n tp :4 (12 cu )

Cu hi 1:Th no l ch ho v ch vn bn
trnCard iu khin mn hnh v mn hnh?Trong ch vn
bn, byte thuc tnh trongVideo RAM c ngha g?
Trn mn hnh v Card iu khin mn hnh ca my tnh c hai
ch lm vic: Ch vn bn v ch ho.
-hnh l mt k t, mt k t l mt tp hp cc im sng c
sp xp thnh cc hng v ct (Tu theo phn gii m mi k
t c kch thc l 8*14 im sng hay 9*14 im sng.v .v .).
Trong Card iu khin mn hnh c mt mch gii m to k t
c np sn trong mt vi mch ROM thng qua mt mch cht
v dch a k t ra mn hnh. Tu theo phn gii ca mn
hnh m kch thc ca mn hnh c th l 80 ct * 25 = 1000 k
t hng hay 80 ct * 25 hng = 2000 k t. Nh vy c th thy
rng i tng iu khin ca Card iu khin mn hnh l rt t.
Ch vn bn ch tn ti trn h iu hnh DOS Ch ho:
Card iu khin mn hnh khi cn iu khin n tng im
sng trn mn hnh nu mnhnh c phn gii l 800 im sang
* 600 im sng = 48,000 im sang th khi i tng iu
khin ca card mn hnh s l 48,000 im sang ln hn gp nhiu
ln khi n lm vic ch vn bn.
Ch ho c s dng trn h iu hnh Windows. mi
mt im iu khin trn mn hnh, cn phi c thng tin v im
nh, hay k t, mu sc, sng v v tr ca n. ch vn
bn thng tin v mu sc v sng ca mt k t trn mn hnh
c cha trong 1 byte v byte c gi l byte thuc
tnh.Vng nh ca Video RAM c quy nh bt u t a ch
A0000h n BFFFFh. ch vn bn thng ngi ta s dng

vng nh Video RAM bt u t a ch B0000h hoc B8000h

tu theo tng loi card v mn hnh Nh vy mi mt v tr ca
ca mt k t trn mn hnh s tng ng vi hai byte ca b nh
Video RAM. Ngi ta quynh tnh t tri qua phi, t trn xung
di, k t v tr ct u tin, hng u tin trn mn hnh s
c nh s 0, tip theo l 1, 2, .v .v . Gi s a ch u tin ca
m Video Ram s s dng bt u t a ch B800h, mn hnh c
phn gii 80 ct * 25 hng th ni dung ca Video RAM t a
ch s nh sau:
a ch logic
B800:0000
B800:0001
B800:0002
B800:0003
B800:07CE
B800:07CF

a ch vt Ni dung
l
B8000
M ASCII ca k t hng 1
ct 1
B8001
Thuc tnh ca k t ti hng
1 ct 1
B8002
M ASCII ca k t hng 1
ct 2
B8003
Thuc tnh ca k t ti hng
1 ct 2
B87CE
M ASCII ca k t hng 25
ct 80
B87CF
Thuc tnh ca k t ti hng
25 ct 80

Cu hi 2: Nu mi quan h gia phn gii mn hnh, s

bits m ho mu v ln ca b nh Video RAM? Ti sao
ngi ta li lun lun a ra cc gii php s dng giao din
Card AGP. AGP 2x, AGP4x, 8x ri PCI Exp 16x cho Card iu
khin mn hnh trn my tnh?

Mi quan h gia phn gii mn hnh, s bits m ho mu v

ln ca Video RAM. ch ho: C hai tham s lin quan
n im nh l:
- V tr ca im nh
- Thuc tnh ca im nh bao gm mu v sng.
Kh nng mu cng ln th b nh Video cng phi ln. S mu
hin th ti mt thi im ca 1 im nh lun l 2n (n l s bits
m ho mu)
Chng hn nh Card VGA c phn gii 640 * 480 c kh nng
hin th 256 mu (m ho bi 8 bits mu i hi b nh l
640*480*8 = 2,457,600 bits. Card SVGA c phn gii
1024*768 vc m ho bi 24 bits mu cn dung lng bnh
l 1024*768*24 = 18,874,368 bits = 2,359,296 byte tng ng
vi dung lng b nh 2,5 MB.Nh vy c th kt lun rng,
phn gii mn hnh cng ln, s bits m ho mu ca mn hnh
cng ln th i hi b nh Video RAM cngln.
Ta thy rng mun cho hnh nh trn mn hnh trung thc v r
nt th phn gii v s mu hin th caca Card mn hnh cng
phi ln, iu c ngha l hin th c 1 trang mn hnh c
tnh nng nhtrn th lng thng tin phi c truyn t CPU
nB nh Video thng qua Bus cng phi ln. V d khis l
nh 3D, mt b nh ho cp nht vi tc 30 hnh/giy ,
phn giI mn hnh l 640 * 480, v trca im nh c biu
din bi 2 bytes, cn 1 ln ckhung hnh, 2 ln c/ghi b m
Z, 8 ln c ghi ktcu v 1 ln c cc thnh phn b xung mu.
Khi tc trao i d liu l: 640 * 480 * 2 byte*30 hnh/s *
(1+2+8+1) = 640*480*60*12 = 221,184,000 bytes/sec.Di thng

ca Bus PCI ch l 133MB/s nh vy ta thyngay rng nu dng

Bus PCI s khng p ng c biton x l hnh nh ny .
nng cao tc truyn dliu gia CPU v Card mn hnh ngi
ta a ra chunAGP, Bus AGP c tn s lm vic 66Mhz nhanh
gp itn s lm vic ca Bus PCI l 33Mhz v c 4 ch htr
truyn l 1X, 2X, 4X, 8X. Tc truyn 1X tngng vI 266
MB/s, 2X tng ng vi 512MB/s, 4X l1GBs v ch 8X l
2,1 GBs v PCI Express tng ngvi tc truyn l 4,4GBs.
R rng l x l hnh nhvi tc nhanh hn cho cht lng
hnh nh cao th tc truyn gia CPU n Card Video cng phi
cao, ll do m ngi ta lin tc a ra cc chun AGP 1X,
2X, 4X, 8X v PCI Express.
Cu hi 3: Trong my tnh IBM PC, chun Centronic khc vi
chun LPT imno? V sao hin nay ngi ta s dng chun
LPT m khng s dng chun Centronic. C th dng phng
php no kim tra s c mt ca cc cng LPT trn my
tnh?
Ni ghp Centronic l chun giao din my in u tindnh cho
cc my tnh h 80x86 ca Intel. Ghp niny c 36 chn c
nh s t 1-36 trong c nhiuchn t cho php cc ng
tn hiu c t ringnhm trnh tc ng ca nhiu qua ng
ngun.36 chn ny c chia thnh cc nhm sau:
Cc ng d liu - chuyn d liu t mytnh n my in
Cc tn hiu trng thi my in Xc nh trng thi my in ti
mt thi im bt k.
Cc ng t - cp t cho tng tn hiu tn hiu d liu, tn
hiu iu khin v trng thi.

T my tnh AT dng BVXL 80286 tr i ni ghp my in dng

giao din DB-25P (25 chn). V c bn ging nh chun Cetronic
khc nhau ch chun DB25P khng s dng cc ng tnhiu
t v cho cc chn d liu v iu khin. L do l v sau ny
my in dng ngun Switching c kh nngchu c s thay i
ln ca ph ti m khng gy nhiu do khng cn s dng cc
ng t ring bit cho tng tn hiu.
Khi bt ngun my tnh, ROMBIOS s kim tra s c mt ca
my in qua cc cng DB-25P . a ch ca cc cng myin c
cha trong a ch t 0040:0008 n 0040:000F ca vng nh (8
bytes, mi cng my in cn 2 bytes).
a ch c s

LPT

Cng d Cng trng Cng iu

liu
thi
khin
00408-00409
LPT1 03BC H
003BD H 03BE H
0040A-0040B LPT2 0378 H
0379 H
037A H
0040C-0040D LPT3 0278 H
0279 H
027AH
V d: Kim tra trn my tnh cng my in no c dng:
C> DEBUG
d 40:98 L8
0040:0008 78 03 00 00 00 00 00 00
Nh vy trn my tnh tn ti 1 cng DB- 25P c a ch c s l
0378 H, khng c cng my in no na tn ti trn my tnh

Cu hi 4: Khi no xy ra hin tng trn bn phm. phn

bit k t E v e ngi ta dng gii php no?
Khi phm c n m bn phm s c truyn ni tip sang bng
mch m, t y c chuyn thnh tn hiu song song v c
ct vo 1 b m trc khi CPU thc hin cm ca phm va
c n. B m bn phm ny lu c m qut ca 20 phm.
Nu CPU bn khng kp c, thngtin s c cha y trong b
m v xy ra hin tng trn bn phm. Khi b m ny y n
s ngng nhn phm n v gI 1 byte c gi tr l 0FFh n CPU.
Chng trnh phc v ngt bn phm Int 09h u tin s kim tra
gi tr ca byte ny , nu l 0FFh ngha l trn b m v n s
pht m thanh ra loa thng bo cho ngI s dng bit. Nu
khng ngt Int 09h s kim tra phm Shift, Alt v Ctrl. Sau Int
09h s ghi m qut v m ASCII vo mt b m bn phm na
di
32 bytes c a ch t 0041Eh n 0043Dh, ngt Int 16h s thc
hin c b m bn phm ny . Nu nh ngt Int 16h khng kp
c d liu trong b m ny cng xy ra hin tng trn bn
phm
Ta bit rng mi mt phm trn bn phm ch cduy nht mt m
qut bn phm. phn bit kt E v e hay ni cch khc l
phn bit hai kt c cng mt m qut bn phm ngi ta s
dng byte trng thi bn phm, byte trng thi thi bn phm th
nht c lu tr a ch 0040:0017 v byte trng thi thi bn
phm th hai c lu tr a ch 0040:0018. Nh vy tu thuc
vo bit biu din trng thi Capslock hay bit RightShift, hoc
LeftShift c mc logic 1 m chng ta xc nh c m ASCII
ca k t tng ng vi m qut bn phm

Cu hi 5: Giao din USB hin nay c nhng u im g ni

bt so vi cc giao din khc nh RS-232, LPT. Truyn s liu
trong giao dinUSB s dng nguyn l no. Nguyn l c u
im g ni bt.?
USB l mt giao thc truyn d liu tun t gia my tnh vi cc
thit b ngoi vi. My tnh khi c coi nh ch Bus. Nguyn
tc kt ni nyhon ton tng t nh cch trao i thng tin
trong mng my tnh ngha l mi thit b ngoivi s c my
tnh gn cho 1 a ch IP (Internet Protocol). Do kt ni USB
c nhng u im ni tri hn vi giao din RS 232 hay LPT nh
sau:
D liu s c truyn trn USB theo hai ch :
Ch cao tc (Full speed mode) vi tc 12Mbs.
Ch chm (low speed mode) vi tc 1,5Mbs.
C tc cao hn rt nhiu ln so vi hai giao din RS 232 hay
LPTNgoi ra giao din USB cn c HH h tr hot plug and
play Ngi s dng c th cm thm hoc tho ra mt thit b
ngoi vi m khng cn tt my tnh hay ci t li h thng. Thit
b ngoi vi cng khng cn bn mch ph trn my ch v chc
nng ny c phn mm h thng m nhim. Khi pht hin ra
mt thit b ngoi vi mi, h iu hnh s t ng ci t cc phn
mm iu khin thit b. y l nhng tnh nng m cc ngoi vi
ni vi my tnh qua giao din RS232 v LPT khng th c c.
Vi nguyn tc kt ni theo kiu mng my tnh nn giao din
USB cho php kt ni c ti a 127 thit b bng cch ni tip
nhau hoc dng Hub trung tm. Trong khi nu dng giao din

