyn
truyn dn quang do vic thm vo cc b ghp bc sng. Khc vi cc coupler
thng thng, y suy hao xen c xem xt i vi tng bc sng:
Lk = -10log O(k)/Ik(k)
MUX
Li = -10log Oi(i)/I(i)
DEMUX
Trong :
I(i), O(k) l cng sut tn hiu c ghp trn ng chung.
Ik(k) l cng sut tn hiu bc sng k i vo ca th k ca b
ghp, tn hiu ny c pht t ngun pht quang th k.
Oi(i) l cng sut tn hiu bc sng k i khi cng th i ca b tch.
Suy hao ny bao gm suy hao sinh ra ti cc im ghp ni ca b
ghp bc sng m nguyn nhn ch yu l do hp th hoc do phn x. Mc
nh hng tng i ca hai ngun suy hao trn h thng cn ty thuc
vo loi cng ngh c la chn ch to b ghp bc sng.
Xuyn m
Xuyn m l s d tn hiu t knh ny sang knh kia. N lm tng nn
nhiu, do vy lm gim t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR. Hin tng ny
c sinh ra do cc yu t sau:
Do cc c tnh ca b lc khng hon thin.
Do phn x hay hi t khng hon ton lm cc tia sng b tn mt.
Do ph ca cc ngun pht chng ln ln nhau.
Do cc hiu ng phi tuyn xy ra khi a cng sut cao vo
si quang.
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Trong mt b gii ghp knh l tng, s khng c s d cng sut tn

hiu t knh th i c bc sng i sang knh khc c bc sng khc vi i.
Nhng trong thc t lun tn ti mt mc xuyn m no v lm gim cht
lng truyn dn ca thit b. Kh nng tch cc knh khc nhau c
din gii bng suy hao xen v c tnh bng dB nh sau:
Di(i) = -10log Ui(k)/I(k)
Trong : Ui(k) l lng tn hiu khng mong mun bc sng k do
c s d tn hiu ca th i sang, m ng ra th ch c tn hiu bc sng i.
Trong thit b ghp - gii hn hp, vic xc nh suy hao xen knh cng
c p dng nh b gii ghp. trng hp ny phi xem xt c hai loi
xuyn knh. Xuyn knh u xa l do cc knh khc c ghp i vo ng
truyn gy ra, v d nh I(k) sinh ra Ui(k). Xuyn knh u gn l do cc
knh khc u vo sinh ra, n c ghp bn trong thit b nh Ui(i). Khi
cho cc sn phm, cc nh ch to cng phi cho bit suy hao knh i vi
tng thit b.
rng ph ca knh:
rng ph ca knh l di bc sng dnh cho mi knh. rng
ny phi m bo trnh nhiu gia cc knh. rng ph gia cc knh
ty thuc vo tng ngun pht. ng vi cc tc truyn dn khc nhau s
c rng ph mi knh l khc nhau v chnh xc khc nhau.
rng knh
dch tn
25 GHz
5 GHz
50 GHz
10 GHz
100 GHz
20 GHz
200 GHz
50 GHz
Bng 1.1: rng ph ca knh
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1.3. CC THAM S CHNH TRONG DWDM

DWDM thc hin ghp mt s lng ln cc bc sng quang c
iu ch trn mt si quang. Nhng knh quang trong h thng DWDM
thng nm trong mt ca s bc sng, ch yu l 1550 nm v mi trng
ng dng h thng ny thng l mng ng trc, c ly truyn dn di v c
dung lng truyn dn ln. Ging nh bt c mt cng ngh no, DWDM
cng tn ti nhng gii hn v nhng vn k thut. Trong chng ny,
chng ta s xem xt mt s tham s nh: suy hao, nhiu xuyn knh, s knh
bc sng, b rng ph ngun pht, qu cng sut, tn sc v nh hng ca
cc hiu ng phi tuyn.
1.3.1. Suy hao ca si quang
Suy hao trong si quang ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic thit
k h thng. Suy hao si c tnh bng t s gia cng sut cui si quang
P2 ca si dn quang di L(km) vi cng sut a vo si quang P1. Nu gi
l h s suy hao ca si th:
A(dB)= 10 log
dB / km
P1
P2
AdB
Lkm
(1.1)
(1.2)
Cc nguyn nhn chnh gy suy hao trong si quang l: Suy hao do hp

th nh sng, trong c hp th t ngoi v hp th hng ngoi. Hp th
ch yu do hp th in t, hp th tp cht v hp th vt liu. Ngoi ra, cn
phi k n suy hao do ghp ngun quang vo si quang, suy hao do mi hn,
suy hao do un cong si v suy hao do tn x do tnh khng ng nht quang
hc ca li si gy ra. C 3 loi suy hao do tn x c bn ca li si quang l
tn x Rayleigh, tn x Brillouin v tn x Raman.
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1.3.2. S knh bc sng

Mt trong nhng vn quan trng l h thng s dng bao nhiu knh
bc sng v s knh cc i h thng c th s dng c. S knh bc
sng s dng ph thuc vo:
Kh nng ca cng ngh i vi cc thnh phn quang nh:
Kh nng bng tn ca si quang.
Kh nng tch/ghp cc knh bc sng.
Khong cch gia cc knh gm cc yu t sau:
Tc truyn dn ca tng knh.
Qu cng sut quang.
nh hng ca hiu ng phi tuyn.
rng ph ca ngun pht.
Kh nng tch/ghp ca h thng DWDM.
Mc d ca s truyn dn ti vng bc sng 1550 nm c rng
khong 100 nm, nhng do di khuch i ca cc b khuch i quang ch c
rng khong 35 nm (theo quy nh ca ITU - T th di khuch i ny l t
bc sng 1530 nm n 1565 nm i vi bng C; hoc bng L t 1570 nm
n 1603 nm) nn trong thc t, cc h thng DWDM khng th tn dng ht
bng tn ca si quang.
Gi l khong cch gia cc knh bc sng th tng ng ta c:
f c. / 2
(1.3)
Nh vy, ti bc sng = 1550 nm, vi = 35 nm th f = 4,37.1012

Hz. Gi s tc truyn dn ca mi knh bc sng l 2.5Gbps th theo
nh ngha Nyquist, ph c s ca tn hiu l 2 x 2,5 = 5Gbps th s knh
bc sng cc i c th t c N = f /5 = 874 knh trong di bng tn
khuch i quang. y l s knh tnh theo l thuyt, tuy nhin, vi mt
knh cng ln th i hi cc thnh phn quang trn tuyn phi c cht lng
cng cao. trnh xuyn m gia cc knh ny cn c b pht n nh v
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mt b lc quang c kh nng chn lc bc sng cao. Bt k s dch tn no

ca ngun pht cng c th lm dn ph sang knh ln cn.
Da vo kh nng cng ngh hin nay, ITU - T a ra quy nh v
khong cch gia cc knh bc sng l 100 GHz (0,8 nm) hoc 50 GHz (0,4
nm) vi chun tn s l 193,1 THz.
Vi cng ngh hin nay, DWDM ch yu s dng di bng tn C (1530
- 1560)nm v bng L (1560 - 1600)nm.
1.3.3. rng ph ca ngun pht
Vic chn rng ph ca ngun pht nhm m bo cho cc knh
bc sng hot ng mt cch c lp nhau, ni khc i l trnh hin tng
chng ph pha thu gia cc knh ln cn. Khong cch gia nhng knh
ny ph thuc vo c tnh ca cc thit b nh MUX/DEMUX, b lc,
dung sai cng nh mc n nh ca cc thit b ny.
V bn cht, vic ghp cc bc sng khc nhau trn cng mt si
quang l da trn nguyn tc ghp knh theo tn s. Cc knh khc nhau lm
vic cc knh tn s khc nhau trong cng bng thng ca si quang. Theo
l thuyt, bng thng ca si quang rt rng nn s lng knh bc sng
ghp c rt ln ( c 2 ca s truyn dn). Tuy nhin, trong thc t, cc h
thng WDM thng i lin vi cc b khuch i quang si v lm vic ch
ca s bc sng 1550 nm. V vy, bng tn ca si quang b gii hn bi
bng tn ca b khuch i. Nh vy, mt vn t ra khi ghp l khong
cch gia cc bc sng phi tha mn c yu cu trnh cng ph ca cc
knh ln cn pha thu. Khong cch ny ph thuc vo c tnh ph ca
ngun pht v cc nh hng khc nhau trn ng truyn nh tn sc si,
hiu ng phi tuyn
Mt cch l tng, c th xem h thng DWDM nh l s xp chng
ca cc h thng truyn dn n knh khi khong cch gia cc knh bc
sng ln v cng sut pht hp l. Mi quan h gia ph cng sut pha
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thu vi ph cng sut ngun pht c th hin bi tham s c trng cho

gin ph, k hiu , bng tn tn hiu B v b tn sc D. Nu gi l h s
c trng cho s tng tc gia ngun pht v si quang, ta c biu thc:
= B.D.RMS
(1.4)
Trong : B l rng bng tn tn hiu truyn dn.

D l tn sc tng ng khong cch truyn dn.
RMSl gin rng ph.
1.3.4. Qu cng sut
Trong mi trng truyn dn cp si quang, qu cng sut l mt yu
t rt quan trng nhm m bo cho h thng hot ng bnh thng. Mc
ch ca qu cng sut l bo m cng sut n my thu ln duy tr
hot ng tin cy trong sut thi gian sng ca h thng.
Suy hao cng sut trn ton tuyn bao gm: suy hao trn si dn quang,
trn cc b ni quang v ti cc mi hn. Tng suy hao trn ton tuyn nhn
c t cc phn b suy hao lin tip ca tng phn t trn tuyn. Suy hao
ca tng phn t c tnh:
A(dB)= 10 log
P1
P2
(1.5)
Trong : P1, P2 l cc cng sut quang u vo v u ra ca phn t.

Ngoi cc suy hao do cc phn t trn tuyn quang gy ra nh nu
trn, ta cn phi c mt lng cng sut quang d phng cho tui th ca cc
thnh phn, s thay i nhit v cc suy hao tng ln cc thnh phn. D
phng cho tuyn thng thng t 6 - 8 dB. Chnh v vy m qu cng sut
ca tuyn c th xem nh l cng sut tng PT nm gia ngun pht quang v
b tch sng quang. Suy hao tng ny bao gm suy hao si, suy hao b ni
quang, suy hao mi hn v d phng cho h thng.
Nu gi PS l cng sut quang ca ngun pht c a vo u ghp
si v PR l nhy ca b thu quang th:
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PT = PS - PR= 2lC + f.L + d phng h thng
(1.6)
Trong : lC l suy hao b ni quang

f l suy hao si
L l c ly truyn dn
y, suy hao do mi hn lSP c gn vo trong suy hao si n
gin php tnh.
1.3.5. Tn sc
Khi truyn dn tn hiu s dc theo si quang, xut hin hin tng
gin xung u thu. Thm ch trong mt s trng hp cc xung ln cn
ln nhau, khi khng phn bit c cc xung vi nhau na, gy mo tn
hiu khi ti sinh.
S d c hin tng mo ny l do tn sc bn trong mode v hiu
ng gia cc mode gy ra.
Tn sc bn trong mode bao gm tn sc vt liu v tn sc dn sng.
Tn sc vt liu do ch s chit sut ca vt liu li ph thuc vo bc
sng to nn. N gy ra s ph thuc ca bc sng vo vn tc nhm
ca bt k mode no.
Tn sc dn sng ph thuc vo thit k si v hng s lan truyn mode
. N thng c b qua trong si a mode nhng li cn quan tm
trong si n mode. Gi l tn sc dn sng v hin tng ny thng
xy ra trong cc ng dn sng k c sng cao tn v siu cao tn.
Tn sc gia cc mode
Tn sc ny ch nh hng n cc si a mode, n sinh ra do c nhiu
ng khc nhau (cc mode khc nhau) m mt tia sng c th truyn lan
trong si a mode dn n tia sng truyn qua nhng quang l khc nhau,
lm cho xung truyn dn b gin rng ra, tn sc ny ph thuc vo kch
thc ca si quang, c bit ph thuc vo ng knh ca li si.
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Cc phng php lm gim thiu s nh hng ca tn sc n h

thng DWDM tc cao c dng khuch i EDFA gm: lm hp b
rng ph ca ngun pht hoc s dng cc phng php b tn sc nh:
S dng si quang c h s tn sc nh.
B tn sc bng phng php t dch pha SPM.
B tn sc bng cc thnh phn b tn sc th ng.
B tn sc bng si DCF.
B tn sc bng cc modul DCM s dng cch t si Bragg.
Cc h thng truyn dn TDM cng nh WDM b nh hng nhiu hn
i vi mt loi tn sc khc, khi tng tc truyn dn ca h thng cn
phi quan tm n nh hng ca tn sc mode phn cc (PMD). nh
hng ny thng c b qua i vi h thng tc thp.
Khi nim tn sc mode phn cc PMD
Tn sc mode phn cc PMD l mt thuc tnh c bn ca si quang
n mode v cc thnh phn hp thnh trong nng lng tn hiu
bt k bc sng no cng c phn tch thnh 2 mode phn cc trc
giao c vn tc truyn khc nhau. Do vn tc ca hai mode chnh lch
nhau i cht nn thi gian truyn qua cng khong cch l khc nhau
v c gi l s tr nhm (DGD). V vy, PMD s lm gin rng xung
tn hiu gy nn suy gim dung lng truyn dn. V phng din ny,
nh hng ca tn sc mode phn cc cng ging nh nh hng ca
tn sc. Tuy nhin, c mt im khc bit ln l: tn sc l mt hin
tng tng i n nh, trong khi , PMD ca si n mode bt k
bc sng no cng l khng n nh. Ngoi nhng nh hng trn cn
phi k n suy hao ph thuc phn cc (PLD) ca cc thnh phn hp
thnh. PLD phn bit s thay i phn cc trong thnh phn cng
c tch ra t tn hiu mong mun thng qua s suy hao trng thi
phn cc c chn lc.
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Tn sc mode phn cc c tnh theo cng thc:

PMDtotal = K.L1/2
(1.7)
Trong : PMDtotal l tn sc phn cc ca si quang (ps)

K l h s tn sc phn cc (ps/km1/2)
L l chiu di ca si (km)
Nguyn nhn ca tn sc phn cc
Do cu trc khng hon ho ca si quang cng nh cc thnh phn
quang hp thnh nn c s khc bit v chit sut i vi cp trng thi
phn cc trc giao, c gi l s lng chit. S khc bit chit sut
s sinh ra chnh lch thi gian truyn sng trong cc mode phn cc
ny. Trong cc si n mode, hin tng ny bt ngun t s khng
trn hoc ovan ca li si theo 2 cch: ng dn sng ovan (vn c tnh
lng chit) v trng lc cng c hc to nn bi li ovan gm c c
lng chit ph. Nhn chung, nh hng ca ng dn sng ovan c vai
tr ln trong si PMD thp.
S lng chit ca cc vt liu trong sut ging nhau nh thch anh
c to ra t cu trc tinh th cn xng. V nh vy, PMD trong cc
thnh phn quang c th sinh ra t s lng chit ca cc thnh phn
con trong cc thnh phn quang hp thnh. Tn hiu truyn trn cc
ng song song nhau c di quang khc nhau cng sinh ra hin
tng tr nhm.
S phn cc trong si c trng cho lng chit do lc c hc. Nhiu
phn t khng phi l thy tinh c cho vo trong lp v ca si nn
li xut hin trng lc khng i xng nhau dc theo chiu di si.
Khi nh sng phn cc b ghp trong mt on si ny th trng in
u ra ca nh sng u vo c phn tch thnh 2 modul phn cc
trc giao vi tc truyn khc nhau. Cc modul phn cc c duy
tr dc theo si v nng lng ca chng s khng b ghp.
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Ngoi nhng nguyn nhn trn, lng chit cn sinh bi s un cong

ca si. S un cong ny lm thay i mt phn t ca cu trc si,
lm cho h s khc x mt i xng. Tuy nhin, lng chit do un
cong khng phi l nguyn nhn ch yu sinh ra PMD.
1.3.6. Vn nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn
i vi h thng thng tin si quang, cng sut quang khng ln, si
quang c tnh nng truyn dn tuyn tnh. Sau khi dng EDFA, cng sut
quang tng ln, trong iu kin nht nh si quang s th hin c tnh truyn
dn phi tuyn, hn ch rt ln tnh nng ca b khuch i EDFA v c ly
truyn dn di khng c chuyn tip.
Nhn chung, c th chia hiu ng phi tuyn thnh 2 loi:
Hiu ng tn x: bao gm tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS) v tn
x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS).
Hiu ng lin quan n chit sut ph thuc vo cng sut quang:
bao gm hiu ng t iu ch pha (SPM), iu ch pha cho(XPM)
v trn bn bc sng (FWM).
1.3.6.1. Hiu ng tn x Raman SRS
Hiu ng Raman l kt qu ca qu trnh tn x khng n hi m
trong photon ca nh sng ti chuyn mt phn nng lng ca mnh cho
dao ng c hc ca cc phn t cu thnh mi trng truyn dn v phn
nng lng cn li c pht x thnh nh sng c bc sng ln hn bc
sng ca nh sng ti (nh sng vi bc sng mi ny c gi l nh sng
stoke). Khi nh sng tn hiu truyn trong si quang c cng ln, qu
trnh ny tr thnh qu trnh kch thch (c gi l SRS) m trong nh
sng tn hiu ng vai tr sng (gi l bm Raman) lm cho phn nng lng
ca tn hiu c truyn ti bc sng stoke.
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Nu gi PS(L) l cng sut ca bc sng stoke trong si quang th:

g r P0 L
KS
eff
PS(L)=P0 exp
(1.8)
Trong : P0 l cng sut a vo si ti bc sng tn hiu

gr l h s khuch i Raman
L l khong cch nh sng lan truyn tong si quang
Seff l din tch vng li hiu dng
K c trng cho mi quan h v phn cc gia tn hiu, bc
sng stoke v phn cc ca si. i vi si thng thng th
K 2.
T y c th tnh ton mc cng sut P0 m ti hiu ng SRS nh
hng ln n h thng, c gi l ngng Raman (P th0) (Pth0 l cng sut
ca tn hiu u vo m ng vi n cng sut bc sng stoke v bc sng
tn hiu ti u ra l bng nhau).
32S
eff
Pth0
Lg r
(1.9)
T y, ngi ta tnh ton c rng, i vi h thng n knh,

hiu ng SRS c th nh hng n cht lng h thng th mc cng sut
phi ln hn 1W (nu nh h thng khng s dng khuch i quang trn
ng truyn). Tuy nhin, trong h thng WDM th mc cng sut ny s
thp hn nhiu v c hin tng khuch i i vi cc bc sng ln, trong
khi cng sut ca cc knh c bc sng ngn hn li b gim i (do
chuyn mt phn nng lng cho cc bc sng ln) lm suy gim h s
SNR, nh hng n cht lng h thng. m bo suy gim SNR khng
nh hn 0,5 dB th mc cng sut ca tng knh phi tha mn:
P<
10,28.1012
N N 1Leff f
33
(1.10)
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Trong : N l s knh bc sng

