Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics Volume I Mechanics e Heat e Electrodynamics SECOND EDITION ABHAY KUMAR SINGH Director Abhay's I.1,T. Physics Teaching Centre Patni a \ cBSsS CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS 4596/1A, 11 DARYAGANMJ, NEW DELHI - 110 002 (INDIA)Dedicated to my Teacher Prof. (Dr.) J. Thakur (Department of Physics, Patna University, Patna-4) ISBN : 81-239-0399-5 First Edition : 1995 Reprint : 1997 Second Edition : 1998 Reprint : 2000 Reprint : 2001 Reprint : 2002 Reprint : 2003 Reprint : 2004 Reprint : 2005 Copyright © Author & Publisher Alll rights reserved. No part of this book may, be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the publisher. Published by S.K. Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors, 4596/1A, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 (India) Printed at : India Binding House, Delhi - 110 032FOREWORD Science, in general, and physics, in particular, have evolved out of man’s quest to know beyond unknowns. Matter, radiation and their mutual interactions are basically studied in physics. Essentially, this is an experimental science. By observing appropriate phenomena in nature one arrives at a set of rules which goes to establish some basic fundamental concepts. Entire physics rests on them. Mere knowledge of them is however not enough. Ability to apply them to real day-to-day problems is required. Prof. Irodov’s book contains one such set of numerical exercises spread over a wide spectrum of physical disciplines. Some of the problems of the book long appeared to be notorious to pose serious challenges to students as well as to their teachers. This book by Prof. Singh on the solutions of problems of Irodov’s book, at the outset, seems to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to solve continues to draw the attention of concerned persons over a sufficiently long time. Once a logical solution for it becomes available, the difficulties associated with its solutions are forgotten very soon. This statement is not only valid for the solutions of simple physical problems but also to various physical phenomena. Nevertheless, Prof. Singh’s attempt to write a book of this magnitude deserves an all out praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to its users is however necessary. The solution to a particular problem as given in this book is never to be consulted unless an all out effort in solving it independently has been already made. Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better benefits out of it. As a teacher who has taught physics and who has been in touch with physics curricula at 11.T., Delhi for over thirty years, I earnestly feel that this book will certainly be of benefit to younger students in their formative years. Dr. Dilip Kumar Roy Professor of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi New Delhi-110016.FOREWORD A. proper understanding of the physical laws and principles that govern nature require solutions of related problems which exemplify the principle in question and leads to a better grasp of the principles involved. It is only through experiments or through solutions of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall outs of a physical law. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state university of new Jersy at Rutgers and author of ‘‘physic--principles and Insights”” -- “In certain situations mathematical formulation actually promotes intuitive understand- ing, Sometimes a mathematical formulation is not feasible, so that ordinary language must take the place of mathematics in both roles. However, Mathematics is far more rigorous and its concepts more precise than those of language. Any science that is able to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is justly called an exact science’’. I.E, Irodov’s problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book originally published in Russia contains about 1900 problems on mechanics, thermody- namics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, waves and oscillations, optics, atomic and nuclear physics. The book has survived the test of class room for many years as is evident from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition of 1981, including an Indian Edition at affordable price for Indian students. Abhay Kumar Singh’s present book containing solutions to Dr. I.E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student’s problem solving skills. The book should be very useful for the students studying a general course in physics and also in developing their skills to answer questions normally encountered in national level entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes- sional colleges in science and technology. BP. PAL Professor of Physics LLT., DelhiPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Nothing succeeds like success, they say. Now, consequent upon the warm welcome on the part of students and the teaching fraternity this revised and enlarged edition of this volume is before you. In order to make it more up-to-date and viable, a large number of problems have been streamlined with special focus on the complicated and ticklish ones, to cater to the needs of the aspiring students. I extend my deep sense of gratitude to all those who have directly or indirectly engineered the cause of its existing status in the book world. Patna June 1997 Abhay Kumar SinghPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION When you invisage to write a book of solutions to problems, one pertinent question crops up in the mind that—why solution! Is this to prove one’s erudition? My only defence against this is that the solution is a challenge to save the scientific man hours by channelizing thoughts in a right direction. The book entitled “Problems in General Physics” authored by LE. Irodov (a noted Russian physicist and mathematician) contains 1877 intriguing problems divided into six chapters. After the acceptance of my first book “Problems in Physics”, published by Wiley Eastern Limited, I have got the courage to acknowledge the fact that good and honest ultimately win in the market place. This stimulation provided me insight to come up with my second attempt—‘Solutions to I.E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics.” This first volume encompasses solutions of first three chapters containing 1052 problems. Although a large number of problems can be solved by different methods, I have adopted standard methods and in many of the problems with helping hints for other methods. In the solutions of chapter three, the emf of a cell is represented by & (xi) in contrast to the notation used in figures and in the problem book, due to some printing difficulty. I am thankful to my students Mr. Omprakash, Miss Neera and Miss Punam for their valuable co-operation even in my hard days while authoring the present book. I am also thankful to my younger sister Prof. Ranju Singh, my younger brother Mr. Ratan Kumar Singh, my junior friend Miss Anupama Bharti, other well wishers and friends for their emotional Support. At last and above all I am grateful to my Ma and Pappaji for their blessings and encouragement. ABHAY KUMAR SINGHCONTENTS Foreword Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition 21 23 24 25 2.6 27 PART ONE PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS Kinematics The Fundamental Equation of Dynamics Laws of Conservation of Energy, Momemtum, and Angular Momentum Universal Gravitation Dynamics of a Solid Body Elastic Deformations of a Solid Body Hydrodynamics Relativistic Mechanics PART TWO THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS Equation of the Gas State. Processes The first Law of Thermodynamics. Heat Capacity Kinetic theory of Gases. Boltzmann’s Law and Maxwell’s Distribution The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy Liquids. Capillary Effects Phase Transformations Transport Phenomena PART THREE ELECTRODYNAMICS Constant Electric Field in Vacuum Conductors and Dielectrics in an Electric Field Electric Capacitance. Energy of an Electric Field Electric Current Constant Magnetic Field. Magnetics Electromagnetic Induction. Maxwell’s Equations Motion of Charged Particles in Electric and Magnetic Fields iii vi 1-34 35-65 66-101 102-117 118-143 144-155 156-167 168-183 184-195 196-212 213-226 227-241 242-247 248-256 257-266 267-288 289-305 306-324 325-353 354-379 380-407 408-424PART ONE PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS 11 KINEMATICS 1.1 Let v, be the stream velocity and v’ the velocity of motorboat with respect to water. The motorboat reached point B while going downstream with velocity (v, + v’) and thea returned with velocity (v' - vy) and passed the raft at point C. Let ¢ be the time for the raft (which flows with stream with velocity v,) to move from point A to C, during which the motorboat moves from A to B and then from B to C. Therefore oe Guest — Cae ed) A 8 S On solving we get v, = + | 12 Let s be the total distance traversed by the point and #, the time taken to cover half the distance. Further let 2¢ be the time to cover the rest half of the distance. s Therefore x7 OF he Be (1) s s and Zo ty)t or Um 2) Hence the sought average velocity : 2¥4 (v4 +¥%) s Hence At=etV 1- = 15s. wt (a) Sought average velocity ee eee t” 20s (®) For the maximum velocity, s should be maximum. From the figure & is maximum for all points on the line ‘ac, thus the sought maximum velocity becomes average velocity for the line ac and is equal to : be | 100.cm a ae 3 = 25 cm/s (©) Time fy should be such that corresponding to it the slope é should pass through the point O (origin), to satisfy the relationship 4. = From figure the tangent at point d 0 passes through the origin and thus corresponding time f= fy = 165. 1.5 Let the particles collide at the point A (Fig,), whose position vector is 73 (say). If ¢ be the 16 time taken by each particle to reach at point A, from triangle law of vector addition : en by ach particle t Ta= 7, +¥ t= ro t+vyt Sle ate A so, Hae @G-a)e ® @F ve therefore, .- Hara (2) ae rd : Iv2-%] % Vt From Eqs. (1) and (2) ee ia = ee ier) 0 ® Ree Bea * or, tS = 3S, which is the sought relationship. In-rl lve’ We shave a 2 @ From the vector diagram [of Eq. (1)] and using properties of triangle17 va Vite? 42vgvcosp = 39.7km/br (2) v and = or, sin = EP sin(n-g) sin® yv or O= sin” Using (2) and putting the values of v and d O= 19.1" Let one of the swimmer (say 1) cross the river along AB, which is obviously the shortest path. Time taken to cross the river by the swimmer 1. d Vv28 For the other swimmer (say 2), which follows the quickest -path, the time taken to cross the river. 4 , (where AB = d is the width of the river) (6) Qe 4 Q) D Be—— x ——>6 In the time f,, drifting of the swimmer 2, becomes y X= V9l= yh (using Eq. 2) @) If f, be the time for swimmer 2 to walk the distance x to come from C toB (Fig.), then 2 %04 Gasing Ea, 3 4 f- <= 57, (using Ea. 3) (4) According to the problem f, = f+ 3 d a or, “7 v2aw On solving we get = 3km/hr.4 18 19 Let I be the distance covered by the boat A along the river as well as by the boat B acrc the river. Let vp be the stream velocity and v’ the velocity of each boat with respect water. Therefore time taken by the boat A in its journey ue +s - ae v=% and for the boat B "Va z ~ve Hence, = ( where n = 5) On substitution ty/tg= 18 Let vp be the stream velocity and v’ the velocity of boat with respect to water. A Ve 3 1 = 2>0, some drifting of boat is inevitable. Let v” make an angle 6 with flow direction. (Fig.), then the time taken to cross the rive d t= 0 (where d is the width of the river) In this time intezval, the drifting of the boat x= (v' cos 8 + v9) t = (08 04) Se 2 G7 (cot +n cosec 8) — ‘OF Xin — drifting) — d ae 7 Zo (Cot 8 +m cosec 8) = 0, which yields y! . 1 1 vv, — cos0= -2.-2 0 n 2 x Hence, O= 120° 0 The solution of this problem becomes simple in the frame attached with one of the bodies. Let the body thrown straight up be 1 and the other body be 2, then for the body 1 in the frame of 2 from the kinematic equation for constant acceleration : os. lo 2 72 Foun * Yount + > M2! So, Fam Yount (because Wp = 0 and Fo12)= 0) or, l7gl= [¥oaa)lt q@) But |¥o,1= |¥al= % So, from properties of triangle Voxiny = V ve +8 - 2 v9 ¥9 c08 (2/2 ~ By) Hence, the sought distance |7yl= voV 2 -sin 8) t= 22m.1 112 5 Let the velocities of the paricles (say vy and ¥]_) becomes mutually perpendicular after time ¢. Then their velocitis become me ee wet oe Vy = Vj +Bt; vy = v2 tee @ As vy Lip 80, vv) = 0 or, (+84): (+84) = 0 or -yy y+ t= 0 Hence, t= “_ 1 Now form the Eq. Fi = Taz + Youn! + zh ot l7yl= [Vaal (because here Wi, = 0 and 792) 9) Hence the sought distance mi = +2 => ale AEBV i Galtian l= v4 Yd) From the symmetry of the problem all the three points are always located at the vertices of equilateral triangles of varying side length and finally meet at the centriod of the initial equilateral triangle whose side length is a, in the sought time interval (say ¢). > = 120° 3° Let us consider an arbitrary equilateral triangle of edge length / (say). ‘Then the rate by which 1 approaches 2, 2 approches 3, and 3 approches 1, becomes : On integrating :6 113 1.14 Let us locate the points A and B at an arbitrary instant of time (Fig.). If A and B are separated by the distance s at this moment, then the points converge or point A approaches B with velocity =s. v—ucos a where angle o. varies with time. On intergating, o ba ~fds= fv-ucos a) at, V o (where T is the sought time.) - or I= f(v-ucos.a) dt (Qy 0 As both A and B cover the same distance in x-direction during the sought time interval, so the other condition which is required, can be obtained by the equation Ax= fv.at r So, uT= fvcos a at 2) ° : ul Solving (1) and (2), we get T ant One can see that if u= v, or up and the time taken to travel the distance CB. A in the field Ce eee @ =\ x So, the total time elapsed to move the car from point A to B a) 1 Vee t= 4 + iy eee ee ees nv v For ¢ to be minimum \ 8 too o 1{-1,_4]-0 dc vpn VP ar or Wee Pa or x=9 1.18 To plot x(¢),s(¢) and w, (f) let us partion the given plot v, (f) into five segments (for detailed analysis) as shown in the figure. For the part oa: w,= 1 and v.= t= v ' 2 Thus, Ax, (= fu,de= fae= oe 5,0 0 . Putting t= 1, we get, Ax, = s= $ unit For the part ab : w,= O and v= v= constant = 1 1 Thus An ()= fv,dt= fat = ¢-)= 5,0 1 Putting t= 3, Axy= s)= 2unit For the part b4: w,= 1 and v= 1-(t-3)=4-2)=¥ ' 2 ha 5) Thus oad ae 53 Putting t= 4, Ax=x3= S unit For the part 4d : v= -Land y= -(1-4)= 4-1 So, v= |v,[=1-4 for t>4 : 2 t Thus CSU ie 41-58 Putting t= 6, Ax,=-1 ' 2 oad ie Similarly Ga la) a eae Putting t= 6, s.= 2unit For the part d 7: w,= 2 and v,= -2+2(t-6)= 2(¢-7) v= |v, |= 2(7-2) for 1-7 ‘ Now, Ax (t)= [2 @-Tadt= 12-1404 48 1 Putting t= 4, Ars= -1 ‘ Similarly 53()= [2(7-) d= 1414-17-48 : Putting t= 7, soe On the basis of these obtained expressions w, (1), x(t) and s (f) plots can be easily plotted as shown in the figure of answershect.10 1.19 (a) Mean velocity 1.20 Total distance covered Time elapsed oak vu eS SOcm/s = (1) 0 v (b) Modulus of mean velocity vector i f [|= = = A (eee Fig.) 6 Using (4) in (5), we get : : eo ews | ee ? (a) we have = at(l-ad) So, ve &, 7 -2a8) dt