RS-232 hay LPT my tnh ch c kh nng qun l ti a n 4

ngoi vi
Ngoi ra qu trnh truyn s liu trong giao din USB s dng
nguyn l truyn dng s dng b khuych i vi sai, nguyn l
ny cho php trit tiu c nhiu lon tc ng ln ngtruyn
v m bo truyn c khong cch xa
Cu hi 6:Trong my tnh hin nay . Ni CPU, b nh,h Bus
v ngoi vi lm vic cng 1 tn s?iu l ng hay sai?
Ti sao? Thit bno trn h thng Bus ca my tnh m bo
cho cc b phn trn lm vic cc tn skhc nhau?
Ni trn my tnh hin nay, CPU, b nh h Bus v ngoi vi lm
vic cng 1 tn s l khng ng v cc l do sau y:
Trn my XT ban u s dng BVXL 8086/88 CPU, RAM v I/O
cng c ni vo 1 Bus
Nm 1987 Compaq a ra tng chia ng hh thng thnh 2
h khc nhau, CPU v RAM lmvic cng 1 tn s c lp vi
tn s ca I/O tng ny c thc hin trn my tnh s dng
trn my tnh s dng BVXL 80286 v 80386. Kt ni gia 2 Bus
l 1 thit b gi l Bridge (Cu ni)
T my tnh s dng BVXL 80486 Intel s dng kin trc Clock
doubling trong BVXL khi tn s lm vic ca BVXL bng
tn s lm vic ca Bus nhn 2. cc BVXL tin tin tn s lm
vic ca BVXL c th gp 10,12 ln tn s lm vic ca Bus.Nh
vy ta thy rng kin trc Clock double v Bridge l thit b m
bo cho CPU, bnh, h Bus v ngoi vi lm vic cc tn s
khc nhau.

Cu hi 7: Th no l h thng BUS, trn my tnhc bao nhiu

loi Bus nu chc nngca tng loi Bus ? rng caBus
a ch, Bus s liu quy nh khnng c th no ca my tnh?
LoiBus no c dng ph bin hin nay trn cc my tnh
IBM v tng thch?
H thng Bus trn my tnh l thit b c dng kt ni tt c
cc thnh phn trn my tnh vi nhau.C 3 loi bus: Bus d liu
(data bus), bus a ch (addressbus) v bus iu khin (control
bus).
Address Bus : nhm tn hiu cho php xc nh a ch ca nh
hay thit b vo ra trong qu trnh c/ghi thng tin ln b nh
hay cng vo/ra.
Data Bus : nhm ng truyn ti data thc s gia cc thit
b h thng do a ch trn address bus xc nh. rng ca
data bus (s ng dy dn) xc nh data trong mi ln truyn l
bao nhiu.
Control Bus : nhm ng truyn cho cc tn hiu iu khin nh
: cc thao tc l c hay ghi, thao tc c thc hin trn b nh
hay trn thit b ngoi vi, nhn dng chu k bus v khi no th
hon thnh thao tc rng bus chnh l s ng dy dn hp
thnh
rng ca bus a ch: Trn mi ng dy chc th c 1 trong
2 trng thi 0 hoc 1 nn bus c rng n th c th nhn bit c
2n a ch. Nhvy rng ca Bus a ch quy nh s nh
tia m h my tnh c th qun l c. rng ca bus s liu:
c thit k theo nguyn tc l bi ca 8 (8,16,32,64 bit) nh th
mi ln

truyn 1 byte/2 bytes/4 bytes ty theo my . B rngData bus cng

ln th data truyn cng nhanh. Loi Bus c dng ph bin trn
ccmy tnh IBM hin nay l Bus PCI. Busny c rng Bus
a ch l 32 bits v rng bus s liu l 64 bits.
Bus PCI tng thch vi ISA, EISA vMCA. Nh s dng
cu ni bus, chun h tr cho cc bus tc chm
ISA,EISA v MCA.Bus PCI cho php thit lp ch t ng
thit lp cu hnh
Cu hi 8: Qun l ngoi vi bng ngt c uim g so vi qun
l ngoi vi bng phng php hi vng? Gii thch ti sao trn
BUSPCI cho php c mt vi thit b c cng ach ngt? V
d nh IRQ 11 c th c dngcho n 6 thit b l
Audio,SerialBusController, Network Controller, Mass Storage
Controller v IEEE 1394.
Qun l ngoi vi bng phng php hi vng, c sau 1 khong
thi gian nht nh my tnh hi trng thi ca ngoi vi, nu bt
thng tin biu din trngthi ca ngoi vi thay i th ngha l
ngoi vi c yu cu phc v, khi my tnh s chy chng
trnh phc v ngoi vi . Nh vy phn ng ca my tnh vi
yu cu c phc v ca ngoi vi l khng tc thi.
Qun l ngoi vi bng ngt: Khi mt ngoi vi c yu cu c
phc v, n s pht tn hiu yu cu c phc v - IRQs.
Ngaylp tc my tnh s dng tt c cc cngvic ang thc hin
chy chng trinhphc v ngoi vi . Nh vy phn ng ca
my tnh vI yu cu c phc v ca ngoi vi trong trng hp
ny l tc thi. y chnh l u im ni tri ca vic qun l

ngoi vi bng ngt so vi vic qun l ngoi vi bng phng php

hi vng
Trn cc h Bus hin i nh MCA, EISA, PCI s dng tn hiu
IRQ l tn
hiu mc.Do c kh nng chia s cc tn hiu ngt IRQs. Ngha
l c th c hai hay nhiu ngoi vi cng s dng mt tn hiu ngt
IRQ.
Khi IRQ c mc tch cc, chng trnh iu khin ca cc ngoi
vi s kim tra v nhn dng xem ngoi vi no trn Bus c yu cu
ngt. V d di y cho thytrn Bus PCI tn hiu ngt IRQ 11
c th chung cho n 6 ngoi vi
Cu hi 9: Di thng ca Bus l g? Cc bin php tng
dithng ca Bus my tnh? Cc loi Bus ISA, MCA, EISA,
PCI, AGP, PCI Exp c phttrin theo tiu ch no? Cc loi
Bus va k trn Bus no c h tr Plug and Play.
Di thng ca Bus l nng sut truyn hay tc m Bus c th
truyn s liu t thit b ch nthit b t. n v o ca di
thng l MB/s vc xc nh bi cng thc sau:
Di thng = tn s l/v ca Bus * rng Bus d liu (byte)
T cng thc trn ta thy gii php tng di thng ca Bus l:
Tng tn s lm vic ca Bus
Tng rng ca Bus s liu
Ngoi ra vic thay i giao thc ca Bus cng gp phn lm tng
di thng.Cc loi Bus ISA, MCA, EISA, PCI, AGP, PCI Exp
c xy dng v pht trin theo tiu ch: Di thng ca cc h

Bus ra i sau bao gi cng lnhn di thng ca cc h Bus th

h trc nhm m bo tc truyn d liu gia thit b ch
nthit b t ngy cng cao nh cc ng dng ho, qu trnh
c v ghi thng tin cc b nh ngoi nh a cng chun ATA,
chun SATA.v.v .
Trong cc loi Bus k trn, cc h Bus MCA, EISA,PCI, AGP v
PCI Exp c h tr Plug and Play cc mc t thp n cao
theo nguyn tc cc hBus ra i sau bao gi cng c kh nng
t ngnh dng cu hnh (Plug and Play) cao hn h Bus th h
trc
Cu hi 10:Thit b c gi l Cu ni bridge trn ccmy
tnh hin nay dng thc hin chc nng g?C my loi?
Mi loi c dng c th vo nhngcng vic g?
Nm 1987 Compaq a ra tng chia ngh h thng thnh 2
h khc nhau, CPU vRAM lm vic cng 1 tn s c lp vi
tns ca I/O tng ny c thc hin trnmy tnh s dng
trn my tnh s dngBVXL 80286 v 80386. Kt ni gia 2 Bus
l1 thit b gi l Bridge (Cu ni)
Hin nay MainBoard ca my tnh c iu khinbi rt nhiu
mchphn cng c cc chc nngkhc nhau. Tt c chng c
ng trong mtmch tch hp cc ln gi l chipset. Cu trc ph
bin nht ca chipset thng c 2 chip gi l northand south
Bridges.North bridge: iu khin truyn s liu gia CPU,RAM,
cng AGP v cng PCI Express * 16x.South Bridge: Lin kt vi
North bridge v truyn s liu n tt c cc ngoi vi cn li

Cu hi 11:S lng ngoi vi ti a m my tnh c th qun

lc bng cng COM l bao nhiu? Cng LPT l bao nhiu?
kim tra s c mt ca cccng , ngi ta dng phng
php no? CngUSB l bao nhiu? Gii thch l do ti sao
giaodin qua cng USB li cho php qun l s ngoivi n 127
thit b?
S lng cng COM v cng LPT m mytnh c th qun l
c ti a l 4 thit b cho mi loi. Khi khi ng my tnh, h
iu hnh s kim tra s c mt ca cc cngCOM v LPT c trn
my , a ch ca cc cng COM v LPT s c ghi vo trong
cc nh t a ch 0040:0000 n 0040:000F h.Do kim
tra s c mt ca cc cngCOM v cng LPT trn my tnh ta c
th s dng lnh D ca chng trnh Debug kim tra vi cu
lnh nh sau:D 0040:0000 l10
Khi my tnh s hin th ni dung cacc nh t 0040:0000
n 0040:0007 l a ch c cc cng t COM 1 n COM 4. Ni
dung cc nh t 0040:0008 n0040:000F l a ch ca cc
cng t LPT1 n LPT4. Nu ni dung ca cc nh l 00
ngha l cng COM hay cng LPT tng ng khng tn ti trn
my tnh.S lng ngoi vi qua giao din USB m my tnh c
th qun ti a n 127 thitb bng cch ni tip nhau hoc
dngHub trung tm.. L do giao din USB c th qun l c s
ngoi vi ln n nh vy l do giao din ny s dng kt ni kiu
mng my tnh, mi thit b ngoi vikhi c ni vo giao din
USB s c cp mt a ch IP . H iu hnh qua c th nhn
dng c thit b.

