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Electromagnetic theory
Review of Maxwells equations
Electromagnetic waves in dielectric media
Conductive media
Time-harmonic ME and TEM waves
Absorption and dispersion
Resonant media and Lorentz model
Electromagnetic Optics
Electromagnetic Optics
0 = 4 x 10-7 H/m
D(r, t ) = 0 E (r, t )
B(r, t ) = 0 H (r, t )
E (r, t )
t
H (r, t )
E (r, t ) = 0
t
E (r, t ) = 0
H (r, t ) = 0
H (r, t ) = 0
B(r, t ) M (r, t )
H is medium independent
The constitutive relations describe the specific medium; they
describe how currents and charges are generated
Have relation between P and E and between M and H for medium
1.
2.
Nonlinear
Homogeneous
Nonhomogeneous
Isotropic
3.
4.
Anisotropic
Dispersive
Nondispersive
Linear:
Any component of P is weighted superposition
of components of E
Homogenous:
System is invariant to displacement; relation
between P and E is independent of position
Isotropic:
System is invariant to rotation of coordinate
system. P is parallel to E
Nondispersive:
Material is memoryless, i.e., P at time t is related
to E at same time, but not to prior values
7
Maxwells Equations
Curl
equations
Divergence
equations
D(r, t )
+ J (r, t )
t
B (r, t )
E (r, t ) =
t
D(r, t ) = (r, t )
H (r, t ) =
B(r, t ) = 0
i+
j+ k
x y
z
Uses of del:
Gradient
(slope)
i+
j+
k
x
y
z
is scalar field
V V V
Divergence
V 1 + 2 + 3 V = V1i + V2 j + V3k is a vector field
(degree of outwardness)
x
y
z
V = 0
V 0
i+
j+ k
x y
z
Uses of del:
V i +
j + k (V1i + V2 j + V3k ) =
Curl
z
x
x y
(degree of rotation)
V1
y
V2
z
V3
V3 V2 V1 V3 V2 V1
i +
k
=
j +
z z
x x
y
y
V 0
V = 0
10
2 2 2
( ) = 2 + 2 + 2
x y z
2
2
2
2
2+ 2+ 2
x
y
z
2
Important identities
( ) = 0
( V ) = 0
( V ) = ( V ) 2V
11
D(r, t )
+ J (r, t )
t
Displacement current
(added by Maxwell)
Conduction
current
12
13
14
15
Introduction to Photonics
Lecture 13/14/15/16: Electromagnetic Optics
November 3/5/10/12, 2014
Electromagnetic theory
Review of Maxwells equations
Electromagnetic waves in dielectric media
Conductive media
Time-harmonic ME and TEM waves
Absorption and dispersion
Resonant media and Lorentz model
16
0 = 4 x 10-7 H/m
1.
2.
Nonlinear
Homogeneous
Nonhomogeneous
Isotropic
3.
4.
Anisotropic
Dispersive
Nondispersive
Linear:
Any component of P is weighted superposition
of components of E
Homogenous:
System is invariant to displacement; relation
between P and E is independent of position
Isotropic:
System is invariant to rotation of coordinate
system. P is parallel to E
Nondispersive:
Material is memoryless, i.e., P at time t is related
to E at same time, but not to prior values
18
E
t
H
E = 0
t
E = 0
H =
D = E
= 0 (1 + )
Contains only
E, H fields
H = 0
2u - (1/c2)2u/ t2=0
non-magnetic materials:
c = ( )-1/2 = co/n
= 0
c0
n= =
= 1+
c
0
Time-Harmonic Fields
A monochromatic (time-harmonic) field can be written as:
1
E (r, t ) = Re{E(r )e jt } = [E(r )e jt + E (r )e jt ]
2
Spatial complex amplitude
Im{E(r )}
D =
B
D = 0E + P
B = 0 H + 0M
= 0 (1 + ) + i
E (r, t ) = E0 e j (t k r )
constant vector
E(r ) = E0 e jk r
complex amplitude
M.E. for plane monochromatic waves are derived using properties of differential operators:
!differential operators act as a multiplication operation
j
t
jk
k E0 = 0
From M.E. we see that:
k H0 = 0
k E0 = H 0
k H 0 = E0
Helmholtz Equations
For source-free media, and time-harmonic fields:
Vector Helmholtz equations:
2
E+k E = 0
k 2 = 2
2H + k 2H = 0
2
2 + k 2 = 0
Boundary Conditions
D
t
B
E =
t
H = J +
D =
B = 0
Using the divergence theorem
dl
=
J
+
S
S t n dA
B
S E dl = S t n dA
n (E2 E1 ) = 0
n (H 2 H 1 ) = K
3
D
n
dA
=
r
V
B n dA = 0
V
K : Surface
current density
(D2 D1 ) n =
(B2 B1 ) n = 0
:
Surface charge
density
Boundary Conditions
From M.E. 1, 2:
Tangential components
Condition:
n ( Ei E j ) = 0
n ( Hi H j ) = K
a surface current
density may be present
From M.E. 3, 4:
Normal components
Condition:
n ( Di D j ) =
n ( Bi B j ) = 0
a surface charge
density may be present
Boundary Conditions
TEM Wave
The simplest solution of Maxwells equations in free space is the harmonic transverse
electromagnetic wave (TEM) wave
E = Eo e j (t z/c o )x
H=
x
Eo
e j ( t z/ co ) y
o = o o = 377 Ohms
Properties:
E and H are orthogonal to one another and to the direction of propagation (the z direction)
The ratio of the magnitudes of E and H is the impedance o = o o = 377 Ohms.