oo1.21 ll Hence, the sought distance 2a Va s= fvde= f a(1-2ande+ f a@at-War 0 ira orn a Simplifying, we get, s= a (a) As the particle leaves the origin at r= 0 So, Ace x= frat qa oof, tt As ve vol), where ¥ is directed towards the +ve x-axis So, v= Vy (: - 1} 2) From (1) and (2), vo fufi-ae voe(t-35] 8) 0 Hence x coordinate of the particle at r= 6s. 6 x= 10%6 {1-305} 24cm = 024m Similarly at and at 20 x 10% 20/1325] ~200em = -2m (b) At the moments the particle is at a distance of 10 cm from the origin, x = + 10 cm. Putting x= +10 in Eq. (3) 10= 10r(1--) or, t?-10r+10= 0, 10 So, to p= 12 VI00= 40. VIO 52 Vs Now putting x= ~10in Eqn (3) t -10= 10(1- io} On solving, t=5eVB 5 As t cannot be negative, so, t=(5+V35)s12 1.22 Hence the particle is at a distance of 10 cm from the origin at three moments of time : t=S2Vi5 s,5+v35 s (c) We have ve voli -= We hi ve [1 -F £ vo(t-3) forts t So, ve |vy= v,(£-1)} fort>t ls So se vo(t-z)a for ts t = vgt(1- 4) «ote ' t t and on foft-s)arefult-s)a for t> 0 t = vt [1+ (1- 44/2 for t>e (A) 4 4 t t on fn(i-ga- frof-ga- 24cm, o 0 And for t= 8s 7 8 t t oo f0(t-Jae frogs} 0 5 On integrating and simplifying, we get s= 34cm. On the basis of Eqs. (3) and (4), x (¢) and s(t) plots can be drawn as shown in the answer sheet. As particle is in unidirectional motion it is directed along the x-axis all the time. As at t=0,x=0 av So, ar= xe sand Fm Therefore, veave= avs oe po oe Gras ae : dt 2vs dt 2vs av aavs_ oF “2ve7 ave” 2 a dv oe As, Vea 7 c ' o a? On integrating, fo-fea on, ve St (2)1.23 1.24 13 (b) Let s be the time to cover first s m of the path. From the Eq. se fod ' 2 0) @ at : fs ae OF (using 2) 0 or t= 2 V5 @) The mean velocity of particle 2Vs/a ce fro | fa 2Vs/a 2 = According to the problem - wae = aVv (as v decreases with time) or, -f W dv= afas On integrating we get s= 2 Again according to the problem De ay or - = ade at we 0, dv or, Le afa Seed % Thus t= (a) As re atizbr 7” So, x= at, y=—-bi? 2 and therefore yer oe14 1.25 which is Eq. of a parabola, whose graph is shown in the Fig. (b) As Fe atitbs?j” oe EL aitansr 1) ve a aie J (dl) So, v= Va2(-2bty = Vae+4ber Diff. Eq. (1) want. time, we get — dv v We oe -2bj So, [Wl =w=2b vw (ai=2btj)-(-2b6jF v0 Waa be) 2b 2bt or, ot= SF Va7+4br? 80, tana= =o : 2bt © cos a= or, a= ant { ae 2bt (d) The mean velocity vector ' fa [lai 2biFJae v = = ait? fa : Hence, ||= Va7 (bi)? = Va74b7 7 (a) We have x= atand y= at(l-at) (1) Hence, y (x) becomes, Ak (y_ OX), a2 ye (1 a) x- 2x? (parabola) (b) Ditferentiating Eq. (1) we get v= a and v= a(1-2a2) Q)1.26 1.27 15 So, v= Wi 4 v7 =aV14(1-208)7 Diff. Eq. (2) with respect to time w,= 0 and w= -2a0 So, we Vwee wy = 2aa (6) From Eqs. (2) and (3) We have v= ajta(1-2ae)j” and We 2aaj” rw -a(1-2af,)2aa So, i e. + vw ( fo) 40 ¥2 vw aV1+(1-20%) 2a On simplifying. 1-20f= #1 1 As, tye 0, &= a Differentiating motion law : x= asinwt, y= a(1-coswr), with respect to time, ¥,= 4 COS Mf, v= awsin wt So, V= awcos at {+ asin tj () and v= a@= Const. Q) Differentiating Eq, (1) with respect to time = we e. -ae?sin oti a0? cos wt] 8) (a) The distance s traversed by the point during the time v is given by s=fvde= fawdt= aor (using?) 0 0 (b) Taking inner product of V” and Ww 2 =~ fe : = ‘We get, v? w= (a cos wtit+a sin wt; )- (ao sin wt (-i) +a o* cos wt -j) So, v7 We - a? w sin wt cos wt + a” wo sin wt cos wt = 0 si - x Thus, V°L W, i.c., the angle between velocity vector and acceleration vector equals >. Accordiing to the problem w= w(-j) dy, dy, a2 oto. So, w= Git 0 and w= = -w Q) Differentiating Eq. of trajectory, y= ax—- bx”, with respect to time d adx dx e- @) ee ae ~2bx16 1.28 So, = jx-0 Again differentiating with respect to time dy_ad?x dx)" d?x ae tr 2(Z) 02Px a 2 dx : - ~w= (0)-20(F] ~2bx(0) (using 1) a : or, EA V ap (osing 1) ¢ “VE « Hence, the velocity of the particle at the origin 2 2 veV (a) (4)., = VE +0? (using Eqns (3) and (4)) Hence, ve VeU+e) Using (3) in (2) 2 x0 As the body is under gravity of constant accelration g’, it’s velocity vector and displacemen vectors are: ae vEy+et a and Are Fe Hee dee? (= Oate = 0) (em So, over the first ¢ seconds 2. oe Be A He @) Hence from Eq. (3), over the first t seconds <= ior be (4) For evaluating ¢, take VV (H+ +B) = vo +20 ere? or, = vet (voRlt+ et? But we have v= vp at ¢= 0 and Also at = + (Fig.) (also from energy conservation)129 17 Hence using this propety in Eq. (5) ven va+2(VoRc+ er? 20-3 As t#0, so, t= -—>— g& Putting this value of t in Eq. (4), the average velocity over the time of flight ao loa = Fae ay 2) From Eqs. (1) and (2) sre, 5" | (480)? * (47? On simplifying 4 - 2400 1? + 1083750 = 020 1.33 1.34 Solving for +? we get : 2 2400 + V 1425000 2400 + 1194 2 2 Thus t= 4239s = 0-71 min and T= 2455s = 0-41 min depending on the angle a. Let the shells collide at the point P(x, y). If the first shell takes ¢ s to collide with second and At be the time interval between the firings, then X= vycos 0, t= vycos 0, (t-At) (1) and y= vpsin 01-5 gt? ¥ : 1 BT = vysin @,(¢~A)-Fe-ay @) Ly At cos 6, (oy) From Eq) t= Sg on By e |] P From Egs. (2) and (3) Ye 9 2 vp sin (8, - 0,) 0 ” Z(e0s0, +0080) * 4**° x According to the problem () Bam vy oF dy vyat : : eee f aon f dt or y= vot ay o o And also we have &. ay or de=aydt=avytdt (using 1) : i 2 So, fdr=avfid, o, x= davyi?= 2 (using 1) o oO (b) According to the problem vy= vp and v,= ay (2) So, oe R=Vviray dv yy dy Therefore Vujray dt Vy + (ay vo) Diff. Eq. (2) with respect to time. dv, dy, —2= w= 0 and —2= w= dt y dt a So, w= |wl= av1.35 1.36 Vee Nee ee Hence w, ‘ Oe oi (win ae @ Tp (@) The velocity vector of the particle rd v= aitbxj So, &. a: 2. bx : ; From (1) fen ofa a o 0 And dy= bx dt= bat dt 7 ; Integrating fo- ab fede or y= dabs? 0 o From Eqs. (2) and (3), we get, y= ze (b) The curvature radius of trajectory y (x) is : ES 1+ (dy /dx)? i | Pysae | Let us differentiate the path Eq. y= ze with respect to x, ayo ays b aoa de a From Eqs. (5) and (6), the sought curvature radius : eal] In accordance with the problem wee But 0 2 or vam ds So, vdv= (@°t)ds= a-dr or, vdv= ai-dr= adx (because ais directed towards the x-axis) ’ : So, fra afar 0 0 Hence v= 2ax or, v= V2ax 21 qa) (2) @) @ 6) (6)22 1.37 1.38 The velocity of the particle v= at av So, an Ww 2 And w= 5.8 ét (using v = at) (2) From se fvde ' 3 -2nRn= afvde Sat oO a aan? @ > a R From Egs. (2) and (3) w, = 4xan Hence w= V w+w? = Vas (4nany = aV1+160 Hy = 08 m/s? According to the problem Iw, t= [1 For v(t), 2. a Integrating this equation from vys v< v and Ox t= ¢ Se if ( ea 2 Now for v(s), - 1 %, Integrating this equation from vps vs v and Os ss 5 - s dv 1 v Ss SO, fe-tfe« Mt eer , ° 0 Hence vewe* (2) (b) The normal acceleration of the point 2 s/R w= Rt oe (using 2) And as accordance with the problem Iwl=|w,| and w,t,Lw, i, ve 2 s0, we VEw,= VE ge = VE139 1.40 23 From the equation v= avs dads a & wn Be Be Sf avsn ©, and Zl @s ae Re oR As w, is a positive constant, the speed of the particle increases with time, and the tangential acceleration vector and velocity vector coincides in direction. Hence the angle between v°and w'is equal to between w, ig an W, and o can be found Iw,l_ a?s/R _ 2s by means of the formula : tana. =~ ” Iw" a2 R From the equation I= asinot ae Gace at So, w= 2a —atsinor, and (a) ¥ @ wr cos? wt wn be See ® (a) At the point J= 0,sinws= 0 and coswt= # 1 so, wt= 0, x etc. 2 Hence we woe Similarly at/= £ a, snot= + 1 and cos@f= 0, so, w,= 0 Hence we |w,|= ao? As w,= a and at = 0, the point is at rest So, v(@® and s(Q) are, v= at and s= par? (yy Let R be the curvature radius, then Ves aie w= oe "ROR But according to the ‘problem - 2s (using 1) w, = bt* a Zbs_ (sing 1) 2) Therefore w= Vw+w = Va?+(2as/R) = V @ + (4 bs? / a)” (using 2) Hence we aV 1+ (4087/0)24 1.42 (a) Let us differentiate twice the path equation y (x) with respect to time. 2 2 Do nar Ht, Pe o4| (2) 4 Pe dt ear) at 2a at oe Since the particle moves uniformly, its acceleration at all points of the path is normal and at the point x = 0 it coincides with the direction of derivative d? y/dt?. Keeping in mind that at the point x = 0, Fie We get we #y =2av=w, a x= 0 y 1 So, wi 2av— BURG Note that we can also calculate it from the formula of problem (1.35 b) (b) Differentiating the equation of the trajectory with respect to time we see that Bx S ay 2. 0 (1) which implies that the vector (b’xi+ a*yjJ is normal to the velocity vector ve fr 2 J’ which, of course, is along the tangent. Thus the former vactor is along the normal and the normal component of acceleration is clearly pete, af ra (e+ aly onusing w,= wen/ |r]. Atx= 0, y= * band so atx =0 x0 Differentiating (1) 2 2 #(@) + a 3) “(¢) +a (#)- 0 Also from (1) ®oar=0 So (a) v (since tangential velocity is constant = v ) mm (4)-23° a wv wt yee1.43 1.44 25 Let us fix the co-ordinate system at the point O as shown in the figure, such that the radius vector 7of point A makes an angle @ with x axis at the moment shown. Note that the radius vector of the particle A rotates clockwise and we here take line ox as reference line, so in this case obviously the angutar vetosiy o (42) aking anticlockwise sense of angular displacement as positive. Also from the geometry of the triangle OAC R r ind Tada) 1 7™ 2Revs 8. Let us write, 7= rcos 0 [4 rsin Oj= 2Rcos*j+ Rsin26j” Differentiating with respect to time, = or = 2R2cos 0(~sin 0) 227% 2. cos 2.022 7 our aR (=3° 2) {sin2 07° cos 207] or, = 2Rw (sin 20i—cos?0j) So, |v] or v= 20R=0-4m/s. As w is constant, v is also constant and w, = 2. 0, 2 vi vee Gory, 407R = 032 m/s? So, wewe Alternate : From the Fig. the angular velocity of the point A, with respect to centre of the circle C becomes 428) (-a0 dt dt Thus we have the problem of finding the velocity and acceleration of a particle moving along a circle of radius R with constant angular velocity 2 @. )-20- constant Hence v= 2oR and 2 (2wRP v wen Beet 4w?R Differentiating p(t) with respect to time 12 we 2at @) at For fixed axis rotation, the speed of the point A: v veoR=2atR or R= 5 (2)26 1.45 1.46 Differentiating with respect to time w= #. 2aR~ ©, (using 1) 2 But Wee x ee (using 2) R_ w/2at So, wa Vwlew? =V(v/t)+(2atvy = iVie4a7r The shell acquires a constant angular acceleration at the same time as it accelerates linearly. The two are related by (assuming both are constant) wee 1 2nn Where w= linear acceleration and =_angular acceleration Then, w= V2B2a0= V 24 (2any But v?= 2wi, hence finally - 2unv 7 Let us take the rotation axis as z-axis whose positive direction is associated with the positive direction of the cordinate @, the rotation angle, in accordance with the right-hand screw rule (Fig.) (a) Defferentiating p(t) with respect to time. Z $80 g-3517= 0, (t) and ao do, oo = Gee B= -601 Q) From (1) the solid comes to stop at At= t= ve The angular velocity w= a-3bt?, for 0-= dt 0 Similarly B= |B,|= 6b for all values of £.1.47 1.48 27 Va/; fear “Poors Sat Va “eps, 0 So, = = V3ab () From Eq. (2) B= - 6bt So, (B,),= Va73b = - 6b WE = -2Vab Hence B= | (82)... yarap | 7 24928 Angle a is related with |w,] and w, by means of the fomula : Wa Iw,]” where R is the radius of the circle which an arbitrary point of the body circumscribes. tana = where w,= @7R and |w,|= BR () From the given equation B = 42. at (here B= do » as B is positive for all values of 1) * ' Integrating within the limit [do = afrae or, on5ar? 2 4 and |w,|= BR» atR Putting the values of |w,| and w, in Eq. (1), we get, 244 3 at'R/4_ at 4 on tHls, at wy, 1 {(2) ana] 2\7 2,4 So, mo oR» (5) R= +R v3 In accordance with the problem, B, < 0 ‘Thus -2. k Vo, where k is proportionality constant do f kt or, “Live he or, Va = Vag - q@ When w = 0, total time of rotation t= t= 2 ‘28 1.49 1.50 2Van/k 1? f (one Spr -tevag ae a foar Average angular velocity < w > = = far 2Ve0 /k ee. peo! | 5 Hence < w >= | @yt+——~ > Veg You?) [2% - ays 12 k We have w= W)-a@ = _ Integratin this Eq. within its limit for (@) ¢ f Wp -k@ Ste iy ~ [as or, in *s =-kt Hence Qa Ba -e") @ (b) From the Eq., @ = wy k@ and Eq, (1) or by differentiating Eq. (1) o= oye" Lt us choose the positive direction of z-axis (stationary rotation axis) along the vector B,, In accordance with the equation do, do, i oe 6, or, 0,do,= B,dp= Boos pdg, Integrating this Eq. within its limit for w, () te e f4o.- of cos edo ° 0 oo or, Zz 7 Bosine Hence = V2 sing The plot «, (p) is shown in the Fig. It can be seen that as the angle @ grows, the vector @hirst increases, coinciding with the direction of the vector By (w, > 0), reaches the maximum at p= @/2, then starts decreasing and finally turns into zero at @ = x. After that the body starts rotating in the opposite direction in a similar fashion (w, < 0). As a result, the body will oscillate about the position p= p/2 with an amplitude equal to 1/2.29 1.51 Rotating disc moves along the x-axis, in plane motion in x ~y plane. Plane motion of a solid can be imagined to be in pure rotation about a point (say /) at a certain instant known as instantaneous centre of rotation. The instantaneous axis whose positive sense is directed along @ of the solid and which passes through the point J, is known as instantaneous axis of rotation. Therefore the velocity vector of an arbitrary point (P) of the solid can be represented as : vps Ox Tp (1) On the basis of Eq. (1) for the C. M. (C) of the disc y v= Tx7y @ =a d? According to the problem v; tf i and Stt Fie. Gix-y plane, so to satisy the Eqn. Qe Toyis directed along (- j j). Hence point . xe Tis at a distance r¢,= y, above the centre of 0 the disc along y-axis. Using all these facts in Eq, (2), we get Ye Yom wy or y= @G) (a) From the angular kinematical equation O,= Oy +8,t @ o= Bt On the other hand x= vt, (where x is the x coordinate of the C.M.) x or, tat 6) From Eqs. (4) and (5), @ = Be Using this value of w in Eq. (3) we get pet = Seat ) ” Bx/v a. i x (b) As centre C moves with constant a w, with zero initial velocity So, x= Swe? and v,= wt Therefore, veo wy =vV2xw Ye V2wx Hence yo fo SX (parabola)30 152 1.53 The plane motion of a solid can be imagined as the combination of translation of the C.M. and rotation about cM. a So, we may write y= Vo+Vc ee = tO Tae (1) and aS Wy WotWyo nWet07(~ncdt(Bkiac) 2 Tac is the position of vector of A with respect to Cs In the problem v,= v= constant, and the rolling is without slipping i.e, vo= v= oR, So, Wo = 0 and B= 0. Using these conditions in Eq. (2) > 2 2 A ve, a Wan ©? (~iAc)= OPR(~ike)= F(~te) Here, tiy¢ is the unit vector directed along rc 2 > A Hence w, = i and w, is directed along (-t,¢) or directed toward the centre of the wheel. (b) Let the centre of the wheel move toward right (positive x-axis) then for pure tolling on the rigid horizontal surface, wheel will have to rotate in clockwise sense. If w be the v angular velocity of the wheel then o = ze re Let the point A touches the horizontal surface at t= 0, further let us locate the point A att= ft, When it makes 6 = wf at the centre of the wheel. From Eqn. (1) Wy VerOX Tao = - - = vitw(-k)x [Ros 0 (-j) +R sin @(-i)] or, x vitwR[coswt(-i)+sinwtj } ad a = (¥-cos wf) i+ vsin wt] (as v= oR) So, v4 = V (v-vcos wt)? + (v sin wt)” = vV 2(1-cos wt) = 2vsin (wt /2) Hence distance covered by the point A during T= 2x/o 2x/w a= f ngdta f 2vsinoe/2) dew =. 8R. oO Let us fix the co-ordinate axis xyz as shown in the fig. As the ball rolls without slipping along the rigid surface so, on the basis of the solution of problem 1.52 : Mom Ve+OxT,= 0 Thus ce 7 v= oR and Ott (-k) as HITT @)31 - @,+ Bx 73, = 0 and w= BR and Btt (-k) as wetti A VetWR=Va At the position corresponding to that of Fig., in accordance with the problem, B W.= W, SO V.= wt \ %¢ Me and o- sat and B= & (using 1) Us (a) Let us fix the co-ordinate system with the oe attached with the rigid surface as shown in the Fig. As point O is the instantaneous centre of rotation of the ball at the moment shown in Fig. so, v= 0, Now, Vg Vet Tae = Veit w(CE)XRG)* (e+ oR)E > Eee 7 So, v= 2vcim 2wei (using 1) | > ed Similalry Vp= 02+ Bx room voit o(-k)xR@ taal on 7 rd = vit OR (-J)* Veit Ve(-J) So, vg = V2 v,=VZ wt and Vp is at an angle 45° from both and j Fig.) (©) ym We+ 0 (7) + BR Fe o_o A W #&p = 0 (Fc) =F Coc) (using 1) where tigg is the unit vector along 7c \, 2 B $0, Wy= ee we (using 2) and iw is . directed towards the centre of the ball BR Now = We+0 Cie) + Baie a epee ee fee i = wita?R(-j)+B(-K)xRj = av os ae - wpa ees (using 1) = aie O75 A4 2\2 So, myo V awh te = 20 +(e 2R Similarly Wy = We + 0 (- 750) +B Fac = wis oR (-1)+ BCR) XRG) = [y- FE] FF BRT) (using 1)32 . (w- T| i+w(-j (using 2) So, wa V ( T) + R 1.54 Let us draw the kinematical diagram of the rolling cylinder on the basis of the solutio: of problem 1.53. A Vaz2Vp Wet Br \ CO We Br 0 : 0 As, an arbitrary point of the cylinder follows a curve, its normal acceleration and radius of curvature are related by the well known equation w= R ' "A so, for point A, Wa (a) ™ R A 4 or, 4r (because v,= wr, for pure rolling) Similarly for point B, Wem) ~ Re v2 v,)? w*r cos 45° = ee 3 or, ¥ Rg= 2V2—<= 2VIr or 1.55 The angular velocity is a vector as infinitesimal rotation commute. Then the relative angular velocity of the body 1 with respect to the body 2 is clearly. > > > on ees as for relative linear velocity. The relative acceleration of 1 w.r.t. 2 is (@),1.56 1.57 33 where S' is a frame corotating with the second body and S is a space fixed frame with origin coinciding with the point of intersection of the two axes, (S)-(F) a3 but = +2 xO; a ), dt); Since S’ rotates with angular velocity , . However ( 77 7 ‘| = 0 as the first body rotates s with constant angular velocity in space, thus Ba = 8 xi, Note that for any vector 5} the relation in space forced frame (k) and a frame (X) rotating with angular velocity @ is as" d — iB) =| tone K Wehave = atit br; (1) So, w= V (ay + (OF), thus, ol, 19, = 7.81 rad/s Differentiating Eq. (1) with respect to time Be 22 att 2b” Q) So, B= Vas (2b and Blea 10s = 1:3 rad/s? 0) cosa~ DE. (wit b?7) “(ait 2btj ) BV (an)? + (be) V a? + (bir Putting the values of (a) and (b) and’ taking t= 10s, we get aw 17° (a) Let the axis of the cone (OC) rotates in anticlockwise sense with constant angular velocity &’ and the cone itself about it’s own axis (OC) in clockwise sense with angular velocity @ (Fig.). Then the resultant angular velocity of the cone. Ba T +H, (1) As the rolling is pure the magnitudes of the vectors @ and @ can be easily found from Fig. oy ©" Reta” @y= V/R (2) As & 1G, from Eq. (1) and (2)34 1.58 o= Vo7+o3 ve 2 v\2 Vv (a +] [kee (b) Vector of angular acceleration do d@ +H) B= ear 8 T= constant.) The vector @y which rotates about the OO’ axis with the angular velocity @, retains i magnitude. This increment in the time interval dt is equal to [d@y| = wg o' dt or in vector form dy = (@" x Gy) dt. Thus Be xd, G The magnitude of the vector Bris equal to B= ww (as D 155) voy B= Reota R So, - Sin a= 23 1ad/s The axis AB acquired the angular velocity w= Boe @ Using the facts of the solution of 1.57, the angular velocity of the body oz Vor+o” = Veg + B30? = 0-6 rad/s And the angular acceleration. Pe ao d@ +H) aa da dt dt dt dt day aw But “gi” @ XG, and = Boe So, Be (Botx Gy) + Bo As, ByLGy 0, Be V (0p By)” + Bo = By V1 + (pt) = 02 rad/s?2 4.59 1.60 161 35 THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS Let R be the constant upward thurst on the aerostat of mass m, coming down with a constant acceleration w. Applying Newton’s second law of motion for the aerostat in projection form F,= mw, mg-R= mw dd) Now, if Am be the mass, to be dumped, then using the Eq. F, = mw, R-(m- Am) g= (m-Am)w, Q) 2mw From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get, Am= a0 Let us write the fundamental equation of dynamics for all the three blocks in terms of projections, having taken the positive direction of x and y axes as shown in Fig; and using the fact that kinematical relation between the accelerations is such that the blocks move with same value of acceleration (say w) my &-T,= myw Q) T, - T, - kn, g=m,w (2) and T,-kmg= mw (6) The simultaneous solution of Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) yields, [img - k (my + my) ] | —memem =F (1+k) my ona oo ams ‘Mog As the block mg moves down with acceleration w, so in vector form pe (mto= kom + ma NE Mg + my +m, Let us indicate the positive direction of x-axis along the incline (Fig.). Figures show the force diagram for the blocks. Let, R be the force of interaction between the bars and they are obviously sliding down with the same constant acceleration w.36 1.62 Newton’s second law of motion in projection form along x-axis for the blocks gives : m, g sin a — ky m, g.cos..