Cu hi 12: Th no l byte thuc tnh trong b nh Video

RAM. Cho bit card mn hnhca my tnh ang ch 02:
vnbn, phn gii 80 ct x 25 dng, ach b nh Video bt
u t B8000h. Xc nh a ch logic ca byte k tv byte
thuc tnh ng vi v tr dng12 ct 20 trn mn hnh.
Byte thuc tnh trong b nh Video RAM c s dng khi mn
hnh lm vic ch vn bn (text) cho php biu din mu sc
v sng ca ca k t trn mn hnh. Mimt byte thuc tnh
trong Video RAM tngng vi 1 v tr ca k t trn mn hnh
V d Video RAM c a ch t B8000H v c ln 16KB. Cc
a ch chn cha cc k t v a ch l cha thuc tnh ca k t
a ch logic
B800:0000
B800:0001

a ch vt l
B8000
B8001

B800:0002
B800:0003

B8002
B8003

B800:07CE
B800:07CF

B87CE
B87CF

Ni dung
k t hng 1 ct 1
Thuc tnh ca k t ti
hng 1 ct 1
k t hng 1 ct 2
Thuc tnh ca k t ti
hng 1 ct 2
k t hng 25 ct 80
Thuc tnh ca k t ti
hng 25 ct 80

Xc nh a ch logic ca byte k t v byte thuc tnh ca kt

ti v tr dng 12 ct 20 khi mn hnh lm vic ch 02.S th
t ca k t trn mn hnh tng ng vi v tr cho trc ch
phn gii 80 ct v 25 hng vi th t c tnh t hng 0 ct 0
c xc nh nh sau:

S th t = v tr dng * 80 + v tr ct= 12 * 80 +20 = 980

V tr ca nh trong Video RAM cha m ASCII v thuc tnh
ca k t c xc nh nh sau:
V tr ca nh = s th t k t *2 = 980 *2 = 1,960 = 7A8h
Vy a ch ca cc nh sau s cha m ASCII v thuc tnh
Ca k t ti v v tr dng 12 ct 20 trn mn hnh:
nh B800:07A8 cha m ASCII ca k t ti v tr dng 12 ct
20
nh B800:07A9 cha thuc tnh ca k t ti v tr dng 12 ct
20

n tp 3 (12 cu )
Cu hi 1:Th no l vo/ ra theo mode a chi gin tip vtrc
tip (Vi my tnh IBM-PC s dng BVXL ca Intel)? Khng
gian vo/ra ca hai mode ach ny khc nhau nh th no?
Khi s dngmt phn khng gian b nh lm khng
gianvo/ra. Khi nhng tn hiu iu khin noc s dng
iu khin qu trnh c/ghi sliu t cng vo/ra. iu g
l rt quan trong khi thc hin chng trnh ghi/ c cng loi
ny?
Phn bit vo/ra theo mode a chtrc tip v gin tip: Vo ra
theo mode a ch trc tip l a ch cacng vo/ra c nm
trc tip ngaytrong lnh vo ra. V d khi cn c s liu t cng
c a ch 0FFh vo thanh ghi AL.IN AL, 0FFh ; c ni dung
cng c a ch 0FFh vo thanh ghi Al.
Vo ra theo mode a ch gin tip l a ch cng vo/ra c
nm trong thanh ghi DX. V d: Khi cn c sliu t cng c a
ch l 0378h ta cn thc hin nh sau:
MOV DX, 0378h ; np a ch cng vo thanh ghi DX.
IN AL, DX ; c s liu t cng 378h vo thnh ghi AL
Khng gian a ch ca hai Mode a ch trc tip v gin tip:
Khi thc hin vo/ra theo mode a ch trc tip, a ch cng
c m ho bi 8 bits a ch t A0 n A7 do n c kh nng
a ch ho c 28= 256 cng vo v 28= 256 cng ra.
Khi thc hin vo/ra theo mode a ch gin tip, a ch cng
c m ho bi 16 bits a ch t A0 n A15 do n c kh

nng a ch ho c 216= 65,536 cng vo v 216= 65,536 cng

ra.
Khi s dng 1 phn khng gian b nh lm khng gian vo ra:
Trong cu trc BVXL ca mt s hng nh Motorolla khng c
h tr vo/ra bng cc lnh vo ra. Khi thit k khng gian
vo/ra cho my tnh s dng cc BVXL loi ny ngi ta phi
dng mt phn ca khng gian b nh lm khng gian vo ra.
(Khng gian a ch vo ra c quy nh bi ngi thit k h
thng).
Khi mun thc hin trao i s liu vi cc cng vo/ra ngi
ta phi s dng cc lnh trao i s liu vi b nh. V d: khi
cn c s liu t cng c a ch 35000h vo thanh ghi AL ca
BVXL.
MOV AX, 3000h; khi ng thanh ghi on d liu.
MOV DS, AX.
MOV AL,[500]; c s liu t cng 3500h vo thanh ghi AL
Khi cc tn hiu iu khin qu trinh c/ghi cng vo/ra l
cc tn hiu c/ghi b nh MEMR hay MEMW
+)Cng vo ra trong trng hp ny s c a ch ho bng
20bits a ch do cn c nhnglu sau:
Mch gii m cng vao/ra l mch gii m 20bits a ch (gii m
tuyt i)
Khi thc hin cc lnh c ghi b nh nht thit phi khi to
thanh ghi on cha a ch cng vo/ra.

Cu hi 2: Trnh by s ghp ni Data Bus vi cc cng vo

? Nhng tn hiu iu khin no s c dng iu khin
qu trnh c s liu t cng vo (trng hp vo/ra c khng
gian a ch ring). Trnh by lnh ASM thc hin lnh trao i
s liu 8 bits v 16 bits.

ni ghp Bus vi cc cng vo ngi ta s dng b m mt

chiu l vi mch 74LS244 ghp ni cc cng vo vi Bus s
liu nh s trn.
Khi mch gii m s cho ra tn hiu chn chip kt hp vi tn
hiu c cng ni vo cc chn iu khin ca vi mch 74LS244
thc hin iu khin qu trnh c s liu.

Lnh trao i s liu gia Bus v cng vo: Trao i s liu 8 bits
( AL l thanh ghi cha s liu): ivi cng c a ch bi 8
bits (mode a ch trctip):
In Al, port#
i vi cng c a ch bi 16 bits (mode a ch gin tip):
Mov dx, port#
In Al, dx
Trao i s liu 16 bits ( AX l thanh ghi cha s liu): i vi
cng c a ch bi 8 bits (mode ach trc tip):
In Ax, port#
i vi cng c a ch bi 16 bits (mode a ch gin tip):
Mov dx, port#
In Ax, dx
Cu hi 3: Trnh by s ghp ni Data Bus vi cc cng ra
? Nhng tn hiu iu khin no s c dng iu khin
qu trnh ghi s liu t cng ra (trng hp vo/ra c khng
gian a ch ring). Trnh by lnh ASM thc hin lnh trao i
s liu 8 bits v 16 bits.
thit k cc cng ra ngi ta s dng vi mch cht 74LS 373
ghp ni bus s liu vi cc cng ra nh s trn.
Khi mch gii m s cho tn hiu chn chp CS kt hp vi tn
hiu ghi cng IOW ni vo cc chn iu khin ca vi mch
74LS373 thc hin iu khin qu trnh ghi s liu.Lnh trao
i s liu gia Bus v cngra:

Trao i s liu 8 bits ( AL l thanh ghi cha s liu): i vi

cng c ach bi 8 bits (mode a ch trc tip):
Out port#, Al
i vi cng c a ch bi 16 bits(mode a ch gin tip):
Mov dx, port#
Out dx., Al
Trao i s liu 16 bits (AX l thanh ghi cha s liu): i vi
cng c a chbi 8 bits (mode a ch trc tip):
Out port#, Ax
i vi cng c a ch bi 16 bits (mode a ch gin tip):
Mov dx, port#
Out dx, Ax

Cu hi 4: B vi x l truy cp (c/ghi) cc cng vo/ra nh

nhng lnh no? C cc Mode a ch nh th no? S cng
vo/ra c th a ch ho c ti a l bao nhiu, ti sao? Tn
hiu iu khin no phn bit CPU ang truy cp vo/ra hay b
nh?
My tnh IBM PC s dng BVXL ca hng Intel thc hin truy
cp cc cng vo ra bng cc lnh vo ra trc tip. l lnh IN v
lnh OUT.
Lnh IN v lnh OUT c hai mode ach:
Mode a ch trc tip: Khng gian vo/ra c a ch ho bi 8
bits a cht A0 A7, mode ny a ch cngc nm trc
tip trong lnh. V d:
IN AL, 30h; c cng c a ch 30h vo thnh ghi AL
OUT 28h, AL; Ghi s liu t thanh ghi AL ra cng c a ch
28h.
Khng gian vo/ra s dng mode a ch trc tip vi 8bits a
ch ta c th a ch ho c 28= 256 cng vo v 28= 256 cng
ra.
Mode a ch gin tip: Khng gian vo/rac a ch ho bi 16
bits a ch t A0 A15, mode a ch ny, a ch ca
cngvo/ra c ghi vo thanh ghi DX. V d:c s liu t cng
c a ch 3f8h vo thanh ghi AL.
MOV DX, 03f8h; Np a chcng vo thanh ghi DX
IN AL, DX; c s liu t cng 3f8h vo thanh ghi AL.

Khng gian vo/ra s dng mode a ch gintip vi 16 bits a

ch ta c th a ch hoc 216= 65,536 cng vo v 216=
65,536cng ra.
V khng gian vo/ra c a ch ho bi 8bits hay 16 bits a
ch do khng cn phixc nh a ch on v lch nh
vikhng gian b nh.
Tn hiu trng thi c pht ra t CPU thng bo khi no th
CPU truy cp b nh v khi no th truy cp vo/ra. Tn hiu ny
c kt hp vi cc tn hiu v to ra cc tn hiu iu khin
qu trnh ghi c b nh v vo/ra.
Cu hi 5: My tnh c my hnh thc qun l thit bvo/ra?
Hnh thc no c s dng trncc my tnh IBM v tng
thch. Trnhby vai tr ca bng vector ngt. Trong bnh my
tnh,vector ngt nm v tr no? Vector ngt c bao nhiu
phn t, miphn t gm my byte. Ni dung ca ncha thng
tn g? Trnh by cch xc nha ch on v lch ca
chng trnhcon phc v ngt c s hiu ngt l int 14h?
My tnh c hai thc thc qun l thit b vo/ra l: Qun l thit
b bng cch hi vng v qun l thit b bng phng php ngt
Qun l bng cch hi vng l: Mi thit b vo/ra trnmy tnh
c trng thi c biu din thng qua ccbits trng thi mt
cng vo/ra c a ch cquy nh. My tnh sau mt khong
thi gian nhtnh s c s liu t cng v xt trng thi ca
ccbits i din tng ng vi cc thit b vo/ra. Nubits trng
thi tng ng vi thit b mc tch cctng ng vi thng
bo thit b vo/ra cn cphc v, khi y my tnh s chy mt
chng trnhtng ng bng lnh CALL hay lnh JUMP

phc v thit b vo/ra .

u im ca phngphp ny l thit k phn cng n gin c
th dng cho cc h ti thiu.
Nhc im ca phngphp ny l khng p ng c tc thi
vi yucu ca ngoi vi.
Qun l bng phng php ngt: Mi thit b vo/ra cgn vi
mt tn hiu ngt. khi ngoi vi yu cu c phc v, n s pht
tn hiu IRQ n mch iu khinngt v qua thit b ny thng
bo cho CPU bit yu cu c phc v. Khi CPU nhn c
thng bo ny n s ct ton b trng thi hin thi (a ch CS:IP,
thanh ghi RF) vo trong ngn xp v vn c vo s hiu ngt
xc nh c a ch ca chng trnh con phc v ngt. CPU s
thc hin chng trnh con phcv ngt p ng yu cu ca
ngoi vi tng ng. Saukhi chng trnh con phc v ngt kt
thc, trng thica CPU trc s c hi phc v CPU li
tip tcqu trnh trc . u im ca phng php ny lp
ng tc thi yu cu ca ngoi vi. Trn my tnhIBM PC v tng
thch hnh thc qun l ngoi vi bngngt c p dng
Vector ngt l mt vng nh c di 1024 bytes (1 KB) c
quy nh nm a ch t 00000h 003FFh dng cha a ch
ca cc chng trnh con phc v ngt. Vecter ngt gm c 256
phn t mi phn t gm c 4 byte (tng ng 1 KB b nh)
c dng cha a ch on v lch ca chng trnh con
phc v ngt (hai byte thp cha a ch lch v 2 byte cao
cha a ch on)