Specifies the transfer rate of E&M energy: of fundamental importance in propagation, absorption, scattering
The rate at which E&M energy is transferred across a general surface:
W = S ndA
A
1
W = [ D E + B H ] E&M energy density (J/cm3)
2
For harmonic fields in linear media, the time-averaged Poynting vector is:
I (r , t ) =
S =
1
Re { E (r ) H *(r )}
2
Optical intensity
1
EH
2
I = cW
I=
E02
2
1
W = E02
2
Absorption
Absorption is governed by a complex susceptibility:
= + j
Complex permittivity
= o(1 + )
Complex wavenumber
k = o = 1+ ko = 1+ + j ko
k = j 12
Let
then,
j 12 = ko 1 + + j
U =e
jkz
=e
j( j 12 )z
=e
12 z j z
I = U = e z
2
2ko
Attenuated wave
= 1+ + j
n 1+ '
k0
''
n
Note that
n ( ' ' ) / 2
2k 0 ( ' ' ) / 2
''< 0 > 0
1
(1 j ) ( ' ' )
2
Remarks on Conventions
Complex wavenumber:
1
k= j
2
1
n j
= / 0 = 1 + '+ j ' '
2 k0
Propagation constant
(effective refractive index):
= nk0
Complex impedance: =
0
0
=
1+
In general:
are REAL quantities
c2k 2
= ( )
c
c
=
=~
k
( ) n ( )
Where
n% ( ) = n + i = ( )
Complex refractive index
n% ( ) = n + i = ( )
0
=
n( )
( ) =
( )
Absorption coefficient
Intensity extinction
(energy dissipation)
v ph =
Re( k )
vg =
k
c
n ( )
Alternative Relations
2
n% = ( )
n% ( ) = n + i
( ) = '+ i ''
= 1+
' = n2 2
'' = 2n
Or, equivalently:
2
n=
( ') + ( '')
2
'
Kramers-Kronig Relations
Relation between absorption and dispersion: if n() !then ()
For any linear, shift-invariant, causal system with real impulse-response functions,
and are related through Kramers-Kronig relations:
Optical Transmission
Dielectric medium
P (t) = o (t t )E (t )dt
E (t ) = Re{E( )e jt }
P ( ) = 0 ( )E( )
n( ) j
( )
= 1 + ( ) + j ( )
2 co
P (t) = o (t t )E (t )dt
Electric dipole
P
P = -Nex
N: atomic density
-e: electronic charge
x: charge displacement
(t )
P(t )
: response (real)
E (t )
: input (real)
0 (t )
: impulse-response (real)
0 ( ) : transfer function
( ) = ( )*
: Hermitian symmetry
p = ex
P = Np
polarization density
(N = atomic density)
How do we model the dipole moment (of an atom) induced by incident electric field?