f l khong cch gia cc knh bc sng
Nh vy, trong h thng WDM, hiu ng ny cng hn ch s knh
bc sng, khong cch gia cc knh, cng sut ca tng knh v tng chiu
di ca h thng. Hn na, nu nh bc sng mi to ra li trng vi knh
tn hiu th hiu ng ny cng gy xuyn nhiu gia cc knh.
1.3.6.2. Hiu ng tn x Brillouin SBS
Tn x Brillouin c hiu nh l s iu ch nh sng ca nng lng
nhit trong vt liu. Photon nh sng vo si quang chu s tng tc khng
tuyn tnh v to ra nng lng rung ng trong thy tinh cng nh to ra nh
sng tn x. dch tn s v cng tn x bin i theo hm ca gc tn
x, vi gi tr ln nht l ngc vi hng truyn v nh nht bng khng
theo hng truyn. Do , tn x Brillouin ch yu v hng ngc hng v
ngun v xa b thu, v vy lm gim cng sut nh sng ti b thu. Mc cng
sut m ti tn x Brillouin tr nn ng k trong si quang n mode tun
theo cng thc:
PB=17,6 x 10-3 x a2 x 2 x x
(1.11)
Trong : PB l mc cng sut (W) cn thit tn x Brillouin tr nn

ng k.
a l bn knh si quang (m)
l bc sng ca ngun pht (m)
l suy hao ca si quang (dB/km)
l rng ph ca ngun (GHz)
Hiu ng SBS l hiu ng tng t nh hiu ng SRS, tc l c s to
thnh ca bc sng stoke vi bc sng di hn bc sng ca nh sng ti.
im khc nhau chnh ca hai hiu ng ny l: hiu ng SBS lin quan n
cc photon m hc, cn hiu ng SRS lin quan n cc photon quang. Chnh
do s khc bit ny m hai hiu ng c nhng nh hng khc nhau n h
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thng WDM. Trong hiu ng ny, mt nh sng b tn x do cc photon m

hc v lm cho phn nh sng b tn x ny dch ti bc sng di hn (tng
ng vi dch tn l khong 11 GHz ti bc sng 1550 nm). Tuy nhin,
ch c phn nh sng b tn x theo chiu ngc tr li (tc l ngc chiu
vi chiu ca tn hiu) mi c th truyn i trong si quang. V vy, trong
h thng WDM khi tt c cc knh u cng truyn theo mt hng th hiu
ng SBS khng gy xuyn m gia cc knh.
Trong tt c cc hiu ng phi tuyn th ngng cng sut xy ra hiu
ng SBS l thp nht, ch vi mV. Tuy nhin, do hiu ng SBS gim t l vi
VB/VLaser (VB l bng tn khuch i Brillouin,VLaser l rng ph ca
laser) v bng tn khuch i Brillouin l rt hp (ch khong 10 100 MHz)
nn hiu ng ny cng kh xy ra. Ch cc h thng vi ngun pht c
rng ph rt hp mi c th b nh hng ca hiu ng SBS. Ngi ta tnh
ton c mc cng sut ngng i vi hiu ng SBS nh sau:
Pth = 21
kAeff VB VP
.
gLeff
VB
(1.12)
Trong : g l h s khuch i Brillouin

Aeff l vng li hiu dng
k: c trng cho mi quan h v phn cc gia tn hiu, bc
sng stoke v phn cc ca si. i vi h thng thng
thng th k 2.
VB l bng tn khuch i Brillouin
VP l rng ph ca tn hiu
Nh vy, hiu ng SBS s nh hng n mc cng sut ca tng knh
v khong cch gia cc knh trong h thng WDM. Hiu ng ny khng ph
thuc vo s knh ca h thng.
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1.3.6.3. Hiu ng t iu ch pha SPM

Hiu ng SPM thuc loi hiu ng Kerr, tc l hiu ng trong chit
sut ca mi trng truyn dn thay i theo cng nh sng truyn trong :
n = n0 + nNL= n0 + n2 E
(1.13)
Trong : n0 l chit sut tuyn tnh

n2 l h s chit sut phi tuyn (n2 = 1,22.10-22(V/m)2 i vi
si Silic)
E l trng quang
Hin tng ny to nn s dch pha phi tuyn NL ca trng quang
khi lan truyn trong si quang. Gi s b qua suy hao quang th sau khong
cch L, pha ca trng quang s l:
=
2nL
2L n0 n2 E
(1.14)
i vi trng quang c cng khng i hiu ng SPM ch lm

quay pha ca trng quang, do t nh hng n cht lng ca h thng.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc trng quang c cng thay i th pha phi tuyn
NL s thay i theo thi gian. S thay i theo thi gian ny cng c ngha l
trong xung tn hiu s tn ti nhiu tn s quang khc vi tn s trung tm v 0
mt gi tr l vNL, vi:
vNL =
1 NL
2 t
(1.15)
Hin tng ny cn gi l hin tng dch tn phi tuyn lm cho sn

sau ca xung dch n tn s v<v0 v sn trc ca xung dch n tn s
v>v0. iu ny c ngha l ph ca tn hiu b gin trong qu trnh truyn.
Trong h thng WDM, c bit khi khong cch gia cc knh gn nhau, hin
tng gin ph do SPM c th dn n giao thoa gy nhiu gia cc knh.
Hn na, nu xt n nh hng ca tn sc th thy dng xung b bin i
dc theo si. Nu gi D l h s tn sc ca si th:
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- Vi D < 0: thnh phn tn s cao s lan truyn nhanh hn thnh phn tn

s thp. Do , xung b gin ra.
- Vi D > 0: thnh phn tn s cao s lan truyn chm hn thnh phn tn s
thp lm cho xung b co li (nguyn l truyn dn Soliton). Tuy nhin,
vic to ra Soliton phi c kim sot, nu khng s c hin tng lc
u xung co li, sau li gin ra rt nhanh.
1.3.6.4. Hiu ng iu ch pha cho XPM
i vi h thng WDM, h s chit sut ti mt bc sng no
khng ch ph thuc vo cng ca sng m cn ph thuc vo cng
ca bc sng khc lan truyn trong si. Trong trng hp ny, chit sut
phi tuyn ng vi bc sng th i s l:
n NL n2 Ei E j
2
(1.16)
Trong : N l tng s knh quang

Ei, Ej l cng trng quang ca bc sng th i, j
XPM c quan h n phng thc iu ch, khi iu ch PSK th nh
hng n tnh nng ca h thng l ln nht. C th thng qua vic gim
cng sut ca cc knh tn hiu gim XPM. Ngoi ra, XPM khng ch ph
thuc vo cng sut ca knh tn hiu m cn ph thuc vo s knh tn hiu.
S knh tn hiu cng nhiu th nh hng ca XPM cng ln.
1.3.6.5. Hiu ng trn bn bc sng FWM
Hin tng chit sut phi tuyn cn gy ra mt hiu ng khc trong si
n mode, l hiu ng FWM. Trong hiu ng ny, 2 hoc 3 sng quang
vi cc tn s khc nhau s tng tc vi nhau to ra cc thnh phn tn s
mi. Tng tc ny c th xut hin gia cc bc sng ca tn hiu trong h
thng WDM, hoc gia bc sng tn hiu vi tp m ASE ca cc b
khuch i quang, cng nh gia mode chnh hoc mode bn ca mt knh
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tn hiu. Gi s c 3 bc sng vi tn s i, j,k th t hp tn s mi to

ra s l nhng tn s ijk tha mn:
ijk = i + j - k
Theo quan im c lng t, hiu ng FWM l hiu ng m trong
c s ph hy photon mt s bc sng v to ra mt s photon cc bc
sng mi sao cho vn bo ton v nng lng v ng lng. Nu gi P ijk(L)
l cng sut ca bc sng ijk trong si quang th:
Pijk(L) =
1024 6
6 3
2
n0 ijk
c2
L2
Pi Pj Pk . exp L
S eff2
(1.17)
Trong : l hiu sut ca qu trnh FWM

c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng
Seff l din tch vng li hiu dng
Pi, Pj, Pk l cng sut tng ng ca bc sng i, j, k,
(3) l cm phi tuyn bc 3
Hiu sut ca qu trnh FWM ph thuc vo iu kin ph hp v
pha. Hiu ng FWM xy ra mnh ch khi iu kin ny c tha mn (tc l
ng lng photon c bo ton). V mt ton hc th iu ny c th biu
th nh sau:
(ijk ) = (i) + (j) - (k)
V trong si quang tn ti tn sc nn iu kin ph hp v pha rt kh
xy ra. Tuy nhin, vi mi trng truyn dn l loi si c tn sc thp v
khong cch truyn dn tng i ln v cc knh gn nhau th iu kin ny
c th coi l xp x t c.
Do vic to ra cc tn s mi l t hp ca cc tn s tn hiu nn hiu
ng FWM s lm gim cng sut ca cc knh tn hiu trong h thng WDM.
Hn na, nu khong cch gia cc knh l bng nhau th nhng tn s mi
c to ra c th ri vo cc knh tn hiu, gy xuyn m gia cc knh, lm
suy gim cht lng ca h thng.
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S suy gim cng sut s lm cho dng hnh mt ca tn hiu u thu

b thu hp li nn s lm gim cht lng BER ca h thng. V cc h thng
WDM ch yu lm vic ca s bc sng 1550 nm v do tn sc ca si
quang n mode thng thng (si G.652) ti ca s ny l khong 18 ps/nm
km, cn tn sc ca si tn sc dch chuyn (si G.653) l 0 (< 3 ps.nm), do
h thng WDM lm vic trn si n mode chun thng thng (SSMF)
s t b nh hng bi hi ng FWM hn h thng WDM lm vic trn si
tn sc dch chuyn (DSF).
nh hng ca hiu ng FWM cng ln nu nh khong cch gia cc
knh trong h thng WDM cng nh cng nh khi khong cch truyn dn v
mc cng sut ca mi knh ln. V vy, hiu ng FWM s hn ch dung
lng v c ly truyn dn ca h thng WDM.
1.3.7. Di bc sng lm vic ca DWDM
Si quang thch anh c 3 ca s suy hao thp 860 nm, 1310 nm v
1550 nm, trong ti ca s 1550 nm c tnh suy hao ca si quang l nh
nht, ca s ny c p dng truyn dn tn hiu SDH vi khong cch
ngn v di. Hn th na, cc b khuch i quang EDFA s dng hin nay
c c tnh li kh bng phng trong ca s ny, bi vy y l ca s hot
ng rt tt ca h thng DWDM. Cc bc sng lm vic trong ca s
1550nm c chia thnh 3 di: bng S, bng C v bng L.
1460nm
1530nm
Short
band
1460-1530nm
1565nm
Conventional
band
1530-1565nm
1625nm
Long
band
1565-1625nm
Hnh 1.5 : S phn chia di bc sng lm vic ti ca s 1550 nm
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Trong :
Bng S (1460 nm 1530 nm): hin ti, di bc sng lm vic ca
b khuch i quang EDFA thuc bng C v L. Do , bng S
khng s dng trong h thng DWDM.
Bng C (1530 1565 nm): y l di bc sng lm vic ca cc h
thng DWDM s dng 40 bc sng (khong cch gia cc bc
sng l 100 GHz), h thng DWDM s dng 80 bc sng (khong
cch gia cc bc sng l 50 GHz) v h thng SDH.
Bng L (1565 1625 nm): y l di bc sng lm vic ca cc h
thng DWDM s dng 80 bc sng (khong cch gia cc bc
sng l 50 GHz).
Da trn s lng knh c ghp v khong cch gia cc knh trong
h thng DWDM, cc bc sng lm vic trong h thng DWDM c
th l: 40 bc sng, 80 bc sng v 160 bc sng.
H thng DWDM ghp 40 bc sng
Di bc sng lm vic: bng C (1530 1565 nm)
Di tn s: 192.1 THz 196.0 THz
Khong cch gia cc knh: 100 GHz
Central frequency offset: 20 GHz (ti tc thp hn
2.5Gbps) v 12.5GHz (ti tc 10Gbps)
1.4. CC U IM CA H THNG DWDM
Tn dng c phn ln bng thng ca si quang, to ra c dung
lng truyn dn ln. Cng ngh DWDM cho php s dng ton b ti
nguyn bng thng rt ln ca si quang (khong 25THz) nng cao
dung lng truyn dn ca h thng.
Khong cch truyn dn xa bng cch s dng cng ngh khuch i
quang si EDFA.
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Cho php truy nhp nhiu loi hnh dch v: cc bc sng trong h
thng DWDM c lp nhau, do c kh nng truyn nhiu loi hnh
dch v trn cng mt cp si quang nh: SDH, GE hay ATM
Hn ch c s si quang cn s dng: h thng DWDM ghp nhiu
bc sng trn mt si quang nn tit kim c rt nhiu cp quang,
t c th gim c cho ph xy dng ng dy.
Kh nng nng cp v m rng d dng.
linh hot cao, mng kinh t v n nh.
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Chng 2
CC THNH PHN C BN CA MNG DWDM
2.1. CU TRC TRUYN DN C BN CA MNG DWDM
H thng DWDM thc hin ghp bc sng danh nh khc nhau (tng
ng vi cc tn hiu knh quang ring l) thnh mt chm sng v c truyn
dn trn mt si, trong mi knh quang mang dch v khc nhau.
Cu trc c bn ca h thng DWDM gm cc thnh phn chnh sau:
B sa dng tn hiu
Cc b tch ghp knh quang OMUX, ODMUX
Cc b khuch i quang si EDFA
Cc b xen/r quang OADM
Cc modul b tn sc DCM
B kt ni cho quang OXC
2.2. KHI PHT P QUANG OTU
OTU (Optical Transponder Unit) l thit b c s dng thc hin
sa dng tn hiu. N chuyn i nhng tn hiu ca cc knh quang u vo
pha Client side thnh cc tn hiu quang chun theo khuyn ngh G.692 ca
ITU-T c th truyn trn h thng DWDM.
Nguyn l hot ng:
OTU thc hin vic chuyn i quang - in vi cc tn hiu quang a
vo ghp knh theo khuyn ngh G.957 v thc hin ti to tn hiu, khi
phc nh thi v khi phc d liu i vi cc tn hiu quang c
chuyn i thnh in. Sau thc hin chuyn i in - quang a ra tn
hiu knh quang DWDM m c bc sng, tn sc v cng sut pht
quang theo chun G.692.
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G.957
G.692
Ti to dng tn hiu,
khi phc nh thi
O/E
E/O
Tn hiu
quang u
vo
Tn hiu
quang u
ra
Hnh 2.1: Nguyn l ca b thu pht quang OTU
Sau khi chuyn i O/E nu ch thc hin ti to dng tn hiu, khi

phc nh thi (thc hin chc nng 2R: Reshape, Retiming) th OTU thc
hin chc nng sa dng tn hiu cho truyn dn khong cch ngn.
Nu sau khi chuyn i O/E, OTU x l ti to dng tn hiu, khi
phc nh thi v khi phc d liu (chc nng 3R: Reshape, Retiming,
Regenerator) c thc hin th OTU c chc nng ca mt b repeater.
Phn loi v ng dng:
Ph thuc vo v tr ca OTU trong mng DWDM m OTU c th
c chia lm 3 loi: OTUT (OUT Transmitter), OTUR (OUT Receiver) v
OTUG (OUT Generrator). ng dng ca chng trong h thng nh hnh v:
OTUT
OTUT
OTUT
O
M
U
X
O
A
O
D
M
U
X
OTUG
OTUT
OTUG
OTUT
O
M
U
X
O
A
O
D
M
U
X
OTUR
OTUT
OTUR
OTUT
Hnh 2.2: V tr ca b chuyn i bc sng OTU trong h thng
OTUT (OTU u pht): t gia cc thit b ca khch hng v

OMUX. Thc hin chuyn i tn hiu quang t pha khch hng thnh tn
hiu quang u ra theo chun G.692 ri a vo OMUX. Loi OTU ny
khng ch thc hin chc nng chuyn i O/E v E/O m cn thc hin vic
ti to dng tn hiu, khi phc nh thi (chc nng 2R) v c chc nng tm
byte B1 (byte gim st li bit tng on lp).
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OTUR (OTU u thu): t gia ODMUX v cc thit b ca khch

hng. Tn hiu quang u ra t ODMUX n OUTR phi tun theo chun
G.692. Loi OUT ny c chc nng ging nh OTUT, n thc hin sa dng
tn hiu, chc nng 2R v tm kim byte B1.
OTUG (OTU chuyn tip): t gia OMUX v ODMUX. Tn hiu u
vo v u ra ca OTUG phi tun theo chun G.692. OTU loi ny khng
ch c chc nng chuyn i O/E, E/O m cn c chc nng ti to li dng
tn hiu, khi phc nh thi v chc nng khi phc d liu (chc nng 3R).
V vy, OTUG tng ng nh mt b lp thng thng v cng c chc
nng tm byte B1.
2.3. B GII/GHP KNH QUANG
Gi s cc ngun pht quang lm vic cc bc sng khc nhau 1,
2,..., n. Cc tn hiu quang cc bc sng khc nhau ny s c ghp vo
cng mt si quang pha pht. B ghp knh theo bc sng phi m bo
c suy hao nh v tn hiu sau khi c ghp s c truyn dc theo si
ti pha thu. Ti bn thu, qua b gii ghp knh (ODMUX), tn hiu s
c tch ra thnh cc bc sng ring r v n cc b thu thch hp.
C 3 loi WDM chnh thc c s dng l:
S dng b lc in mi mng mng (Dielectric thin film
filters - DTF) dng lc cc bc sng ring bit trong di
bc sng c th cng nh d dng thch ng trong vic
truyn dn mt chiu hoc hai chiu. B lc DTF c s
dng ghp bc sng ti hai ca s.
S dng cch t nhiu x dng ghp v tch nhiu tn hiu
trong cng mt ca s.
Ghp nh hng theo phng php hn si.
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2.3.1. Phng php ghp knh s dng b lc mng mng