H iu hnh ca my tnh IBM quy nh c 256 ngt c nh

s t 00h FFh do mi phn t ca vector ngt s cha a ch
ca 1 chng trnh con phc v ngt. a ch u tin ca mi
phn t ngt trong bng vector ngt c xc nh gp 4 ln s
hiu ngt
Vi ngt c s hiu l 14h th a ch on v lch ca chng
trnh con phc v ngtny s c cha trong cc nh
bngvector ngt nh sau.a ch u tin ca phn t ngt bng 4
lns hiu ngt: 14h x 4 = 50h.
Nh vy nh c a ch 00050h v 00051h s cha a ch
lch ca chng trnh con phc v ngt 14h.
nh 00052h v nh 00053h cha a ch on ca chng
trnh con phc v ngt c s hiu 14h
Cu hi 6:Th no l ngt cng v ngt mm. H iuhnh ca
my tnh IBM cho php qun l tia c bao nhiu ngt cng
v ngt mm.Khi mt ngt c kch hot, CPU xc nha ch
ca chng trnh con phc v ngt nh th no? (c th cho
trng hp ngtmm, ngt cng). Xc nh cc nh
chathng tin cho php xc nh a ch logic cachng trnh
con phc v ngt c s hiu ngt l 18h.
Ngt cng: (Hardware Interrupt) cpht sinh bi cc mch ca
my tnh khip li 1 s kin no . N c dng iu khin
cc thit b ngoi vi quantrng trn my tnh nh bn phm,
a,my in .v .v . Cc ngt ny c vi mchiu khin ngt
8259A qun l.My tnh IBM PC XT c 8 ngt cng l:
IRQ0 Timer

IRQ1 Keyboard
IRQ2 Dng trong my AT
IRQ3 Serial port 2
IRQ4 Serial port 1
IRQ5 Hardisk
IRQ6 Floppy disk
IRQ7 Parallel port 1
Ngt mm (Software Interrup) Dochng trnh yu cu thc
hin 1chng trnh con no c sn trongROM hay trong RAM.
Ngt mm cthc hin bi lnh INT .Ngoi ra cn c ngt pht
sinh ni bc sinh ra khi trong qu trinh thchin chng trnh
xy ra cc tnh hungnh trn s liu b nh, chng trnhthc
hn gp phi php chia cho 0 hocdo yu cu ca ngi lp trnh
trong qutrnh thit k h thng c th t ccngt by kim
tra.
H iu hnh ca my tnh IBM PC v tng thch cho php qun
l c 256ngt, mi ngt c gn 1 s hiu ngtc nh s
t 00h n 0FFh.Khi mt ngt c kch hot HH s xc nh
a chca chng trnh con phc v ngt nh sau:
Vi ngt mm: S hiu ngt c nm ngay trong lnhINT, khi
HH ch cn ly s hiu ngt nhn vi4 xc nh c
v tr ca 4 nh trong bng vectorr ngt ni cha a ch on
v lch cachng trnh con phc v ngt.
Vi ngt cng: HH s xc nh s hiu ca ngt tng ng
thng qua vic c ni dung ca thanh ghi ICW2 trn vi mch

qun l ngt sau HH ly s hiu ngt nhn vi 4 xc

nh c v tr ca 4 nh trong bng vectorr ngt ni cha a
ch on v lch ca chng trnh con phc v ngt.
Xc nh v tr nh cha a ch on v lchca chng
trnh con phc v ngt tng ng vingt c s hiu ngt l 18h:
V tr u tin ca nh trong bng vector ngtcha a ch ca
chng trnh con phc v ngt c s hiu l 18h l: 18h x 4 = 60h.
Nh vy hai nh c a ch l 00060h, 00061h trong bng vector
ngt s cha a ch lch, hai nh c a ch 00062h, 00063h
s cha a ch on ca ngt c s hiu 18h
Cu hi 7: nh ngha vai tr ca ngn xp v thanh ghi con
tr ngn xp - SP khi thc hin thao tc ct gi v hi phc s
liu vo trong Stack (ngn xp). Khi khi ng my tnh SP
c thit lp gi tr nh th no. Khi no th SP c gi tr tng
v khi no th c gi tr gim i
Ngn xp l mt vng nh c di 64 KB (tng ng 1
segment) c my tnh s dng ct tnh trng tm thi ca h
thng gm trng thi ca cc thanh ghi RF, CS, IP khi thc hin
cc thao tc ngt v l ni ct gi v hi phc thng tin cc thanh
ghi a nng ca BVXL khi thc hin cc lnh Push v Pop.
Thanh ghi con tr ngn xp (SP) l thanh ghi c di 16 bits c
chc nng lun tr n nh ca ngn xp.nh ca ngn xp l
v tr ca nh m SP tr n, ti s din ra thao tc phc hi
v ct gi s liu khi my tnh thc hin cc thao tc ngt v cc
lnh PUSH v POP. . .

a ch ca nh ngn xp l: SS:SP . khikhi ng my tnh IBM

PC v tngthch gi tr ca thanh ghi SP bao gicng c np
gi tr ln nht FFFEhCu trc ca ngn xp l cu trc LIFO
(Vo sau/ratrc) do vy khi my tnh thc hin qu trnh ct
gitrng thi v thc hin cc lnh ct gi PUSH th gitr ca
ngn xp c gim i v khi my tnh thchn qu trnh hi
phc trng thi hay cc lnh POPth gi tr ca ngn xp c
tng ln. Mt thao tc ctgi hay hi phc thng tin khin cho gi
tr ca thanh ghi SP thay i 2 n v. Tng ng vi vic my
tnh ct gi hay hi phc c 2 byte thng tin
Cu hi 8 V sao ni iu quan trng nhttrong thao tc ngt
trn my tnh l xc nhc s hiu ngt. Vi ngt cng v
ngtmm lm th no my tnh xc nh cs hiu ngt
. m rng cc ngoi vic iu khin bng ngt cng.
Trn mytnh IBM v tng thch hin nay, ngi tadng gii
php no? Cch no cho php xcnh c a ch lch v
a ch on cachng trnh con phc v ngt c s hiu ngt
l nn. trn mt my tnh hin c
iu quan trng nht vi thao tc ngt l xc nh c s hiu
ngt v khi xc nh c s hiu ngt HH s thc hin nhn s
hiu ngt vi 4 xc nh c v tr u tin ca nh trong
bng vector ngt cha a ch lch v on ca chng trnh
con phc v ngt tng ng.
Vi ngt mm c thc hin bng lnh INT, s hiu ngt c
nm ngay trong lnh. V d lnh Int 21h tng ng vi vic
yu cu HH hnh thc hin 1 ngt c s hiu l 21h.

Vi ngt cng: HH s xc nh s hiu ca ngt tng ng

thng qua vic c ni dung ca thanh ghi ICW2 trn vi mch
qun l ngt sau HH ly s hiu ngt nhn vi 4 xc
nh c v tr ca 4 nh trong bng vectorr ngt ni cha a
ch on v lch ca chng trnh con phc v ngt.
m rng cc ngoi vi c iu khin bng ngt cng c th
dng hai vi mch iu khin ngt 8259 lm vic ch ni tng
nh trn my tnh IBM PC AT v tng thch cho php qun l
n 15 ngoi vi bng ngt cng. Ngoi ra trn cc h Bus pht
trin ca my tnh nh Bus PCI hin nay s dng tn hiu kch
hot ngt l tn hiu mc th mt tn hiu ngt c th cho php
ng vi nhiu ngoi vi
Vi mt my tnh hin c, thng dng chng trnhDebug
xc nh c a ch on v a ch lchca mt chng trnh
con phc v ngt bt k (nn h)nh sau:
Ly s hiu ngt (nn h) nhn vi 4 xc nh c nh u
tin trong bng vector ngt l ni cha a ch lch v a ch
on ca chng trnh con phc v ngt.
Khi xc nh c nh trong bng vector ngt. Sdng lnh
D trong Debug:
D 0000: (nn h*4) L4
Khi trn mn hnh s hin ra gi tr ca 4 nh c ach ln
lt l 0000: nn h*4, 0000: nn h*4 +1, 0000: nn h*4 +2 v 0000:
nn h*4 +3.
a ch ca chnmg trnh con phc v ngt c s hiu nn h c
xc nh nh sau:2 nh 0000: nn h*4 v 0000: nn h*4 +1 cha

a ch lch ca chng trnh con phc v ngt c s hiu ngt

nn h. (IP)
2 nh 0000: nn h*4 +2 v 0000: nn h*4 +3 cha a ch lch
ca chng trnh con phc v ngt. c s hiu ngt nn h (CS)
Cu hi 9: L do no ngi ta s dng phng php truy
cp s liu trc tip vo b nh (DMA)? Vi cu trc ca vi
mch 8237 lp trn my tnh IBM PC XT cho php truyn ti
a my knh DMA, mt knh DMA mt ln thc hin DMA cho
php truyn ti a mt khi s liu c dung lng l bao nhiu?
Ti sao? Nu vai tr ca 4 knh DMA trn my IBM XT? Trn
my tnh IBM AT/PC s knh DMA c c tng ln khng?
Khi my tnh cn phi chuyn mt s lng ln s liu gia thit
b ngoi vi n b nh hay t vng ny n vng khc ca b nh.
Nu s dng CPU th u tin CPU nhn thng tin ri sau
chuyn n ni nhn. Qu trnh gii m lnh cn cn thm cc
thng tin b xung do cng vic ny s rt tn nhiu thi gian.
V vy Intel thit k mt b iu khin v truy cp trc tip b
nh (DMA)l vi mch 8237 cho php c th b qua CPU thc
hin truyn s liu trc tip gia b nh v ngoi vi hay gia b
nh vi b nh, qu trnh ny ch thc hin truyn s liu m
khng c qu trnh gii m lnh v thc hin lnh nh trong
CPU nh vy m lm cho qu trnh ny s nhanh ln rt nhiu
V d: nu truyn 1 byte s liu t 1 cngngoi vi n b nh th
my tnh phithc hin cc thao tc sau

Qu trnh ny nu thc hin bng truy cp trc tip th ch mt c

4 chu k ng h.
Vi cu trc vi mch 8237 lp trn my tnh IBM PC XT cho
php my tnh c 4 knh DMA.
V gi tr cc thanh ghi a ch hin hnh v m t hin hnh ca
vi mch 8237 c di 16 bits do mt knh DMA mi ln thc
hin DMA cho php chuyn ti a ni dung s liu l 216= 65,536
byte tng ng vi 64 KB s liu4 knh DMA tng ng trn
my tnh IBM PC l:
Knh DMA 0: c dng lm ti DRAM.Trong cc my
AT/PC khng s dng.
Knh DMA 1: Khng s dng, ngi ta dng knh ny cho mng.
Knh DMA 2: Dng cho b iu khin a mm.
Knh DMA 3: Dng cho b iu khin a cng.
Trn my tnh AT ngi ta b xung thm mt vimch 8237 na
do tng s lng knh DMA lnn 7 knh. Khi vi mch
8237#2 ni thm voc dng lm vi mch ch v knh 0 ca
n cdng ni tng vi vi mch 8237 #1. Cc knh 0,1, 2, 3
ca vi mch 8237#1 c a ra trn phn64 chn ca Bus ISA
dng truyn s liu 8 bitsgia I/O v b nh.