+R= m,w Q) m,g sina —R-k,m,g.cosa= m,w 2) Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) simultaneously, we get km, + ham, : my +m, m, m, (k, - ke) g cos a m, +m, (b) when the blocks just slide down the plane, w= 0, so from Eqn. (3) km + km, 2 m, +m, or, (m,+ m))sina = (k,m,+k,m,) cosa (km, + kam) m+ im, Case 1. When the body is launched up : Let k be the coefficeint of friction, u the velocity of projection and / the distance traversed along the incline. Retarding force on the block = mg sin a +k mg cos a and hence the retardation = gsina +kgcos a. Using the equation of particle kinematics along the incline, O= w-2(gsina+kgcosa)! 2 w= gsina-gcosa ind Re @) gsina-gcos a 0 Hence tana, 2 '" gana vkgce a) @ and O= u~(gsina+kgcosa)t or, us gsina +kgcos.a)t @ Using (2) in (1) T= F sin +k gcosa)s? e Case (2). When the block comes downward, the net force on the body = mg sin a. - kn g cos and hence its acceleration = g sin a - kg cos @ Let, t be the time required then, In $ @sin ok gcosa) Oy From Eggs. (3) and (4) ne _ sina -koosa r? sina+kcosa But = 5 (according to the question), Hence on solving we get 2 ke ya punae 0-16 +1.63 1.64 1.65 37 At the initial moment, obviously the tension in the thread connecting m, and m, equals the weight of m,. :(a) For the block m, to come down or the block m, to go up, the conditions is m,g-Tz0 and T-m,gsina-fre0 where 7 is tension and f is friction which in the limiting case equals km,g cosa. Then or = m,g—mysina>km,g cosa A 72, (kcos.a.+ sin a) m (b) Similarly in the case m, 8 sin & — m8 > frinn or, m, gsin a - mg > km, g cosa 7 7 < ina-ko0s.a) m (©) For this case, neither kind of motion is possible, and fr need not be limiting. m, Hence, (cos ot + sin a) > => (sin a - k cos a) 1 From the conditions, obtained in the previous problem, first we will check whether the mass m, goes up or down. Here, m,/m, = 1 > sin a + kcos a, (substituting the values). Hence the mass m, will come down with an acceleration (say w). From the free body diagram of previous problem, Ma, 8 ew, @) and T-m,gsina- km, g cos. a= m,w (2 ‘Adding (1) and, (2), we get, Mm, g-m,gsina-—km,gcosa= (m,+m)w wa Ltz/m—sina—koos a) 8 _ (ny - sin a —k eos a) g (1 +m,/m,) 1+H Substituting all the values, w= 0-048 g ~0-05 g ‘As m, moves down with acceleration of magnitude w= 0.05 g>0, thus in vector form acceleration of m,: >. (-sina-ke0s a) 2" 990 w, Tea 0.05 g° Let us write the Newton’s second law in projection form along positive x-axis for the plank and the bar fr= mw, fr= mw, qa)38 1.66 1.67 At the initial moment, fr represents the static friction, and as the force F grows so does the friction force fr, but up to it’s limiting value fue. f= frauen) KN= km, g. frm wk Unless this value is reached, both bodies moves Fp as a single body with equal acceleration. But as soon as the force fr reaches the limit, the bar starts sliding over the plank i.e. w.2 wy. Substituting here the values of w, and w, taken from Eq, (1) and taking into account that f, = km, g,we obtain, (at - km, g)/m, 2 ws g, were the sign "=" corresponds to the moment 1 t= ty (ay) k + Hence, to - eee eeelee. ma (my m™) am, If tty then w, = 22 (constant), and a Ww, = (at- km, g)/m, On this basis w, (¢) and w, (2), plots are as shown in the figure of answersheet. Let us designate the x-axis (Fig.) and apply F,= mw, for body A : mgsina-kmgcosa= mw or, we gsina-kgcosa Now, from kinematical equation : Isec a = 0+ (1/2) we? or, t= V2Tsec a/(sin a — k cos G) g N = V21/(6in2 a/2 - keos*a) g LV (using Eq. (1)). a(- kena) for tain» 4a 0 A — ie. 20826, 2keosasina= 0 or, un2a= -t-a= 49° and putting the values of a, k and / in Eq. (2) we get fai, 18. Let us fix the x-y co-ordinate system to the wedge, taking the x-axis up, along the incline and the y - axis perpendicular to it (Fig.).39 Now, we draw the free body diagram for the bar. Let us apply Newton’s second law in projection form along x and y axis for the bar : Tcos B-mgsina-fr= 0 (1) TsinB+N-mgcosa= 0 or, N= mgcosa-TsinB (2) But f, = kN and using (2) in (1), we get T= mgsina +k mg cos o/(cos f + k sin B) @) For T,,,, the value of (cos B + ksin B) should be maximum d (cos B + ksin B) So, aB =0 or tanpek Putting this value of B in Eq. (3) we get, po —mgsina+keosa) __ mg (sina +kcos a) Ma /Viek? +?/Vi eke View First of all let us draw the free body diagram for the small body of mass m and indicate x-axis along the horizontal plane and y — axis, perpendicular to it, as shown in the figure. Let the block breaks off the plane at t= % ic. N= 0 So, N= mg-aysina= 0 oye ana a) From F, = mw,, for the body under investigation : md y/dt= atcos a. ; Integrating within the limits for v(t) v mf av, cos. frat (using Eq. 1) 0 o ds aos & 2 - on ® Integrating, Eqn. (2) for s (t) 3 sn Seer Q) Using the value of f= fy from Eq. (1), into Eqs. (2) and (3) mg’ cosa m? g* cos a. ve Sige ANd $e 2asin’a 6a’ sin’ a40 1.69 1.70 L7L Newton’s second law of motion in projection form, along horizontal or x-axis i.e. F,= mw, gives. F cos (as) = my (as a= as) or, Fcos (as) ds = mvdv Integrating, over the limits for v (s) E ¥ se coon de a or ve Vv ma = V2gsina/3a (using F= ™) which is the sought relationship. From the Newton’s second law in projection from : For the bar, T-2kmg = (2m)w @ For the motor, T- kang = mw’ (2) Now, from the equation of kinematics in the frame of bar or motor : l= Sows wys @) From (1), (2) and (3) we get on eliminating T and w t= V2i/(kg+3w) Let us write Newton’s second law in vector from F'= mw, for both the blocks (jin the frame of ground). T+ mg mW @ Ts m3 maw @ These two equations contain three unknown quantities #,, W, and T. The third equation is provided by the kinematic relationship between the accelerations : a ee Wis WotW , Wye WH 3) where Wis th acceleration of the mass m, with respect to the pulley or elevator car. Summing up termwise the left hand and the right-hand sides of these kinematical equations, we get172 41 Wi = 25% @ The simultaneous solution of Eqs+(1), (2) and (4) yields > = ap. =m) 2m, , my, m2 Using this result in Eq. (3), we get, —y _ MyM >» —. wz 2mm, _, . m, +m, — Wo) and T= m, +m. (H - 8) cS fe —»~ My, M, > >. Using the results in Eq. (3) we get W = (e- Wo) m, +m, (6) obviously the force exerted by the pulley on the celing of the car m, +m, Note : one could also solve this problem in the frame of elevator car. Let us write Newton’s second law for both, bar 1 and body 2 in terms of projection having taken the positive direction of x, and x, as shown in the figure and assuming that body 2 starts sliding, say, upward along the incline T,-m,gsina= mw, () ae N m,g-T,= m,w Q) Ti For the pulley, moving in vertical direction Ti from the equation F, = mw, 2T,-T,= (m,)w,= 0 of "mg. 2 | (as mass of the pulley m,= 0) oo or T,= 27, @) As the length of the threads are constant, the 29, kinematical relationship of accelerations becomes w= 2m, (4) Simultaneous solutions of all these equations yields : m | 25(2%2-se] 2g(29 in al) w= ——___—_+ m. 4n+1 (<2) ae) m, As n> 1, w is directed vertically downward, and hence in vector form we 22(2y-sina) 4y+142 1.73 1.74 Let us write Newton’s second law for masses m, and m, and moving pully in vertical direction along positive x - axis Fig.) : m, 8-T= mw es m,g-T= mW, 2 T,-2T= O(asm= 0) or T,=2T @) Again using Newton’s second law in projection form for mass my along positive x, direction (Fig.), we get T= my 4 The kinematical relationship between the accelerations of masses gives in terms of projection on the x - axis Wig t Wo = 2H () Simultaneous solution of the obtained five equations yields : a [4 m, mz + mg (m, - m,) 18 : 4 mm, +m (m, ie m) In vector form ap = mim + mo (m,- 18" 1 4m, m, + my (m, +m) As the thread is not tied with m, so if there were no friction between the thread and the ball m, the tension in the thread would be zero and as a result both bodies will have free fall motion. Obviously in the given problem it is the friction force exerted by the ball on the thread, which becomes the tension in the thread. From the condition or language of the problem w,,>Ww, and as both are directed downward so, relative acceleration of M = w,,-w,, and is directed downward. Kinematical equation for the ball in the frame of rod in projection form along upward direction gives : b= 4 Gy — Wy)? @ Newton’s second law in projection form along Tz fi vertically down direction for both, rod and ball ele gives, Mg -fr= Mwy Q) fr mg fr= mq ® wp ale Multiplying Eq. (2) by m and Eq. (3) by M m and then subtracting Eq. (3) from (2) and after ¢ using Eq. (1) we get t 21Mm PO Oteme "4LIS 1.76 43 Suppose, the ball goes up with accleration w, and the rod comes down with the acceleration w. As the length of the thread is constant, 2 w, = w, ro) From Newton’s second law in projection form along vertically upward for the ball and vertically downward for the rod respectively gives, T-mg= mw, Q) and Mg-T'=Mw, (3) but T=2T (because pulley is massless) (4) From Eqs. (1), (2), (3) and (4) _ QM-m)g_ (2-neg Me n+ 4M +4 acre (downwards) From kinematical equation in projection form, we get (in upward direction) and w)= 1 2 Is z (w, +w,)t as, w, and w, are in the opposite direction. Putting the values of w, and w,, the sought time becomes t= V21@+4)/3Q2-n)g = 14s Using Newton’s second law in projection form along x-axis for the body 1 and along negative x - axis for the body 2 respectively, we get mg -T,= m,™, @) T,~m, = mW, @ For the pulley lowering in downward direction from Newton’s law along x axis, T,-2T, = 0 (as pulley is mass less) or, T,= 27, (3) As the length of the thread is constant so, wy = 20, (4) The simultaneous solution of above equations yields, 2(m,-2m)g 2-2) my, oe ee AM) as 5 ea ee i ®) Obviously during the time interval in which the body 1 comes to the horizontal floor covering the distance h, the body 2 moves upward the distance 2h. At the moment when the body 2 is at the height 2h from the floor its velocity is given by the expression : Ba 2, (2n)= 2{ 2M=DE] 94. SA 2) 14 ne4 After the body m, touches the floor the thread becomes slack or the tension in the thread zero, thus as a result body 2 is only under gravity for it’s subsequent motion.44 LH 1.78 Owing to the velocity v, at that moment or at the height 24 from the floor, the body 2 further goes up under gravity by the distance, 2g nt+4 Thus the sought maximum height attained by the body 2 : Ho 2heh' = thy M=2), Sah (™m+4) n+4 Let us draw free body diagram of each body, i.e. of rod A and of wedge B and also draw the kinemetical diagram for accelerations, after analysing the directions of motion of A and B. Kinematical relationship of accelarations is : Wa tana= —* man @) Let us write Newton’s second law for both bodies in terms of projections having taken positive directions of y and x axes as shown in the figure. m,g-N cos a= my wy Q) and Nsin a= mg Wy (3) Simultaneous solution of (1), (2) and (3) yields : | m,gsina : 2 and ‘4 m,Sin a+ mg cotacosa (1+ cot” a) Wa =—4. —_-8____ Wa" tana (lana +n cota) N A We ve NE = A } NN Wy VA Mag e We Note : We may also solve this problem using conservation of mechanical energy instead of Newton’s second law. Let us draw free body diagram of each body and fix the coordinate system, as shown in the figure. After analysing the motion of M and m on the basis of force diagrams, let us draw the kinematical diagram for accelerations (Fig.). As the length of threads are constant so, spy = dsy and as Vay and Vy, do not change their directions that why |Fae | = [Phe | = w Gay) ana Wr tt Vy and Wy tt Dy179 a Wn tT? T o > N ON Ny Wm T > Wm T ™m sx 7 Wh AS W,, = Wray + Wy so, from the triangle law of vector addition Wy = V2 w @ From the Eq. F, = mw, , for the wedge and block : T-N= Mw, Q) and N= mw @) Now, from the Eq. F,= mw, , for the block mg -T~kN = mw (4) Simultaneous solution of Eqs. (2), (3) and (4) yields : a: mM ee (n+ 2m+M) (k+2+M/m) Hence using Eq. (1) (eee im" Oaks M/m) Bodies 1 and 2 will remain at rest with repect to bar A for Wain SWS Wongg) WHELE Woy iS the sought minimum acceleration of the bar. Beyond these limits there will be a relative motion between bar and the bodies. For 0 < w k Let us write Newton’s second law for both bodies in projection form along positive yp and x, axes as shown in the Fig. mm gcosa-N=mW24y,)= Ma [Waronrt rir] * m[O+Mrsine] or, m,gcosa-N-= mw, sina @ and Nsina = mw, 2) Solving (1) and (2), we get i. ma gsinacosa __ gsin a cos a m,+m,sin?a — (m,/m,)+sin?a47 1.82 To analyse the kinematic relations between the bodies, sketch the force diagram of each body as shown in the figure. On the basis of force diagram, it is obvious that the wedge M will move towards right and the block will move down along the wedge. As the length of the thread is constant, the distance travelled by the block on the wedge must be equal to the distance travelled by the wedge on the floor. Hence ds, = dS, AS Vny and vy, do not change their directions and acceleration that’s WhY Wry tt Vegg and Wy tt Vy and Wyse = Wy = W (say) and accordingly the diagram of kinematical dependence is shown in figure. : Wy AS W,." Wry + Wy, 80 from triangle law of vector addition. Wy = Wwe + Wey 2 Wey Wy COS = wV2(1 — cos a) q@ From F, = mw, , (for the wedge), T= Toosa+Nsina= Mw Q) For the bar m let us fix (x-y) coordinate system in the frame of ground Newton’s law in projection form along x and y axes (Fig.) gives mg sino. - T= mw,, «=m [mu wot | = [Wace 008 (1-1) =m w (1 - coset) @) MmECOsa—N= mMqi5)™ [Wms * Macy) |= MLO + w sinc] (4) Solving the above Eqs. simultaneously, we get mgsina * 42m (1—cosa) Note : We can study the motion of the block m in the frame of wedge also, alternately we may solve this problem using conservation of mechanical energy. 