B lc in mi s dng trong ghp knh quang hot ng da trn
nguyn tc phn x tn hiu mt di ph ny v cho phn ph cn li i qua.
Phn t c bn thc hin ghp knh theo bc sng l b lc in
mi giao thoa, n c cu trc a lp gm cc mng mng c ch s chit sut
cao v thp t xen k nhau. Hu ht cc b lc giao thoa lm vic da trn
nguyn l bung cng hng Fabry - Perot, gm 2 gng phn x thnh phn
t song song cch nhau bi mt lp in mi trong sut.
Nguyn l hot ng ca n nh sau: Khi chm tia sng chm vo thit
b, cc hin tng giao thoa s to ra nhng phn x nhiu ln trong khoang
cng hng. Nu b dy ca lp m l s nguyn ln ca na bc sng nh
sng th giao thoa xp chng xy ra v cng sut quang ca bc sng t gi
tr cc i. Cc tia nh sng ca cc bc sng khc vi bc sng cng
hng phn x trn vn, ch c mt bc sng i qua b lc. Gng phn x
l cc lp thy tinh nm trn lp m trong sut.
1, 2, ...., n
1
2, ...., n
B lc
Hnh 2.3: B tch bc sng dng b lc
Theo c tnh ph th th c th phn cc b lc giao thoa thnh:

B lc thng thp hoc thng cao c bc sng ct c.
B lc thng di c bc sng trung tm 0 v rng di .
Cc b lc thng thp hoc thng cao thng s dng ghp hoc
tch 2 bc sng khc nhau, chng hn 850 nm v 1310 nm hoc 1310 nm v
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1550 nm. Loi b lc nh vy thch hp cho ngun quang c di ph rng

(LED). B lc thng di c s dng trong WDM khi ngun quang c ph
hp (LD). i vi b lc thng di c mt vi yu cu, l dc sn
ng cong hm truyn t phi ln trnh xuyn m gia cc knh k
nhau, mt khc rng gii c dung sai cho php phng dch bc
sng trung tm ca ngun quang do nhit d thay i.
Chit sut thp
Chit sut cao
Lp phn cch trong sut
Hnh 2.4: Cu to b lc
2.3.2. Mt s thit b tch knh dng b lc in mi mng mng

B tch 2 bc sng:
Do thit b ghp v thit b tch bc sng c cu trc thun - nghch,
ngha l gia b ghp v b tch ch thay i cng vo v cng ra, cho nn
trong phn ny ch yu ch trnh by cu trc v hot ng ca cc b tch
bc sng.
Thu knh
1, 2
Knh lc
Si quang
Hnh 2.5: B tch 2 knh dng thu knh phng v b lc
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Lng knh Grin (1/4 P)
1, 2
1
2
B lc
Hnh 2.6: B tch 2 knh dng b lc v lng knh Grin
Cu trc c bn ca b gii ghp 2 knh nh hnh 2.5, trong khi

vic thc hin trn thc t cu trc ny ch n gin nh hnh 2.6. Cc phn
t chun trc v hi t l cc lng knh Grin - rod 1/4 bc. B lc c thit
k pht i 1 v phn x 2 s c t gia 2 lng knh. Cc thit b gii
ghp ny c sn trn th trng thng mi v c s dng rng ri cc h
thng thng tin quang s dng cc ngun pht LED bc sng 850 nm v
1300 nm hoc s dng cc ngun pht ph hp ca cc t chc bc sng
nh 800 nm v 830 nm; 800 nm v 890 nm;, vi suy hao nh hn 3 dB
(cho mi cp) v suy hao xuyn knh cao hn 25 dB.
B tch ln hn hai bc sng:
Thit b ny s dng cc b lc ni tip nhau v mi b lc cho i qua
mt bc sng v phn x cc bc sng cn li.
1, 2,......, n
B lc (1)
1
2
3
4
Hnh 2.7: Cu to c bn ca b lc nhiu bc sng
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Trong thc t, thit b tch nhiu bc sng ngoi cc b lc cn c

thu knh, cc si quang,Hnh v l b tch 5 bc sng dng thu knh
Grin v khi thy tinh trong sut.
2
1,......, 5
4
Si quang
Lng knh GRIN
Khi thy tinh

trong sut
B lc
Hnh 2.8: B tch knh vi quang nhiu knh trn thc t
i khi c th thc hin to ra b tch knh m khng cn s dng n

cc phn t trc chun, thit b khng c thu knh m cc b giao thoa y
c t trn tng on mt cch thch hp v u si c mi nhn.
1
Si quang
1,......, 4
4
B lc
Hnh 2.9: Cu trc c bn ca b tch knh s dng b lc gn trc tip vo si
2.3.3. Phng php ghp knh s dng cch t nhiu x

Do nhc im khng tch c cc tia sng c bc sng gn nhau
nn thu knh ngy nay hu nh khng c s dng na, thay vo ngi
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ta s dng cch t nhiu x l ch yu. Cc b tch/ghp bc sng s dng

b lc khng th thc hin c khi s lng knh ln v s lng bc sng
st gn nhau. Thun li chnh ca cch t l c th nhiu x ng thi tt c
cc bc sng v c th thc hin c vi cc b tch ghp nhiu knh.
Nguyn l c bn ca ghp bc sng s dng cch t da trn hin tng
gc nhiu x ph thuc vo bc sng nh sng.
Cch t nhiu x l mt thit b quang th ng, nhiu x chm sng
ti theo cc hng khc nhau ty theo gc ti ca chm sng trn b mt cch
t, bc sng ca nh sng ti, cc c tnh thit k ca cch t, khong cch
gia cc rnh (chu k cch t), gc ca rnh cch t . Trn 1mm ca cch t
c hng chc hay hng ngn rnh nh, s rnh trn mt n v chiu di ca
cch t c gi l hng s cch t.
Ngi ta ch to cch t bng cch dng mt mi kim cng nhn rch
nhng ng song song cch u trn mt tm thy tinh phng. Ch b rch
c tc dng nh nhng chn sng, ch cn li c tc dng nh nhng khe
sng. Cch t thu c bng cch gi l cch t truyn x. Cch t truyn
x ngy nay dng rt t v mi kim cng mau mn khi rch ln thy tinh
hoc thch anh, khin cho cc khe cui khng cn rng nh khe u. Thay
vo ngi ta s dng cch t phn x bng cch rch ln b mt kim loi
ph trn thy tinh, to ra cc chn sng, phn cn li phn x nh sng c tc
dng nh cc khe. Cc lp kim loi ph thng l bc hoc nhm, kh mm
nn mi kim cng rt lu mn.
Ty theo cc bc sng khc nhau m cch t nhiu x nh sng theo
cc hng khc nhau. Do vy, chm tia ti vi nhiu bc sng khc nhau s
c tch ra theo chiu hng ty thuc vo bc sng. Ngc li cc nh
sng n sc t cc hng khc nhau cng c th c ghp li thnh mt
chm sng truyn theo cng mt hng.
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2.3.4. Cc b tch ghp bc sng s dng cch t

Ni chung, cc b ghp knh hoc tch knh s dng cch t gm 3
phn chnh: cc phn t vo v ra (l mng si hoc mt si truyn dn vi
cc thnh phn thu - pht), phn t hi t quang, phn t tn sc gc.
Thu knh hi t
Cch t
1
1,2
2
a)
Lng knh Grin
Cch t
1,2
2
b)
Hnh 2.10: B tch Littrow: a) B tch bc sng dng thu knh hi t, b) B

tch bc sng dng thu knh Grin
Hnh 2.10 a,b l b tch Littrow vi cu trc c bn v cu trc thc t

s dng thu knh Grin ca b tch 2 knh. Trong cu hnh ny, c tn hiu
nh sng i vo v nh sng i ra khi b ghp ch s dng mt thu knh,
dng thu knh chun trc hoc thu knh Grin.
2.3.5. Phng php ghp si
Phn trn ta xem xt cc thnh phn thit b vi quang c s dng
rng ri cho cc loi si a mode, nhng li kh s dng cho si n mode
bi v qu trnh x l chm sng phi qua cc giai on nh phn x, chun
trc, hi t,, t dn ti quang sai v cc vn tr khc to ra suy hao
tn hiu qu ln thit b. Thit b DWDM ghp si ph hp hn i vi cc
si n mode v c th trnh c quang sai, gim tr, gim suy hao do cc
qu trnh x l chm sng qua cc on phn x, chun trc, hi t gy ra.
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Nguyn l hot ng: khi li cc si quang t gn nhau th cng sut

quang t mt si s chuyn vo cc si khc.
Cc thit b DWDM ghp si c th c 2 dng l: nung nng chy
cc si k nhau v mi ghp ch tip xc gia cc si.
2.3.5.1. Phng php ghp xon si v mi ghp
Phng php ghp xon si
Cc si c bn vi nhau v c t di mt ngun nhit c iu
khin, sau khi cc si t ti trng thi mm do th dng lc ko v xon
cc si li vi nhau lm cho cc li si ghp li gn nhau. Bng cch iu
khin cc yu t nh: nhit , vng c t nng, cc lc ko v xon ta c
th thay i c kch c, hnh dng v di ca vng ghp. Do lm thay
i c c tnh ca si.
i vi cc b ghp kiu xon nng chy, ngi ta nhn thy rng khi
tng chiu di ghp ln th c kh nng tch c cc bc sng gn nhau hn.
Trong cu trc nng chy, on ghp c ko di cho n khi gi tr
ghp theo yu cu t c nhng bc sng c nh. V d: ghp nng
chy 1300/1550 nm c di ghp 20 nm, suy hao xen nh khong 0,04 dB.
Phng php mi ghp si
phng php ny, hai si quang c t trong hai rnh cong nm
trong hai khi thch anh. Tip , ngi ta mi cho n khi cc li si ny
gn l ra v c t tip xc vi nhau qua mt lp u hay epoxy. Do , s
ghp ni c th thc hin c. y, h s ghp ni c th t n gi tr
ty bng cch thay i khong cch gia hai si hay s dng cc vt liu c
chit sut khc nhau gia hai khi.
u im chnh ca ghp n mode theo phng php mi ghp so vi
phng php nng chy l c th iu hng c bng cch dch chuyn v tr
tng i ca hai si vi nhau. Ghp theo phng php nng chy th gi thnh
h, v vy c th kt hp c hai phng php t c hiu qu ti u.
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Khi cn ghp nhiu hn hai bc sng th phi ghp ni tip cc b

ghp. Hnh v l b ghp gm 3 mi ghp ni tip cc bc sng 1320 nm,
1280 nm v 1200 nm.
1
Vng xon nng chy
Si quang n mode
V si
V si
2
1+2
1+2
Hnh 2.11: a) Phng php ghp xon si; b) Phng php mi ghp si
2.3.5.2. Nhc im ca phng php ghp si

Thc t cho thy, bng thng ca cc b ghp bc sng dng phng
php ghp si c c tnh gn nh hnh sin. V vy kh khn trong vic la
chn bc sng ca ngun quang. Do , vic s dng LED i vi cc
phng php ny l khng th c v ph ca chng qu ln. Nh vy, ch
c cc Laser c rng ph hp c s dng trnh suy hao cng nh
xuyn m gia cc knh.
2.4. B KHUCH I QUANG S DNG CNG NGH EDFA
2.4.1. Tng quan v cng ngh EDFA
B khuch i EDFA ra i lm cho cng ngh truyn dn si quang
pht trin nhanh chng. Cho n nay, EDFA c a vo khai thc v s
dng hu ht cc h thng thng tin quang, chng c dng thay th
cc trm lp thng thng.
EDFA lm vic bc sng 1550 nm vi h s khuch i cao, cng
sut ra ln v nhiu thp. cho cc EDFA hot ng trn cc h thng
thng tin quang th cn c mt ngun bm. Cc Laser diode bn dn cng
sut cao l cc ngun bm thc t cung cp ngun nh sng cho EDFA.
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H s khuch i ca EDFA khng b nh hng do nh hng phn cc

ca nh sng, bi v bo ha xy ra trong EDFA tn ti trong mt thi gian kh
di, do khng to ra nhiu xuyn m khi truyn tn hiu tc cao.
2.4.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA
Khuch i quang si hin nay ch yu dng si pha tp Erbium, vit
tt l EDFA (Erbium - Doped Fiber Amplifier). Nguyn l khuch i c
thc hin nh c ch bc x trong ba mc hoc bn mc nh sau.
EDFA c cu trc l mt an si quang m li ca chng c cy
Er3+ vi nng t hn 0,1%. Khi mt ngun bm photon bc sng 980 nm
hoc 1480 nm c bm vo li si c bit ny, cc ion Er3+ ny s hp th
cc photon mt in t ca n chuyn mc nng lng t mc c bn E1
ln mc kch thch E2, do tn ti mt mc nng lng siu bn E3 gia
(xem gin nng lng), nn cc in t ny chuyn xung mc nng lng
E3 theo c ch phn r khng bc x (th khng bc x xung E3), sau mt
khong thi gian in t c kch thch ny ri tr li mc E1 pht x ra
photon. Hin tng bc x bnh thng c th l bc x t pht (l c ch
bnh thng khi in t nhy mc nng lng), hoc bc x s xy ra mnh
theo c ch bc x kch thch, tc l do s c mt ca c photon mang nng
lng bng vi nng lng dch chuyn mc ca cc in t (trong EDFA, th
l photon ca tn hiu cn c khuch i) s kch thch s pht ra v to
ra thm nhiu photon t l vi s photon ca chm sng. Rt may l bc x
ny li vng bc sng 1550 nm. Nh vy tn hiu c khuch i khi i
qua si pha tp Erbium.
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Mc kch thch E2
Phn r
khng bc x
=980nm
=1480nm
photon bm
photon
ti
Mc siu bn E3
Tn hiu ti oc
khuch i
Er3
+
Mc c bn E1
Hnh 2.12: Gin nng lng ca Erbium
Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang si EDFA:

u vo
EDF
WDM
u ra
B cch li
B cch li
ngun bm
Hnh 2.13: Cu trc mt EDFA n tng
2.4.3. Phn loi EDFA

Ph thuc v v tr trong mng quang, EDFA c chia thnh: khuch
i cng sut OBA, khuch i ng quang OLA v tin khuch i OPA.
OBA l thit b EDFA c cng sut bo ha ln c s dng ngay sau
Tx tng mc cng sut tn hiu. Do mc cng sut ra tng i cao nn tp
m ASE c th b qua nn i vi BA khng i hi phi c yu cu nghim
ngt trong vic s dng cc b lc tp m. Tuy nhin, vi mc cng sut ra
cao, vic s dng BA c th gy ra mt s hin tng phi tuyn. Cc chc
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nng OAM i vi BA c th tch ring hoc chung vi Tx. BA c th tch

hp vi Tx (gi l OAT) hoc tch ring vi Tx.
OPA l thit b EDFA c mc tp m rt thp, c s dng ngay
trc b thu (Rx) tng nhy thu. S dng PA, nhy thu c tng
thm ng k. Cc chc nng OAM i vi PA c th tch ring hoc chung vi
Rx. t c mc tp m ASE thp, ngi ta thng s dng cc b lc
quang bng hp (nn s dng cc loi b lc c kh nng iu chnh bc sng
trung tm). PA c th tch hp vi Rx (gi l OAR) hoc tch ring vi Rx.
OLA l thit b EDFA c mc tp m thp c s dng trn ng
truyn (gia hai on si quang) tng chiu di khong lp. Ty theo chiu
di tuyn m LA c th c dng thay th mt s hay tt c cc trm lp
trn tuyn. i vi cc h thng c s dng LA, i hi phi c mt knh
thng tin ring thc hin vic cnh bo, gim st v iu khin cc LA.
Knh gim st ny (OSC Optical Supervise Channel) khng c qu gn
vi bc sng bm cng nh knh tn hiu trnh nh hng gia cc knh
ny. Ti mi LA, knh gim st ny c chn thm cc knh thng tin mi
(v trng thi LA, cc thng tin v cnh bo), sau c pht li vo ng
truyn. V mt l thuyt, khong cch truyn dn ln (c vi nghn km) c th
t c bng cch chn thm LA vo ng truyn. Tuy nhin, trong trng
hp trn tuyn c nhiu LA lin tip nhau, cht lng h thng c th suy
gim nghim trng do c cc hin tng nh: tch ly tp m, s ph thuc
ca ph khuch i vo tng h s khuch i, nh hng ca tn sc, phn
cc v cc hiu ng phi tuyn, c bit l vic hnh thnh nh khuch i
xung quanh mt bc sng no dn n vic thu hp di ph khuch i
ca LA.
So vi thit b u cui thng thng, vic s dng cc thit b khuch
i quang (BA, LA, PA) s tng qu cng sut ln ng k. Vi ph khuch
i tng i rng (khong 35 nm), kh nng khuch i khng ph thuc
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vo tc v dng tn hiu, s dng khuch i quang rt thun li trong vic

nng cp tuyn (tng tc hoc thm knh bc sng).
Nhn chung, s dng khuch i quang c th b li suy hao trong h
thng. Nh vy, nhng h thng trc y b hn ch v suy hao th nay c
th li b hn ch v tn sc. Trong trng hp , phi s dng mt s
phng php gim bt nh hng ca tn sc, v d nh s dng si b tn
sc hay cc ngun pht c rng ph hp kt hp vi iu ch ngoi
Do c im khc nhau ca cc loi thit b khuch i quang nn mc
u tin s dng i vi tng loi cng khc nhau. LA i hi phi c mt
knh gim st ring, hn na thm cc im trung gian vo trn ng truyn
cng lm cho vic bo dng tr nn phc tp hn. Do , mc u tin s
dng i vi LA l thp nht, ch trong trng hp m khi dng c BA v PA
m vn khng p ng ni yu cu v cng sut th mi s dng LA.
n gin nht l vic s dng BA v PA tng qu o cng sut.
Tuy nhin, do cu hnh ca PA phc tp hn BA (v phi s dng cc b lc
quang bng hp loi b bt tp m ASE) nn gia BA v PA th BA vn
c u tin s dng hn.
Mt trong cc hn ch ca EDFA i vi h thng WDM l ph
khuch i khng ng u, cc bc sng khc nhau s c khuch i vi
cc h s khc nhau, c bit l s tn ti ca nh khuch i ti bc sng
1530 nm. Hn na, trong trng hp trn tuyn c s dng nhiu EDFA lin
tip th s hnh thnh mt nh khuch i khc xung quanh bc 1558 nm.
Nh vy, vi nhiu EDFA lin tip trn ng truyn, di ph khuch i s
b thu hp li (c th t 35 nm gim xung cn 10 nm hoc hn na, ty
thuc vo s b khuch i quang lin tip nhau).
Hin nay, cn bng h s khuch i ca EDFA c th s dng mt
s phng php sau:
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S dng b lc suy hao tn hiu ti nh khuch i: xung quanh