Cc knh DMA 5 DMA 7 xut pht t vi mch 8237#2 c b

tr phn 36 chn ca Bus ISA v c dng truyn s liu
16 bits
Cu hi 10:Phn bit vo/ra song song v vo/ra ni tip.
unhc im ca 2 phng php truyn ny . Chngc s
dng trong cc trng hp no. Khi khing, my tnh IBM
PC s kim tra v ct gi ach ca cc cng vo ra song song
v ni tip vou. kim tra s c mt ca cc cng COM
vcng LPT trong my tnh IBM PCs ngi ta dngphng
php no? DTE v DCE l g
Vo ra song song l mi mt ln thc hin lnhIN hoc OUT th
8bits hay 16 bits s liu ngthi c a ra hay nhn vo ti
cng.
Vo ra ni tip l mi mt ln thc hin lnh IN hoc OUT th ch
duy nht 1 bit s liu c a ra hay nhn vo ti cng. Mun
chuyn . 1 byte s liu th my tnh cn n 8 ln thc hin lnh
IN v OUT. Thao tc ny phi s dng 1 thanh ghi dch chuyn
tn hiu song song thnh ni tip (lnh OUT) v chuyn tn hiu
ni tip thnh song song (lnh IN)
Truyn s liu song song c tc cao hn nhiuln so vi
truyns liu ni tip nhng khi Buslm vic tn s cao thng
b can nhiu lm nhhng ti cht lng truyn tin. Mt khc
nutruyn khong cch xa th gi thnh s rt cao dos lng
ng truyn ln
Xut pht t tnh cht ca truyn s liu song song nn ngi ta
thng s dng phng thc truyn s liu song song khi truyn
s liu trong ni b my tnh v truyn s liu gia thit b ch v

thit b t vi c ly ngn nh truyn s liu gia my tnh vi cc

ngoi vi thng qua cng kt ni LPT Phng thc truyn s liu
ni tip thng c dng khi truyn s liu gia thit b ch v
thit b t c khong cch xa, khi thng c s gip ca
cc thit b truyn tin nh Modem, Rounter.v.v.
Trn my tnh IBM PC cho php qun l ti a n4 cng vo ra
ni tip theo chun RS 232 (cngCOM) c gn s hiu t COM
1 n COM 4 v4 cng vo ra song song theo chun LPT c
gns hiu t LPT1 n LPT 4. Khi khi ng mytnh, HH s
kim tra s c mt ca cc cng vora ni tip v vo ra song
song v ct a ch cachng vo vng nh c a ch l:
a ch ca cc cng vo ra ni tip c ct gi ta ch:
0000:0400 n 0000:0407
a ch ca cc cng vo ra song song c ct gi t a ch
0000:0408 n 0000:040F
Do xc nh c s cng vo ra song song v ni tip trn
my tnh hin hnh ngi ta thng dng lnh D ca chng
trnh g ri Debug quan st ni dung ca vng nh c a ch
t 0000:0400 n 0000:400F. 8 byte u tin s cha a ch ca
cc cng COM t 1 n 4 v 8 byte tip theo s cha a ch ca
cc cng LPT t 1 n 4. Khi gi tr ca nh bng 00 khi
cng COM v LPT tng ng khng tn ti.
Khi truyn s liu i xa ngi ta phn bitthit b truyn s liu
thnh thit b u cuiv thit b truyn thng.

Thit b u cui DTE (Data Terminalequipment): l thit b s

ch ng thu vpht s liu v d nh my tnh, my Fax,my
in thoi.v .v .
Thit b truyn thng DCE (Data Communication eqipment) l
thit b ch thc hin khuych i v truyn s liu trn ng
truyn v d nh modem, router, switch.v.v.
Cu hi 11:Th no l phng php truyn vi sai, phng php
ny c nhng u im g v chun vo/ra no trn my tnh
hin nay s dng phng php truyn ny. Modem ni vi my
tnh bng cng g? . Mc logic 0 v mc logic 1 ca chun
ny trn my tnh tng ng vi in p no? Ti sao? Cch
chuyn i in p ny trn my tnh.?

Tn hiu s c truyn trn hai dy tnhiu l U+ v U- c a

vo hai chnD+ v D- tng ng ca b khuych ivi sai. Vi
s trn tn hiu trn u ra Ura s l:

Vic s dng b khuych i vi sai c uim vi hai tn hiu U+

v U- c xonvi nhau cho php trit tiu c nhiutc ng
ln ng truyn. Nu c mtnhiu lon U nh tc ng ln
ngtruyn th tn hiu s tc ng ngthi ln c hai dy
tn hiu U+v U-, khi:

R rng tn hiu nhiu tc ng lnng truyn b trit tiu

khi truynqua b khuych i vi sai. Phng thctruyn s dng
khuych i vi sai cs dng trn giao thc truyn USB
trnmy tnh hin nay
Chun RS 232 quy nh mc in p nh sau:
Mc logc 0: Tng ng vi mc in pt +3V n + 25V .

Mc logic 1: Tng ng vi mc in pt -3V n - 25V .

Trn my tnh quy nh mc logic 0 v 1 trn cng COM theo

chun RS 232 nh sau:
Mc logc 0: Tng ng vi mc in p +12V
Mc logic 1: Tng ng vi mc in p -12V
Cu hi 12: Trnh by khi nim v track, sector, cluster v
bng FAT trn a mm v a cng. Nu 1 file c kch thc
ch c 8 bytes thi, h iu hnh s phi cp khng gian a l
bao nhiu lu tr file ny (gi thit 1 sector c kch thc l
1024 bytes, 1 cluster bao gm 4 sectors).
Track l cc vng trn ng tm nm trn bmt a m trn
ngi ta c th ghi thngtin ln a, s track trn mt mt a
phthuc vo kiu a v dung lng a. Trnmi mt rnh
(track) ngi ta chia thnhnhiu cung nh cha thng tin gi
lsector, s sector trn mt track cng phthuc vo kiu a v
dung lng a, slng thng tin lu trn mt sector thng

cth l 512 byte, 1024 byte.v.v . ph thuc vodung lng a

v phin bn ca h iu hnh

Cluster hay cn gi l 1 lin cung l mt n v nh nht m a

cp pht cho h iu hnh khi lu tr thng tin, mt cluster c th
gm 1, 2, 4.v.v sector tu thuc vo loi a v h iu hnh. HH
bao gi cng s dng 1 s nguyn ln cc clusster khi lu tr
thng tin vo a
Bng FAT (File alocation Table) cn gi l bng nh vtp tin,
n cung cp cho h iu hnh l trnh tm kimthng tin ca cc
filel (tp tin) trn . Chnh v vym c 2 bng FAT ging ht

nhau cho php d phngkhi c 1 bng b hng, HH s c thng

tin trn bngcn li.
Bng FAT lun c nh v sau bn ghi khIng. S lng cc
cha thng tin trng bng FAT(hay cn gi l di ca bng
FAT) chnh bng slng cluster m a c c. Theo s pht
trin cah iu hnh ngi ta s dng bng FAT 12, FAT 16,hay
FAT 32 ngha l s lng cc cha thng tin trong bng FAT
c m ho bi 12, 16 hay 32 bits. V di ca mi cng
tng ng l 12, 16 hay 32 bits.
Ni dung thng tin ca mi trong bngFAT ni nn:
Tnh trng ca lin cung tng ngtrng hp lin cung khng
chathng tin.
Lin cung tip theo s cha thng tin camt file trn a, trng
hp lin cung ch thng tin. V d thng tin ghi trncc ca
mt bng FAT 12 (16) nh di y

n tp 2
Cu hi 1:Trn bn b nh, b nh ROM BIOStrong my
tnh IBM PCXT nm vnga ch no?Nu chc nng ca b
nh ROM BIOStrong my tnh IBM PCXT .Khi khi ng my
tnh th thanh ghi onm lnh (CS) v con tr lnh (IP)
ckhi to nh th no vng nh ROM BIOS s c quy
chiu u tin.
+)Khi khi ng my tnh th thanh ghi on m lnh (CS) v con
tr lnh (IP) ckhi to nh th no vng nh ROMBIOS
s c quy chiu u tin.Vng nh ROM BIOS c nm
vng a ch cao nht trong khng gian nh ca my tnh
IBM PC XT. a ch cao nht ca ROM BIOS l FFFFF H
cn a ch thp nht ph thuc vo dung l ng ca vi mch
nh ROM
+)Khi khi ng my tnh th thanh ghi on m lnh (CS) v con
tr lnh (IP) ckhi to nh th no vng nh ROM BIOS
s c quy chiu u tin.
B nh ROM BIOS c dng cha cc chng trnh iu
hnh mc c s ca my tnh v l mt thnh phn ca H iu
hnh.
+)Khi khi ng my tnh th thanh ghi onm lnh (CS) v con
tr lnh (IP) c khi to nh th no vng nh ROMBIOS
s c quy chiu u tin.Khi khi ng my tnh s khi
tothanh ghi on m lnh CS=FFFFh v thanh ghi con tr lnh
IP=0000h, b vi x l 8088 nhn thng tin do CS:IP trti l
FFFF:0000, ng vi a ch vt l FFFF0h

Cu hi 2: Khi my vi tnh IBM PC s dng loi vi mch nhl

loi DRAM (RAM ng) th my tnh cn cthm thao tc g
bo ton d liu trn b nhRAM trong qu trnh lm vic? L
do ti sao? So snh gia SRAM v DRAM.
Khi my vi tnh IBM PC s dng loi vi mch nhl loi DRAM
(RAM ng) th my tnh phi c thao tc lm ti thng xuyn
L do ca vic phi thc hin lm ti l khc phc hin tng
t phng in ca t in dn ti mt d liu
V cu to: Cc nh SRAM c ch to didng mch lt
(flip-flop), cn DRAM s dng tin nh tng bit.SRAM
khng cn lm ti thng xuyn, do vyc th truy cp bt k
lc no, DRAM khi ang lm ti th khng th c hoc ghi
c. Do mi bit ca SRAM l mt flip-flop v mi flip-flop c
6 transistor nn SRAM phi c nhiu transistor hn so vi DRAM
v do vy c dung lng nh thp hn.
DRAM c u im chnh l dung lng (mt ) cao hn, chi ph
trn mi bit r hn v tiu th in nng trn mibit thp hn so
vi SRAM. SRAM thng c s dng trong cc v tr khng
i hi dung lng ln nhng cn tc cao.
Cu hi 3: Trnh by v bn b nh trn mytnh IBM PC
XT ( ln, khng gian a ch, cc vng chnh ca bn
nh... ). .1024 byte vng nh thp nht trongbn nh c
s dng vo mc ch g?
My tnh XT vi b vi xl 8088/86 c 20 chn ach c kh
nng qun l1 Mb b nh, (220= 1048576 = 1 Mb) ng vikhng
gian a ch t00000-FFFFFH.