1.83 Let us sketch the diagram for the motion of the particle of mass m along the circle of radius R and indicate x and y axis, as shown in the figure. ~ (a) For the particle, change in momentum Ap = mv (-i)-mv(j) so, [Ap P| = V2 mv and time taken in describing quarter of the circle,48 1.84 185 xR Ate oF ay 2 Hence, =lAPL. vim W2my? —_, 4 At wR/2v mR Vp => (b) In this case Ve — ~ a p= 0 and py= mw,t(-i), . so |Ap|=mw,t = Hence, || = iezl. mw, " While moving in a loop, normal reaction exerted by the flyer on the loop at different points and uncompensated weight if any contribute to the weight of flyer at those points. (a) When the aircraft is at the lowermost point, Newton’s second law of motion in projection form F, = mw, gives 2 mv N-mg= ane my? or, N= mg +" = 2-09 KN (b) When it is at the upper most point, again from F, = mw, we get w+ mg = mv? N"= -mg= 0-7kN (c) When the aircraft is at the middle point of the loop, again from F, = mw, 2 my. a ae N’ R 1-4kN The uncompensated weight is mg. Thus effective weight = VN" + mg” = 1-56kN acts obliquely. Let us depict the forces acting on the small sphere m, (at an arbitrary position when the thread makes an angle @ from the vertical) and write equation F. = mw via projection on ea the unit vectors @, and u,. From F,= mw,, we have mg sin 0 =m & . a wm Le, yp ds 1(-d®) (as vertical is refrence line of angular position)49 or vdv= —glsindd Integrating both the sides : v 8 fvdv= -gif sinodo 0 wd 2 v or, 7 78! cos 8 2 Hence “= 2g 00s 0= , a) (Eq. (1) can be easily obtained by the conservation of mechanical energy). From F, = mw, T-mgcos0= ar Using (1) we have T= 3 mg cos ® (2) Again from the Eq. F,= mw,: mg sin 0 = mw, or w,= gsinO Q) Hence w= Vw? + w2 = V(gsin 0)? + (2g 00s 0)” (using 1 and 3) = gV1+3.c0s76 (b) Vertical component of velocity, v, = v sin @ So, vy = v?sin?@= 2g I cos @ sin? (using 1) tn 2 For maximum v, or v2, Hivos Gin 9) Lo oo 1 which yields cos O= Therefore from (2) T= 3mg Fe = VE mg (6) We have Wa W,ti,+ Wy tly thus Wy = Way) + Wy) But in accordance with the problem w, = 0 So, Way) + Wy = or, g sin @ sin 0 + 2g cos 70 (- cos 8) = 0 1 or, cosO= 7 or, O= 547°50 1.86 1.87 The ball bas only normal acceleration at the lowest position and only tangential acceleration at any of the extreme position. Let v be the speed of the ball at its lowest position and / be the length of the thread, then according to the problem a= gsina (1) where ot is the maximum deflection angle From Newton’s law in projection form : F,= mw, mg sin 0 = my oe o, gl sinOd0= vdv On integrating both the sides within their limits. 0 7: foo ° : or, v= 2gi (1 -cos a) (2) Note : Eq. (2) can easily be obtained by the conservation of mechanical energy of the ball in the uniform field of gravity. From Eqs. (1) and (2) with @ = a 2gl (1 - cos a) = Ig cos a or, cosa= 2 so, a= 53° Let us depict the forces acting on the body A (which are the force of gravity mg”and the normal reaction N ) and write equation F = mw via projection on the unit vectors u, and u, Fig.) From F,= mw, . dv mg sin 8 = "ae vay ne fide «Rad or, gRsin0d0= vdv Integrating both side for obtaining v (0) e v J gRsinodo~ fvav oO 0 or, \yv? = 2gR (1 - cos 0) From F,= mw, mg cos 0- N= m= me At the moment the body loses contact with the surface, N= 0 and therefore the Eq. (2) becomes v= gR cos 0 QB)1.88 1.89 1.90 51 where v and 8 correspond to the moment when the body loses contact with the surface. Solving Eqs. (1) and (3) we obtain cos @ = 2 or, 8= cos~* (2/3) and v= V2gR73. At first draw the free body diagram of the device as, shown. The forces, acting on the sleeve are it’s weight, acting vertically downward, spring force, along the length of the spring and normal reaction by the rod, perpendicular to its length. Let F be the spring force, and AJ be the elongation. From, F,= mw, : Nsin@+Fcos0= mw*r (ty where rcos 0 = (Ip + AD. Similarly from F,= mw, Ncos@-Fsin®= 0 ot, N=Fsin@/cos 0 2) From (1) and (2) F (sin 0/cos 8) - sin 0+ F cos 0 = mw’ r = mw (I, + Al)/cos @ On putting F= «Al, x Asin? 6 +k Al cos?0 = mw? (Iy+AD) on solving, we get, by 4 K-ma? (x/mo*—1) and it is independent of the direction of rotation. According to the question, the cyclist moves along the circular path and the centripetal force is provided by the frictional force. Thus from the equation F, = mw, 2 2 my mv fre BE or kong = ™ Al= mo? 2 io wo(t-gle- > or v= ky(r-7/R)g ) alr For Viy,y WE should have or, 1-2. 0, so r= R/2 Hencg Yigg = $V Fah As initial velocity is zero thus v= 2ws @ As w,>0 the speed of the car increases with time or distance. Till the moment, sliding starts, the static friction provides the required centripetal acceleration to the car. Thus fr= mw, but frs kmg52 191 1.92 So, ws he or, Wake Re or, Ps @e-w)R Hence Var VR - WR so, from Eqn. (1), the sought distance s = fet es = 60m. Since the car follows a curve, so the maximum velocity at which it can ride without sliding at the point of minimum radius of curvature is the sought velocity and obviously in this case the static friction between the car and the road is limiting. Hence from the equation F, = mw 2 kang z om or vs VERg so Vmax = WE Ronin 8 + (@) We know that, radius of curvature for a curve at any point (x, y) is given as, [1+ @/aey? ¥? Re énla? For the given curve, Yy 4 og (*) and Y= ~% gin = a ala oo Substituting this value in (2) we get, : [1 + (27/02) cos? (x/a) }°7 (a/c?) sin (x/a) For the minimum R, == = a and therefore, corresponding radius of curvature 2 a Rein °) Hence from (1) and (2) Vinag = OV ga The sought tensile stress acts on each element of the chain. Hence divide the chain into small, similar elements so that each element may be assumed as a particle. We consider one such element of mass dm, which subtends angle da. at the centre. The chain moves along a circle of known radius R with a known angular speed w and certain forces act on it. We have to find one of these forces. From Newton’s second law in projection form, F, = mw, we get 2Tsin (da./2) - dN cos 0 = dmwR and from F, = mw, we get aN sin® = gdm Then putting dm = mdo/2x and sin (da/2)= da/2 and solving, we get, 2 T- m (w" R + g cot ®) 2n53 Ty " dmg : 1,93 Let, us consider a small element of the thread and draw free body diagram for this element. (@) Applying Newton’s second law of motion in projection form, F, = mw, for this element, (T+ dT) sin (d 0/2) + Tsin (d0/2)-dN= dmw’R= 0 or, 27 sin (d 0/2) = AN, [negelecting the term(dT sin d 8/2) ] _d0_ do or, Td0- AN, as sin = 5 0) Also, dfr= kdN= (T+dT)-T= dT T Q) From Eqs. (1) and (2), kTd0= aT or “Fa kao In this case Q= x so, nee 3 or, or, na x @) 7 So, ke Zin em Zinn m. (b) When —>= n, which is greater than my the blocks will move with same value of 1 acceleration. (say w) and clearly m, moves downward. From Newton’s second law in projection form (downward for m, and upward for m,) we get : m,g-T,= m,w (4) and T,-m,g= mw 6)54 1.94 1.95 1.96 197 I, 2 Also 7,7 No ©) Simultaneous solution of Eqs. (4), (5) and (6) yields : _ = Nom) 8 _ (=m) cae (mm, +79) (M+M9) i. The force with which the cylinder wall acts on the particle will provide centripetal force necessary for the motion of the particle, and since there is no acceleration acting in the horizontal direction, horizontal component of the velocity will remain constant througout b the motion. So Vg HV COS Using, F,,= mw,,, for the particle of mass m, mvi_ mv,cos’a Ree which is the required normal force. Obviously the radius vector describing the position of the particle relative to the origin of coordinate is N= Re ee > > r= xityj= asinotitbcoswtj Differentiating twice with respect the time : 2 — We EF = ~ 02 (asin o17+ boos wrj}= ~0F7* Q) t So 2 Thus F=mw=-mor ors (a) Wehave Ap™= f Far = fmgzar= mz () 0 ~— : : . : 2(%8) (b) Using the solution of problem 1.28 (b), the total time of motion, t= - ae Hence using t= vin (1) [ap"] = mgt = -2m(wyeV/e (Wo Bis -ve) From the equation of the given time dependence force F'= a t(t-1) at t=, the force vanishes, (a) Thus app f Fa o55 or, but Ras ye Qu ee Ge () Again from the equation F= mw av" = at(t-t)= ma or, atv-t?)dt= md” Integrating within the limits for v%), or, Thus Hence distance covered during the time interval t= +, © se fva 198 We have F = Fysin wt av ey ra m= Fysin wt or mdv™ Fysin wtdt or On integrating, a» —-F . A inly = —* cos wt + C, (where C is integration constant) = F 0 When t= 0, v=0, so C= ——~ mo a», ~Fo Ce ae eee nee See mo mo Fo As | cos wt < 1 so, v= —*-(1-cos of) mo56 ' Thus s= fr at 0 Fyt Fosinot ‘0 : eae 3 ( ot - sin wt) mo mo mo (igure in the answer sheet). 1.99 According to the problem, the force acting on the particle of mass m is, F= Fycos ot dave = Fi So, a= Fy cos wt or dv'= — cos wt dt a m Integrating, within the limits. v ' t 3 *F F, dv= © f cos aed or v= moot oO 0 It is clear from equation (1), that after starting at t= 0, the particle comes to rest fro the first time at r= 2, ® — Fy. x From Eq. (1), v= |of= — sinc for rs = Q) Thus during the time interval t = x/c, the sought distance Fon s= 2 f sinovara a mw mo 0 From Eq. (1) Fy 7 “max” Zo | sin we | = 1 a 1.100 (a) From the problem = F= - 7 so m&P= -7v dv es Thus mae -m[asdvthv] or, wile v m On integrating Inve-7 04 But at t= 0, v=v, 80, C= Invy r tt or, -—t Of, v= yom m Thus for tao, v=0 dv =F (b) We have m7 = -rv so dv= me1101 587 Integrating within the given limits to obtain v(s ): y or, @) Thus for (c) Let we have or, 0 0 So i =m In(1/)) | minn r r Now, average velocity over this time interval, Bin fn : f vge”m dt fra % %(n-1) ee ion ;mn According to the problem oe mn -kv ee kdt Integrating, withing the limits, v ' da k m (%-¥) fs ale ~r a % To fin. the value of k, rewrite a 2 ee ms -kv* or, , -at On integrating v h ee: v m. ' 0 m, Yo So, ke Fn Q) Putting the value of k from (2) in (1), we get A(vy-¥) t= —— Yo vyvin58 1.102 1,103 From Newton’s second law for the bar in projection from, F, = mw, along x direction we get mg sin ot - kg cos a= mw co ve. gsinat—arg cosa, (ask= ax), or, vdv= (gsina-argcos a) de or, Jf vav= ef (sina -x cos a) dr o Oo 2 2 v x So, P= g(sinax-7 From (1) v= 0 at either cosa) (a) 2 x= 0, or x= qine As the motion of the bar is unidirectional it stops after going through a distance of 3 em . tan a. From (1), f0F Ypgys (sin ax -%acos a) = 0, which yields x= tuna a& 2 G y a Hence, the maximum velocity will be at the distance, x= tana/a Putting this value of x in (1) the maximum velocity, gsin o tan a Vinax max a Since, the applied force is proportional to the time and the frictional force also exists, the motion does not start just after applying the force. The body starts its motion when F equals the limiting friction. Let the motion start after time fg , then kan, F = aty=kmg or, ty= = So, for t= s fo, the body remains at rest and for ¢ > fy obviously id nt a(f-%) of, mdv= a(t-t)de Integrating, and noting v = Oat £ = fy, we have for t> fy ’ ‘ f mave a fe-ma or v= 5 (t=) 0 ‘y ' C 2 a 3 Thus (t-t)) dt= Sm (toto) fo1.104 1.105 59 While going upward; from Newton’s second law in vertical direction : m *e =(mg+kv?) or —U = ~ ds *) At the maximum height h, the speed v = 0, so oO h Integrating and solving, we get, 2 m ky ha in ( 1+ =) @ When the body falls downward, the net force acting on the body in downward direction equals (mg - ky? )» Hence net acceleration, in downward direction, according to second law of motion vdv by? vdy en eo, Eye as e- Thus f en fe g-kv*/m Integrating and putting the value of h from (1), we get, ore Let us fix x - y co-ordinate system to the given plane, taking x-axis in the direction along which the force vector was oriented at the moment f= 0, then the fundamental equation of dynamics expressed via the projection on x and y-axes gives, : dy, cos Wt = 7a (i) d and Fsinot= m— Q a (@) Using the condition (0) =0, we obtain v, = —— sinws Q) and v= (1 - cost) 4 Hence,60 1.106 1.107 (b) It is seen from this that the velocity v tums into Zero after the time interval At, which can be found from the relation, of. x. Consequentely, the sought distance, is vdt Average velocity, = os 2F_ .. (wt 4F So, <> -S% sn( 2 al (2x0) = 0 The acceleration of the disc along the plane is determined by the projection of the force of gravity on this plane F, = mg sin a and the friction force fr = kmg cos a. In our case k= tana and therefore fr= F,=mgsina Let us find the projection of the acceleration on the derection of the tangent to the trajectory and on the x-axis : mw,= F,cos @ - fr= mg sina (cos p-1) mw,= F,- frcosp= mgsina(1-cos p) Itis seen fromthis that w, = - w,, which means that the velocity v and its projection v, differ only by a constant value C which does not change with time, i.e. va y+, where v,= vcos @. The constant C is found from the initial condition v= vo, whence C= vp since p = 5 initially. Finally we obtain v= vy/(1+cos@). In the cource of time @—> 0. and v—> vp/2. (Motion then is unaccelerated.) Let us consider an element of length ds at an angle @ from the vertical diameter. As the speed of this element is zero at initial instant of time, it’s centripetal acceleration is zero, and hence, dN - dds cos p= 0, where 2 is the linear mass density of the chain Let T and T+dT be the tension at the upper and the lower ends of ds. we have from, F,= mw, (T+ dT)+)ds gsing-T= Msw, or, aT+Rdg gsing = dds,1.108 61 If we sum the above equation for all elements, the term f dT = 0 because there is no tension at the free ends, so VR rer f sinpdg- dw, f ds=Alw, 0 Hence w,= (10s 1 R As w, =a at initial moment Sek So, w=|w,|=2F (1 - cos 5 In the problem, we require the velocity of the body, realtive to the sphere, which itself moves with an acceleration Ws in horizontal direction (say towards left). Hence it is advisible to solve the problem in the frame of sphere (non-inertial frame). At an arbitary moment, when the body is at an angle @ with the vertical, we sketch the force diagram for the body and write the second law of motion in projection form F,= mw, my? or, mg cos 0 - N ~ mw sin @ =" qa At the break off point, N= 0, @= 0, and let v= vgso the Eq, (1) becomes, 2 Yo i. FF ™ F.08 Op ~ Wo sin Oy 2) From, F,= mw, img sin 0 — mw cos = m2 w= m 2X ds ~ "RdO or, vdv= R(gsin 0 +w, cos 0)d0 ® % Integrating, f vdv= fi R (gsinO + wy cos0) dO 0 Oo (1 - c080,) + Wo sin Oy @) Note that the Eq. (3) can also be obtained by the work-energy theorem A= AT (in the frame of sphere) therefore, mgR (1 ~ cos Op )+ mip sin 0) = 3 mv [bere mw) sin Q, is the work done by the pseudoforce (- mw,)] 2 Yo 7 or, FH 7 8 (1 ~€05 0p) + wy sin Oy62 1.109 1.110 Solving Eqs. (2) and (3) we get, 4 2 Vp = V2gR73 and 05 = cos ~* PALA EEL ie where k= “2 3(1 +k) 8 Hence % Layee 17? This is not central force problem unless the path is a circle about the said point. Rather here F, (tangential force) vanishes. Thus equation of motion becomes, V,= Vo* constant 2 myo A and, —. = for r= ry i r We can consider the latter equation as the equilibrium under two forces. When the motion is perturbed, we write r= ry) +x and the net force acting on the particle is, 2 2 2 my i mv mv -—4A—+ 0 ~=4 1-%),22(1-2)_-=2a-ayz (r+x)" TotX rg i) To 1% my, This is opposite to the displacement x, if n< 1+ (tet is an outward directed centrifugul force while —4 is thé inward directed external force). r There are two forces on the sleeve, the weight F, and the centrifugal force F,, We resolve both forces into tangential and normal component then the net downward tangential force on the sleeve is, 2. mg sin® (: - Roos 4) This vanishes for 0= 0 and for oO @= 0) cos”? a} which is real if wR 2 2R Siz oR>g. IfwR g, 1--—~ cos0 is negative for small gsn0" mg=F; mg CosO+mu*RSin® © near 0 = 0 and @= 0 is then unstable. However 0 = Q, is stable because the force tends to bring the sleeve near the equilibrium position @ = @,, If wR = g, the two positions coincide and becomes a stable equilibrium point.11 1112 1113 63 Define the axes as shown with z along the local vertical, x due east and y due north. (We assume we are in the northern hemisphere). Then the Coriolis force has the components. F.,= -2m@xV) = 2meo | v, cos® ~ v, sin®) i= v, cos j+v, cos k] = 2m (v, cos0 — v_ sind) 7” since v, is small when the direction in which tie gun is fired is due north. Thus the equation of motion (neglecting centrifugal forces) are X' = 2mo (v, sing - v, cos), y= 0 and Z = -g -North Integrating we get y= v (constant), z= - gt z-vertical and X= 2w vsing t + wg t? cosp East Finally, > 7 x= ov? sing +3 gt? cose Now v >> gt in the present case. so, 2 2 x~ ovsing (=) = wsing = v v ~ 7m (to the east), The disc exerts three forces which are mutually perpendicular. They are the reaction of the weight, mg, vertically upward, the Coriolis force 2mv' w perpendicular to the plane of the vertical and along the diameter, and ma’r outward along the diameter. The resultant force is, Famv g+a'r+(Qv a) The sleeve is free to slide along the rod AB. Thus only the centrifugal force acts on it. The equation is, 3 dr mi= mo?r where v= &- a Butp= v%— #(2 *) dr dr s0, ive 50??? + constant 7 Pa ke? Vo being the initial velocity when r= 0. The Coriolis force is then, amo Vig raPF = ama Viva = 2-83 N on putting the values.64 1.114 1115 The disc OBAC is rotating with angular o! velocity w about the axis OO’ passing through the edge point O. The equation of motion in w rotating frame is, mi’ = F's mo? Rs Inv’ x= F+F, 8 where F,, is the resultant inertial forc. (pseudo force) which is the vector sum of centrifugal 0 A and Coriolis forces. (a) AtA,F,, vanishes. Thus 0= -2mw?Rin+2mv' on where 7 is the inward drawn unit vector to the centre from the point in question, here A. Thus, v= oR 2 2 =e He gt so, w RO? R. > 2 aot (b) AtB Fi,= ma? OC + mo BC its magnitude is mo? VaR? —??, where r= OB. The equation of motion in the rotating coordinate system is, > => mW = F+ mo R+2m (vx a) Now, v= RO@+Rsind pe, and = W = w'cosO@--w' sinO a > > > > & 6 ce. Fee ™ 0 RO Rsin@p 1 @ cos @ -wsin® 0 = 2 (oR sin’0 @) + wR sin 0 cos 0 @ & — WR 0 cos 0 2, Now on the sphere, Ve (-RO-R sin? 6g?) a + (RO -Rsin B cos 0") ep + (Rsin Op + 2R cos 60g) & Thus the equation of motion are, m(-R@-Rsin? 0g”) = N- mg cos 0 + mw” R sin’ @ + 2mw R sin? 6p m(R 0° -Rsin 8 cos 0 ¢*) = mg sin 6 + mw? R sin 0 cos 8 + 2mu R sin 8 cos 8p m(R sin 0 +2R cos 0 0G) = -2 mw RO cos 0 From the third equation, we get, p= -@ A result that is easy to understant by considering the motion in non-rotating frame. The eliminating @ we get, : mR @ = mg cos @-N mRO = mgsinO Integrating the last equation, mR = mg (1 - cos)1.116 LT 65 Hence N= (3-2cos 0) mg So the body must fly off for @= @,= cos” *2, exactly as if the sphere were nonrotating. Now, at this point F,,= centrifugal force = mR sin Oy = vi mo?R Fogg = Vo RO cos” 0 + (wR) sin’ @ x 2m =V 22 RP +e Rx 4x 2k 22 age V FW RP aR x 5x Gk xm = 5 mo’ Ry s+ (a) When the train is moving aiong a meridian only the Coriolis force has a lateral component and its magnitude (see the previous problem) is, 2mwvcos 8 = 2mw sind (Here we have put R 0» v) 2n_ 54000, v3 86400 3600 ~ 2 = 3-77KN, (we write 4 for the latitude) (b) The resultant of the inertial forces acting on the train is, So, Frgerat ™ 2% 2000 x 10° x a SEAN Feor \ \) (We write X for the latitude here) Thus the train must move from the east to west along the 60" parallel with a speed, 1 te ee qoRoosh= 7x 954% 10 x 6:37 x 10 115-8 m/s = 417 km/hr We go to the equation given in 1.111. Here v, = 0 so we can take y= 0, thus we get for the motion in the xz plane. x = —2wv,cos 8 F,,= - 2mu R 6 cos 8 & + (mu? R sin 0 cos 6 + 2m w R sin 0 cos 0p) & + (mo? R sin? 0 + 2m w R sin? 0p) 2 This vanishes if = 0, = -Fo 1 . 