bc sng 1530 nm v xung quanh bc sng 1558 nm (trong trng hp c
s dng nhiu EDFA lin tip trn ng truyn).
Hoc iu chnh mc cng sut u vo ca cc bc sng sao cho ti
u thu, mc cng sut ca tt c cc bc sng ny l nh nhau.
Ngoi ra, trong trng hp s dng nhiu EDFA lin tip trn ng
truyn, mt vn na cng cn phi xem xt l tp m ASE trong cc b
khuch i quang: tp m ASE trong b khuch i quang pha trc s c
khuch i bi b khuch i quang pha sau. S khuch i v tch ly tp
m ny s lm cho t s S/N ca h thng b suy gim nghim trng. Nu
mc cng sut tn hiu vo l qu thp, tp m ASE c th lm cho t s S/N
b gim xung ti mc cho php. Tuy nhin, nu mc cng sut tn hiu vo
l qu cao th tn hiu ny kt hp vi ASE c th gy hin tng bo ha
b khuch i.
Theo tp ch Lightwave thng 11-1999 c mt ci tin ng k trong
vic san bng v m rng ph khuch i ca b khuch i quang. l s
ra i ca b khuch i c tn l EDTFA (Erbium Doped Tellurite - Based
Fiber Amplifier).
V bn cht, EDTFA ging nh EDFA hay EDSFA, ch khc l
EDSFA da trn nn bn dn Silic, cn EDTFA da trn nn bn dn
Telurrium. EDTFA cho php m rng ph khuch i ln ti 90 nm t bc
sng 1530 nm - 1620 nm (so vi 35 nm ca EDSFA).
2.5. B XEN/R KNH QUANG OADM
OADM l mt thit b c s dng trong cc h thng ghp knh
phn chia theo bc sng h mt knh bc sng t si quang xung, nh
tuyn tn hiu sang mt mng khc hoc ghp thm mt hay nhiu bc sng
vo lung tn hiu quang truyn i trn si quang.
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OADM l node mng c vai tr rt quan trng trong mng DWDM,

lm cho mng quang DWDM tr nn linh hot v n gin hn nhiu vi
nhiu cu hnh mng khc nhau.
Chc nng ca OADM tng t nh b ghp knh tch nhp ADM
(Add Drop Multiplexer) trong mng SDH, nhng i tng thao tc trc tip
l tn hiu quang. Trong cc node OADM, d liu cn tch/ghp c truy
nhp thng qua vic lc ly mt s bc sng quang t lung tn hiu a
bc sng trn si quang ti node hoc mt s bc sng quang c ghp
vo lung tn hiu trn si ti node .
im node OADM c th chia lm hai loi: im node OADM tnh v
im node OADM ng. Trong im node OADM tnh, thc hin vic xen/r
cc bc sng c nh. Trong im node OADM ng, c th cn c vo nhu
cu chn tn hiu quang c bc sng xen/r nhau.
Hu ht cc chc nng chnh ca mng quang c thc hin ti node
OADM. M hnh chung ca mt node OADM gm cc phn t nh: modul
xen/r bc sng c th iu chnh c, cc modul b tn sc iu chnh
theo tng knh DEM (Disperation Equalizier Module), cc thit b gim st
quang OPM (Optical Performance Moniter). Mi modul ny s dng si cch
t Bragg hay cc phn t dn sng AWG nh l cc thnh phn cng ngh
chnh, nn chng c c cc u im nh suy hao thp v thit b c tch
hp nh gn.
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OPM
Tn
hiu
DWDM
OPM
Tunable OADM
OA
OA
Tn hiu
DWDM
ti nt
tip theo
OPM
Demultiplexer
Multiplexer
Tunalble DEM
Tunalble DEM
OPM
Hnh 2.14: S v tr cc thit b trong mt node OADM
Thit b OADM nh trn hnh 2.14 c th cho php xen/r mt knh

bc sng n hoc nhiu knh bc sng ng thi. Trong tng lai, khi vai
tr ca lp chuyn mch nh tuyn c chuyn dn cho lp quang th thit b
OADM cn c mt qu trnh chuyn giao t cu hnh tnh sang cu hnh ng.
Khi , cc thit b OADM ny s cho php chuyn lung s c bc sng ny
sang mt bc sng khc nu chng may mng gp s c ti mt nhnh no ,
do trnh c mt thng tin. Hoc vic chuyn bc sng mang ny nhm
mc ch cn bng lu lng gia cc nhnh ca mng t hiu qu cao nht
cho mng li, t ci thin c hiu qu truyn thng.
Cc k thut s dng trong OADM hin ti ch yu da trn cc b lc
in mi mng, cc b lc quang m iu chnh c, cc b dch pha nh
tuyn bc sng AWG, hoc si cch t Bragg.
Vi cc b lc in mi, thit b OADM t c khong cch gia
cc knh l 100 GHz v ln hn cn vi khong cch knh l 50 GHz th b
lc in mi cha th p ng c. Cc b lc quang m mc d c u im
l phm vi iu chnh bc sng rng, song li b hn ch bi cc c tnh
khng thch hp ca b lc bng thng. Cc b dch pha bc sng AWG
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mc d c u im cho h thng mt knh cao, nhng chng vn c suy

hao xen ln, cng c cc c tnh v bng thng cha tht hon ho. Cch t
Bragg l mt trin vng tt cho cc thit b OADM c khong cch knh l 50
GHz vi suy hao thp, c tnh ph lc tng i tt.
Module OPM (Optical Performance Moniter) c nhim v o c cc
thng s ca knh nh: bc sng lm vic, cng sut ca knh, t s S/N, s
lng knh ang hot ng, khong cch gia cc knh khuch i v
gn khuch inhm mc ch gim st ri thng bo cho module iu
khin hiu chnh cc thng s trn cho ph hp. Thc cht, OPM nh mt
my phn tch quang ph, thc hin phn tch v o ph ca ngun tn hiu.
Yu cu i vi OPM l phi c tin cy cao, tc phn tch v o c
cao cc bn tin ca n a ra phn nh chnh xc tnh trng ca mng.
Chnh v vy, vic thit k OPM trn mng l ht sc quan trng.
2.6. B KT NI CHO QUANG OXC
Chc nng ca im node OXC tng t nh chc nng ni cho tn
hiu s ca thit b DXC (Digital Cross Connection) trong mng SDH, ch
khc l OXC thc hin vic ni cho tn hiu trn min quang, khng cn
thc hin chuyn i quang in/in quang v x l tn hiu in, cho nn
tc x l rt nhanh, p ng c mng thng tin tc cao v hng ti
mng ton quang. Nh vy s to ra nhiu dch v mi, mang li li ch cho
c nh cung cp dch v v khch hng.
im node OXC c chia ra thnh im node OXC ng v im
node OXC tnh. Trong im node OXC tnh, trng thi ni vt l ca cc
knh tn hiu quang khc nhau l c nh, u im ca n l d thc hin v
cng ngh. Trong im node OXC ng, trng thi ni vt l ca cc knh tn
hiu quang khc nhau c th thay i theo yu cu tc thi, mc d rt kh
thc hin v cng ngh.
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Trong im node OXC, k thut bin i bc sng l rt quan trng v

n gip gim nghn ca mng li, thc hin kt ni nh tuyn o v vn
dng ti a ti nguyn bng tn ca si quang.
1, 2, ..., n
Demultiplex
er
Signal in
.
.
.
n
Optical
cross
connect
N N switch
.
.
.
Multiplexer
Signal out
1, 2, ..., n
Hnh 2.16: OXC vi ma trn chuyn mch N x N
S pht trin ca mng quang DWDM i hi nh tuyn bc sng

quang ng c th thay i cu hnh mng linh hot m vn gi c bn
cht trong sut ca mng. Chc nng ny oc m bo bng vic ng
dng cc b u ni cho quang OXC. C hai loi OXC l: OXC chuyn
mch khng gian v OXC nh tuyn bc sng.
Cu trc OXC chuyn mch khng gian gm N cng vo, mi cng thu
mt tn hiu DWDM cha M knh bc sng. B tch bc sng s chia tn
hiu thnh cc bc sng ring bit v phn phi chng ti M b chuyn
mch quang. y l cc b chuyn mch khng gian, mi b chuyn mch
thu c N tn hiu u vo c cng mt bc sng. Mt u vo v mt u
ra khc ca b chuyn mch c thm vo cho php xen/r cc knh c
th. Cc b chuyn mch s chuyn cc tn hiu ti u ra tng ng ghp
thnh M bc sng hnh thnh mt ng tn hiu DWDM. Mi OXC nh
vy cn N b ghp sng, N b tch sng quang v (N+1)x(N+1) b chuyn
mch quang. B chuyn mch thng c s dng l ng dn sng N u
vo v N u ra.
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Demux
Space
Switches
Added
Mux
Dropped
Hnh 2.17: B kt ni cho chuyn mch khng gian
Cu trc OXC chuyn mch theo nguyn tc chuyn i bc sng

quang. u tin, mi tn hiu quang t mt si c phn chia vi s nhnh
bng tng s knh quang cn ly ra ti u ra nh b tch. Sau , chng
c a ti b chuyn mch quang ly ra tn hiu cn thit. Tn hiu c
la chn ra li tip tc qua b la chn bc sng, tch ra b knh quang yu
cu a chng vo ng bc sng quang cn ghp u ra.
2.7. KHI B TN SC
Bn cnh suy hao ca si, tn sc cng l mt hiu ng gii hn
khong cch truyn trong tuyn thng tin quang. Trong truyn dn quang,
hiu ng tn sc tng tuyn tnh vi di v rng ph ngun quang v l
nguyn nhn gy mo xung. Thit b b tn sc a ra mt mc tn sc bng
v ngc li iu chnh s gin xung nh sng.
Si b tn sc (DCF Dispersion Compensate Fiber) l loi si c
bit m bc sng ca nh sng vng ca s 1550 nm c h s tn sc
khng m vi khong 80 ps/(nm.km). Do , 1 km si DCF c th b tn sc
cho 5 km si n mode, khi h s tn sc ca si n mode l 17 ps/(nm.km).
H s tn sc ca si DCF cng thay i theo tn s nh si SFM, do
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khng th c kh nng b tn sc tt nu di tn s m rng. Suy hao ca si

DCF c gi tr c 0,6 dBm/km v ln hn si SFM.
2.8 CC LOI SI QUANG S DNG TRONG CNG NGH DWDM
2.8.1. Si quang G.652
y l si quang n mode c s dng rng ri hin nay, cn gi l
si n mode khng thay i v tr tn sc, n c th lm vic hai ca s
truyn dn 1310 nm v 1550 nm. Khi lm vic ca s 1310 nm, G.652 c
tn sc nh nht 0 ps/(nm.km) v suy hao tng i ln. Ngc li, khi lm
vic ca s 1550 nm, G.652 c suy hao nh nht (0.19 dB/km) nhng h s
tn sc tng i ln 20 ps/(nm.km), ch s PMD nh hn 0.1 ps/(nm.km).
Do , vi nhng h thng DWDM vi tc mi knh 2.5 Gbps th s dng
tt, tuy nhin, nu tc mi knh ln hn 10 Gbps th khng th s dng
c si quang G.652.
2.8.2. Si quang G.653
Mun xy dng tuyn thng tin quang tc cao m c ly di th phi
s dng si quang c suy hao v tn sc ti u ti mt bc sng no .
Hin nay, bng cch thay i mt ct chit sut c th ch to c si tn sc
dch chuyn, tc l si c tn sc v suy hao ti u cng mt bc sng.
Si G.652 c tn sc ln di sng t 1500 - 1600 nm, do vy kh p dng
vo h thng DWDM tc cao. Si dch chuyn tn sc DSF hay cn gi l
si G.653, n dch chuyn vng tn sc bng khng t 1310 nm n vng
1550 nm, ti tn sc si quang l nh nht. G.653 s dng tt trong di
sng t 1500 - 1600 nm v tn sc nh. Tuy nhin, trong h thng DWDM vi
mt knh bc sng cao th DSF li gp phi hiu ng phi tuyn rt
nghim trng, c th l hiu ng trn bn bc sng nn t c s dng
trong DWDM tc siu cao.
H s suy hao ca si DSF thng nh hn 0.5 dB/km ca s
1300nm v nh hn 0.3 dB/km ca s 1550nm. H s tn sc vng bc
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sng 1550nm khong 20 ps/(nm.km), cn vng bc sng 1300nm nh hn

3.5 ps/(nm.km). Bc sng ct thng nh hn 1270nm.
2.8.3. Si quang G.654
G.654 l si quang n mode ti hn thay i v tr bc sng ct. Loi
si ny c c im: suy hao bc sng 1550 nm rt nh v li si lm bng
Silic nguyn cht. N c th truyn cc knh mc cng sut cao, tuy nhin n
vn c tn sc ln ti vng bc sng 1550 nm. im tn sc bng khng vn
bc sng 1310 nm. G.654 c s dng ch yu trong cc tuyn cp
quang bin c ly ln.
2.8.4. Si quang G.655
G.655 hay cn gi l si quang dch chuyn tn sc khc khng (NZDSF), im tn sc bng khng ca n khng nm 1550 nm m dch ti
1570 nm hoc gn 1510 - 1520 nm. Gi tr tn sc trong phm vi 1548 - 1565
nm l 1 - 4 ps/(nm.km) m bo tn sc khng bng khng, trong khi
vn duy tr c tn sc tng i nh.
Si quang G.655 c u im ca c hai loi si quang G.652 v G.653,
ng thi khc phc c nhng im yu c hu ca si G.652 (b hn ch
bi tn sc) v si G.653 (b nh hng bi hiu ng phi tuyn trn bn
bc sng nn kh p dng c vo mng DWDM). i vi G.655 th cc
hiu ng phi tuyn nh FWM, XPM v FPM l nh nht. Si NZ-DSF s
dng rt tt trong h thng DWDM siu tc, tuy gi thnh n hin cn cao
nhng i li h thng gim i b b tn sc.
C hai loi si: si NZ-DSF l si NZ- (dch chuyn vng tn sc
khng ti trc bc sng 1550 nm) v si NZ+ dch chuyn vng tn sc
khng ti sau bc sng 1550 nm.
V mt l thuyt chng minh tc truyn dn quang ca si
quang NZ-DSF c th t c t nht 80 gbps. V vy si NZ-DSF c th t
oc nht 80 Gbps. V vy, si NZ-DSF l la chn l tng thit k
tuyn truyn dn tc cao, c ly di.
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Chng 3
THIT K TUYN THNG TIN QUANG DWDM
3.1. CC YU T NH HNG N VIC THIT K H THNG
trin khai c cng ngh DWDM trn mng c rt nhiu vn
c t ra, trong c vn thit k tuyn. Vi cc tuyn n knh quang
(ch c mt knh bc sng), vic thit k tuyn tng i n gin, ngc
li i vi cc tuyn DWDM, vic thit k tr nn phc tp hn nhiu, i
hi phi hiu r v cc gii hn do suy hao, tn sc, qu cng sut, qu thi
gian ln v cc hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang to ra. Do tnh cht ca
si quang ph thuc vo bc sng, nn vic chn la bc sng hot ng l
mt vn quan trng trong thit k.
Lc u, s tn hao ca si quang c xem l yu t ln nht trong
vic hn ch di ca mi knh quang. Tuy nhin, vi tc d liu ln, s
xung chim t hn v t khe thi gian. Tc tn sc v phi tuyn (SPM,
XPM, FWM) l nhng vn ng quan tm. Nh bit, lin kt quang
c thit k bi h s phm cht l t l li bit (BER) ca h thng. Thc
t, vi mng WDM, BER = 10-12 (10-9 10-12), ngha l ti a c 1 trong 1012
bit b li trong qu trnh truyn.
S tn sc l s m rng ca mt xung trong min thi gian, thng
do tc ng ln ca quang ph. Tc ng c hi ca s m rng xung l ISI.
Nu gi s ISI khng bao gi xy ra th vn c mt lng nh tn sc c hi
tc ng vo.
Bng vic t cc b khuch i quang c th lm nng cao hiu sut
ca tn hiu quang tch quang. Cng ca sng in t truyn qua si
quang dn n phi tuyn. Chit sut c thnh phn phi tuyn ph thuc vo
mc tn hiu. Phi tuyn to ra s dch pha phi tuyn NL:
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1 e
NL =
Trong :
(3.1)
n2 w0
cAeff
(3.2)
l h s phi tuyn
n2 l h s v
Aeff l din tch mt ct ngang ca li
Trong thng tin quang, lightpath cn c thit k gi mc dch pha
cho php ln nht NL < 1. iu ch t dch pha (SPM) khng hot ng mt
mnh m thng hot ng cng vi vn tc nhm (GVD) tng ng qua
di ca si quang. Cng sut knh u vo cn c ti u ha m bo
tn sc. Theo ton hc. dch pha c biu din:
NL
i
1 e L
W
Pi 2 Pk
k 1

k 1
(3.3)
Trong : W l tng s cc knh

Pk l cng sut ca knh kth
dch pha ln nht (cho 1 bit) l:

NL
max
2w 1Pi

(3.4)
Qu cng sut: Mc ch ca qu cng sut l bo m cng sut n

my thu ln duy tr hot ng tin cy trong sut thi gian sng ca h
thng. Qu cng sut ca tuyn c th xem nh l cng sut tng PT nm gia
ngun pht quang v b tch sng quang. Suy hao tng ny bao gm suy hao
si, suy hao b ni quang, suy hao mi hn v d phng cho h thng.
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f l suy hao si
L l c ly truyn dn
Qu thi gian ln: Mc ch ca qu thi gian ln l bo m rng h
thng c kh nng hot ng ng tc bit mong mun. Thi gian ln
tng cng ca ton h thng c th ly gn ng nh sau:
T T T
2
r
2
tr
2
fiber
1
2 2
rec
Trong : Ttr, Tfiber v Trec l cc thi gian ln tng ng vi my pht,

si quang v my thu. Thi gian ln ca my pht v my thu thng c
bit khi thit k h thng.
3.2. THIT K TUYN IM - IM
Tuyn im - im l loi kin trc n gin nht ca h thng thng
tin quang. Vai tr ca chng l chuyn ti thng tin trong dng lung s bit t
mt ni ny n mt ni khc mt cch chnh xc nht c th c. Chiu di
tuyn c th thay i t nh hn 1 km (c ly ngn) n hng ngn km (c ly
di), ph thuc vo ng dng.
Khi chiu di tuyn vt qu mt gi tr no , nm trong khong t 20
- 100 km ph thuc vo bc sng cng tc, cn thit phi b p cc suy hao
trong si quang, ngc li tn hiu c th qu yu c th tch ra pha thu.
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Transmitter
Tx
Regenerator
Rx
Regenerator
Tx
Rx
Tx
Receiver
Rx
a)
Tx
Transmitter
Amp
Amp
Amplifier
Amplifier
Rx
Receiver
b)
Hnh 3.1: Cc tuyn im-im c b suy hao nh k bng cch a) s dng

cc trm ti to ; b) s dng khuch i quang
Hnh 3.1 trnh by hai s thng s dng b suy hao quang. Cc b

lp quang in cn c gi l trm ti to bi v chng ti ti li tn hiu
quang. Hnh 3.1a), b ti to l mt cp thu - pht tch tn hiu quang n,
khi phc li bit in ri chuyn i ngc li thnh tn hiu quang bng cch
iu ch mt ngun quang.
Cc b khuch i quang gii quyt vn suy hao nhng chng b
sung thm nhiu v lm trm trng thm nh hng ca tn sc v cc hiu
ng phi tuyn bi v s suy gim tn hiu s c tch ly cc tng khuch
i. Thc t, cc h thng thng tin quang c khuch i mt cch nh k
thng b gii hn bi tn sc tr khi cc k thut b tn sc c s dng.
Cc b lp quang in khng b nh hng bi vn ny bi v chng ti to
li cc lung bit ban u, do b tr hiu qu tt c cc ngun suy gim tn
hiu mt cch t ng. thay th cho b lp quang in t, b ti to quang
phi thc hin ba chc nng tng t - ti to (regenerator), sa dng
(reshaping) v nh thi li (retiming) tn hiu, nn c gi l b lp 3R.
Khong cch L gia cc b ti to hoc b khuch i quang thng
c gi l khong lp (repeater spacing) l mt tham s thit k ch yu v
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gi thnh h thng gim khi L tng nhng tn sc khong cch L ph thuc

vo tc bit B. Tnh tc bit - khong cch, thng thng c s dng
nh l thc o cht lng ca cc tuyn im - im. Tch BL ph thuc vo
bc sng hot ng v c suy hao v tn sc trong si quang u ph thuc
vo bc sng.
3.3. MNG QUNG B V PHN B
Nhiu ng dng ca h thng thng tin quang i hi thng tin khng
ch c truyn i m cn phi c phn b n mt nhm thu bao. Cc
mng phn b c khong cch truyn l ngn (< 50 km) nhng tc bit c
th cao (n 10 Gbps v hn na).
hub
hub
hub
hub
a)
Bus
N-1
b)
Hnh 3.2: a) Topo hub ;b) Topo bus dnh cho mng phn b
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Trong trng hp topo hub, phn b knh t v tr trung tm (hay

cc hub), ni m thit k kt ni cho t ng chuyn mch cc knh trong
min in. Nhng mng nh vy c gi l mng th (MAN) bi v cc
hub thng c t cc thnh ph ln. Vai tr ca si quang tng t nh
trng hp i vi tuyn im - im bi v bng thng ca si thng thng
ln hn yu cu bi mt trm hub ring bit, mt vi trm c th chia s cng
mt si quang c xut pht cho hub chnh. Vn cn quan tm i vi m
hnh hub l s gin on cp quang c th nh hng n dch v i vi
phn ln mng. C th s dng cc tuyn ni im - im b sung ni cc
hub quan trng trc tip vi nhau bo v chng li s c ny.
Trong trng hp topo bus, mt si quang mang tn hiu quang a
knh sut c vng dch v. S phn b c thc hin bng cch s dng cc
ni phn nhnh quang (optical tap), c tc dng lm chch hng mt phn
nh cng sut quang n mi thu bao. Mt vn vi topo bus l suy hao tn
hiu tng theo hm m vi s lng ni phn nhnh v s lng thu bao
c phc v bi mt bus quang. Khi suy hao si c th b qua, cng sut ni
phn nhnh th N l:
PN = PTC[(1 - )(1 - C)]N-1
(3.5)
Trong : PN l cng sut pht

C l phn cng sut c tch ra trn mi ni phn nhnh
l suy hao xen c gi nh l nh nhau ti mi ni phn
nhnh.
Mt gii php cho vn ny l s dng b khuch i quang c th
lm tng cng sut quang mt cch nh k, do s cho php phn b n
mt s lng ln cc thu bao di cho n khi nh hng ca tn sc cn c
th b qua.
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3.4. MNG CC B LAN

Nhiu ng dng ca cng ngh truyn dn quang i hi cc mng
trong phn ln ngi dng trong mng cc b c kt ni vi nhau theo
cch m bt k ngi dng no cng c th truy nhp mng mt cch ngu
nhin truyn d liu n nhng ngi dng khc. Cc mng ny c gi
l cc mng cc b (LAN). Cc mng truy nhp quang c s dng trong
vng thu bao ni ht cng thuc loi ny. Do khong cch truyn dn tng
i ngn (<10 km), suy hao trn si quang ng quan tm i vi cc ng
dng trn mng LAN, ng c chnh thc y vic s dng si quang chnh l
bng thng rng.
1
N
node
a)
N-1
2
1
Star
cupler
node
4
b)
Hnh 3.3: Cu trc a) mng vng ;b) mng hnh sao trong mng LAN
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Trong topo vng, cc node lin k c kt ni bng cc tuyn im im hnh thnh mt vng khp kn. Mi node c truyn hoc nhn d liu
bng cch s dng mt cp my pht - thu, c th hot ng nh mt trm
lp. Mt th token c truyn quanh vng. Mi node s gim st lung bit
lng nghe a ch ring v nhn d liu. N cng c th truyn bng cch
ni vo mt th rng.
Trong cu hnh sao, tt c cc node c kt ni n node trung tm
gi l hub hay n gin l hnh sao bng cc lin kt im - im. Cc mng
LAN nh vy tip tc phn loi nh hn thnh cc mng hnh sao tch cc
hay th ng, ph thuc vo node trung tm l thit b th ng hay tch cc.
i vi cu hnh sao c hnh thnh t cc b coupler nh hng, cng sut
cn gim hn na do suy hao xen v c tnh nh sau:
PN = (PT/N)(1 - )log2N
(3.6)
Trong : l suy hao xen ca mi coupler nh hng

3.5. THIT K MNG IM - IM DA TRN H S Q V OSNR
thit k mt mng bt buc phi thit k h thng c t s li bit
BER cho trc.
T
s
li
bit
Q (dB)
Hnh 3.4: Quan h ca Q vi BER
Ta c: Q =
I1 I 0
0 1
(3.7)
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Trong : I1 l gi tr ca dng bit 1

I0 l gi tr ca dng bit 0
1 l lch chun ca dng bit 1
0 l lch chun ca dng bit 0
Mi quan h ca h s Q vi BER:
BER =
1
Q
erfc
2
2
(3.8)
3.5.1. Cch tnh h s Q t OSNR

OSNR l tham s quan trng nht c kt hp vi tn hiu quang.
l mt i lng o c.
QdB = 20log OSNR
B0
Be
QdB = OSNR + 10log
B0
Be
(3.9)
(3.10)
Trong : B0 l di quang ca thit b cui (tch quang)

Be l di in ca b lc thu
3.5.2. Cch tnh OSNR cho mng im - im
Xt ng AB. Khuch i c t theo chu k vi khong cch lp
li nng cao cng sut tn hiu ln. Mi ln khuch i, n l thnh phn
ring ca nhiu khuch i pht x tc thi v lm gim bt OSNR. Mi b
khuch i s vn khuch i tp m hin ti.
Hnh 3.5: Khuch i a min trong mng im-im
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Da trn OSNR thit k phi m bo OSNR mc cui ph hp

vi h thng OSNR, do BER mi t yu cu.
OSNR mi mc l:
OSNR =
Pin
NFmuc hf
(3.11)
Trong : NFmc l h s nhiu ca mc

h: hng s Plank = 6.6260 x 10-34
: tn s quang = 193 THz
f : di thng c tnh bng NF (thng l 0.1 nm)
Tng OSNR ca ton h thng:

1
1
1
1
1
OSNR OSNR1 OSNR2

OSNR N
i OSNRi
(3.12)
Cho khuch i n c li G. Ta c:
OSNR =
Pin
Pin
PASE 2nsp (G 1)hf
nsp =
N2
N 2 N1
(3.13)
(3.14)
Trong : nsp l h s pht x t pht

N2: s ht electron trng thi cao hn
N1: s ht electron trng thi thp hn
H s pht x t pht cng c tnh theo cng thc:
nsp = 0.5 x 10
NF
10
(3.15)
Do :
OSNRdb = 1.5893 + Pin - (db) - NFdb - 10logN 10log f
(3.16)
Cho f = 0.1 nm hay 12.5 GHz. Ta s c:

OSNRdb = 58 + Pin - (db) - NFdb - 10logN
(3.17)
Trong : NF l h s nhiu mi b khuch i l nh nhau

l h s chng lp
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3.5.3. Tnh ton OSNR bng khuch i Raman
Hnh 3.6: Khuch i Raman a mc
OSNR ca mc cui c tnh theo cng thc:

1
1
1
OSNR i OSNRi ( muc ) i OSNRRA
OSNRi(muc) =
Pini G RA( i )
(3.18)
(3.19)
NFi hf
3.6. QY THI GIAN LN

Mc ch ca qu thi gian ln l bo m rng h thng c kh nng
hot ng ng tc bit mong mun. Thm ch, nu di thng ca cc
thnh phn ring l ca h thng vt qu tc bit, vn c th xy ra trng
hp ton h thng c th khng hot ng c tc bit . Thi gian ln
Tr ca mt h thng tuyn tnh c nh ngha l thi gian trong khong
p ng tng t 10 - 90% ca gi tr ng ra cui cng khi ng vo b thay i
t ngt.
Trong mt h thng tuyn tnh, gia di thng f v thi gian ln Tr c
mi quan h nghch o. Ba thnh phn ca h thng thng tin quang c cc
thi gian ln ring. Thi gian ln tng cng ca ton h thng c th ly gn
ng nh sau:
T T T
2
r
2
tr
2
fiber
1
2 2
rec
(3.20)
Trong : Ttr, Tfiber v Trec l cc thi gian ln tng ng vi my pht,

si quang v my thu. Thi gian ln ca my pht v my thu thng c
bit khi thit k h thng. Thi gian ln ca my pht Ttr c xc nh ch
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yu bi cc thnh phn in t ca mch iu khin v cc phn t k sinh

in lin quan n ngun quang. Thng Ttr khong vi ns i vi my pht
s dng Led, nhng c th nh hn 0.1 ns i vi my pht s dng Laser.
Thi gian ln ca my thu Trec c xc nh ch yu bi di thng in 3 dB
sau tch quang.
Thi gian ln ca si quang Tfiber:
2
2
2
T fiber
Tmod
e Tchr
(3.21)
Trong : Tmode l tn sc mode

Tchr l tn sc mu trong si quang
3.7. YU CU V QU CNG SUT
Trong mi trng truyn dn cp si quang, qu cng sut l mt yu
t rt quan trng nhm m bo cho h thng hot ng bnh thng. Mc
ch ca qu cng sut l bo m cng sut n my thu ln duy tr
hot ng tin cy trong sut thi gian sng ca h thng.
Suy hao cng sut trn ton tuyn bao gm: suy hao trn si dn quang,
trn cc b ni quang v ti cc mi hn. Tng suy hao trn ton tuyn nhn
c t cc phn b suy hao lin tip ca tng phn t trn tuyn. Suy hao
ca tng phn t c tnh:
A(dB)= 10 log
P1
P2
(3.22)
Trong : P1, P2 l cc cng sut quang u vo v u ra ca phn t.

Ngoi cc suy hao do cc phn t trn tuyn quang gy ra nh nu
trn, ta cn phi c mt lng cng sut quang d phng cho tui th ca cc
thnh phn, s thay i nhit v cc suy hao tng ln cc thnh phn. D
phng cho tuyn thng thng t 6 - 8 dB. Chnh v vy m qu cng sut
ca tuyn c th xem nh l cng sut tng P T nm gia ngun pht quang v
b tch sng quang. Suy hao tng ny bao gm suy hao si, suy hao b ni
quang, suy hao mi hn v d phng cho h thng.
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(3.23)

f l suy hao si
L l c ly truyn dn
y, suy hao do mi hn lSP c gn vo trong suy hao si n
gin php tnh.
Hai bng sau a ra cc thnh phn tn hao v qu d phng ca
chng:
Thnh phn
Mc tn
5 dB
Bc sng
da vo tn
hao
<1 dB
1.2 dB
hao
Ghp/tch
knh (AWG)
Chuyn mch
xen/r quang
2x2
Coupler th
ng
B lc mng
mng
B lc
AOTF/MZI
Kt ni cho
quang (OXC)
Phn cc da Nhiu xuyn

vo tn hao
knh
0.1 dB
-40 dB
< 0.2 dB
0.1 dB
-40 dBm
3 dB
1 dB
0.1 dB
-40 dBm
1 dB
0.1 dB
-35 dBm
3 dB
< 0.4 dB
0.1 dB
-40 dBm
Bng 3.1: S tn hao bc sng 1550 nm
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Thnh phn
Tn hao qu d
phng
1 dB
Tn sc si
D phng SPM
0.5 dB
D phng XPM
0.5 dB
B DCU
6 dB
FWM
0.5 dB
SRS/SBS
0.5 dB
PDL
0.3 dB
PMD
0.5 dB
Khuch i nghing
3.0 dB
nhy nghing my thu
0.5 dB
Chirp truyn
0.5 dB
Nhiu xuyn m AWG
0.2 dB
Mi ni si quang
0.5 dB
Bng 3.2: Yu cu v qu d phng
3.8. NH HNG CA TN SC SI N VIC THIT K TUYN

THNG TIN QUANG TC CAO THNG QUA PHNG PHP
XC NH TN HAO CNG SUT
Phng php tnh ton c p dng cho t l li bit nh BER = 10-12
nhm bo m theo yu cu ca h thng c s dng khuch i quang theo
khuyn ngh ITU-T.
Pht quang Tx
Thu quang Rx
Hnh 3.7: Cu hnh h thng thng tin quang tiu biu
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Cc h thng hot ng ti vng bc sng 1550 nm s dng b

khuch i quang EDFA thng c tc bit cao v c ly xa nn u thu
ca cng sut tn hiu quang thu c thng rt nh. Hn na, gi tr tn sc
ln lun xut hin trong h thng. V vy, ngoi tn hiu truyn dn, mo
dng sng v giao thoa gia cc k t ISI do tn sc vn tc nhm GVD gy
nn v t iu ch pha SPM cn c tnh n.
Phng php xc nh nh hng ca tn sc n h thng thng tin
quang thng qua tnh ton qu cng sut h thng PB bng vic thit k di
tuyn:
PB = Pt(t) PS(G,NF) PM PP PD (NClC + NSlS)
(3.24)
Trong : Pt(t) l cng sut tn hiu pht c tnh c nh hng chirp phi
tuyn
G l khuch i ca cc b EDFA
PM l cng sut d phng ca h thng
PP l n b tn hao cng sut
PD l tn hao cng sut do tn sc, ay chnh l cng sut
tng ng do nng lng ph ca xung tn hiu b gin ra ngoi khe thi
gian nh sinh ra
PS(G,NF) l nhy thu c tnh c nh hng ca b khuch
i v nhiu ca EDFA
lS v lC tng ng l suy hao mi hn v suy hao b ni
quang
NS v NC tng ng l s mi hn v s b ni quang
Cht lng truyn dn c xc nh thng qua vic tnh t s li bit
BER = 10-12 cho nhy thu ca thit b thu quang.
Cng sut tn hiu ti u vo thit b thu quang:
PS = (GISLR)2
(3.25)
Trong : IS l dng tn hiu in thu c sau tch quang
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LR l suy hao gia khuch i quang v b thu quang

Tn hao cng sut tn hiu:
PD = [1 - (8 Rb2 2L)2]-1/2
(3.26)
Vi 2 l tham s tn sc vn tc nhm
T y, ta c th xc nh c lng cng sut tn hao khi c tc
ng ca tn sc si.
Tham s
K hiu
Gi tr tham s
Bc sng tn hiu
1544.5 nm
Cng sut pht quang
Pt
-1 dBm
Suy hao si G.652 gm c mi

hn
Tham s tn sc si
0.24 dB
18ps/km.nm
Khuch i ca EDFA
30 dB
H s nhiu ca EDFA
NF
5 dB
Bng tn quang b lc F
B0
0.5 nm
Bng tn in Be b thu
Be
7.5 GHz
D phng h thng
PM
6 dB
BER
BER = 10-12
Ti b tch sng quang
RL
50
Suy hao b ni quang (2 b)
LC
0.5 dB/b
Cng sut n b
PP
1 dB
T s li bit
Bng 3.3: Cc tham s tnh ton thit k cu hnh tuyn 10Gbps
i vi h thng 10 Gbps, cc ngun pht thng c rng ph rt

hp. xc nh c c ly truyn dn, c hai tham s quan trng cn xc
nh l nhy thu quang PS(G,NF) v gi tr tn hao cng sut PD do tn sc
trn tuyn gy ra.
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Trong thc t, thit k tuyn 10 Gbps s cn thm mt s tham s khc

nh cc hin tng phi tuyn, tn sc bc cao, tn sc phn cc tc ng
vo v lm gim c ly truyn dn.
3.9. PHN LOI CC MNG QUANG
Hnh 3.8: Phn loi mng Long Haul, Metro, Access
Lp u tin l mng truy nhp, lp tip theo l mng th v lp cao

nht l mng Long Haul. Khch hng cui c kt ni vi dch v cung cp
mng.
Topo
Mng truy nhp
Mng th
Mng Long Haul
Ring
Ring/Mesh
im-im/Ring
v Mesh
Lu lng
Hub
Phn tn/Mesh
Hub
< 100-250 ~ 300
< 300-2000 km
vn chuyn
Vng ring/ 40 75 km
di
Bc sng t
km
ln ti 16
32 64 loi
64
6~8
8 ~ 16
5 - 12
do
S nt trong
vng ring
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Khong cch
10 30 km
~ 40 300 km
300 km
gia cc nt
K thut
Mux/Demux
Mux/Demux
Mux/Demux
OADM
OADM
OADM
Chuyn mch v EDFA
EDFA
nh tuyn
DCU
DCU
Bc sng iu PMD
DWDM
hng
Bc sng iu
Chuyn mch in hng

v nh tuyn/gii Chuyn mch v
hn tt c chuyn nh tuyn
mch quang
Bng 3.4: Phn loi v so snh cc mng quang
3.9.1. Thit k mng truy nhp

y l mng ph hp nht vi mng quang. Mng truy nhp c xc
nh nh l mt phn mng m pha khch hng c th truy nhp n. Mng
ny c di truyn ln nht l 40 - 75 km ngha l nu mng ny c trin
khai mt vng trn th n s < 75 km.
Mng truy nhp c xc nh t pha ngi s dng cui, l mt
tp on hay mt hng no . y chnh l s tng trng nht v cu trc
mng th. Mc ch chnh ca mng truy nhp l nh tuyn, tng hp v
vn chuyn.
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Cng r
Cng xen
Cng xen
Cng r
Cng r
Cng xen
Hnh 3.9: B lc mng mng (Mng truy nhp)
Cu trc ch c cu to nt xen/r mt phn bc sng nn n khng