Trong khng gian ny , b nhphn thnh B nh Qui

c(Conventional Memory) c a ch trong khong 000009FFFFH v B nh trn(Upper Memory Area) c a ch trong
di A0000-FFFFFH.Ton b khng gian nh 1M c chia thnh
16 on, mi on 64K v nh s theo h thp lc 0, 1, 2... A,
B, C, D, E, F. Trong , cc on t 0-9 sdng cho b nh qui
c, on A v B dnh cho video RAM cn cc on C,D, E v
F dng cho ROM.
B nh Qui c l phn b nh dnhcho RAM c dng cho
bng vc t ngt, d liu BIOS, tham s v yu cu ca DOS, h
iu hnh v cc phn mm ng dng...B nh trn c di a ch
t A0000 n FFFFF vi tng b nh l 384K, trong :
- 128 K t A0000H n BFFFFFH cho video RAM.
- T a ch C0000H n FFFFFH vi tng s 256K dnh cho
ROM.

+)1024 byte vng nh thp nht trongbn nh c s dng

cho bng vct ngt ca my tnh.
Cu hi 4: Trnh by bn cht ca b nh m rng(bng hnh
v). Loi b nh ny c nhng im g chung v ring so vi b
nh pht trin.
Loi b nh ny c nhng im g chungv ring so vi b nh
pht trin.B nh m rng hay cn gi b nhbnh trng
(Expanded Memory) lgii php vt qua ro cn 640KB ca
h iu hnh DOS bng ccchng trnh trao i v bng ccha
d liu vo ra b nh chnh vi tc cao.

Chun b nh m rng LIM (EMS phin bn 3.0) xut s dng

64 K bnh lin nhau to thnh mt ca s vng nh trn chiu
ti 8 Mb ca bnh m rng.Khng gian nh 64 K lin nhau ny
cchia thnh 4 phn gi l cc khungtrang (page frame), mi
khung trangtruy nhp 16 K. a ch 16 K ca trangth nht phi
bt u t bin ca tng16 K v d: 0000, 4000, 8000, C000......
Do 64 K b nh phi lin nhau nn nhiuboard nh m rng s
dng cc ach E0000-EFFFF cho 4 khung trangca b nh m
rng. 64 K byte nyng vai tr ca ca s chiu vo mtb nh
ln hn.Kch thc ca b nh ln hn ny ban u cc i l 8
Mb v s dng ch lu d liu. M lnh khng c lu

b nh m rng EMS 3.0

im chung vi b nh pht trin: Cngl vng nh ln hn gii
hn 1MB cab nh PC XT. Nhng khc vi bnh pht trin,
b nh m rng phidng th thut phn mm truy cp, cn
b nh pht trin c th truy cp nh s lng ng a ch ln
hn 20
Cu hi 5: Trnh by bn cht ca b nh phttrin (bng hnh
v). Loi b nh ny c nhng im g chungv ring so vi b
nh m rng. H iu hnh qun l b nh pht trinbng
nhng cng c no
y l b nh trn 1Mb, c c l do cc b VXL t 80286 tr
v sau cnhiu hn 20 chn a ch so vi 8086/88
C hai thut ng mi cc my tnh t80286 tr v sau l:
vng nh caov b nh pht trin. 80286 c 24 chna ch, cho
php truy nhp 16 Mb bnh, bt u t 000000 ti FFFFFFH.
32 chn a ch ca 80386/486/ Pentium cho php truy nhp ti
a 4 Gb b nh, t a ch 00000000 -FFFFFFFFH.
ch thc, tt c cc b vi x l trnc th truy nhp ti a 1
Mb. truynhp b nh vt 1000000H, b vi xl phi chuyn
sang ch bo v vi hi h iu hnh phc tp hn nhOS/2,
UNIX hay Windows NT.
Khng gian nh trn 100000H (trn1Mb) c gi l b nh pht
trin. Nhm chun ho vic truy nhp bnh trn 1 Mb, nm
1988, cc hngLotus, Intel, Microsoft v AST xydng tiu
chun b nh pht trinXMS (Extended Memory Specification)

Vng nh cao (HMA):l vng nh 65520 byte t 1000000 H n

10FFEFH c th truy nhp khng cn n h iuhnh c ch
bo v. Nh c dnga ch A20 ca cc CPU t 80286 trv
sau.im chung vi b nh m rng: Cngl vng nh ln hn
gii hn 1MB cabn nh PC XT. Nhng khc vi bnh m
rng , b nh pht trin cc l do s chn a ch ca cc CPU
t 80286 tr v sau ln hn 20.

Cu hi 6:Khi nim vng nh cao c c trn loi my tnh

IBMPC s dng BVXL no ca Intel. Cc thao tc khi
tovng nh cao? H iu hnh thng s dng vng nhcao
vo mc ch g
Vng nh cao c c trn loi my tnhIBM PC s dng BVXL
80286 hoc mihn ca ca Intel.L vng nh 65520 byte t
1000000 Hn 10FFEFH c th truy nhp khngcn n h iu
hnh c ch bo v.Nh c ng a ch A20 ca cc CPUt
80286 tr v sau.
y l mt trong cc vng nh rt c bit caRAM v CPU c
th nh v v truy xut trc tipc vng nh ny ch thc
m khng phichuyn sang ch bo v nh mt ng a
ch(Address) th 20 A 20. ng a ch ny s ckch hot
ln khi ta chy Himem.sys
i vi 8086/88, a ch vt l c to bng cchdch tri thanh
ghi CS v cng vi IP v nu c nhth phn nh s mt do
8086/88 khng c chn A20.Trng hp 286/386/486/Pentium
khi c nh, gitr c chuyn sang A20.Do vy 65520 byte
t 1000000 H n10FFEFH c th truy nhp khng cnn h
iu hnh c ch bo v.
V dung lng ca vng nh ny gn bngvi dung lng ca
Dos khi c ti ln RAM nn ngy nay ngi ta ch cho php
dichuyn Dos ln vng nh ny , ln cao tit kim b nh qui
c
Cu hi 7: Ngi ta dng gii php g xc nh vi mch nh
v nh no s c BVXL tin hnh c hay ghi s liu
trongmy tnh?

Trong cc my tnh, s lng cc nhthng rt ln, nn cn c

phngphp t chc v tm chn a ch thchhp. Phng php
tm chn gi lgii m a ch.
B vi x l 8086/8088 c 20 ng ach, nhng hu ht cc vi
mch nhkhng c s chn, v vy cn c 1 mch lm nhim
v phi hp gia ccng a ch . Mch ny gi lmch gii
m a ch. Mch gii ma ch s lm cho b nh c mrng
v hiu qu hn.
Mch gii m a ch ph bin cc hmy 8086/88 l 74LS138.
Mch c ba ng vo A, B, C dng gii m lira.
Nh vy cc bt cao trong bus a chdng xc nh vi mch
nh cn truycp (qua b gii m a ch). Cn ccbit thp dng
xc nh v tr ca nh trong tng chip nh.
Cu hi 8: Trnh by s gii m b nh ROM BIOStrong
my tnh bit rng my tnh s dng b nh ROM l vi mch
2764
(8* 8 Kbits)
Trong tng s 256K byte ROM, bngmch ch ca my tnh
PC/XT ch sdng phn a ch vt l t F4000H n FFFFFH
dnh cho BIOS v ngnng BASIC. Trong my XT IBM sdng
chip 74LS138 gii m a ch ROM. Nh hnh v sau:

ng vi mi chip ROM 8Kx8 c 13 ng a ch A0-A12 i t

bus hthng, qua b m 74LS244 to racc chn XA0-XA12,
ri c a tic cc chn a ch ca ROM.Cc bit a ch A13A15 c a ti ccu vo A, B v C ca 74LS138. Tutheo
t hp ca A, B v C, mt trongcc u ra Y0-Y7 s c chn,
khi chn s kch hot mt trong cc chip ROM.
V thc hin c, cc chn , v G1 phi cho php m
(enable). G2A ckch hot bng tn hiu u ra ca cngNAND
4 u vo A16-A19. Chn G2B c kch hot bi tn hiu iu
khinMEMR qua mch khuch i m vcui cng chn G1
c tn hiu kch hot

Cu hi 9: Trnh by v phi ghp gia CPU v b nh (cctn

hiu iu khin, a ch v s liu).
B nh c ni vi CPU thng qua ccBus ca may tnh: Bus
iu khin, Bus a ch, Bus d liu. (hnh v)
Bus d liu l cc ng a ch/ d liu ADO-AD7, Bus a ch
l cc ngAD0-AD7 v A8-A19.
Bus iu khin gm cc tn hiu iu khin b nhhot ng nh
sau:ALE (Address latch enable). Dng sn xung ca tn hiu
ALE m cht a ch nh. a ch ny c m nn c th tin
hnh vic ghi/c cho n khi ALE tr li mc cao.WR/RD
(Write/read). Khi a ch c m, b VXL s tc ng hoc vo
tn hiu WR (ghi) hoc tn hiu RD (c) tin hnh qu
trnhghi/c b nh. Cc tn hiu ba trng thi u cmc logic
thp v khng th m c hai cng mtlcIO/M (InputOutput/Memmory) Tn hiu cho php chn hoc l cng vo/ra
hoc l b nh. Tn hiu ny l cn thit v cng 1 a ch c th
c dung cho b nh hoc cho mt cng I/O.DEN (data enable).
phn nh thi giancho BUS. Hu ht cc h thng ni vi bus
d liu u phi qua mch m. Tn hiu DEN l tn hiuba trng
thi hiu lc mc thp dng m(enable) mch m ny
.DT/R (Data transmit/Receive). Dng xc nh chiu chuyn
d liu. Mc cao khi b x l chuyn d liu v mc thp khi
nhn d liu

Cu hi 10:Trnh by chi tit cc vng nh trong bn bnh

may tnh IBM PC XT .

a ch ho b nh 1 Mb ca 80x86
L mt s biu din cc v tr c s dng trong b nh,
dng phn bit cc v tr v nhim v ca chng
640 Kb u tin c b tr lin tc t a ch 00000 cho n
9FFFFH v c gi l b nh qui c. Trong :1 Kb u tin
ca b nh qui c, t a ch 00000 n 003FFH c dnh cho
bng vc t ngt
- 256 byte tip theo, vng nh t 00400 n 004FFH c dnh
cho vng d liu ca BIOS.
- 256 byte tip theo na, vng nh t 00500 -005FFH dng ghi
cc tham s ca DOS (vng d liu DOS).