1 Thus Vm Vy bos Ye™ ~7oRsind= -~>wRcosr and imng ; ia Integrating, aa 5 ze = wg cos gt? V2 1 a ‘2h So x= zwgcos pt zogcosp : ae eey 3 SPV There is thus a displacement to the east of 2,2 as 3" 64 500x 1x V2 26 em,66 13 1.118 1119 1.120 1121 Laws of Conservation of Energy, Momentum and Angular Momentum. As Fis constant so the sought work done A= Fare F-@3-7) > Pat Som > ke or, A= (3i4+4j )-[(2i-3j )-G42j )]= Git4j )-(i-5j )= 173 Differentating v (s) with respect to time dv__a ds a @ Pe sO eo (As locomotive is in unidrectional motion) 2 Hence force acting on the locomotive F = mw = os Let, at v= Oat ¢ = 0 then the distance covered during the first t seconds =w Lelie @ 2 Sa gMa aaa ot 2 4242) 4.2 Hence the sought work, A = Fs = mas (et ooo 2°44 8 ‘We have 1 2. 2as* Ts gama as or, a (eh) Differentating Eq. (1) with respect to time 4as 2as 2vw= Sy on, w= Q) Hence net acceleration of the particle 7 we Vidaw = (ea) +(222) - 28Vi5 Gray Hence the sought force, F = mw = 2asV1+ (/RY Let Fi makes an angle @ with the horizontal at any instant of time (Fig.). Newton’s second Jaw in projection form along the direction of the force, gives : F = kang cos 0 + mg sin 0 (because there is no acceleration of the body.) =, > As F tt d7'the differential work done by the force F, dA= F-d7= Fds, (where ds = | d7"|) iN = kang ds (cos 0) + mg ds sin® = kmg dx + mg dy. 1 h Hence, A= kg f de+me f ay 0 0 ad = kngl+mgh= mg (kI +h).67 1122 Let s be the distance covered by the disc along the incline, from the Eq. of increment of ME. of the disc in the field of gravity : AT+ AU = Aj, ry 0+ (- mgs sin a) = — kang cos as - king I kl - 5" Sna-keosa a Hence the sought work Ag, = ~ kg [s cos 0 +1] _ king ‘ Ag ~7 get [Using the Eqn. (1)] On puting the values A, = -0.05 J 1123 Let x be the compression in the spring when the bar m, is about to shift. Therefore at this moment spring force on m, is equal to the limiting friction between the bar m, and horizontal floor. Hence xx= km,g [where « is the spring constant (say)] (1) For the block m, from work-energy theorem : A= AT = 0 for minimum force. (A here indudes the work done in stretching the spring.) so, Fr-hn2—kngx= 0 or k5a F-kmg Q, From (1) and (2), m ro tele’) 1.124 From the initial condition of the problem the limiting fricition between the chain lying on the horizontal table equals the weight of the over hanging part of the chain, i.e. Anlg= kA(1-%) lg (where 4d is the linear N mass density of the chain) — So, ea q@ Fs Let (at an arbitrary moment of time) the length ‘of the chain on the table is x. So the net friction force between the chain and the table, at this Ax moment : 3 Adx) f,= AN= kixg 2) 4 The differential work done by the friction forces : dha Fd ~f,ds~ -kaxg-d)= de( 7h \eae ® (Note that here we have written ds = -dr., because ds is essentially a positive term and as the length of the chain decreases with time, dx is negative) Hence, the sought work done o - a a en; pe A Sf re poee (=n) ne -133 Q-n)!68 L125 1.126 1.127 The velocity of the body, ¢ seconds after the begining of the motion becomes v= ¥> +g. The power developed by the gravity (m g’) at that moment, is P= mg" v= m(g”- v9 + 8°t) = mg (gt- vy sina) qa) As mg” is a constant force, so the average power A_ mg? ar”

= oe —— tT where Ar” is the net displacement of the body during time of flight. As, mg"L Ar” so

= 0 ‘We have ee at?, ot, v= VaRt, t is defined to start from the begining of motion from rest. So, 0,2 Ba VaR Instantaneous power, PaF y= m (Ww, le, + Wy iy, )- (VaR th, ), (where ii, and i, are unit vectors along the direction of tangent (velocity) and normal respectively) So, P= mw,VaR t= ma Rt Hence the sought average power ' ' f Pdt f ma Rt dt

e SB ' t fe 0 _maRt? | maRt 2t 2 Let the body m acquire the horizontal velocity vy along positive x — axis at the point O. (a) Velocity of the body t seconds after the begining of the motion, ve twee (vy—ket)im q@ Instantaneous power P= Fv (- longi): (vy kgt) i= — kang (vo - ket ) From Eq. (1), the time of motion t= v9/kg Hence sought average power during the time of motion 1 Hence kang vo Jf He 75 — bee ya ee : F 7 ~2W (On substitution) From F,= mw, — kg = mw, = ee or, v,dv,= -kgdx = - agxdx1128 1.129 1.130 69 To find v (x), let us integrate the above equation v x fue - ag f xae or, Y= y-age a % 0 Now, P-F vt -maxgVve-agx? (2) For maximum. power, £We = hex") = 0 which yields x= Putting this value of x, in Eq. (2) we get, Po im Ava Centrifugal force of inertia is directed outward along radial line, thus the sought work 7 Yo v20g A= f mw? r dr = 5 mo? (3- 1) = 0-20T (On substitution) n Since the springs are connected in series, the combination may be treated as a single spring of spring constant. Kim Ky +k, From the equation of increment of ME, AT+AU=A,, 2| Ky, +K, First, let us find the total height of ascent. At the beginning and the end of the path of velocity of the body is equal to zero, and therefore the increment of the kinetic energy of the body is also equal to zero. On the other hand, in according with work-energy theorem AT is equal to the algebraic sum of the works A performed by all the forces, i.e. by the force F and gravity, over this path. However, since AT= 0 then A= 0. Taking into account that the upward direction is assumed to coincide with the positive direction of the y-axis, we can write O+dK A= A, oF 4-3 a Jar hb h Am f @ena-a 7 fer,-me ay o ° = mg f (1-209) dy= mgh 1 at) = 0. ° whence h= 1/a. The work performed by the force F over the first half of the ascent is M2 wr Ap= f Fay ame fay) a= 3 mg/4a. 0 0 The corresponding increment of the potential energy is AU = mgh/2 = mg/2a.70 1131 1.132 From the equation F, = -Z we get F,= [-F 3] ee (a) we have at r= rq the particle is in equilibrium position. i.e. F,= 0 $0, ro= To check, whether the position is steady (the position of stable equilibrium), we have to satisfy 2 oreo d’U_[6a_ 2 We have oe | 2a Putting the value of r= ry= 3 we get 2 4 ie &. (as a and b are positive constant) au e So, ae eae ae a dr? 8a® which indicates that the potential energy of the system is minimum, hence this position is steady. (0) We have Fe -@. -3+3] dF, For F, to be maximum, —"= 0 dr 3a So, r= Sand then Frigas)” 573) As F, is negative, the force is attractive. (a) We have au -au Bo ~Gie -2ax and Fe =F = - apy So, Fe 2axi-2Byiand, Fe 2Voerepy (Q) For a central force, 7 F= 0 Here, 7xF= (eityj )x(-2axi-2Byj) = -2Bpxyk-2axy(k)«0 Hence the force is not a central force. ()) As U= ox’ + py? So, F,= z. -2ax and F,= =22 ay = -2By. So, FeVF+F=V4ers4py According to the problem F=2Va7x'+*y? = C (constant)h133 114 1.135 71 oe or, a+ py = > 2% 2. e 272 op? Therefore the surfaces for which F is constant is an ellipse. For an equipotential surface U is constant. or, = k(say) (2) So, ax’ +By= Cy (constant) oe oo or, ve" Var ap Ky (constant) Hence the equipotential surface is also an ellipse. Let us calculate the work performed by the forces of each field over the path from a certain point 1 (x,, y,) to another certain point 2 (x,, y2) gt @) dA= F-dF= ayivd7™ ayde ot, Ana f ya a (il) dA= F-d7™ (tit byi)-d7™ axde + bydy a Ya Hence Aa f axdesf byay a. n In the first case, the integral depends on the function of type y (x), i.e. on the shape of the path. Consequently, the first field of force is not potential. In the second case, both the integrals do not depend on the shape of the path. They are defined only by the coordinate of the initial and final points of the path, therefore the second field of force is potential. Let s be the sought distance, then from the equation of increment of M.E. AT+AU= Ay, ( ~ mb) + ome ssina) = - kang cosas > YO fps or, se 3g (sin a + koos a) - km, Hence Ay = ~keng 008 8 5 ay Velocity of the body at height /, v, = V2g(H— A), horizontally (from the figure given in the problem). Time taken in falling through the distance A. tzV . (as initial vertical component of the velocity is zero.) Now s= v,t= Vigi+h V2 - a=1.136 1.137 For Seay 4 (Hh 12) =0, which yields h= # Putting this value of h in the expression obtained for s, we get, Smax = H To complete a smooth vertical track of radius R, the minimum height at which a particle starts, must be equal to Sr (one can proved it from energy conservation). Thus in our problem body could not reach the upper most point of the vertical track of radius R/2. Let the particle A leave the track at some point O with speed v (Fig.). Now from energy conservation for the body A in the field of gravity : me[h-3C +sino)]- Sm? or, v= gh(1-sin@) qa From Newton’s second law for the particle at the point O; F, = mw, , lam (h72) But, at the point O the normal reaction N= 0 N+mg sin 0 = So, ve sin 8 (2) From (3) and (4), sin 0 = 2 and v= ve After leaving the track at O, the particle A comes in air and further goes up and at maximum height of it’s trajectory in air, it’s velocity (say v’) becomes horizontal (Fig.). Hence, the sought velocity of A at this point. ¥ = ve0s (90 0)= vsind = 2+ Let, the point of suspension be shifted with velocity v, in the horizontal direction towards left then in the rest frame of point of suspension the ball starts with same velocity horizontally towards right. Let us work in this, frame. From Newton’s second law in projection form towards the point of suspension at the upper most point (say B) : 2 2 myj mvj mg+T= >" or, T= 78 (a) Condition required, to complete the vertical circle is that T= 0. But (2) 5 om = mg (2 +3 mii So, ve= vi-4gl @)1.138 1.139 73 From (1), (2) and (3) pe MAR 48!) 7 —mgz0 of Wz v5 gl Thus Ya (ain = V5 gt From the equation F, = mw, at point C me T=—t 4 Again from energy conservation Sri = Lv? + met (6) From (4) and (5) T= 3mg Since the tension is always perpendicular to the velocity vector, the work done by the tension force will be zero. Hence, according to the work energy theorem, the kinetic energy or velocity of the disc will remain constant during it’s motion. Hence, the sought time t= & where s is the total distance traversed by the small disc during it’s motion. 0 Now, at an arbitary position (Fig.) ds = (Iy-R0)d0, UR s0, s=f a-k 8)d0 0 B RG "Ro 2R? RR or, s sia 6 “ IRV It should be clearly understood that the only uncompensated force acting on the disc A in this case is the tension T, of the thread. It is easy to see that there is no point here, relative to which the moment of force T is invarible in the process of motion. Hence conservation of angular momentum is not applicable here. Hence, the required time, Suppose that AI is the elongation of the rubbler cord. Then from energy conservation, AU, + AU, = 0 (as AT= 0) or, = mg (1+ A) + 2x Al = 0 or, 5x 1? — mg Al mg! =074 1.140 1.141 mgt Vf (mg) +4xSmgl 5 r] ee Cr 2x0 or, Al = xS= 147 1278 2 Since the value of V1 + a is certainly greater than 1, hence negative sign is avoided. — mel, ./ za | So, ue (1, 14 ng When the thread FA is burnt, obviously the speed of the bars will be equal at any instant of time until it breaks off. Let v be the speed of each block and 8 be the angle, which the elongated spring makes with the vertical at the moment, when the bar A breaks off the plane. At this stage the elongation in the spring. Al= hy sec @ ~ hy = ly (sec 8 ~ 1) Q) Since the problem is concerned with position and there are no forces other than conservative forces, the mechanical energy of the system (both bars + spring) in the field of gravity is conserved, ic. AT+ AU = 0 So, 2 G*) +413 (6ec0-1)?— mgiptan 0 = 0 @) From Newton’s second law in projection form N along vertical direction : 8 mg = N +x Iy (sec @ - 1) cos @ Klo Gxo-t But, at the moment of break off, N = 0. r Hence, x J, (sec 8-1) cos 8 = mg K1y)- mg or, cos 0 = ce @) "™, a 78, simultaneous solution\of (2) and (3) yields : 3 fo 19 ve = 17m/s. 32 Obviously the elongation in the cord, Al= /, (sec 6 - 1), at the moment the sliding first Starts and at the moment horizontal projection of spring force equals the limiting friction. So, x, Alsin 8 = KN qa (where x, is the elastic constant). KAL From Newton’s law in projection form along vertical direction : k, Al cos 0 +N = mg. or, N= mg~x, Alcos® From (1) and (2), (2) x, Alsin @ = k(mg - «x, Al cos @) mg1.142 1.143 75 [oe ° 1” Aisin 0 +k Al cos 0 From the equation of the increment of mechanical energy : AU+ AT = Ay, 1 or, (Fua?)= a, king Al? ZAI (in © +k cos 0) ~ kang Ip (sec 0 - 1) 2 (sin 0 - Kcos 6) Let the deformation in the spring be Al, when the rod AB has attained the angular velocity «. From the second law of motion in projection form F,= mw, . or, Ay Thus Aj, = = 0-093 (on substitution) rt mo? | KAl= ma (p+AD or, Al= 7 (lo + AD eae From the energy equation, Ajy= 5 mi? + seal? a 2 2 2 oa mol, \ 1 [ mo I? = 5mw|h+ +3K 5 2 k = mo’ mo? (+ Alf + 5x Al? On solving We know that acceleration of centre of mass of the system is given by the expression. m+ mi Wee . m, +m, Since Wi= -w, a _ (m-m) iW We qa) oi Now from Newton’s second law F'= mit, for the bodies m, and im, respectively. bof > => T+m,Z= mw, (2) and Te m,g= m= -mw, (3) Solving (2) and (3) <> _ (m-m,) 8 8 atm .76 1.144 1.145 1.146 Thus from (1), (2) and (4), ap (mms 7 2 (mm, + my As the closed system consisting two particles m, and of m, is initially at rest the C.M. of the system will remain at rest. Further as m,= m,/2, the C.M. of the system divides the line joining m, and m, at all the moments of time in the ratio 1 : 2. In addition to it the total linear momentum of the system at all the times is zero. So, p, =p, and therefore the velocities of m, and m, are also directed in opposite sense. Bearing in mind all these thing, the sought trajectory is as shown in the figure. First of all, it is clear that the chain does not move in the vertical direction during the uniform rotation. This means that the vertical component of the tension T balances gravity. As for the horizontal component of the tension T, it is constant in magnitude and permanently directed toward the rotation axis. It follows from. this that the C.M. of the chain, the point C, travels along horizontal circle of radius p (say). Therefore we have, Tcos0= mg and Tsin0 = mo*p Thus p= £228. ogcm @ and T= 782 SN cos (@) Let us draw free body diagram and write Newton’s second law in terms of projection along vertical aud horizontal direction respectively. Neos a - mg + frsina= 0 qa froosa-Nsina = mol Q) From (1) and (2) sin a . 