cn thit cho phn ghp quang. Tuy nhin, nt hub cn nht l nt xen/r
quang. Thun li ca h thng hybrid khng ch c gi thnh thp m phn
thit k h thng c ci thin.
Cu trc mng truy nhp c th bin i t ng trc chnh im im n vng truy nhp chun trong mng yu cu, s nt mngVng truy
nhp to ra t hub v vng nan iu khin nt hub ng v tr v hot ng
nh mt b gp vn chuyn truy nhp cng ti mng th. Ma trn vn
chuyn l n cc m tt c cc nt c th vn chuyn hai chiu vi nt hub.
gim v d phng lightparth trong mng truy nhp, khi thit k cn
vn chuyn hub xung quanh. Hu ht cc mng truy nhp trong thng tin
quang c khong cch trong vng trn ring < 75km, di span ln nht
khng qu 40km. Do vy, khong cch ch < 40km.
* Cu trc nt truy nhp
Nt hub c cu trc khc vi nt truy nhp ring l. Nt truy nhp
khng cn kh nng xen/r nn t im thit k tng qut, nt truy nhp phi
a ra mc tn hao t nht cho tng knh. C th thc hin nt truy nhp bng
vic s dng b lc mng mng (TFF). Mt s nh cung cp c ngh
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dng cu hnh ny. TFF c 3 cng: cng vo, cng la chn v cng truyn.
Tn hiu ghp nguyn c t cng vo TFF ph thuc vo cu hnh b
lc. Mt s bc sng (di bc sng hay bc sng n) c tch cng
la chn. Tn hiu cn li nh hn c tch di l c sn cng truyn.
Mc tn hao xuyn qua b lc khong 2 dB khng ng k so snh
vi OADM i xng trong vng metro. Di tch c phn ra s dng b
tch v nhiu b lc hoc gi thnh thp, di tch knh nh (4 10 nm). Cng
sut u ra = P(dB) 10 logN.
3.9.2. Thit k mng th
y l lp tip theo trong ba phn lp ca mng quang. Mng ny c
bit n t mng truy nhp din rng. Tng di ng truyn ca mng
th ln l 100 - 300 km.
Mng th c m t nh mng a hub vi im truy nhp Long
Haul v vng truy nhp Metro. Mng th cn c mng d tr nn c gi
l mng cc, vn chuyn t mng truy nhp v cung cp cho vng ring. Trong
mt vng trn, kch c ca ring < 200 km v lu lng ng ln ti 40 bc
sng.
Mng th th thng dng nht mng quang trong cng nghip bi v
doanh thu ca n rt cao.
Mng th c th c phn loi nh mng cc v mng li. Mng li
c phn bit nh s phc tp rt ln, chng c lin kt mt hay nhiu
nt n u cui mng Long Haul. Ngc li, mng cc c bit nh mt
b phi hp vn chuyn. Mng th c dch v cp khc nhau t mng
quang ng b (SONET) c trc. Mt s bc sng vi di tc t OC-3
OC-192 n Gigabit Ethernet v 40 Gbps lightpath lm th nghim.
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Local
Add
F1
F2
F3
Switch
F4
Local Drop
Hnh 3.10: nh tuyn bc sng vi bc sng khng i
Giao thc ph thuc vo tc bit. Mt vi s tng to ra giao thc

bc sng bin i t do nhng vic thc hin b hn ch. Tuy nhin, trong
tng lai, giao thc bin bi bc sng t do hy vng s thng dng hn. N
i hi k thut bin i bc sng trong sut ti tc bit v giao thc.
Bin i bc sng cho mng th khng th thc hin c. Kch
thc ln, gim ny c li cho cu hnh kt ni cho qua cu hnh xen/r
OADM thng thng.
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Mux/Demux
Mux/Demux
WC
WC
Switch
Mux/Demux
Mux/Demux
Hnh 3.11: Dng bc sng bin i (bc sng nh) gia cc

knh trn cng mt si
Khi thit k OADM cho mng th cn phi ch n mt vi li

ch. u tin l thit k ngun chi ph v c nhiu bc sng v nt mng, cn
phi m bo ngun chi ph cho knh lightpath, tip theo l thit k BER:
BER =
1
Q 2
exp(-Q2/2)
Q(dbB) = OSNR(dB) + 10 log(B0/Be)
(3.27)
(3.28)
Ch a ra cu trc mng th l tn hao span v nt mng. Mt

ng tn hiu l tnh ton OSNR cho mng. Tnh OSNR ca mt
lightpath bi s phn tn lightpath thnh cc phn t span ca n. S tn hao
span c xc nh nh s tn hao span thc t ( suy gim, tn sc, phi
tuyn, b ni,) cng vi tn hao nt k tip.
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3.9.3. Thit k mng Long Haul

Lp cui cng trong ba phn lp ca mng quang l mng Long Haul.
Mng Long Haul l mng c trng hay mng lin lc a kt ni vi cc
th khc hay vi cc lc a khc. Mng ny c di ln ti hng nghn km.
Mng Long Haul c xy dng u tin bng si quang bi v si quang to
ra lu lng vn chuyn d liu bit vi mt vi sai s mc d tc bit cao
hn. Tuy nhin, khi tc bit tng, trn di ng truyn gi tr quang
khc nhau c hiu ng m. V vy, mng Long Haul c kh nng suy yu do
li nh s suy gim, tn sc, phi tuyn. H thng Long Haul l h thng
im - im vi b ti to li cui v gia.
Mng ngm l loi mng di bin c dng chuyn d liu
xuyn lc a. Chng cng c ng Long Haul im - im vi mng khi
phc quang si di ng bin sau khi si quang ct hu nh l khng th.
Thm vo , gi thnh si quang l thnh phn chnh cho gi thnh ca
mng.
Trong mng Long Haul, d liu truyn qua hn 100 km hay 1000 km.
Trong mng quang, d tr tp m ASE l vng mi khi nghin cu,
gii php l b lc tp m m mc d k thut ny khng kh quan cho
lm. khong cch ln (cng sut cao), tn hiu quang bin dng t hiu ng
phi tuyn. iu ch t dch pha SPM v iu ch pha cho XPM xy ra hai
suy yu duy nht.
iu ch pha cho nht l trong mng Long Haul WDM v ch tiu
nhn c trong thit k h thng ti hiu ng ny l s tnh ton ngun b
sung bng hiu ng m nh XPM. Hiu ng phi tuyn khc l trn bn bc
sng FWM to ra nhiu s c trong vic thit k h thng v kt qu l thit
lp gn bc sng khc nhau trnh hiu ng c hi ca FWM.
Nt mng Long Haul bao gm ghp/tch knh ngoi nt, tch bit
nh ni b khi phc.
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3.10. BO V MNG DWDM

3.10.1. Bo v kiu 1+1 trn lp SDH
3.10.1.1. Bo v kiu 1+1:
Tx1(w)
Tx1(p)
Tx2(w)
Tx2(p)
B
ghp
knh
LA
B
tch
knh
H thng
DWDM cng tc
B
ghp
knh
LA
B
tch
knh
H thng
DWDM bo v
Txn(w)
Txn(p)
Rx1(w)
Rx1(p)
Rx2(w)
Rx2(p)
Rxn(w)
Rxn(p)
Hnh 3.12: Bo v kiu 1+1 trn lp SDH
phng thc bo v ny, ton b thit b ca h thng nh: u cui

SDH, b tch ghp/knh, b khuch i quang, ng dy cp quang u
phi c b phn d phng. u pht tn hiu SDH c ni bc cu c nh
gia h thng cng tc v h thng bo v. u thu gim st trng thi tn
hiu SDH thu c t hai h thng DWDM v chn ra tn hiu thch hp hn.
Phng thc ny c tnh tin cy cao nhng gi thnh cng cao.
Trong mt h thng DWDM, s chuyn i cc knh SDH khng c
quan h vi s chuyn i ca cc knh khc, tc l Tx1 trong h thng cng
tc ca DWDM c s c v chuyn i sang h thng bo v ca DWDM th
Tx2 c th tip tc lm vic trn h thng cng tc ca DWDM. Mt khi pht
hin thy thi gian khi ng vic chuyn giao th phi hon thnh chuyn
giao bo v trong 50 ms.
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3.10.1.2. Bo v kiu 1:n

Tx11
Tx12
Tx1m
B ghp
knh
Tx21
Tx22
Tx2m
B ghp
knh
Txn1
Txn2
Txnm
B ghp
knh
Txp1
Txp2
Txpm
B ghp
knh
LA
H thng cng tc
1 ca DWDM
LA
H thng cng tc
2 ca DWDM
LA
H thng cng tc
n ca DWDM
LA
H thng bo v
ca DWDM
B tch
knh
Rx11
Rx12
Rx1m
B tch
knh
Rx21
Rx22
Rx2m
B tch
knh
Rxn1
Rxn2
Rxnm
B tch
knh
Rxp1
Rxp2
Rxpm
Hnh 3.13: Bo v kiu 1:n trn lp SDH
H thng DWDM da trn mt bc sng, thc thi bo v 1:n trn lp

SDH. Tx11, Tx21,..., Txn1 dng chung mt on bo v, vi Tx1 cu thnh
quan h bo v 1:n. Tip tc nh vy, Tx1m, Tx2m,..., Txnm dng chung mt
on bo v, vi Txpm cu thnh quan h bo v 1:n.
Trong mt h thng DWDM, s chuyn i ln nhau ca knh SDH
khng c quan h g vi s thay i ca cc knh khc, tc trong h thng
cng tc 1 ca DWDM, Tx11 chuyn i sang h thng bo v ca DWDM
th Tx12,..., Tx1m c th tip tc lm vic trn h thng 1 ca DWDM. Mt
khi pht hin thy thi gian khi ng chuyn giao th chuyn giao bo v
phi hon thnh trong 50 ms.
3.10.1.3. Bo v kiu 1:n trong h thng DWDM
cng tc
Tx1
Tx2
:
:
Txn
Txp
B
ghp
cng tc knh
cng tc
cng tc
LA
bo v
B cng tc
ghp
knh cng tc
bo v
Rx1
Rx2
:
:
Rxn
Rxp
Hnh 3.14: Bo v kiu 1:n trong h thng DWDM
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Mt ng dy DWDM c th mang nhiu knh SDH, do cng c

th s dng bc sng ri trong cng mt h thng DWDM lm knh bo
v.
y l h thng ghp knh bc sng gm n+1 knh, trong n bc sng
dng lm bc sng cng tc, 1 bc sng dng lm knh bo v. Nhng khi
xt ti h thng thc t, tnh tin cy ca si quang v cp quang km hn tnh
tin cy ca thit b, cho nn nu ch bo v h thng m khng bo v ng
dy th ngha khng ln. Mt khi pht hin thy thi gian khi ng chuyn
giao th chuyn giao bo v phi hon thnh trong 50 ms.
3.10.2. Bo v on ghp knh quang (OMSP)
h thng cng tc
LA
Tx1
Tx2
B
ghp
knh
B
phn
nhnh
quang
1: 2
Txn
Rx1
ng dy 1
ca DWDM
ng dy 2
ca DWDM
kho
quang
1x2
B
tch
knh
Rx2
Rxn
LA
h thng bo v
Hnh 3.15: Bo v on ghp knh quang
Cng ngh ny ch bo v 1+1 trn knh quang m khng bo v

ng dy u cui. Ti u pht v u thu s dng b phn nhnh quang
1x2 v kha quang, u thu chn ng cho tn hiu quang. c im ca
kha quang l tn hao nh, trong sut i vi khu vc khuch i bc sng
tc nhanh.
Hnh 3.15 dng phng n bo v on ghp knh quang gm b phn
nhnh quang v kha quang. Trong h thng bo v ny ch c h thng
ng dy DWDM l c b phn d phng, u cui SDH ca trm u cui
h thng DWDM v b ghp knh khng c d phng. Trong thc t, ngi
ta dng n:2 b phi ghp thay th cho b ghp knh v b phn nhnh 1:2.
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So vi bo v 1+1, n h thp gi thnh. Bo v on ghp knh OMSP ch

thc thi trong hai si cp quang c lp mi thc s c ngha.
3.11. NG DNG TRONG MNG RING
H thng DWDM cng c s dng trong mng ring. ng dng
kt ni h thng DWDM im - im da trn bc sng n.
Hnh 3.16: H thng DWDM im-im dng ring
ng ring bo v v ring bo v MSP ca h thng SDH c th c

ci t. DWDM ch to ra si quang o. Mi bc sng bo v trn SDH
c lp vi bo v ca bc sng khc. Ring c th c 2 si hay 4 si.
Hnh 3.17: OADMs dng ring
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Dng OADMs vi xen/r knh quang dng ring l ng dng khc ca

cng ngh DWDM. Hin ti, mng ring OADMs c phn thnh 2 kiu: th
nht l ng bc sng bo v da trn bo v bc sng n, v d bo v
kiu 1 + 1 ca bc sng n ging vi ng bo v ca h thng SDH.
Th hai l ng ring bo v bo v tn hiu ghp bc sng. Khi mt si
quang b ct, chc nng vng ngc c th c lp t hai nt gn vi
im ct. Do vy, tt c cc dch v u c bo v.
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Chng 4
NH GI KH NNG HI PHC MNG IP/DWDM
Trong nhng nm gn y, lu lng qua mng Internet tng trng

t bin, nhng nh cung cp dch v ICT, c bit l cc cng ty s hu v
khai thc c s h tng mng phi lin tc nng cp mng p ng nhu cu
v bng thng v dch v. c mt s t ph v cng ngh nhm gii
quyt vn dung lng v cht lng mng cho x hi thng tin, cng ngh
DWDM xng ng l gii php hp l cho vn hin nay v c trong tng
lai. Khi nim IP/DWDM m t cng ngh cho php chuyn gi tin IP th
trn lp DWDM, m ra mt s nh hng mi cho mng tc siu cao
Terabit, ng thi cng l nn mng vng chc tin n k nguyn mng ton
quang (All Optical Network).
4.1. IP/DWDM
Hin cng ngh mng ang din ra xu hng chuyn dn t
IP/ATM/SDH/DWDM sang IP/Ethernet trn nn DWDM. Hnh 4.1 m t cu
trc theo m hnh lp ca xu hng ny, k c cp n lp Ethernet trn
nn DWDM.
Hnh 4.1: Xu hng chuyn sang cu trc a lp mng IP
Cng ngh IP/DWDM cho php thc hin mt s tnh nng ca giao
thc IP nh nh tuyn (routing), tp hp (aggregation) lu lng vi kh
nng p ng ca DWDM. Khi nim c bn ca IP/DWDM chnh l truyn
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Lp T1001
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nhng gi tin IP th (raw IP packet) trn lp quang (optical layer) h tr

DWDM.
4.1.1. Lp quang
Lp quang c gii thiu trong mng quang, lp ny c gi l
lp ch (server layer), cung cp knh quang (light path) cho cc lp trm. H
thng DWDM cho php tc v nh dng gi tin c lp vi nhau v c
th chp nhn bt k tp hp ca cc tc gi khc nhau (ng b, bt ng
b, OC-3, OC-12)trn cng si quang ti cng thi im. Nh vy, lp
quang h tr tch hp cc k thut khc nhau vo trong mt h tng vt l, u
im quan trng ca mng quang ny chnh l kh nng chuyn ch vn
chuyn cc loi hng ha gi tin khc nhau trn cng xa l - lp vt l. Lp
quang bao gm 2 lp con: lp vn chuyn (Transport layer) v lp dch v
(Service layer).
Hai lp con ny thc hin cc tnh nng ca lp 4 ca SDH/SONET.
Chng lm vic vi cc tnh nng ring bit khng trng lp. K thut hay
giao thc chuyn mch a giao thc theo nhn MPLS iu phi chc nng
thit k lu lng gia lp IP v lp vn chuyn quang.
4.1.2. Chuyn mch a giao thc theo nhn MPLS
Giao thc MPLS l giao thc chuyn mch dng tp hp cc nhn
c ci t chuyn tip cc gi tin. Cc b chuyn mch c thit k v
lm vic trn c s duy nht l d tm cc nhn v thay th chng. Nhng
nhn hin th trong gi tin s quyt nh ng tip ca gi tin v khng dng
bt k thng tin no khc trong sut qu trnh chuyn mch.
4.1.3. Chuyn mch a giao thc theo bc sng MPS
Giao thc IP/DWDM tch hi cc tnh nng ca b chuyn mch ATM,
b ghp knh SDH/SONET v b nh tuyn IP vo trong mt lp v m
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rng thnh khi nim Chuyn mch a giao thc theo bc sng . MPS
pht trin t MPLS v hot ng ngay trn lp quang. Mng cc lp knh
quang h tr kt ni u cui n u cui thng qua cc im truy cp. Mt
knh quang lin kt hon tt mt chui cc bc sng mang cc gi tin IP
trong khi truyn ti. Chui ny cng ging nh b nhn trong giao thc
MPLS. MPS chnh l lp trung gian gia lp IP v DWDM.
4.2. KH NNG HI PHC CA MNG IP/DWDM
Phn ny s h thng v a ra mt s cch tip cn nghin cu,
nh gi kh nng hi phc ca mng IP/DWDM. Hnh 3.2 trnh by v d c
bn v nng lc bo v ca mng IP/DWDM, b ghp knh DWDM ch c
kh nng chn bc sng ang hot ng chuyn tip n b nh tuyn IP
ch.
Working
IP
router
IP
router
Protecter
Source
DWDM
multiplexer
Destination
DWDM
multiplexer
Hnh 4.2: Kh nng bo v bng cch chn bc sng hot ng ca mng IP/DWDM
4.2.1. Khi nim kh nng phc hi ca mng