! model motion of bound charge as driven harmonic oscillator
d 2x
dx
m 2 + b + Kx = eEloc
dt
dt
m, e
K
0 2 = K / m resonant frequency
=b/m
damping constant
d 2x
dx
m 2 + m
+ m02 x = eEloc
dt
dt
With harmonic driving field:
E loc = E c e j t
Note: complex representation of real
time-harmonic quantities
Solution:
x = x c e j t
xc =
m ( 0
eE c
2 + j )
Ftotal = ma
Newtons Law
d 2x
dx
m 2 + m
+ m02 x = eEloc
dt
dt
mass* Friction/damping Restoring
acceleration (loss: due to
force
emission,
scattering/
collisions)
43
Collection of Oscillators
Induced dipole moment of an oscillator is:
p = ex
P =
p2
2
0 + j
Recall:
P = 0 E
P = Np = Nex
0E
Ne 2
=
m 0
p2
0 2 2 + j
p2
= 1+ = 1+ 2
0 2 i
= '+ i ''
' = 1+
p 2 ( 0 2 2 )
2
(02 2 ) + 2 2
1
'' =
p 2
2
(02 2 ) + 2 2
1
= / 0 = 1 + '+ j ' '
2 k0
Normal dispersion:
n with frequency
Anomalous dispersion
n with frequency
Absorption
Reflectance
(n 1) 2 + 2
R=
(n + 1) 2 2
n <1
Electric Dipole
2x
x 2 e
+
+ o x = E
2
t
t
m
P
P = Nex
e2 N
o =
2
moo
2P
P
2
2
+
P
=
2
o
o ooE
t
t
P = 0 E
{ }
P(t ) = Re{Pe }
E (t ) = Re Ee jt
jt
( ) = o
2
o
o2 2 + j
Lorentzian susceptibility
0 =
0
2
=
2
o2
o2 2 + j
( ) = o
o2 ( o2 2 )
2
( o2 2 ) + ( )2
2o
( ) = o 2
2
( o 2 ) + ( )2
Q=
Low frequency limit
0 =
Ne
0 m02
Low-frequency
susceptibility
For >> 0, 0
o2
o2 2 + j
o 2
( ~ o ) = o
( o ) + j 2
( ) o
( ) 2
o
4
1
( o )2 + ( 2) 2
o
( )
Lorentzian function
drops to peak value
at | - 0 | = /2
! is FWHM
( ) = o
o2
o2 2 + j
( ) o
2
o
2o 2
No imaginary part
! negligible absorption
n ( ) 1+ o
o2
2o 2
n( )
no
' 1+
''
p (0 ) / 20
2
( 0 ) + ( / 2 )
p / 40
2
(0 ) + ( / 2 )
Lorentzian lineshape
p 2
''max
0
FWHM( '') 0 = / 2
'max = 1 + ''max / 2
'min = 1 ''max / 2
Absorption/Refraction
n j
1
= / 0 = 1 + '+ j ' '
2 k0
One resonance
(dilute concentration
of atoms)
Multiple resonances
(different lattice and
electronic vibrations)
! Overall susceptibility
from superposition of
resonances
Absorption/Refraction
n j
1
= / 0 = 1 + '+ j ' '
2 k0
One resonance
(dilute concentration
of atoms)
Multiple resonances
(different lattice and
electronic vibrations)
! Overall susceptibility
from superposition of
resonances
Electronic vibrations
Lattice vibrations
Superposition
of different contributions
n 1+ oi
2
2i
2
2
i
i
2
n 2 ( ) 1 + oii 2
2i
i
2
2 2i
1=.6961663;
2 =0.4079426;
3 =0.89794;
1 =.0684043 m
2 =0.1162414 m
3 =9.896161 m
N
n
N =n
dn
= group index
d
d 2n
D =
c d 2
= dispersion coefficient
(ps/km-nm)
D
H =
+J
t
E =
H = j D + J
B
t
With
J = E
B = 0
D =
D = 0 r E = 0 (1 + )E
H = j eff E
where effective electric permittivity given by:
eff
= 0 r +
= 0 (1 + ) +
j
j
dielectric
, r ,
conductive
k = eff 0
0
=
eff
n j / 2k0 = eff / 0
eff
where
eff
= 0 r +
j
n / 2 0
2 0
(1 + j ) 0 / 2
58
Physical Meaning
If the imaginary parts of or are nonzero, the amplitude of a plane wave will
decrease as it propagates in the medium ! absorption
Where complex permittivity defined as:
= 0 (1 + ) + j
bound charge current density
free charge current density
Im( ) = Im( ) + Re