2 E g)= 1 SRO (~ frsin + mg) = mo mg frees a-1.147 2 So, fr= me (sina cosa} on @) (b) For rolling, without sliding, frs kN but, N= mg cosa-mw?Isina o71 2 mg | sina + cos a = k (mg cos o— mo? I sin ct) [Using (3)] Rearranging, we get, mo? l(cosa+ksina) = (kmg cos a - mg sina) Thus wsVg(k-tana)/(1+ktana)! = 2 rad/s (a) Total kinetic energy in frame K’ is 1 —- > 1 oo T= 5m,(H-V P+ 5m, (-V) This is minimum with respect to variation in V, when or’... ey > o> FTO be mC VP +m (oy V) = 0 vy +m, V4 > my + fe mMutMm > or ie my +m, Hence, it is the frame of C.M. in which kinetic energy of a system is minimum. (b) Linear momentum of the particle 1 in the K’ or C frame ~ mM, mM, = oe 12 >_> Prem (y- Ve) = (¥-¥2) m, +m, te. my m, or, Pi= w(%y-¥2), where, p= m+, = reduced mass Similarly, Pr= w(3-%) So, [Pils [Pil= B= Wry where, v,4= |%;- 7% @) Now the total kinetic energy of the system in the C frame is mm, 2m, 2p ee1,,2-2,15_-e I? Hence To zuya= 2H |"-%|78 1.148 1,149 1.150 To find the relationship between the values of the mechanical energy of a system in the K and C reference frames, let us begin with the kinetic energy T of the system. The velocity of the i-th particle in the K frame may be represented as ¥;= ¥; + ¥¢. Now we can write 1 te ao tT > ymin > smi (Wr+ He) (H+ VE) 1 <> = og =D med mized zm Me Since in the C frame } m;V;= 0, the previous expression takes the form T= Td mbm +5 mv? (Gince according to the problem v¢= V) Q) Since the internal potential energy U of a system depends only on its configuration, the magnitude U is the same in all refrence frames. Adding U to the left and right hand sides of Eq. (1), we obtain the sought relationship a E Etgmv As initially U= 0 = 0, so, E=T From the solution of 1.147 (b) ot T- zuly-wl, As yl zi mm Thus Te om Ct) Velocity of masses m, and m,, after t seconds are respectively. Wy = +B and I= H+ Bt Hence the final momentum of the system, = o> = oe a P= m, vy +m, Vy = m,¥, +m,V, + (mM, +m,) Bt <> oe = > = Po+met, (where, po= mv, +m, Vv, and m= m,+m,) 1 And radius vector, r= Wott 5s Wet? Cm vyt me Va)t Aone (mrmy *2% i, ao My Wit my = vot+>et’, where vo = ————— 2 m, +m,739 1.151 After releasing the bar 2 acquires the velocity v., obtained by the energy, conservation : 1.152 1.153 dm = de? o, ye ry & (a) 2 Thus the sought velocity of C.M. [x O+m ax Vim xv vem my my (my + my) Let us consider both blocks and spring as the physical system. The centre of mass of the system moves with acceleration a = a towards right. Let us work in the frame of centre of mass. As this frame is a non-inertial frame (accelerated with respect to the ground) we have to apply a pseudo force m,a towards left on the block mand m, a towards left on the block m, As the center of mass is at rest in this frame, the blocks move in opposite directions and come to instantaneous rest at some instant. The elongation of the spring will be maximum or minimum at this instant. Assume that the block m, is displaced by the distance x, and the block m, through a distance x, from the initial positions. From the energy equation in the frame of C.M. AT+U-A,, (where A,,, also includes the work done by the pseudo forces) Here, AF=0, U=LeG, +2F and F-m,F m,F m, F (x,+2) Wea ™ mF mF latn) ———|x)+ xy m, +m, m, +m), m,+m, or, Ree ex? = nee 2m,F So, X,+X%_ = 0 or, +2" EGm+m) , 2m,F Hence the maximum separation between the blocks equals : Jy + En, +m) Obviously the minimum sepation corresponds to zero elongation and is equal to Jy (a) The initial compression in the spring Al must be such that after buming of the thread, the upper cube rises to a height that produces a tension in the spring that is atleast equal to the weight of the lower cube. Actually, the spring will first go from its compressed80 1.154 State to its natural length and then get elongated beyond this natural length. Let / be the maximum elongation produced under these circumstances. Then xl = mg @) Now, from energy conservation, FeAl mg(Al+)+F«i? ) (Because at maximum elongation of the spring, the speed of upper cube becomes zero) From (1) and (2), 2 a2 2mg.at 3g 0 on, Ale SME, = ¥ Therefore, acceptable solution of A/ equals 278 (b) Let v the velocity of upper cube at the position (say, at C ) when the lower block breaks off the floor, then from energy conservation. 1 ot Qo 2 gmv? = x (Al?~ 1?) -mg (1+ Al) (where = mg/x and Al = 778) or, w= 32 me Q) ee . mv+O_v At the position C, the velocity of CM; vo= “37 —= 5 —Let, theC.M. of the system (spring+ two cubes) further rises up to A yoy t fol 4 of CT Now, from energy conservation, Sonal 1 x 2m) ve (2m) g bry B 2 2 ' Yo vi dmg ' or, Ayg= f= te 2g 8g OK AL But, uptil position C, the C.M. of the system L has already elevated by, AYor= (Al+ 1D m+0 . 4mg 2m « Hence, the net, displacement of the C.M. of the system, in vpward direction Ayc™ Aya + A¥q= See 1 Due to ejection of mass from a moving system (which moves due to inertia) in a direction perpendicular to it, the velocity of moving system does not change. The momentum change being adjusted by the forces on the rails. Hence in our problem velocities of buggies change only due to the entrance of the man coming from the other buggy. From the1.155 1.156 1.157 81 Solving (1) and (2), we get mv Mv Y= ‘Mom and v= M-m As wth wand tty” vw. =o Mv So, one and y= ——— (=m) 2” (M-m) From momentum conservation, for the system “rear buggy with man” (M+m)ip= mut ig) +Mig @ From momentum conservation, for the system (front buggy + man coming from rear buggy) Mip+m (Ut vp) = (M+m) vp we Mion "Mem Me +m Putting the value of Vg from (1), we get So, (+) mM_—> (t+ my (i) Let 07 be the velocity of the buggy after both man jump off simultaneously. For the closed system (two men + buggy), from the conservation of linear momentum, Miz +2m(i+v7)= 0 ed Vp = Vo+ 2m” or, oie on @) (ii) Let 0” be the velocity of buggy with man, when one man jump off the buggy. For the closed system (buggy with one man + other man) from the conservation of linear momentum : O= (M+ m0" +m") (2) Let v3 be the sought velocity of the buggy when the second man jump off the buggy; then from conservation of linear momentum of the system (buggy + one man) : (M+m)0" = Mvy+m(i+%)) @) Solving equations (2) and (3) we get <>» _m(2M+3m)a" y= @) (M+ m) (M+ 2m) From (1) and (4) eA +5n 1 ¥ *2@t+m) Hence v,>v, The descending part of the chain is in free fall, it has speed v= V2 gh at the instant, all its points have descended a distance y. The length of the chain which lands on the floor during the differential time interval dt following this instant is vdt.1.158 1.159 For the incoming chain element on the floor : From dp, = F,dt (where y-axis is directed down) I ys 0- (vd) v= F, dt or F,= -Ave -2Agy Hence, the force exerted on the falling chain equals 2 v* and is directed upward. Therefore from third law the force exerted by the falling | chain on the table at the same instant of Leo time becomes Av? and is directed downward. feet Since a length of chain of weight (Ayg) already lies on the table the total force on the floor is (2dyg) + (Ayg) = (3Ayg) or the weight of a length 3y of chain. Velocity of the ball, with which it hits the slab, v= V2 gh After first impact, v = ev (upward) but according to the problem v= *, 30 e= ; Q) and momentum, imparted to the slab, = mv -(-mv’) = mv(1+e) Similarly, velocity of the ball after second impact, via ev= ey And momentum imparted = m(v/4v")= m(1+e)ev Again, momentum imparted during third impact, = m(1+e)e*v, and so on, Hence, net momentum, imparted = mv (1 +e) + mve (1 +e) + mve"(1+e) +... = mv(l+e)(ltete'+...) ae fre, (from summation of G:P) (: +4 n = V2 gh aye mV2 gh | (n + 1)/(m - 1) (Using Eq. 1) y-t (4) = 0:2 kg m/s. (On substitution) (a) Since the resistance of water is negligibly small, the resultant of all external forces acting on the system “a man and a raft” is equal to zero. This means that the position of the C.M. of the given system does not change in the process of motion. ie. 72= constant or, ArE= 0 ie. Sm, A7;= 0 or, m (AF + Aig) +M Aig = 0 > = Sar Thus, m(I"'+1)+MI= 0, or, To - o (b) As net external force on “man-raft” system is equal to zero, therefore the momentum of this system does not change, So, O- mV + ZO]+MHO83 1.159 (a) Since the resistance of water is negligibly small, the resultant of all external forces 1.160 1.161 1.162 acting on the system “a man and a raft” is equal to aero. This means that the position of the C.M. of the given system does not change in the process of motion. ie. 7= constant or, ArZ= 0 ic. Sy m,Ar;= 0 or, m (Arnau + Ory) + M ii =-0 ml” m+M (b) As net external force on “man-raft” system is equal to zero, therefore the momentum. of this system does not change, Thus, m(I" +1)+MI= 0, ot, I= So, O= m[W" ()+BM]+M0) or, y= nee qa As ¥” () or ¥3(f) is along horizontal direction, thus the sought force on the raft Mae Mm av") dt m+M dt Note : we may get the result of part (a), if we integrate Eq. (1) over the time of motion of man or raft. In the refrence frame fixed to the pulley axis the location of C.M. of the given system is described by the radius vector ar M Aig + (Mm) Fogg tm AF r= aT) = = But Afy= ~AFay-m and AFL AFym + AFor-m mI” Thus Are Note : one may also solve this problem using momentum conservation. Velocity of cannon as well as that of shell equals V2 gi sina down the inclined plane taken as the positive x - axis. From the linear impulse momentum theorem in projection form along x - axis for the system (connon + shell) ic. Ap, = F, At: pcosa-MV2glsina = Mgsino At (as mass of the shell is neligible) pcos a-MvV 2 glsino or, At= = Mg sina From conservation of momentum, for the system (bullet + body) along the initial direction of bullet vy nvp= (m+M)¥, of, v= vom (m+M)v, of, v= ne84 1.163 1.164 When the disc breaks off the body M, its velocity towards right (along x-axis) equals the velocity of the body M, and let the disc’s velocity’in upward direction (along y-axis) at that moment be v', From conservation of momentum, along x-axis for the system (disc + body) , , my my= (m+M)v, or Vee Se () And from energy ican for the same system in the field of gravity : Fm? dom+mv? +h mv’, +mgh , where A’ is the nem of break off point initial level. So, 1 mv 1 2 5 : zm a5 yom +M) Gt a a using (1) 2 , or, vee v- Gam -2gh' Also, if A” is the height of the disc, from the break-off point, then, ve = 2gh" So, 2g(h" +h) = 2 - ' . (+m) Hence, the total height, raised from the initial level MY = eh += 26 (M+m) (a) When the disc slides and comes to a plank, it has a velocity equal to v = V2 gh. Due to friction between the disc and the plank the disc slows down and after some time the disc moves in one piece with the plank with velocity v' (say). From the momentum conservation for the system (disc + plank) along horizontal towards right : mv m+M Now from the equation of the increment of total mechanical energy of a system ; mv= (m+M)v' or v’ 1 ot 5M +m) v?— sn? = A; 22 or, 5 t+ m) mi? = Ay (m oy 2 . 50, ts mt ~m |= as Hence, wreat eh - ugh ban un Oem reduced mass)1.165 1.166 85 (0) We look at the problem from a frame in which the hill is moving (together with the disc on it) to the right with speed u. Then in this frame the speed of the disc when it just gets onto the plank is, by the law of addition of velocities, V = u +V2gh. Similarly the common speed of the plank and the disc when they move together is 2 m oe Then as above Ay = £(m+M)v2 - dmv? - Au? a) 2 2 a 2,_2m mm 1 Bo = 5 (m+M) fe ou uvIgh + pee ~ 5(m+M)u - 3m 2uV2gh - mgh We see that Ay, is independent of u and is in fact just - gh as in (a). Thus the result obtained does not depend on the choice of reference frame. Do note however that it will be in correct to apply “conservation of enegy” formula in the frame in which the hill is moving. The energy carried by the hill is not negligible in this frame. See also the next problem. In a frame moving relative to the earth, one has to include the kinetic energy of the earth as well as carth’s acceleration to be able to apply conservation of energy to the problem. In a reference frame falling to the earth with velocity v,, the stone is initially going up with velocity v, and so is the earth. The final velocity of the stone is 0 = v,—gt and that of the earth is v, + ae (M is the mass of the earth), from Newton’s third law, where ¢ = time of fall. From conservation of energy 2 dmg + SMvg + mgh = 2M (v + | 1 mm Hence 3% (» + ii) = mgh Negecting 7 in comparison with 1, we get va = 2gh or v, = V 2gh The point is this in earth’s rest frame the effect of earth’s accleration is of order in and can be neglected but in a frame moving with respect to the earth the effect of earth’s acceleration must be kept because it is of order one (i.e. large). From conservation of momentum, for the closed system “both colliding particles” my, + mv, = (m, +m.) 0" 3. Pd ee oT mbit mada | 1Gi-2j)+24j-6k) TF ye m, +m, 3 Hence |v] = V144+16 m/s= 46 m/s or,86 1.167 1.168 For perfectly inelastic collision, in the C.M. frame, final kinetic energy of the colliding system (both spheres) becomes zero. Hence initial kinetic energy of the system in C.M. frame completely tums into the internal energy (Q) of the formed body. Hence oi 2 Q=T;= 2" | ¥| Now from energy conservation AT = -Q = -he jR- a In lab frame the same result is obtained as 1 (mitt mv a AT= 5 +1 2? sm |B I 2 m+m, 2 1 = =~ gH liy- BV? (a) Let the initial and final velocities of m, and m, are iy, uz and V7, V2 respectively. Then from conservation of momentum along horizontal and vertical directions, we get : my u, = mv, cos 0 Q) and my, = mv, sin ® Q tv; Squaring (1) and (2) and then adding them, w md= mid v2) Dineen Op pene Now, from kinetic energy conservation, 9 aN 1 1 1 = FMM yMmyt SMM @) ma iy or, m(uj—vi)= mvj = mate) [Using (3)] m, m, or, Wi1-— |= 2f14— my m, vs) -m: or, (:) a (4) 21) ie So, fraction of kinetic energy lost by the particle 1, Li glim ve zm 7M : ve = 1-4 jmut 4 m-m, 2m ‘ 1. - [Using (4)] ©) my+m, my+m, (b) When the collision occurs head on, mu, = my, + mV, qa) and from conservation of kinetic energy,1.169 87 1 1 1 mus > mv +5 my 2 1 1) fm@-w) = mt gm, | mn] (Using (5)] or, v, (1+ 74} = uw, (™-1 my m ¥ (™ /m, 1) uy” (1+ m,/m,) Fraction of kinetic energy, lost 4 ‘m= my)" _4my my = 1-—t=1-(-2—4} 2 —“1"2 sing (6 aot (ism) ~gaemge CEO 6) or, (a) When the particles fly apart in opposite direction with equal velocities (say v), then from conservatin of momentum, m,u+0= (m,-m,)v ay and from conservation of kinetic energy, eee or, mw = (m, +m)? Q) From £q, (1) and (2), myuw= oe Sur Tem -—-Cilaneeeenne or, ms -3m,m,= 0 Hence me z as =O oe (>) When they fly apart symmetrically relative to the initial motion direction with the angle of divergence 0= 60°, From conservation of momentum, along horizontal and vertical direction, my uy = m, v, cos (8/2) + ma v2 cos (8/2) @) and m, v, sin (8/2) = ma v2 sin (0/2) on, mv" mH V2 Q) Now, from conservation of kinetic energy, 1 1 1 FMM tm rm yt amy @) From (1) and (2), mv amy uy = 005 (8/2) |m, vy + m| = 2m, vs 008 (0/2)1.170 So, 4, = 2 v, cos (8/2) (4) From (2), (3), and (4) mm me 2 my or, 4.008? (0/2) = ooo Ae 4m, cos” (8/2) vi-= my vis my, or, = 400s” 2 271 m. and putting the value of 8, we get, fe =2 If (4,,Vy) are the instantaneous velocity components of the incident ball and (%%, Mey) are the velocity components of the struck ball at the same moment, then since there are no external impulsive forces (i.e. other than the mutual interaction of the balls) We have usina= vy, vay "0 Mu COSA = mV, +m Vo, The impulsive force of mutual interaction satisfies da F d gad A> a Mw) (F is along the x axis as the balls are smooth. Thus Y component of momentum is not transferred.) Since loss of KE. is stored as deformation energy D, we have _ a. D zm wv Bry ivy 2 = dm? costa - Lmv,2- dmv,? 2 22 2 = BL nteteostar- Pry (mucosa my,)? ] = = [ 2mucosav,, - 2m?v,,2 ] = m(v,tcosa - v,,”) 2 = | weos’a. _ ( cose. } 4 2 fal ‘We see that D is maximum when 4 cosa, yn 2, a 7 ce 4 Pox 1 20 1b Then 0 qosae f smu 2 On substiuting a= 45° x &1.171 From the conservation of linear momentum of the shell just before and after its fragmentation 1.172 Wests @ where ¥;, ¥7 and ¥3 are the velocities of its fragments. From the energy conservation 3yv?