Kh nng hi phc mng rt quan trng khi gii quyt vn cung cp
dch v vi cc yu cu cao v cht lng dch v lin kt. Kh nng hi phc
mng c nh ngha nh l nng lc mng li m bo hi phc cc h
hng vt l ca mng (h hng cc thnh phn thit b mng hoc xy ra t
cp). Kh nng ny gip mng ti nh tuyn cc kt ni vng trnh phn
mng b li sang phn mng d phng hoc thay th, trnh c cc mt mt
gy tn hi n hng Gbps, thm ch Tbps.
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4.2.2. Mt s cch t vn tip cn nghin cu vn nng lc hi

phc mng
Cch tip cn ph bin nht l theo hng nghin cu vn nng lc
phc hi mng theo 2 thnh phn: mng li v mng truy nhp. u im ca
cch tip cn ny l ph bin, ph hp vi cc th h mng, c nhiu c s
thc hin. Tuy vy, vi cc c im thit k, t chc v hot ng ca mng
IP, kh nhiu cch tip cn khc rt ng ch v s c trnh by tip theo
sau.
Cch tip cn theo kiu phn lp mng
Kh nng hi phc ca mng IP/DWDM c xem nh l kh nng
phc hi phn lp, do kh nng ny c xem xt trin khai trn c 2 lp:
IP/DWDM v lp mng quang. Lp IP h tr gii php hi phc nh cc b
nh tuyn IP lu tr, ti nh tuyn v cp nht bng a ch IP theo tnh
trng mng li. Khi nim v c ch hi phc ca lp quang s khc bit vi
lp IP, vi ng lc chnh l thi gian phn ng v phc hi mng s ngn
hn ca lp IP/MPLS. Ngoi phng php phn tch kh nng hi phc theo
lp, mt s cch khc tip cn v nh gi kh nng ny ca mng
IP/DWDM s c trnh by.
Hnh 4.3: Kh nng hi phc phn lp IP/DWDM
Cch tip cn th hai phn tch kh nng hi phc ca mng l phn

n thnh k thut hi phc tuyn v hi phc link. K thut hi phc tuyn s
x l li mng cc node kt cui tuyn, trong khi phc hi link li x l li
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mng ti cc node ca link. Cch tip cn ny gip tnh ton kh nng hi

phc mng theo vng mng ton tuyn hoc theo tng link.
Hnh 4.4: Hi phc mng theo tuyn v theo link
Cch khc l phn thnh k thut hi phc cu hnh sn c nh v

cu hnh hi phc ng. im khc nhau ca hai cch tip cn ny l quy
trnh v chn thi im chn tuyn v nng lc mng phc hi khi tuyn
kt ni ban u b li. Thi gian hi phc ca mng theo cng s khc bit.
Hnh 4.5: Thi im tnh ton nng lc phc hi mng
Mt cch quan trng l nh gi kh nng hi phc thng qua c ch

bo v v c ch khi phc ca mng li.
C ch bo v da trn kh nng tnh ton v thit k trc
d phng cho mng, chnh cc tuyn d phng cho tng kt
ni lu lng. Thit k ny c thc hin khi xy dng hoc
m rng mng sn sng bo v mng trc khi c cc s c
xy ra. Nng lc bo v mng c th chnh l cc ng cp
hoc thit b d phng. Khi c s c xy ra, lu lng s c
chuyn sang tuyn (hoc thit b) d phng m khng cn bt k
s x l hoc ra quyt nh no. C ch bo v do khu thit k
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quyt nh v khng lin quan n vic qun l v kim sot vn

hnh mng li.
C ch khi phc, khc vi c ch bo v, da hon ton trn
kh nng qun l v vn hnh mng li. C ch ny gip tnh
ton v chn la tuyn thay th khi xy ra s c kt ni. Vi s
tnh ton bo v ban u, c ch khi phc gip chn la ti u,
gim thiu ri ro mt kt ni do khng chn c tuyn v nng
cao hiu qu d phng bo v tnh ton t khu thit k mng.
V nh lng, nu tm gc qua cc thng s ti u ca kha cnh kinh
t, v k thut, vn hi phc mng ch yu xem xt da trn cc thng s
thi gian.
Thi gian pht hin li (Failure dectection time, FDT): thi gian
cn thit thu thp c thng tin li i vi v tr xy ra li.
Thi gian khi phc (Recovery completion time, RCT): thi gian
cn thit lu lng b nh hng bi li c ti nh tuyn
vo phn ti nguyn (thit b/tuyn) d phng. RCT thng
c phn tch t ba khong thnh phn: thi gian tnh ton
tuyn Tcal, thi gian chn ti nguyn d phng Tsel v thi gian
chuyn lu lng qua ti nguyn mi Tsw.
d phng mng (capacity redundancy, Cr): l bo an, kt
qu ca mt hm s ph thuc ch yu vo: h s bo v 1 : x
ca tuyn hoc link (v d 1 : N hoc 1 : 1), FDT v RCT.
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Chng 5
TM HIU THIT B OPTIX METRO 6100 CA HUAWEI
5.1. GII THIU CHUNG V THIT B

Vi s pht trin v cc dch v voice v data, nhu cu bng thng cho
cc mng Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ang c gia tng rt nhanh.
Bng cch s dng cc k thut DWDM, cc h thng Metro DWDM ang
chng minh l h thng vi dung lng ln c th p ng c tt c cc
dch v hin ti c trn mng v cc dch v cho tng lai. Hn na, vi mt
h thng Metro DWDM ta c th tch hp, truy nhp, truyn ti hu ht cc
dch v vi mi tc (Multi rate) mi giao thc truyn ti (Multi-protocol
transparently) bi th n c th gim c u t cho ngi khai thc mng
v chi ph t hn cho phn OAM (Operation Administration and
Maintenance). Ngy nay, Metro DWDM ang l s la chn cho cng ngh
tng lai i vi mng truyn dn.
Mt s thng tin ca thit b Optix Metro 6100
Thit b chun theo Metro DWDM thit k dng cho mng li.
Nn tng cng ngh l DWDM/CWDM.
Mt site c th h tr Add/Drop 40-channel C-band.
H tr cc dch v c tc 34 Mbps ~ 2.5 Gbps hoc 10 Gbps
trn mt bc sng.
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Hnh 5.1: Optix Metro 6100
5.1.1. V tr trong mng truyn dn
Metro
6100
Metro
6040
Hnh 5.2: V tr ca Optix Metro 6100 trong kin trc mng
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5.1.2. Cng ngh

Optix Metro 6100 s dng cng ngh ghp bc sng mt cao
(DWDM), vi khong cch knh l 0.8 nm (100 GHz), tc ti a truy nhp
l 10 Gbps.
5.1.3. Dung lng truyn dn
H thng Optix Metro 6100 DWDM c th h tr truy nhp ti a 40
bc sng, mi bc sng h tr tc ti a l 10 Gbps.
5.1.4. Khong cch truyn dn
Optix Metro 6100 h tr mt khong cch truyn ti 80 km m khng
cn s dng b khuch i v c th t c 360 km nu c s dng b
khuch i quang.
5.1.5. Topo mng
Optix Metro 6100 h tr cc topo nh poin-to-poin, chain v mng
ring. N cng c th kt hp vi Optix Metro 6040 to ra mt gii php
Metro DWDM y .
5.2. MT S TNH NNG CA THIT B
5.2.1. Cc tnh nng v dch v
5.2.1.1. Kh nng truy nhp cc dch v
Optix Metro 6100 rt thun tin cho cc h thng a truy nhp dch v.
N c th cung cp hu ht cc tc dch v t 34 Mbps 10 Gbps, bao
gm:
SDH: theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T G.691 v ITU-T G.957 vi
cc tc STM-64/STM-16/STM-4/STM-1.
ATM: mc ni vo SDH nh cc VC-4-4c/VC-4-16c/VC-4-64c.
Mng quang ng b (SONET) v ni SONET: OC-3/OC48/OC-192, STS-3c/STS-12c/STS-48c/STS-192c.
Dch v Ethernet: Fast Ethernet (FE), Gigabit Ethernet (GE), 10
GE.
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5.2.1.2. Kh nng hi t cc dch v

Hi t 2 tn hiu GE thnh mt tn hiu STM-16.
Hi t 4 tn hiu GE thnh mt tn hiu 5 Gbps.
Hi t 4 tn hiu dch v STM-16 ca SDH hoc SONET thnh mt tn
hiu OTU2.
Hi t 8 tn hiu SDH tc thp vi tng tc t hn 2.5 Gbps
thnh mt tn hiu STM-16.
Hi t 8 tn hiu 200 Mbps ESCON thnh mt tn hiu STM-16.
Hi t 4 tn hiu vi tc khong 200 Mbps 1.20 Gbps thnh
mt tn hiu STM-16.
Hi t 8 tn hiu vi tc khong 200 Mbps 1.20 Gbps thnh
mt tn hiu STM-16.
5.2.2. Cc tnh nng v k thut
5.2.2.1. Kh nng update v m rng
Optix Metro 6100 c th thm v tch cc tn hiu dch v thng qua
OTM hoc OADM. Dung lng m rng l rt mm do v thun tin.
Nu Optix Metro 6100 dng board M40/D40, dung lng c th dc
m rng s khng lm ngt cc dch v ang tn ti v ti tt c 40 knh ghp
v tch u h tr.
5.2.2.2. Kh nng gim st knh v knh ng b
Gim st knh ca Optix Metro 6100 c th dc gim st bng cc
knh quang (OSC) hoc bng cc knh in (ESC).
OSC i hi cu hnh ca cc khi gim st knh quang
(SC1/SC2/TC1/TC2) m hot ng ti bc sng 1510 nm.
Board SC1/SC2 cung cp 2Mbps thng tin gim st, board
TC1/TC2 cung cp 8Mbps.
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ESC khng yu cu cu hnh cc khi gim st knh quang. Cc

khi pht p quang s ghp cc thng tin qun l gim st vo
cc knh dch v (hin nay, Viettel ang s dng theo cch ny).
5.2.2.3. Kh nng h tr truyn 2 hng
H thng Optix Metro 6100 CWDM h tr truyn 2 hng trn mt si
quang (single-fiber bi-directional).
5.2.2.4. Kh nng sa li
Cc OUT ca Optix Metro 6100 c chc nng FEC. Vi chc nng
FEC gip gim t l li bit trong sut qu trnh truyn v ci thin cht lng
ca mng DWDM.
5.2.2.5. Kh nng bo v mng
Optix Metro 6100 a ra 2 cch bo v mng bao gm: bo v knh
quang v bo v ng quang. C 3 cu trc bo v knh quang nh: interOTU 1+1 protection, intra-OTU 1+1 protection v client-side protection.
5.3. CU TRC PHN CNG CA THIT B
5.3.1. T (Cabinet)
Trong cu hnh bnh thng, Optix Metro 6100 c lp t trong mt
t ETSI 300 nm. T c mt ca pha trc. mt panel pha sau c c nh
bng c, hai bn l hai panel.
Trong mt t, b phn phi ngun pha trn cng, subrack v OADM
c lp gia, khi DCM c thit k lp cui cng. Mt t c th h tr
lp c 3 subrack Optix Metro 6100.
T 300 nm ETSI c th chia lm 2 loi vi chiu cao khc nhau. Hnh
di a ra mt s thng s k thut v 2 kiu t 2.2 m v 2.6 m.
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Item
Kch thc
2.2 m cabinet
2200 mm (H) x 600 mm
(W) x 300 mm (D)
Trng lng
69 kg
Cng sut tiu th
2000 W
ti a
in p hoat ng
-48 V DC or -60 V DC
bnh thng
Di in p lm vic
-38.4 V to -72 V DC
2.6 m cabinet
2600 mm (H) x 600 mm
(W) x 300 mm (D)
80 kg
2000 W
-48 V DC or -60 V DC
-38.4 V to -72 V DC
5.3.2. Subrack
5.3.2.1. Cu trc
1.Interface area 2.DC power filter board (DPFU)

5.Board area
3.Air baffle
6.Cover of optical attenuator area 7.Fan tray assembly
4.Cover of air exhaust ventgfnnhfdgd

8.Air filter 9.Fiber spool 10.Rack-mounting ear
Hnh 5.3: Cu trc Subrack
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5.3.2.2. M t chc nng cc khi

Vng giao din (Interface area): nm pha sau khi mng chn bi,
y l phn giao din cha tt c cc giao din ca Subrack.
Bo mch lc ngun (DC power filter board: DPFU): cung cp giao din
u ngun -48V DC v mt cng tc cho ngun ca Subrack. Mi
Optix Metro 6100 c cung cp vi 2 board DPFU cung cp
ngun. Do vy, chng c th d phng cho nhau.
Mng chn khng kh (Air baffle): Hng cc dng kh ra ngoi. Cc
dng kh ny c to ra bi h thng qut v khng kh bn ngoi thi
vo.
Khu vc cm cc board (Board area): cung cp 14 khe cm cc board
dch v.
Khay qut (Fan tray assembly): cung cp 6 qut gim sc nng cho
thit b. Pha trc panel c 6 n ch th mu xanh vi n ang hot
ng bnh thng v mu ng vi trng hp c bo cnh.
B lc kh (Air filter): ngn chn bi vo trong Subrack.
ng i dy quang (Fiber spool): cc vng qun cc si dy quang d
tha.
Tai gn vo rack (Rack-mouting eare): C nh Subrack vo t.
5.3.2.3. V tr ca cc khe cm
Subrack c 14 khe cm. c nh ngha t IU1 IU14 t tri qua
phi, c m t nh hnh v. Khe IU7 l khe c nh dnh cho board SCC,
khe IU14 dnh cho khi iu khin ngun PMU.
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Hnh 5.4: Cc khe cm board trn Subrack
5.4. CHC NNG CC CARD

5.4.1. Chc nng v s khi ca card OTU
S khi ca LWF
Hnh 5.5: S khi chc nng ca card LWF
Phn tch: Tn hiu t pha khch hng vi cc tc STM64, tn hiu

c chuyn ti transponder module. Ti y, tn hiu s c chuyn thnh
cc bc sng chun theo ITU G.694.1 ti pha WDM. Board ny c kt
ni vi SCC board cung cp cc thng tin iu khin v bo cnh.
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S khi ca LRF/TMR/LWXR/LWMR/TRC
Hnh 5.6: S khi ca LRF/TMR/LWXR/LWMR/TRC
Phn tch: i vi cc khi ny, c u vo v u ra ca chng u l

tn hiu chun ca WDM nn s c khi Regenerating module thay v khi
Transponder nh i vi card LWF. Qu trnh ny cng c gim st v qu
trnh hot ng v bo cnh.
Ch : Vi tn hiu truyn theo 2 hng, ta s dng cc card LWXR,
LWMR v vi tn hiu truyn theo 1 hng, ta s dng cc card LRF, TMR,
TRC.
Phn tch v bo cnh trn n ch th
Xt s m t giao din trc ca mt s card OTU:
Hnh 5.7: S mt trc ca cc board OTU
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Ta thy c 2 n cnh bo trn cc card l: RUN v ALM

ALM:
Nu n tt khng c alarm.
Nu n nhy 3 ln trong mi s khc nhau bo cnh rt
nguy him.
Nu n nhy 2 ln trong mi s khc nhau bo cnh
quan trng.
Nu n nhy 1 ln trong mi s khc nhau bo cnh
bnh thng.
RUN:
Nhy 5 ln/s khng c dch v.
Nhy 1 ln/2s ang c dch v.
Nhy 1 ln/4s kt ni vi cc khi SCC b ngt v ang
trng thi lm vic online.
5.4.2. Chc nng v s khi ca cc card Mux/Demux
S khi ca khi Mux/Demux
Optical
spliter
Optical
multiplexer
Single
channel
signals
input
IN
Optical
spliter
MON
Optical
demultiplexer
MON
CPU
Single
channel
signals
output
CPU
Mailbox
Mailbox
SCC board
SCC board
Hnh 5.8: S khi ca khi Mux v Demux
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Phn tch:
MUX: Tn hiu sau khi i qua cc khi OUT s c gi
ti b ghp quang (Optical Multiplexer). Ti y, tn hiu
c tch ra lm 2 phn (90% v 10%), mt phn a ra
qun l trc tip (online) thng qua cng MON, tn hiu
quang cn li s c a ln ng truyn.
DEMUX: Tn hiu t ng truyn c a ti cng IN
ca khi DEMUX. Tn hiu nhn c s c chia lm 2,
mt phn a ra qun l trc tip (online) thng qua cng
MON, mt phn s a ti khi tch quang (Optical
Demultiplexer) v c a ti cc khi OUT trc khi
truyn ti cc thit b ca client.
Phn tch cnh bo trn n ch th:
Hnh 5.9: Mt trc ca board M40 v D40
ALM:
Nu n tt khng c alarm
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Nu n nhy 3 ln trong mi s khc nhau bo cnh rt nguy

him.
Nu n nhy 2 ln trong mi s khc nhau bo cnh quan
trng.
Nu n nhy 1 ln trong mi s khc nhau bo cnh bnh
thng.
RUN:
Nhy 5 ln/s khng c dch v.
Nhy 1 ln/2s ang c dch v.
Nhy 1 ln/4s kt ni vi cc khi SCC b ngt v ang
trng thi lm vic online.
* Card FIU (Fiber Interface Unit)
S khi ca khi FIU:
Supervisory
channel
Line signal
TM
IN
WDM
TC
Main path
Line signal
RC
OUT
WDM
RM
Splitter
MON
Supervisory
channel
Hnh 5.10: S khi ca khi FIU
Phn tch: Nhim v ca h thng l ghp v tch tn hiu ng chnh

vi tn hiu gim st knh quang. i vi tn hiu vo, n c tch ra lm 2
phn. Phn tn hiu chnh c qua b Demux tch v ra a ti cc OUT
tng ng. Phn tn hiu cn li c a ra khi gim st quang. i vi tn
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hiu ra, tn hiu t u Mux c a vo cng tn hiu gim st knh v

ghp li trc khi a ra ngoi theo hng OUT v cng qun l online.
5.4.3. Chc nng v s khi ca card khuch i OA
Gm 3 loi card:
+ OAU (Optical Amplifier Unit)
+ OBU (Optical Booster Unit)
+ OPU (Optical Pre-Amplifier Unit)
S khi ca board OA
OUT
IN
EDFA optical module

MON
CPU
Mailbox
SCC board
Hnh 5.11: S khi ca board OA
Phn tch: Tn hiu truyn trn si quang c a vo thng qua port

IN a vo khi khuch i. Tn hiu ti u ra chia lm 2 phn, mt phn
a ra qun l trc tip (online) thng qua cng MON, phn tn hiu cn li
s c a ln ng truyn. Qu trnh khuch i c iu khin thng
qua khi CPU c kt ni vi board trao i cc thng tin.
5.4.4. Card gim st OSC
thc hin chc nng gim st quang, thit b Optix a ra mt s
board cho chc nng ny nh TC1/2, SC1/2.
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S khi:
SCC board
RM
Optical
receiving
module
Overhead
processing
module
Optical
trasnmitting
module
TM
CPU
Mailbox
SCC board
Hnh 5.12: S khi ca OSC
Phn tch: Tn hiu quang sau khi qua b coupler chng c tch
mt phn (khong 10% tn hiu) v chuyn sang khi OSC x l. C th
y l tn hiu s c gi ti cng RM v cc khi chc nng trong board.
Sau khi x l tn hiu cc thng tin v ng truyn tn hiu s c phn
tch v gi n khi board SCC a ra cc iu khin cn thit. Phn tn
hiu tip tc gi ra ngoi v qua b ghp ghp cng vi tn hiu ng
truyn. Board SC1/TC1 c th s dng ti cc trm OTM v SC2/TC2 c th
s dng trong cc trm OLA hoc OADM. Cc card ny c cm vo cc
khe IU6,IU8.
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5.4.5. Card iu khin kt ni SCC

S khi
Optical supervisory boards
DCC
Interface
NM
Date
communication
interface
CPU
Overhead
access
module
Mailbox
Other boards
Hnh 5.13: S khi ca board SCC
Phn tch: Board SCC c kt ni vi cc board khc ly cc

thng tin cng nh gi cc thng tin iu khin t xa. Mt khc, n giao tip
trc tip vi h thng qun l mng (Network Managerment). Thng qua
knh DCC (Data Common Channel) kt ni vi board gim st knh quang
ly cng nh iu khin cc knh quang.
ALC: Cng tc tt cc cnh bo m thanh
RST: Khi ng li phn cng
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5.4.6. Cc card ph tr (Card Auxiliary)