- Vng 00700H - 9FFFFH dnh cho cc yu cu ca DOS, ghi

cu hnh my.
Thut ng vng nh trn (upper memory area) mun ni n di
a ch t A0000 n FFFFF vi tng b nh l 384K, trong :
- 128 K t A0000H n BFFFFFH cho video RAM.
- T a ch C0000H n FFFFFH vi tng s 256K dnh cho
ROM
Cu hi 11:S lng cc tn hiu a ch v s liu ca h Bus
trn my tnh c lin quan g n cu trc ca bnh trn my
tnh. Vi cc my tnh c nhiu hn 20 ng a ch, khng
gian b nh trn 1M c H iu hnhqun l nh th no?
S lng cc tn hiu a ch (bus a ch) ca mt CPU quyt
nh ln cakhng gian nh ca my tnh s dngCPU , tc
l quyt nh s lng nh ln nht c th c trong b nh my
tnh.
S lng cc tn hiu a chln th khng gian nh cng ln. Gi
s s lng tn hiu a ch l n ths nh c th l 2n.S lng
cc tn hiu s liu (bus s liu) quyt nh tc truy cp b nh
caCPU (hiu theo cch l dung lng dliu c th truy cp
trong 1 chu k c ghi).
Khng gian nh trn 100000H (trn1Mb) c gi l b nh pht
trin
truy nhp b nh vt 1000000H, bvi x l phi chuyn sang
ch bo v v i hi h iu hnh phc tp hn nh OS/2,
UNIX hay Windows NT.

B nh pht trin c qun l da trnchun XMS (Extended

Memory Specification)
Cu hi 12: Cc kiu Ton hng b nh c sdng trong
ngn ng Assembler, vd?
Trong ngn ng Assembler s dng cckiu ton hng b nh
sau:
- Ton hng b nh trc tip: ch a ch ny , a ch ca d
liu trong bnh do mt ton hng c trong lnh xcnh trc tip.
a ch ny l mt tn hay mt biu thc hng. C th kt hp
thmton t ch s [ ], ton t +, - v ton t(:).
- Ton hng b nh gin tip Ton hngb nh gin tip cho php
dng ccthanh ghi v di ch n cc gitr trong b nh.
Ch c 4 thanh ghiBX, BP, SI, DI c th dng vi tonhng b
nh gin tip. di c th lmt hng hay mt ton hng b
nhtrc tip. Mt ton hng c nhiu di, cc di s c
cng li thnhmt di chung xc nh khi dch.
Trong c cc ch sau:
+ Ch thanh ghi gin tip: Trong ch a ch thanh ghi gin
tip, a ch cab nh cha ton hng c thanh ghixc nh.
Cc thanh ghi s dng cho mcch ny l SI, DI v BX. V
trongtrng hp ny , cc thanh ghi ny xcnh lch, cn
thanh ghi on l DS.
VD: MOV AL,[BX]
+ Ch a ch c s: ch a chny , cc thanh ghi c s
BX, BP v cngvi di c s dng xc nh ach offset
ca d liu. di c th l 1 hng hay 1 ton hng b nh trc

tip. Mt ton hng c th c nhiu di, cc di s c

cng li thnh 1 di chung xc nh. a ch on ngmnh
ng vi BX l DS cn SS l vi BP.
VD:MOV CX,[BX]+10
+ Ch a ch ch s: Trong ch nycc thanh ghi ch s DI,
SI cng vi di xc nh offset ca d liu. Thanhghi on
ngm nh l DS.
VD:MOV DX,[SI]+5
+ Ch a ch ch s c s: Tng hpc hai ch a ch c
s v ch sc gi l h a ch ch s c s, trong s
dng c thanh ghi c s v thanh ghi ch s.
VD MOV CL,[BX][DI]+8

n tp 1 ( 12 cu )
Cu hi 1:Trnh by s cu trc ca h thng mytnh theo
nguyn l Von Neuman?Nu chc nng ca tng b
phn?c biu din di dng g, nm trongb phn no?M
t qu trnh my tnh thc hin mtlnh?

B x l trung tm: ng vai tr ch o nht trong h my tnh.

y tin hnh ton b cc tnh ton, cc php tnh s hc v i
s v bin i cc m tng ng. y chnh l u no ca cc
my tnh. Khi bt u hot ng, n nhn m lnh t b nh, sau
gii m cc lnh ny thnh cc dy xung iu khin iu
khin cc khi tng ng thc hin theo ng trnh t v ni dung
c trong m lnh.
B nh (memory): B nh th hin vic lu trthng tin v trao
i thng tin. cc h my vi tnh, ngi ta s dng b nh bn

dn bao gm ROM, RAM. Trong ROM c th cha cc chng

trnh iu khin hot ng ca ton hkhi bt my . Cn mt phn
chng trnh iukhin h thng, chng trnh ng dng
thngc lu RAM.
B nh my tnh thc cht l b nh trong phnbit vi khi
nim b nh ngoi m nhiu ti liuhin vn hay s dng ch
thit b t (Bng, at)
Khi phi ghp vo/ra (I/O) tokh nng giao tip my tnh vith
gii bn ngoi. Cc thit bngoi vi nh mn hnh, bnphm, my
in, cc b bin iD/A, A/D.... u lin h vi hmy tnh qua b
phn ny m cth cho tng thit b l cc cng.
BUS a ch: Khi ghi/c b nh b x l trungtm s a ra trn
bus ny a ch ca cc nh clin quan. Lu l bus a ch l
bus mt chiuxut pht t CPU.
BUS d liu thng c t 8, 16, 20, 24, 32 n 64 ng dy tu
thuc vo tng CPU c th. BUS dliu l loi 2 chiu. Cc phn
t c u ra ni thngvi bus d liu u phi c trang b u
ra 3 trng thi ba m cho bus hot ng c bnhthng.
BUS iu khin thng gm hng chc dy tn hiukhc nhau, v
xt theo c nhm th l lai bus 2 chiu.
Thit b vo: bin i tn hiu t nhin hoccho bi con ngi
sang dng m my b vi x l thc hin. Thit b vo thng
dng nhtc bn phm, con chut, my qut scaner , thit b phn
tch nhn dng ting ni, CD-ROM.....
Thit b ra: bin i cc m bn trong mytnh sau khi x l
con ngi c th hiu c hoc iu khin cc thit b khc.

Thit b ra thng dng nht c mn hnh, my in, faxmodem, my

v, loa hay cc thit b iu khin khc
+)M chng trnh v d liu trongmy tnh c biu din di
dngcc bt nh phn, c cha trongb nh ca my tnh.
+) Khi my tnh thc hin mt lnh, trctin n phi xc nh v
tr ca lnh trong b nh thng qua cp thanh ghiCS v IP , sau
n s np (nhn) lnh vo, thc hin gii m lnh, thc
hinlnh v cui cng l ghi kt qu tr li b nh.
Cu hi 2: Gi s my tnh thc hin on chngtrnh bt u
ti a ch 125Ah:0100h. Gi tr caDS, CS, SS, ES u l
125Ah.
Hy cho bit:
- Chng trnh ny c phn m rng l .COM hay . EXE
- M chng trnh trn nm trong b phn no camy tnh?
Ti v tr c a ch vt l no?
- B phn no thc hin cc lnh? Thc hin lnlt hay ng
thi?
- Khi thc hin cc lnh th nhng thanh ghi CS vIP thay i
th no
- Chng trnh ny c phn m rng l.COM v im vo ca m
lnh c btu t a ch CS:0100h.
M chng trnh trn nm trong b nhca ca my tnh. Bt u
t nh ca ch vt l l 126Ah. (125A0+0100)Cc lnh trn
c thc hin trong nv thc hin EU ca b vi x l.
Cclnh c thc hin ln lt theo th t t trn xung

Khi thc hin 1 lnh no th gi trca thanh ghi IP c tng

ln thm 2 tr vo v tr lnh tip theo cachng trnh.
Khi chun b thc hinlnh lnh u tin th ccthanh ghi CS =
125Ah, IP = 0100h, cn khi thc hin lnh th nht th chng c
gi tr: CS = 125Ah, IP = 0102h.
Khi thc hin lnh th hai th chng c gi tr: CS = 125Ah, IP =
0104h
Cu hi 3: Cc my tnh ca IBM PC hin nay hot ng theo
nguyn l no?
Theo nguyn l ny, my tnh gm nhng b phn g?
V s khi ca my tnh v nu chc nng ca tng b
phn?
Nhc im chnh ca nguyn l ny l g?
Nguyn l hot ng ca my tnh IBM -PC l hin nay l nguyn
l do Von Neumann xut
Theo nguyn l ny, my tnh gm 5 b phn l:
B x l trung tm - CPU
Thit b vo - Input
Thit b ra - Output
B nh lm vic - RAM
B nh vnh cu ROM

H thng Bus gm c: Bus a ch, Bus s liu v Bus iu khin

c s dng lin kt cc thnh phn trong my tnh vi B
x l trung tm.
Bus a ch: l Bus 1 chiu xut pht t CPU v c s dng
a ch ho cc nh v cc cng vo/ra
Bus s liu: l Bus 2 chiu m bo trao i thng tin gia CPU
vi b nh hay thit b vo/ra
Bus iu khin: C th xut pht t CPU hay tc ng t bn
ngoi ln CPU dng iu khin chiu ca Bus s liu, hay cc
qu trnh lm vic khc ca my tnh.
B nh my tnh l h thng con dng lu tr tm thi cc ch th
ca chng trnh v d liu s c thc hin bi my tnh. N
thung c gi l RAM. B nh c chia thnh cc , mi
c a ch ring d liu c th np.

H thng vo/ra (I/O), y l h thng con cho php my tnh

tng tc vi cc thit b khc v lin lc vi th gii bn ngoi.
N cng chu trch nhim lu tr chng trnh bng cch iu
khin a cng.
Hn ch: Qu trnh thc hin lnh l qu trnh tun t, c hai qu
trnh tng tc vi lnh hoc vi s liu, khng th thc hin cng
lc.
Cu hi 4: B x l trung tm (CPU) ca my tnh lin kt vi
cc b phn khc ca h thng my tnh (ngoi vi, b nh) bng
cc nhm tn hiu no?
Nu chc nng, hng truyn ca cc nhm tn hiu ?
Khi CPU c lnh thc hin, th m lnh chuyn t u ti
u, theo ng no?
B x l trung tm (CPU) ca my tnh lin kt vi cc b phn
khc ca h thng my tnh (ngoi vi, b nh) thng qua cc nhm
tn hiu c gi l h thng bus.
Trong my tnh c hai nhm bus l bus h thng, ni gia CPU
vi b nh chnh (trong cc my hin i ngy nay bus h thng
c ni gia CPU v vi mch tng hp) v bus vo ra ni ghp
gia cc thit b ngoi vi ti CPU.
H thng bus bao gm 3 loi bus l bus a ch, bus d liu v bus
iu khin.
BUS a ch: Phc v vic chn nh hoc thit b vo/ra thng
cc cc mch gii m a ch. Khi ghi/c b nh hoc thit b
vo/ra, b x l trung tm s a ln bus ny a ch ca cc thit
b lin quan. y l bus mt chiu v xut pht t CPU.

BUS d liu: c dng chuyn d liu v thng c t 8, 16,

20, 24, 32 n 64 ng dy tu thuc vo tng CPU c th. BUS
d liu l loi 2 chiu. Cc phn t c u ra ni thng vi bus d
liu u phi c trang b u ra 3 trng thi bo m cho bus
hot ng c bnh thng.
BUS iu khin: H tr cho vic trao i cc thng tin iu khin
v trng thi nh phn bit thit b c CPU truy nhp l b nh
hay thit b vo/ra, thao tc truy nhp l c hay vit v.v......Bus
iu khin thng gm hng chc dy tn hiu khc nhau, v xt
theo c nhm th l loi bus 2 chiu.
Khi CPU c lnh thc hin, th m lnh chuyn t b nh vo
CPU thng qua bus d liu.
Cu hi 5: Phn bit a ch logic v a ch vt l ca mt ngn
nh?
Nu phng php CPU xc nh a ch vt l da trn a ch
logic? Cho v d minh ho?
Mt a ch vt l c th c t nht v nhiu nht bao nhiu a
ch logic?
a ch logic ca mt ngn nh l a ch gm: /c segment + /c
offset, c vit theo cch nh sau: Thanh ghi on:Thanh ghi
lch,Cn a ch vt l ca mt ngn nh chnh l s th t ca
ngn nh trong khng gian b nh ca my tnh, c bt u
tnh t 0 (ngn nh th nht c a ch vt l l 0)
CPU xc nh a ch vt l da trn a ch logic theo cch: a
ch on s c dch tri 1 khong 4 bit kt hp vi a ch offset
gi nguyn s to thnh cch xc nh a ch 20 bit.