=v3 +343 (2) Now Vor Vig = V7~ Vem vE-V" @) where ve =vs velocity of the C.M. of the fragments the velocity of the shell. Obviously in the C.M. frame the linear momentum of a system is equal to zero, so a Se oe ime 0 @ Using (3) and (4) in (2), we get Sv = TEP + TIP + OUP = 37 4 293 + 292 4200-03 or, 26? + 25, F, cosO + 273+3(1-n)=0 6) If we have had used ¥5=-01~ 05, then Eq. 5 were contain 7; instead of ¥, and so on. The problem being symmetrical we can look for the maximum of any one. Obviously it will be the same for each. For ¥;to be real in Eq. (5) 453 cos@ = 8(273 +3 (1-1) ) or 6(y - 1) = (4 - cos0)F 3 So, hsv ae ot Fagan V2 (0-1) v = cos Hence ¥24aan) = [7% Pala, = +V2(n-1) vev(tsV2q-0 =1km/s Thus owing to the symmetry Yuan) ¥2 (ax) * Vay = ¥ (1 + V2(n = 1)) = 1 km/s Since, the collision is head on, the particle 1 will continue moving along the same line as before the collision, but there will be a change in the magnitude of it’s velocity vector. Let it starts moving with velocity v, and particle 2 with v, after collision, then from the conservation of momentum mu= mv, + mv, Of, Ua Vy + V2 ql) And from the condition, given, 1 iL 1 = mvi += mv3 pme-fmiramt) eg =1- we or, Vite ne Q) From (1) and (2), vi+(u-v)= -n)w or, view —2uv, += (1-1) a?90 1.173 1.174 or, Wwi-2v,u+nue= 0 2 z a ne oe eo = }[usViF-2n? |= dua evi=m) Positive sign gives the velocity of the 2nd particle which lies ahead. The negative sign is correct for vy. So, v= fu (1-vI-2 ) = 5 m/s will continue moving in the same direction. Note that v,= 0 if n= 0 as it must. Since, no external impulsive force is effective on the system “M + m’”, its total momentum along any direction will remain conserved. So from p, = const. u mum Mv, cos® ot, vy= py Q@ and from py = const . Mea : vp = Mv, sin ot, v2= 7 vsinO= wtanO, [using (1)] Final kinetic energy of the system dot Tp= zis My And initial kinetic energy of the system= Smut T,-T, So, % change = at x 100 1 wl =m tan? 0+ = Lym =z mu 2 2 | ee ee Line am 4 Laing ey? sec20- dy? _ an 0+ FpU sec? O- > mn Le = [imo + Ff sec'0 1) x 100 and putting the values of @ and = , we get % of change in kinetic energy= - 40 % 7 , (a) Let the particles m, and m, move with velocities ¥; and ¥; respectively. On the basis Pi 1 m 1 2 y- of solution of problem 1.147 (b) : o Be yy = [7-31175 1.176 91 As WL ~ m, So, B= Vitae? where p= 2 im, +7, (b) Again from 1.147 (b) ay 1 2 T= Swi 5h [a-%| So, 7 Lucted From conservation of momentum P= Pi +P mer? ’ He ' so (i-Pr') = Pi-2p, py c0s8, + py!? = py’? From conservation of energy fe ae 2m, 2m, Eliminating p,' we get vA m , ae vont B) anna oni 2) This quadratic equation for p,' has a real solution in terms of p, and cos 0, only if 2" 4.c0s%0, mf =| > m B mi or sin? Os + my ns oot & 7 3 m or sin,<+ 2 or sind,z~—? m m ip! This clearly implies (since only + sign makes sense) that 7 in® my sin ® ax ™ 7 From the symmetry of the problem, the velocity of the disc A will be directed either in the initial direction or opposite to it just after the impact. Let the velocity of the disc A after the collision be v’ and be directed towards right after the collision. It is also clear from the symmetry of problem that the discs B and C have equal speed (say v”) in the directions, shown. From the condition of the problem, Fs, sinQ« Va-we /2 q) For the three discs, system, from the conservation of linear momentum in the symmetry direction (towards right) mv= 2mv"sinO+my' of, v= 2v"sinO+v! Q)92 1177 1.178 From the definition of the coefficeint of restitution, we have for the discs A and B (or C) But e= 1, for perfectly elastic collision, So, vsin 0 = v"—v' sinO @) From (2) and (3), A ve Y= 2sin? 9) \ (1 +2 sin? 6) a - “or {using (1)} Hence we have, va Ver =2) 6-H Therefore, the disc A will recoil if 1 < V2 and stop if y= V2. Note : One can write the equations of momentum conservation along the direction per- pendicular to the initial direction of disc A and the consevation of kinetic energy instead of the equation of restitution. (a) Let a molecule comes with velocity vj to strike another stationary molecule and just after collision their velocities become V”, and ¥”, respectively. As the mass of the each molecule is same, conservation of linear momentum and conservation of kinetic energy for the system (both molecules) respectively gives : Deets and vie vit'S From the property of vector addition it is obvious from the obtained Eqs. that Vy LV) or ¥7,-5= 0 (b) Due to the loss of kinetic energy in inelastic collision v; > v'? + v'3 so, ¥°,+¥")>0 and therefore angle of divergence < 90°. Suppose that at time 4 the rocket has the mass m and the velocity v”, relative to the reference frame, employed. Now consider the inertial frame moving with the velocity that the rocket has at the given moment. In this reference frame, the momentum increament that the rocket & ejected gas system acquires during time dt is, ee oe dp= mdv+dtit= F dt or, mie F- wii1.179 1.180 1.181 93 According to the question, F= Oandp = — dm/dt so the equation for this system becomes, mit, ini» dt” dt As dvt}i” so, mdv= -udm. Integrating within the limits : : s 1fa-- de Ye in ™ u mn 0 mo Thus, v= uin— m mo As dv't{ i so in vector form v= -#In > According to the question, F (external force) = 0 So, nt. he , a a" As at iy so, in scalar form, mdv= -udm wdt dm or, “Ss u m Integrating within the limits for m (1) wt dn v ee ee u m u my my Hence, m= me“) As F= 0, from the equation of dynamics of a body with variable mass; av” adm wi o ma eG dv= iv Now dv"} jii’and since i"L, ¥; we must have | dv"| = a (because vp is constant) where do. is the angle by which the spaceship turns in time df. udm So, -u Meyda o daw -4+™ m Vo m . _ fens (3) %94 1.182 1.183 1.184 We have 2 = =p on dm= - pdt Integrating i dm= - ™ As = 0 so, from the equation of variable mass system : dv > dv iy > (my wt) Gem Foot, SP = We F/(mg- wt) ' or, far F/{ —4— (mp - 2) 0 0 Hence oe Ey, (2 Bo | my BE Let the car be moving in a reference frame to which the hopper is fixed and at any instant of time, let its mass be m and velocity 9" Then from the general equation, for variable mass system. a Fre an We write the equation, for our system as, dv” > -sdm — morn F-0S as, = -9 (1) So 4 Gi =F BR and v= ton integration. m But m= m+ pt od so, v= ———— mg (: + m| mo = > Thus the sought acceleration, w= 2. —__, my|1+ x mo Let the length of the chain inside the smooth horizontal tube at an arbitrary instant is x. From the equation, —» => —»dm mw= F+u dt1.185 95 —> ia? > as i= 0, F tt w, for the chain inside the tube Axwe T where K= 7 Oy Similarly for the overhanging part, AU Tr w= 0 cee Thus mw= F Y T or Ahw= hhg-T 2) h From (1) and (2), hg. AQ +h) w= RAE oF, w+hvZ= he or, GeMye ips [As the length of the chain inside the tube decreases with time, ds = - dx] or, vdve ash Integrating, foes “en f ah (eh) of, am gh In (i) or v= V2¢h In (i) Force moment relative to point O ; > dM o N= —~= 2bt dt Let the angle between M and N, a= 45° att = toe fn fh ee @+b%)- di) on 2 HON, Ce VE" [MIN] Va + 071 2b wie big Vat+b te 2p Var ty > bt2 a/@ So, 2b? ibm ak +b? tg oF, tom V5 (@s fo cannot be negative) It is also obvious from the figure that the angle a is equal to 45° at the moment fo, when a= big, ie. fy = Va7b and N= avin96 1.186 1,187 1.188 MW)= 7p (e382 xm Ve +B) 1x 2 = mvg gt? sin ct ack y+ 5 muy gt * sin +a)@) = 4 mvg gt? 008.0 (-#): mvp 8 t? cos 2 Thus angular momentum at maximum height « vosina teat t= FeO Thus M (1) = s.- 3 ‘t\ {mo} 2 . 2 1 (5)- (Get st aconae a7hg-n? Alternate : TIIVVIVTITI7?X. > => ; > ; M()=0 50, M()= f Nar= f (Femz) 0 0 ' -f (rege SCE eae f [(@r+2e") xm] (ema) 3 (a) The disc experiences gravity, the force of reaction of the horizontal surface, and the force R of reaction of the wall at the moment of the impact against it. The first two forces counter-balance each other, leaving only the g force R. It’s moment relative to any point of A the line along which the vector R acts or along normal to the wall is equal to zero and therefore “ > the angular momentum of the disc relative to 9 any of these points does not change in the given process. (b) During the course of collision with wall the position of disc is same and is equal to FZ, Obviously the increment in linear momentum of the ball Ap™= 2mv cos a” Here, AM = 72, x Ap™= 2 mv cos an and directed normally emerging from the plane of figure Thus |AM|= 2mvlcosa (a) The ball is under the influence of forces T and m g’at all the moments of time, while QS moving along a horizontal circle. Obviously the vertical component of T balance m g’and1.189 1.190 97 So the net moment of these two about any point becoems zero. The horizontal component of T, which provides the centripetal acceleration to ball is already directed toward the centre (C) of the horizontal circle, thus its moment about the point C equals zero at all the moments of time. Hence the net moment of the force acting on the ball about point C equals zero and that’s why the angular mommetum of the ball is conserved about the horizontal circle. (b) Let o be the angle which the thread forms with the vertical. Now from equation of particle dynamics : Tcosa= mg and Tsina = mw’ Isina 1 . or @ As |M | is constant in magnitude so from figure. |AM| = 2M cos a where M~ |M;|= |M,| = |xmv |= my I (as iio LV) Hence on solving cos 0. = Thus|AM| = 2 mv 1cos a= 2 mw I? sin a cos 2mgl /, e = a &] (using 1). , the reference point O moves in hoizontal direction During the free fall time t= v = (say towards right) by the distance V7. In the translating frame as M (0) =0, so a . ~> AM=M;=7r . iW) = (-Vuithj )xm[gtj-Vi] a = -mV girs mVh(+é) J (9) 2h) = . : -mve(F|Femvaed) = -mVhE Hence |AM|= mVA The Coriolis force is.(2m 0" x @). Here @ is along the z-axis (vertical). The moving disc is moving with velocity vy which is constant. The motion is along the x-axis say. Then the Coriolis force is along y-axis and has the magnitude 2m vo. At time ¢, the distance of the centre of moving disc from O is vot (along x-axis). Thus the torque N due to the coriolis force is N= 2mvg eve along the z-axis.1.191 1.192 Hence equating this to ae a 2m vot or M= mvoct? + constant. The constant is irrelevant and may be put equal to zero if the disc is originally set in motion from the point O. This discussion is approximate. The Coriolis force will cause the disc to swerve from straight line motion and thus cause deviation from the above formula which will be substantial for large t If += radial velocity of the particle then the total energy of the particle at any instant is 2 where the second term is the kinetic energy of angular motion about the centre O. Then kmi?s Ms we (1) the extreme values of r are determined by 7 = 0 and solving the resulting quadratic equation HepB +n 9 we get From this we see that £=Kn +A) (2) where r, is the minimum distance from O and r, is the maximum distance. Then i Tyo sed kd + 73) 2k? Hence, m= i] ‘Note : Eq. (1) can be derived from the standard expression for kinetic energy and angular momentum in plane poler coordinates : 1.21 29 T=zmi?+5mre M = angular momentum = mr’6 The swinging sphere experiences two forces : The gravitational force and the tension of the thread. Now, it is clear from the condition, given in the problem, that the moment of these forces about the vertical axis, passing through the point of suspension N, = 0. Con- sequently, the angular momentum M, of the sphere relative to the given axis (z) is constant. Thus myg (I sin @) = mv 1 Q) where m is the mass of the sphere and v is it s velocity in the position, when the thread forms an angle 5 with the vertical. Mechanical energy is also conserved, as the sphere is1193 1.194 1.195 99 under the influence if only one other force, i.e. tension, which does not perform any work, as it is always perpendicular to the velocity. So, imi +mglcos 0= im? (2) From (1) and (2), we get, Vg = V2gI7cos © Forces, acting on the mass m are shown in the figure. As N= mg’ the net torque of these two forces about any fixed point must be equal to zero. Tension T, acting on the mass m is a central force, which is always directed towards the centre O. Hence the moment of force T is also zero about the point O and therefore the angular momentum of the particle m is conserved about O. Let, the angular velocity of the particle be @, when the separation between hole and particle m is r, then from the conservation of momentum about the point O, : m (7p) ro = m(wr)r, or or a r Now, from the second law of motion for m, T= F= mor Hence the sought tension; mogrér moard Foe —_—= ne re F On the given system the weight of the body mis the only force whose moment is effective about the axis of pulley. Let us take the sense of @ of the pulley at an arbitrary instant as the positive sense of axis of rotation (z-axis) As M,(0)= 0, s0, AM, = M, (= f N,de ' So, M,@= f mgRdt= mg Rt Oo Let the point of contact of sphere at initial moment (t= 0) be at O. At an arbitrary moment, the forces acting on the sphere are shown in the figure. We have normal reaction N, = mg sin a. and both pass through same line and the force of static friction passes through the point O, thus the moment about point O becomes zero. Hence mg sin a: is the only force which has effective torque about point O, and is given by |N |= mgRsina normally emerging from the plane of figure. As M(t= 0)= 0, so, A= (= f Nar Hence, M(t)= Nt= mgRsinot100 1.196 1.197 1.198 Let position vectors of the particles of the system be O and O' respectively. Then we have, nd 7; with respect to the points i= +79 () where 76 is the radius vector of O’ with respect to O. Now, the angular momentum of the system relative to the point O can be written as follows; M- > (7) > (F =) > (ez?) [using (1)] or, M-M 4 (oP), where, p= 7 Q From (2), if the total linear momentum of the system, p= 0, then its angular momen- tum does not depend on the choice of the point O. Note that in the C.M. frame, the system of particles, as a whole is at rest. On the basis of solution of problem 1.196, we have concluded that; “in the C.M. frame, the angular momentum of system of particles is independent of the choice of the point, relative to which it is determined” and in accordance with the problem, this is denoted by M. We denote the angular momentum of the system of particles, relative to the point O, by M,. Since the internal and proper angular momentum Mf, in the C.M. frame, does not depend on the choice of the point O’, this point may be taken coincident with the point O of the K-frame, at a given moment of time. Then at that moment, the radius vectors of all the particles, in both reference frames, are equal (7; = 7;) and the velocities are related by the equation, - - Wee vier, @) where 7? is the velocity of C.M. frame, relative to the K-frame. Consequently, we may write, x7) +3 m (We) on, Ma Mm (7x72), as) miv= mit, where m= Ym. or, M= Ws (72x miv7)= M+ (7x3) From conservation of linear momentum along the direction of incident ball for the system consists with colliding ball and phhere myg= mv + Oy, Q) where v’ and v, are the velocities of ball and sphere 1 respectively after collision. (Remember that the collision is head on). As the collision is perfectly elastic, from the definition of co-efficeint of restitution, vny 22 OE of v= y= -% (21.199 101 Solving (1) and (2), we get, aNo | : Vo y= directed towards right. @->--- m mp A ; In the CM. frame of spheres 1 and 2 (Fig,) Pi = ~ Bp and [P;1= [22] = wl - FI Also, Fic = -Fac, thus M = 2[73-xpi] Cc 1 m/2 4% » oe sy 4 % (where 7 is the unit vector in the sense of Fx Py ) mp As Fic L Diy wot mv! Hence M= In the CM. frame of the system (both the discs + spring), the linear momentum of the discs are related by the relation, p;= - p> at all the moments of time. where, By= By= B= BV pa And the total kinetic energy of the system, T= de v2, [See solution of 1.147 (b)] Bearing in mind that at the moment of maximum deformation of the spring, the projection of vz, along the length of the spring becomes zero, i.e. V,.1(.) = 0- The conservation of mechanical energy of the considered system in the C.M. frame gives. 1(m 1 1 (m' a 3% 3e+5 (5) M0 ® Now from the conservation of angular momentum of the system about the C.M., Ble} -1 or, van” Toray a(t +f] a a (2) Using (2) in (1), smals-(-§) nx? 1 ve x 2) 2 or, Peleg ware =K myx : or, i = «2x, [neglecting x” / 13] mM% As x= 0, thus x= —— Kip102 1.4 UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION 1.200 We have Mee ie pe Thus oe eee roym/v? ym, (Here m, is the mass of the Sun.) Qnym, 2m x 667x107" x 197 x 10% So T= St = SxOON eee y (349 x 107) (The answer is incorrectly written in terms of the planetary mass M) = 1-94. 107 sec = 225 days. 1.201 For any planet M. MRote oe or a yf LM R R? So, Te 2a. 2nR*?/vVym, 372 T, ‘Ry a) Thus oe | @ z- (r s - 23 23 0 Ron lol Te)? = (12)? = 5-24. te wa 2m, (pV ) Vim pts and Ry (- oo _ mF en? 2 So v} 7 where T= 12 years. m,= mass of ths Sun. Putting the values we get V, = 12-97 km/s 2 . Vy (2R1 mM, 2x Aestemion = Fe (257%) (8) 4a - (7) (ym, )? = 215% 10 km/s?103 1.202 Semi-major axis= (r + R)/2 r+R 2 It is sufficient to consider the motion be along a circle of semi-major axis for T does not depend on eccentricity. r+R ie 2n\ 2 "Ke xV(r+R)/2ym, (again m, is the mass of the Sun) Hence T= 1.203 We can think of the body as moving in a very elongated orbit of maximum distance R and minimum distance 0 so semi major axis = R/2. Hence if t is the time of fall then 2 - 2x) _ (R22 7 (#) (# ) or = 77/32 or t= T/4V2 = 365 / 4v2 = 645 days. 1.204 T= 22R°?/Vym, If the distances are scaled down, R°” decreases by a factor 1°”and so does m, . Hence T does not change. mm, 1.205 The double star can be replaced by a single star of mass m, +m, moving about the centre of mass subjected to the force ym, m,/ 1°. Then 2x? 2 he a ade So Pr nV v3 of, re (zs) (My? = WyM (7/2? 