5.4.6.1. Card VOA (Variable Optical Attenuation)
S khi:
Variable optical
attenuation
IN
OUT
CPU
Mailbox
SCC board
Hnh 5.14: S khi ca board VOA
Phn tch: Tn hiu quang cn khuch i s c a ti b khuch

i quang c th iu chnh c. Tn hiu iu chnh c gi n thng qua
khi board SCC. ng thi, n cng thng bo li cc thng tin lin quan ti
suy hao v cc bo cnh nu c.
5.4.6.2. Card VA4-Card suy hao quang bin i cho 4 knh
S khi:
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
Variable optical
attenuation
Variable optical
attenuation
Variable optical
attenuation
CPU
Variable optical
attenuation
Mailbox
SCC board
Hnh 5.15: S khi ca board
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Phn tch: Chc nng ging nh board VOA nhng c thm 4 knh
u vo ch khng phi 1 knh u vo nh VOA. Chc nng l iu chnh
cng sut quang ca tn hiu n da theo lnh iu khin c gi ti card
SCC. Kim tra cng sut quang, suy hao quang v a ra cc bo cnh. Di
suy hao bin i t 2 25 dB v iu chnh nh nht 0.1 dB.
5.4.6.3. Card PMU
Gim st in p ca 2 b ngun ca subrack v a ra cc cnh bo
trong trng hp in p qu cao hoc in p qu thp v gi gi tr
in p ti SCC.
Gim st nhit card, a cc cnh bo v thi hnh ti card SCC.
Cung cp 5V DC cho OADM.
Cung cp cc cnh bo audio v cc switch kim tra cnh bo.
5.4.6.4. Board OLP
S khi:
Working channel
RO
RI1
RI2
Signal selection
module
Protection channel
Working channel
TI
TO1
TO2
Optical splitter
Protection channel
Hnh 5.16: S khi bo mch OLP
Phn tch: Mc ch l tch tn hiu thnh 2 ng. Vi tn hiu u

vo th c chia lm 2 phn v y ra ngoi theo 2 hng: mt hng bo v
v mt hng lm vic. Vi bn nhn s nhn 2 tn hiu v qua khi la chn
chn ra tn hiu c cht lng tt hn nhn.
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5.5. CC KIU NT MNG TRONG H THNG DWDM

Ta c s tng quan cho h thng DWDM:
Hnh 5.17: Cc kiu nt mng trong h thng DWDM
Optix Metro 6100 DWDM c th cu hnh theo 3 kiu nt mng:

Ghp knh quang u cui (Optical terminal multiplexer: OTM).
Ghp/tch quang (Optical add/drop multiplexer: OADM).
Khuch i ng dy quang (Optical line amplifier: OLA).
5.5.1. Nt mng ghp knh quang u cui OTM
5.5.1.1. Nguyn l k thut
DWDM OTM c s dng ti cc trm u cui v chia tn hiu
thnh 2 hng: hng pht v hng nhn.
Trong hng pht: thng qua cc OTU, OTM hi t /bin i cc tn
hiu truy nhp thnh cc tn hiu theo khuyn co ca ITU-T G694.1
thnh cc bc sng ca DWDM. Sau , tn hiu c ghp li bi
mt b ghp quang thnh mt ng quang chnh ri c khuch i
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v ghp vi tn hiu gim st knh quang. Cui cng, tn hiu c gi

ln ng quang v pht i.
Trong hng nhn: tn hiu gim st knh quang v tn hiu quang
chnh c tch ra. Tn hiu gim st c gi ti khi x l knh
gim st quang. Sau , tn hiu quang chnh s cho qua khi tch
quang thnh cc tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau. Cui cng s a ti
cc thit b u cui ca khch hng ph hp sau khi c khi OTU
chia ra v nh dng chn t.
5.5.1.2. Cc kiu nt mng OTM
Optix Metro 6100 DWDM OTM node c 2 kiu:
OTM vi board M40/D40.
OTM vi board OADM.
OTM vi board M40/D40
Kiu OTM ny s dng ti cc trm vi nhiu bc sng c kch
hot (thng th nhiu hn 16 bc sng). Cu trc ca khi OTM ny c
th hin trn hnh v sau:
Hnh 5.18: Cu trc ca DWDM OTM node s dng board M40/D40
OTU: Khi pht p quang

SC1: Khi gim st knh mt hng
FIU: Khi giao din si quang
M40: Khi ghp quang
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D40: Khi tch quang

OA: Khi khuch i
OTM s dng cc OADM
Kiu OTM ny thng c s dng ti cc v tr m c t bc sng
o (thng ch t hn 16 bc sng).
Hnh 5.19: Cu trc ca DWDM OTM node s dng board OADM

SC1: Khi gim st knh quang
OA: Khi khuch i quang
OADM Unit: Khi a tch ghp quang
5.5.2. Nt mng xen/r quang OADM
5.5.2.1. Nguyn l k thut
Cc nt mng DWDM OADM ph hp cho cc quang trnh truyn tn
hiu theo nhiu hng. N chia tn hiu gim st quang t tn hiu quang
chnh v gi ti khi x l ca knh quang gim st. Khi tn hiu chnh cn
li c khuch i v gi ti khi OADM. Ti y, bc sng c tch v
a ti cc khi OTU v kt ni vi pha thit b kt ni khch hng. Cc
bc sng truyn qua s c ghp vi bc sng thm vo cng vi knh
gim st knh quang, sau qua b khuch i quang v truyn ln ng
truyn.
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5.5.2.2. Cc nt mng OADM

Khi xen/r quang ca Optix Metro 6100 DWDM c 2 loi:
OADM vi broad M40/D40
OADM vi board OADM
Nt mng OADM vi board M40/D40
Khi OADM kiu ny c s dng cc v tr trung tm. N thng
bao gm thm cc OTM back to back. Cu trc ca loi OADM ny c
th hin trn hnh v sau:
ca khi OADM s dng board M40/D40

OTU:Hnh
Khi5.20:
phtCu
ptrc
quang
SC2: Khi gim st knh quang mt chiu

M40: Khi ghp quang
D40: Khi tch knh quang
Nt mng xen/r s dng board OADM
Nt mng OADM ny c s dng ti cc v tr bin. u im ca
kiu OADM ny l suy hao nh v gi tr u t thp. Cu trc ca khi
OADM ny th hin trn hnh v sau:
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Hnh 5.21: Cu trc ca khi OADM s dng board OADM

SC2: Khi gim st knh quang hai chiu
OADM Unit: Khi xen/r knh quang
5.5.3. Nt mng khuch i ng dy OLA
Cc nt mng OLA trong DWDM c s dng khuch i tn hiu
quang t 2 hng tn hiu. N chia tn hiu gim st quang t tn hiu ng
quang chnh v trc tin, n gi tn hiu gim st knh quang ti khi x l
gim st knh quang, cc tn hiu quang chnh s c khuch i sau li
ghp vi tn hiu gim st knh quang m c x l v gi ln ng
quang truyn i.
OA
West
lineside
ODF
SC2
FIU
FIU
East
lineside
ODF
OA
Hnh 5.22: Cu trc ca DWDM node OLA
120
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5.6. BO V MNG
5.6.1. Bo v knh quang
5.6.1.1. Bo v knh quang kiu 1+1
Hnh 5.23: S ring s dng bo v knh quang
Intra - OTU 1+1 bo v knh quang: Mt s card OUT nh LWM,

LWX, LDG, LQS, LGS, AP4 v EC8 c mt s chc nng c gi l:
la chn tn hiu t hai u vo m c th nhn ra knh quang bo
v.
Working
channel
Protection
channel
OUT (dual-fed
signal selection)
Client-side
equipment
Hnh 5.24: Bo v knh quang kiu Intra-OUT 1+1
Ti pha khch hng (client), tn hiu c truy nhp thng qua card
OTU sau , cc tn hiu quang ny s c thc hin ch 3R - nh dng,
lp, cn chnh (Reshaped, Regenerated, Retimed) v c gi ti c knh
working v knh protection nh b chia (splitter). Ti pha nhn, b OTU s
121
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nhn dng tn hiu quang t 2 hng working v protection, tn hiu no tt

hn s c chn v gi ti khch hng.
5.6.1.2. Bo v 1:N (N<=8) OTU
Cc dch v quan trng c th bo v bng cch d phng (backup) mt
card OTU nh hnh v:
Hnh 5.25: Bo v knh quang kiu 1:N
Theo hnh v th cc bc sng t 1 - 8 c s dng nh cc knh lm

vic, knh 9 oc dng cho knh bo v. Trong trng hp bnh thng th
khng c dch v trn knh bo v. Khi 1 trong 8 bc sng c 1 knh b li,
OTU s chuyn sang ch Standby v tt nhin, dch v ny s c
chuyn qua cho bc sng s 9. Trong trng hp c nhiu knh b li th
qu trnh chuyn mch s chuyn sang knh no c mc u tin cao hn.
5.6.2. Bo v ng quang
Optix Metro 6100 cung cp bo v cho ng dy ti lp quang thng
qua chc nng la chn ng quang ca card OLP. S bo v c m t
nh hnh v:
Hnh 5.26: Bo v ng quang
122
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Hai si quang trong mt cp quang c s dng nh mt ng lm

vic 2 chiu v hai si quang khc t si cp th hai c s dng nh mt
ng bo v. Thng thng, ng working mang cc thng tin v lu
lng. Trong trng hp c s c vi ng working, v d ng working
ang b t, tn hiu s t ng chuyn mch sang hng bo v thng qua
OLP. Bo v ng l bo v thi gian thc, thit b c th pht hin ra li v
t ng chuyn i ngay lp tc.
123
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KT LUN
Truyn dn dung lng cao theo hng s dng cng ngh DWDM
ang c mt sc ht mnh i vi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng hng
u th gii. c hng lot tuyn truyn dn ang vn hnh v khai thc
theo cng ngh mi ny, nht l khi m nhu cu dung lng ngy cng cao
nh hin nay.
Cng ngh DWDM c th ghp nhiu bc sng trong di 1550 nm,
tn dng c bng thng rt rng v kh nng dn sng ca si quang, t
nng cao c dung lng truyn dn trn si quang, p ng c nhng
yu cu v truyn dn tc cao. Hin nay, cng ngh DWDM ang c
nghin cu v tip tc pht trin theo hng: nng cao tc knh, tng s
bc sng ghp, truyn dn quang khong cch rt xa, pht trin t mng
ton quang im - im thnh mng ton quang trong tng lai.
Vi thi gian nghin cu v tm hiu thc t mng li, cng nh tm
hiu cng ngh mi DWDM cn hn ch, nhng g c cp trong n
ny tht s nh b nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em knh mong
cc thy gio v cc bn ng gp kin n ca em hon thin hn.
Mt ln na em xin cm n thy gio Th.S on Hu Chc nhit tnh gip
em hon thnh n ny.
124
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TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit:
1. Trn c Hn, Nguyn Minh Hin (2001), C s k thut Laser, Nh
xut bn Gio Dc .
2. V Vn San (2007), K thut thng tin quang, Nh xut bn Khoa hc
- K thut .
3. V Vn San (2003), H thng thng tin quang, Nh xut bn Bu in.
4. Dng c Tu (2001), H thng ghp knh theo bc sng, Nh xut
bn Bu in .
Ting Anh:
1. By Ashwin Gumaste, Tony Antony (2003), DWDM Network Designs
and Engineering Solution, Indianapolis, In 46290 USA.
2. Green (1992), P.Fiber Optics Netswork, Prentice Hall.
3. Agarwal (1995), G.Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Second Editon, Academic
Press.
125
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PH LC
1. BNG TRA V TR CA TNG BOARD

Loi
board
Chc nng
Tn
board
rng
Khe c th
cm
board
(nm)
LWF
Board chuyn i bc sng
32
pht-nhn giao din STM-64
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
vi chc nng FEC

LRF
Board chuyn i ti to bc
32
sng vi giao din STM-64 vi
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
chc nng FEC

LBE
32
vi giao din 10GE vi chc
IU8-IU13
nng FEC
Khi
pht
IU1-IU6,
TMX
Board chuyn i bc sng 4
64
knh STM-16 cn ng b
IU1-IU5,
IU8-IU12
MUX OUT-2
quang
TMR
32
on lp vi ng 10.71G vi
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
AFEC v G.709
LWC
Khi chuyn i bc sng
32
pht v thu giao din STM-16

TRC
Board lp pht vi tn hiu

quang STM-16
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
32
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
126
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LWM
Board chuyn i nhiu tc
32
bc sng quang
LWMR
Board ti to nhiu tc bc
IU8-IU13
32
sng quang
LWX
Board phc hi bc sng bt
32
Board phc hi tc bit bt
32
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
Board hi t ghp 8 x GE
32
quang
LDG
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
k
LQG
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
k
LWXR
IU1-IU6,
IU1-IU5,
IU9-IU13
Khi 2 x Gigabit Ethernet
32
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
LQS
Board hi t ghp 4 x STM-1/4
32
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
EC8
Board hi t 8 x ESCON
32
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
AP4
Board hi t 4 knh giao thc
32
c lp v dch v
AP8
Board hi t 8 knh giao thc
IU8-IU13
32
c lp v dch v
AS8
Board hi t 8 knh SDH bt
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
32
k
M40
IU1-IU6,
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
Board ghp 40 knh quang
64
IU2-IU6,
IU9-IU13
127
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V40
Board ghp 40 knh quang vi
64
VOA
Khi
D40
IU9-IU13
Board tch 4 knh quang
64
FIU
Khi giao din cp quang
32
hiu
quang
IU2-IU6,
IU9-IU13
ghp/t
ch tn
IU2-IU6,
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
EFIU
Board m rng giao din
24
ng quang
OADM
frame:
IU15-IU22
ACS
Board truy nhp ca OADM
24
OADM
frame:
IU15-IU22
MB4
Board xen/r 4 knh quang
24
OADM
frame:
IU15-IU22
MB2
Board xen/r 2 knh quang
24
OADM
frame:
Khi
IU15-IU22
xen/r
MR2
Khi xen/r 2 knh quang
24
quang
OADM
frame:
IU15-IU22
SBM2
Board xen/r 2 knh quang 2
24
hng trn mt si quang
OADM
frame:
IU15-IU22
SBM1
Board xen/r 2 knh quang 2
128
24
OADM
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hng trn mt si quang
frame:
IU15-IU22
OAU
Khi
khuch
i
OBU
quang
Khi khuch i quang: OAU-
64
IU1-IU5,
C01, OAU-C02, OAU-C03
IU8-IU12
Board khuch i khi ng:
IU1-IU6,
OBU-C01
32
IU8-IU13
OBU-C03
64
IU1-IU5,
IU8-IU12
OPU
Board tin khuch i quang:
32
OPU-C01, OPU-C02
SC1
SC2
32
IU6, IU8
Khi gim st knh quang theo
32
IU6, IU8
32
IU6, IU8
32
IU6, IU8
24
IU7
32
IU1-IU6,
2 hng
st
knh
IU8-IU13
1 hng
Khi
gim
Khi gim st knh quang theo
IU1-IU6,
TC1
quang
Khi gim st knh quang v

truyn ng b theo 1 hng
TC2
Khi gim st knh quang v

truyn ng b theo 2 hng
Khi
iu
SCC
khin
Board iu khin v kt ni h
thng
v kt
ni
Khi
SCS
Khi chia ng b knh quang
bo v
IU8-IU13
129
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quang
OLP
Board bo v ng quang
32
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
VOA
Khi suy hao quang bin i
32
IU8-IU13
Khi
ph tr
IU1-IU6,
VA4
Board suy hao quang bin i
32
cho 4 knh
MCA
IU1-IU6,
IU8-IU13
Khi phn tch ph a knh
64
IU2-IU6,
IU9-IU13
PMU
Khi gim st ngun
32
IU14
2. BNG TN S V BC SNG TRUNG TM CA H THNG

OPTIX METRO 6100
STT Tn s (THz) Bc sng (nm) STT Tn s (THz) Bc sng (nm)
1
192.1
1560.61
21
194.1
1544.53
2
192.2
1559.79
22
194.2
1543.73
3
192.3
1558.98
23
194.3
1542.94
4
192.4
1558.17
24
194.4
1542.14
5
192.5
1557.36
25
194.5
1541.35
6
192.6
1556.56
26
194.6
1540.56
7
192.7
1555.75
27
194.7
1539.77
8
192.8
1554.94
28
194.8
1538.98
9
192.9
1554.13
29
194.9
1538.19
10
193.0
1553.33
30
195.0
1537.40
11
193.1
1552.52
31
195.1
1536.61
12
193.2
1551.72
32
195.2
1535.82
13
193.3
1550.92
33
195.3
1535.04
14
193.4
1550.12
34
195.4
1534.25
15
193.5
1549.32
35
195.5
1533.47
16
193.6
1548.51
36
195.6
1532.68
17
193.7
1547.72
37
195.7
1531.90
18
193.8
1546.92
38
195.8
1531.12
19
193.9
1546.12
39
195.9
1530.33
20
194.0
1545.32
40
196.0
1529.55
130
Lp T1001

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n tt nghip

Ngi hng dn : Thc s on Hu Chc

: Trn Th Kim Chi

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

THIT K MNG DWDM V CC GII PHP CNG NGH

N TT NGHIP I HC CHNH QUY

Ngi hng dn : Thc s on Hu Chc

: Trn Th Kim Chi

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

: Trn Th Kim Chi . M s : 101334.

: T1001. Ngnh: in t vin thng.

: Thit k mng DWDM v cc gii php cng ngh.

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

giao nhim v TTN

Hi Phng, ngy ....... thng ....... nm 2010.

GS.TS.NGT Trn Hu Ngh

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

PHN NHN XT TM TT CA NGI CHM PHN BIN

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

Ngi chm phn bin

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

2.4.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA ............................................ 45

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

3.10. Bo v mng DWDM ................................................................. 80

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

5.4. Chc nng cc card ....................................................................... 98

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

BNG I CHIU THUT NG ANH VIT

B ghp knh xen/r

Avalanche Photo Diode

Diode quang thc

Automatic Protection Switching

Amplifier Spontaneous Emission

Bit Error Ratio

Dispersion Compensated Fiber

Dispersion Compensator Module

Thit b tch knh

Dispersion Division Multiplexer

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer Ghp knh theo bc

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

Four Wave Mixing

Giao thc Internet

Light Emitting Diode

Diode pht quang

Sinh vin: Trn Th Kim Chi

127.0.0.1 downloaded 12.TranThiKimChi_DT1001.pdf at Tue Aug 28 12:34:20 ICT 2012

Thit b ghp knh

Optical Add/Drop Mutplexer

Optical Booster Amplifier

Optical Line Terminator

Optical Line Amplifier