Nh vy, a ch vt l c xc nhtheo cng thc nh sau:a

ch vt l = Thanh ghi on x 16 + Thanh ghi lch
V d
a ch on 12A1 ---- Dch tri 4 bit

12A1 0

a ch offset: 0224 ----- Gi nguyn

02 2 4

a ch to thnh 20 bit

12C3 4

-Mt a ch vt l c th c t nht 1 v nhiu nht 4096 a ch

logic
Cu hi 6:B vi x l 8086/88 c bus a ch v d liu bao
nhiu bit?N c th truy cp ti a c bao nhiu nh? a
chcc nh c nh s nh th no?Khi CPU thc hin
lnh: MOV [DI], AL nh c truy cp c a ch l bao
nhiu?
Cho bit gi tr cc thanh ghi bn trong CPU trc lc thc
hin lnh l:
AX = 0000; BX = 0000; CX = 0000; DX = 0000; SP = FFEE;
BP = 0000; SI = 0000; DI = 0000; DS = 127C; ES = 127C; SS
= 127C; CS = 127C; IP = 0100
B vi x l 8086 c bus a ch l 20 bit, bus d liu 16 bit. Cn
b vi x l 8088 c bus a ch l 20 bit, nhng bus d liu ch 8
bit.

B vi x l 8086/88 s dng 20 ng a ch nn c th a ch
ho c 220= 1048576 nh. Tng ng vi khng gian nh
1MB.
a ch cc nh c nh s nh sau:
nh th nht c a ch vt l l 0
nh th hai c a ch vt l l 1
Khi CPU thc hin lnh: MOV [DI], AL nh c truy cp c
a ch on ghi trn thanh ghi on DS, a ch offset ghi trn
DI.
Vy a ch logic l DS:DI = 127C:0000, v a ch vt l ca
nh c truy cp l 127C0h.
Cu hi 7: on b nh l g? a ch on b nh cha trong
cc thanh ghi no?
di ca cc thanh ghi on l bao nhiu bit v s on b
nh c th a ch ho ti a l bao nhiu on?
Hy cho bit ngn nh c a ch vt l l 256A3h c th nm
trong on b nh no, a ch lch bao nhiu?
on b nh l vng trong b nh cha 216byte = 64 KB nh
lin tip nhau c xc nh bng mt a ch on tng ng bt
u t a ch 0 v a ch on ln nht l FFFFFh.
- Bn trong mi on, cc nh c gn a ch gi l a ch
Offset, a ch c tnh t u on l cc s 16 bit v ln nht
l FFFFh
a ch on b nh cha trong cc thanh ghi on l CS, DS, SS
v ES.

Cc thanh ghi on c di l 16bit, vy s on nhiu nht c

th l 216on.
Vi ngn nh c a ch vt l l 256A3h c th c nhiu a ch
logic khc nhau.
V d nh mt vi a ch nh sau:
-256A:0003 tng ng on b nh c a ch 256Ah v a ch
lch 0003h
-2569:0013 tng ng on b nh c a ch 2569h v a ch
lch 0013h
Cu hi 8: Gi s my tnh chy 1 on chng trnh cphn
m rng l .COM. Vi trng thi ban u cc thanhghi on v
con tr ch s trong CPU nh sau: CS = DS =SS = ES = 0700H;
IP = 0100; AX=0000; BX=0000;
CX=0000; DX=0000; BP=0000;SP=FFFE; SI=0000;
DI=0000.Hi:
Khi CPU nhn m lnh t b nh, n s dng nhngthanh ghi
g xc nh a ch ca lnh cn c vo?T ni dung cc
thanh ghi , CPU xc nh a ch vt l ca byte m lnh nh
th no?
Khi CPU nhn m lnh t b nh, n s dng cc thanh ghi CS
v IP xc nh a ch ca lnh cn c vo t b nh.
Trong thanh ghi CS dng ch ti on b nh m, IP cha
a ch offset trong on b nh .
T ni dung cc thanh ghi , CPU xc nh a ch vt l ca
byte m lnh theo cng thc:

a ch vt l = Thanh ghi on x 16 + Thanh ghi lch

Vi on chng trnh trn nm trong b nh bt u ti a ch
0700h:0100h, th khi nhn lnh u tin, gi tr cc thanh ghi cha
a ch ca lnh s l: CS=0700h, IP=0100h.a ch vt l ca
byte m lnh u tin l:0700h*10h+0100h = 07100h
Cu hi 9: Th no l x l ng ng trong BVXL 80x86 ca
Intel? Do c cu trc bn trong no m b vi x l 8086 c kh
nng thc hin chng trnh theo kiu ng ng?
Gi s cc lnh u c thi gian nhn lnh l 1 chu k, thc
hin mt 4 chu k. Xc nh thi gian thc hin 5 lnh i n i+4
ca CPU 8086.
Kh nng x l ng ng c c l do cu trc bn trong ca
b vi x l 8086 c 2 n v hot ng tng i c lp l n
v thc hin EU v n v giao tip BIU. Nh sau:
Trong thi gian EU thc hin lnh th BIU vn c th m nhn
nhim v nhn trc cc lnh, ct tm vo hng i lnh v cc
thanh ghi d liu.
Nh vy m khi bus b bn trong chu k c th EU thc hin cc
lnh trc v khi bus bn trong chu k ghi th EU li thc hin
lnh khc
Qu trnh thc hin mt lnh c th c chia thnh nhiu giai
on (micro instructions): Chng hn c th chia thnh 5 giai on
nh sau:
c lnh (IF: Instruction Fetch)
Gii m lnh (ID: Instruction Decode)

Thi hnh lnh (EX: Execute)

Thm nhp b nh trong hoc nhy(MEM: Memory access)
Lu tr kt qu (RS: Result Storing).
Cu trc ng ng c th bu din nh hnh v di:
Ta thy thc hin 5 lnh trn. Nukhng c cu trc ng ng
my tnhs mt 25 chu k xung ng h. Vi cutrc ng ng
my tnh ch mt 9 chu k xung ng h

Cu hi 10: ngha ca thanh ghi c trong b vi x l? Sau

khikhi ng, cc c CF, PF, AF, ZF, SF, OF c gi trno?
Xc nh gi tr cc c sau khi b vi x l8086 thc hin lnh
sau:
MOV AL,056H
ADD AL,0AAH
Bit rng trc gi tr cc bit c trn v thanh ghi AL bng
0.
L thanh ghi 16 bit dng lu gi thng tin v cc trng thi
cng tc ca EU hoc kt qu php ton do ALU thc hin. Cn
c vo trng thi cc c m ngi lp trnh c th s dng cc

lnh thch hp tip theo cho b vi x l.8086/8088 ch s dng 9

bit c trong s16 bit ghi thng tin

Trong cc c t 1:6 phn nh trng thi ca kt qu sau mt

thao tc no . Cc c cn li t 7:9 l c iu khin v c lp
hoc xo bng cc lnh ring.Sau khi khi ng, cc c c gi tr
nh sau: CF=0, PF= 0, AF=0 , ZF=0 , SF=0 , OF =0.Thc hin
php tinh trn nh sau:
056h = 0101 0110 v 0AAh = 1010 1010

0101 0110
+
1010 1010
10000 0000
Vy: CF=1, PF=1, AF=1, ZF=1, SF=0.
Cu hi 11:Ti sao trong BVXL 8086/88 ca Intel tt c cc
thanh ghi a ch (on v lch) c di ti a l 16 bits nhng
a ch vt l CPU to ra c di 20 bits (t A0 n A19).
Trnh by nguyn tc kt hp gia cc thanh ghi on vi cc
thanh ghi con tr ch s? CPU dng biu thc no xc nh
c a ch vt l?
Xc nh tn cc thanh ghi cha a ch logic ca byte m lnh
nm trong on b nh c a ch l 1034h v lch l 0200h?
Tnh a ch vt l ca byte m lnh ni trn?
Trong BVXL 8086/88 ca Intel tt c cc thanh ghi a ch (on
v lch) c di ti a l 16 bits nhng a ch vt l CPU to
ra c di 20 bits (t A0 n A19). Bi v CPU s dng cc
thanh ghi on 16 bit CS, DS, SS v ES xc nh a ch on,
s dng cc thanh ghi offset: IP, SP, BP, SI, DI xc nh a
ch dch chuyn tnh t a ch on.
Nguyn tc kt hp gia cc thanh ghi on v thanh ghi con tr
ch s nh sau:
CS: IP ch n vng m lnh.
DS: BP, BX, SI, DI ch n vng s liu

SS:SP ch n vng ngn xp

ES: SP, DI ch n vng s liu
CPU dng biu thc sau y xc nh a ch vt l
a ch vt l = Thanh ghi on x 16 + Thanh ghi lch
Byte m lnh nm trong on b nh c a ch l 1034h v
lch l 0200h s dng cc thanh ghi CS=1034h v IP=0200h.
a ch vt l ca byte m lnh trn l: 10340 + 0200 = 10540h,
Cu hi 12: Trnh by cch ghp ni CPU Intel8088
vi Bus h thng (Data bus, Address bus, Control Bus) ch
ti a trong my tnh PC/XT?
Trong cc my tnh hin i, CPU phi ghp vi b nh v
ngoi vi nh vi mch g, cc bus ni vi b nh v ngoi vi c
cng tc khng?
ch ti a trong my tnh PC/XT,CPU truyn tn hiu iu
khin ti khiiu khin knh thng tin (chip 8288).Khi ny
nhn v x l tn hiu iukhin ri mi pht cc tn hiu
iukhin th cp ti knh thng tin. Lcny ghp ni CPU
Intel8088 vi Bus hthng (Data bus, Address bus, ControlBus)
c dng nh hnh v:
Trong :
Chip 8288 c s dng iu khin bus. Khi b vi x l hot
ng mode cc i th mch iu khin bus 8288 c dng
cung cp cc tn hiu iu khin cho ch lm vic ny.

Vi mch 74LS373 c dng cht v m cc ng dy a

ch vi cc bus c dn knh. V thng tin a ch c trn bus
ch trong khong thi gian ngn nn mch cht c iu khin
bi tn hiu ALE s c s dng gi li thng tin a ch .
74LS245 l vi mch thu pht bus hai chiu 8 bit c 3 trng thi
dng m v iu khin chiu chuyn ng ca d liu

Trong cc my tnh hin i, CPU phi ghp vi b nh v ngoi

vi thng qua vi mch tng hp hay cn gi l chipset, lc ny cc
bus ni CPU vi b nh v ngoi vi khng cng mt tc .