2n 1.206 (a) The gravitational potential due to m, at the point of location of m, : oe ym, ym, a= f Sars f Mae > , r ymm So, Up, = my Vy = - r Similarly Cee r104 1.207 ee mt ma ymm, o—__,—___#-—----| }—->x Uys Uy = Us --— ne E ax () Choose the location of the point mass as the origin. Then the potential extergy dU of an element of mass dM = Mae of the rod in the field of the point mass is M1 dU =-ym yee where x is the distance between the element and the point. (Note that the rod and the point mass are on a straight line.) If then a is the distance of the nearer end of the rod from the point mass. ---------- 2 | k§—____—_———__ x ———__>™ ae ay! mM [ de M L u--f ry Ss ~-with( 1+) The force of interaction is au Fe- aa mM ak a aver 17 a? a(a+) 1 z) ° ymM a se oe a Minus sign means attraction. As the planet is under central force (gravitational interaction), its angular monientum is conserved about the Sun (which is situated at one of the focii of the ellipse) an So, my,r= mVzr, OF, 4- (qa) 1 From the conservation of mechanical energy of the system (Sun + planet), ym 1 ym,m 1 2 Ste - 7 +ymv, ym 1 a _ (tm) 1 . or, a Soi tale 7 +3% [Using (1)] Thus, vy= V2ym,7,1% +h) Q) Hence M= myyry= mV2y m, ry Fq/ (ry +7)1.208 1.209 105 From the previous problem, if r, , r, are the maximum and minimum distances from the sun to the planet and v, , v2 are the corresponding velocities, then, say, E=b aw? -™™ 2 7 _ymm, ry ym, ym, ee Myth 2 Me ntl, 2q (sing Ea. (2) of 1.207] where 2a = major axis = r, +r, The same result can also be obtained directly by writing an equation analogous to Eq (1) of problem 1.191. Eady? “2! 2m or (Here M is angular momentum of the planet and m is its mass). For extreme position r= 0 and we get the quadratic EP +4mmy - we =0 The sum of the two roots of this ae are , nytry=- a2 Thus nee constant From the conservtion of angular momentum about the Sun. mvp roSina= mv, r,= mVy%y Of, v7, * Vy T= Yor, sina oy From conservation of mechanical energy, 1 ymzm 1 ym,m zm zi rm vest ym, or, > 2% ar . So, v7 sin eB 2) r[12V1-@-wnswa | 1s ym, |r 7m ees 7 @-9) 1% [ ym, where 1 = ¥O7y/ym,, (1m, is the mass of the Sun).106 1.210 1.201 At the minimum separation with the Sun, the cosmic body’s velocity is perpendicular to its position vector relative to the Sun. If 7,,, be the sought minimum distance, from con- servation of angular momentum about the Sun (C). Vol Mv l= MVF pin OT, V — q@) ‘min From conservation of mechanical energy of the system (sun + cosmic body), 1 ymem 1 Ce eee 2 Tain 2 nae 2 y my So, es S— (using 1) 2 Tain Wein or, v9 roi, + 2Y M,raig VEL? = 0 = 2y m,2 Vay? m? + ave v2 ym eV? me + vee od ee 2ve vg Hence, taking positive root Tein * (ym, 13) [Vie a7, - 1] Suppose that the sphere has a radius equal to a. We may imagine that the sphere is made up of concentric thin spherical shells (layers) with radii ranging from 0 to a, and each spherical layer is made up of elementry bands (rings). Let us first calculate potential due to an elementry band of a spherjcal layer at the point of location of the point mass m (say point P) (Fig.). As all the points of the band are located at the distance J from the point P, so, _. -13M (where mass of the band) @ am-( a? | (28nd) (048) Ana : (<")sino ao oy And [?= a?+r?-2arcos® (3) Differentiating Eq. (3), we get Idl = ar sin dO 4 Hence using above equations aon -(Sir ja ©1.212 1.213 107 Now integrating this Eq. over the whole spherical layer aM donfage tat f So do- -1t © Equation (6) demonstrates that the potential produced by a thin uniform spherical layer outside the layer is such as if the whole mass of the layer were concentrated at it’s centre; Hence the potential due to the sphere at point P; wm p= fdg~ -tfame-™ M This expression is similar to that of Eq. (6) Hence thte sought potential energy of gravitational interaction of the particle m and the sphere, U= mp= - im (©) Using the Eq., G,= -22 G,= "7 (using Eq. 7) So G= MF ang Fe mG => 8) (The problem has already a clear hint in the answer Sheet of the problem book). Here we adopt a different method. Let m be the mass of the spherical layer, wich is imagined to be made up of rings. Ata point inside the spherical layer at distance r from the centre, the gravitational potential due to a ring element of radius a equals, dp= - oa dl (sce Eq. (5) of solution of 1.211) So, p= fdp= - fa--™ Q) Hence G,- -2a0. Hence gravitational field strength as well as field force becomes zero, inside a thin sphereical layer. One can imagine that the uniform hemisphere is made up of thin hemispherical layers of radii ranging from 0 to R. Let us consider such a layer (Fig.). Potential at point O, due to this layer is,108 1.214 2 dg= 4m. 3M iy, where dm = —M __| Sr) ay r R (2/3)nR>\ 2 (This is because all points of each hemispherical shell are equidistant from O.) R Hens, = fadgm 20 frie « Set Se Hence, the work done by the gravitational field force on the particle of mass m, to remove it to infinity is given by the formula A= mg, since @ = 0 at infinity. Hence the sought work, 3ymM Ap+e™ one (The work done by the external agent is - A.) In the solution of problem 1.211, we have obtained @ and G due to a uniform shpere, at a distance r from it’s centre outside it. We have from Eqs. (7) and (8) of 1.211, Mi yM> on -T* and G= -7 (A) Accordance with the Eq. (1) of the solution of 1.212, potential due to a spherical shell of radius a, at any point, inside it becomes ie pL pm 1 = Const. and G,= -5P= 0 @) For a point (say P) which lies inside the uniform solid sphere, the potential @ at that point may be represented as a sum. Oe ier where @, is the potential of a solid sphere having radius r and 9, is the potential of the layer of radii r and R. In accordance with equation (A) (eas ee 1 ee oan ) pe The potential ¢, produced by the layer (thick shell) is the same at all points inside it. The potential ~, is easiest to calculate, for the point positioned at the layer’s centre. Using Eq, (B) neon f ober -r) where dM = 4nr?dr= - Pdr i (4/3) xR? is the mass of a thin layer between _ radii r and r+ dr. ~ Preside = 01+ P2™ (3% n)>-3] ©1.215 109 From the Eq. Ge =z yMr G,= R eo ie or G R r YZ "er M . ns (where p = 7, is the density of the sphere) ©) zaR 3 The plots @ (r) and G (r) fora uniform sphere of radius R are shown in figure of answersheet. Alternate : Like Gauss’s theorem of electrostatics, one can derive Gauss’s theorem for ooo . gravitation in the form § G-dS= -4nY Minciosea - For calculation of G at a point inside the sphere at a distance r from its centre, let us consider a Gaussian surface of radius r, Then, M M G,4nP= -4ny By os, G= -Wy R? . R So, on f gare f Mh rare f ha r r Ae R Integrating and summing up, we get, iM (2 : zs) tines, Bo IME -v$apr up ZA) "oR Re ‘And from Gauss’s theorem for outside it : YM 2 G,4nr?= —AnyM ot G,= —Tp Thus ot f G,ar= 7 Treating the cavity as negative mass of density - p in a uniform sphere density + p and using the superposition principle, the sought field strength is : 3-342, or G= ~4ny pF, + -Fyx(-—) (where 77 and 7” are the position vectors of an orbitrary point P inside the cavity with respect to centre of sphere and cavity respectively.) n-r Thus = -Fav0(7 )-3arel110 1.216 1.217 ‘We partition the solid sphere into thin spherical layers and consider a layer of thickness dr lying at a distance r from the centre of the ball. Each spherical layer presses on the layers within it. The considered layer is attracted to the part of the sphere lying within it (the outer part does not act on the layer). Hence for the considered layer dp4nr*= dF cea) ie) aartarn r (where p is the mean density of sphere) or dP4nxr?’= o, dp= fay ptrdr R Thus pf ap- By (R21) 4 (The pressuresmust vanish at r = R.) 3 or, Ling) 1- (?7R?)) y M7 xR‘, Putting p= M/(4/3) xR? Putting r= 0, we have the pressure at sphere’s centre, and treating it as the Earth where mean density is equal to p = 5-5 x 10° kg/m? and R= 64x 107 km we have, p= 1-73x10"Pa or 1-72 x 10° atms. (@) Since the potential at each point of a spherical surface (shell) is constant and is equal to p= - ye [as we have in Eq. (1) of solution of problem 1.212) ‘We obtain in accordance with Aes — u-4 jSama~ 5 dof am . if 7%) me UE. 2\'R 2R (The factor Sis needed otherwise contribution of different mass elements is counted twice.) (b) In this case the potential inside the sphere depends only on r (see Eq. (C) of the solution of problem 1.214) 2 3R? ) Here dm is the mass of an elementry spherical layer confined between the radii rand r+dr: dm= (4nrdrp)= (ae \r arMi “Stale ls After integrating, we get yn U=- R wie 1218 Leto= ‘Y “AE = circular frequency of the satellite in the outer orbit, : YMe (r-Ar? = = circular frequency of the satellite in the inner orbit. So, relative angular velocity = wy + w where - sign is to be taken when the satellites are moving in the same sense and + sign if they are moving in opposite sense. Hence, time between closest approaches 2x 2x 1 { 45 days a a = = 0-80 hour = 2) M+ oO VyM, |r? 2Ar es where 6 is 0 in the first case and 2 in the second case. yM _ 667x107! x 5:96 x 10% = = 98 m/s” Re (63710 : 2 2 2 2x 2x22 | 2 @,= 0 R= (F ) R (saxaet037 ) 637 x 10° = 0-034 m/s’ _ IMs | 667x107 x 1.97 x 10° os = 59x 10% m/s? Re (149-50 x 10° x 10°) and Then @,: @,: @; = 1: 0-0034 : 0:0006 1.220 Let h be the sought height in the first case. so ae 100° (R+h)112 1.221 1.222 1.223 -2 or bd 1+> 7 100" R From the statement of the problem, it is obvious that in this case h< (V2 -1)= gR(V2-1) This ‘kick’ in velocity must be given along the direction of motion of the satellite in its orbit. Let r be the sought distance, then 9M Me 2 2 a 2m (mR - GoR=rye pe Rr) or Vira (nR-r) oc pe en 3.8 x 10° kon. wel Between the earth and the moon, the potential energy of the spaceship will have a maximum at the point where the attractions of the earth and the moon balance each other. This maximum PE. is approximately zero. We can also neglect the contribution of either body to the p.E. of the spaceship sufficiently near the other body. Then the minimum energy that must be imparted to the spaceship to cross the maximum of the PE. is clearly (using E to denote the earth)1.233 117 yMgn Rk With this energy the spaceship will cross over the hump in the PE. and coast down the hill of p.E. towards the moon and crashland on it. What the problem seeks is the minimum energy reguired for softlanding. That reguies the use of rockets to loving about the braking of the spaceship and since the kinetic energy of the gases ejected from the rocket will always be positive, the total energy required for softlanding is greater than that required for crashlanding. To calculate this energy we assume that the rockets are used fairly close to the moon when the spaceship has nealy attained its terminal velocity on the moon 4 / 2M, R where M, is the mass of the moon and Ry is its radius. In general 0 dE = vdp and since the speed of the ejected gases is not Jess than the speed of the rocket, and momentum transfered to the ejected gases must equal the momentum of the spaceship the energy E of the gass ejected is not less than the kinetic energy of spaceship yMgn Ry Addding the two we get the minimum work done on the ejected gases to bring about the softlanding. A (Mg M, me WLR, * Ry On substitution we get 1:3 x 10° Wd. Assume first that the attraction of the earth can be neglected. Then the minimum velocity, that must be imparted to the body to escape from the Sun’s pull, is, as in 1-230, equal to (V2 -1)¥, where v2 = yM,/r,r= radius of the earth’s orbit, M,= mass of the Sun, In the actual case near the earth, the pull of the Sun is small and does not change much over distances, which are several times the radius of the Earth. The velocity v in question is that which overcomes the earth’s pull with sufficient velocity to escape the Sun’s pull. Thus 1. Me 1 2 2 zm gm (V2 1) vy where R = radius of the carth, M, = mass of the earth. Writing v? = yM, /R, we get vy= V2v2+(V2-1)' v2 = 166 km/s118 1.5 DYNAMICS OF A SOLID BODY 1.234 1.235 1.236 1.237 Since, motion of the rod is purely translational, net torque about the C.M. of the rod should be equal to zero. Lop(t fe Thus P57 Fi(z-4) Ria @ For the translational motion of rod. en F, mw, 2 27H = mw, one Fy 2) From (1) and (2) a me a 26s Sought moment N= 7% F= (ai+bj)x(Ai+Bj) = aBk+Ab(-K)= (aB-Ab)k” N_ aB-Ab and arm of the force Les SSS Fo VA"+B™ Relative to point ¢ O, the net moment of force : Na rx F,+7xFy= (aixAj)+(Bjx Bi) = abk+AB(-k)= (ab-AB)E- (@) Resultant of the external force ee Fe F,+F,= Aj+Bi Q2) As N-F= 0 (as NLF) so the sought arm / of the force F_ ab-AB VA? + BP For coplanar forces, about any point in the same plane, 7; 7x Fem rx Fey I= N/F= (where F, = yr = resultant force) of, Nig, = 7% Fee Nnet Thus length of the arm, != =" Fre Here obviously [F,., |= 2F and it is directed toward right along AC. Take the origin at C. Then about C, Ne (vVFaF+ wF- V2 aF | directed normally into the plane of figure. (Here a = side of the square.) Thus N= Fe directed into the plane of the figure. F(a/v2 a a Ss Hence I= oF" OVE sin 45' Thus the point of application of force is at the = point of the side BC.1238 1.239 119 (a) Consider a strip of length dx at a perpendicular distance x from the axis about which we have to find the moment of inertia of the rod. The elemental mass of the rod equals m dm= 1 a& Moment of inertia of this element about the axis l= dmx? = 7 dex? Thus, moment of inertia of the rod, as a whole about the given axis (b) Let us imagine the plane of plate as xy plane taking the origin at the intersection point of the sides of the plate (Fig.). 0 Obviously I= f dmy? ee -f (wa)>? Oo _ ma? 3 i Smmilarly i= me Hence from perpendicular axis theorem Myr p2 L=1,+1,= 3 (4 +b ) which is the sought , moment of inertia. (a) Consider an elementry disc of thickness dx. Moment of inertia of this element about the z-axis, passing through its C.M. A : at,» ODE 9 sae co 4 where p = density of the material of the plate + and S = area of cross section of the plate. Thus the sought moment of inertia b b 2 2 _ PSR f wf 12 PD J x= “> pSb - FPbR*(asS= xR?)120 1.240 putting all the vallues we get, I, = 2: gm-m? (b) Consider an element disc of radius r and thickness dx at a distance x from the point O. Then r= x tana. and volume of the disc = we? tan? ade Hence, its mass dm= xx? tana. de-p (where Moment of inertia of this element, about the axis OA, 3 i { \ p= density of the cone= m/yxR*h) — Saat) WS 2 r d= dm x? tana = (xx? tan7a dr) 7 . AP xt tan ‘ade h ‘Thus the sought moment of inertia = 2 tan‘ a f ah de 0 Hence 3m R? (unin oa 10” [Puting P= =, (a) Let us consider a lamina of an arbitrary shape and indicate by 1,2 and 3, three axes coinciding with x, y and z— axes and the plane of lamina as x ~y plane. Now, moment of inertia of a point mass about x- axis, df, = dmy” Thus moment of inertia of the lamina about this axis, 1, =f dmy? Similarly; J, = f ‘dmx? and I, = f dmr? = fidm(x?+y?) as r= Vx7+y™ Thus, T= 1,41, of, I= 1+, (b) Let us take the plane of the disc as x -y plane and origin to the centre of the disc ig.) From the symmetry [,= 1,. Let us consider a ring element of radius r and thickness dr, then the moment of inertia of the ring element about the y - axis.1.241 121 d[,= dmr? = aya (omar)? Thus the moment of inertia of the disc about z— axis R 2m 3, mR? i= mr dre But we have I= 1,+1,= 4, I, mR? Thus heyeG For simplicity let us use a mathematical trick. We consider the portion of the given disc as the superposition of two. complete discs (without holes), one of positive density and radius R and other of negative density but of same magnitude and radius R/2. As (area) a (mass), the respective masses of the considered discs are (4m /3) and (-m/3) respectively, and these masses can be imagined to be situated at their respective centers (C.M). Let us take point O as origin and point x - axis towards right. Obviously the C.M. of the shaded position of given shape lies on the x - axis. Hence the C.M. (C) of the shaded portion is given by (-m/3)(-R/2)+(4m/3)0) pz a8 (=m/3)+4m/3 2G Thus C.M. of the shape is at a distance R/6 from point O toward x - axis Using parallel axis theorem and bearing in mind that the moment of inertia of a complete homogeneous disc of radius m, and radius rp equals 3 mgrg. The moment of inetia of the small disc of mass (-m/3) and radius R/2 about the axis passing through point C and perpendicular to the plane of the disc n.-2(-™)(R) ,(_-™)(2,8 2 ‘| = 3 ace | mia aa 2427 2 Similarly i 2(3)"" +(F)(8) 201, Re Sao Thus the sought moment of inertia, lem het le FemR?— SmR? = Fl mk?122 1.242 Moment of inertia of the shaded portion, about the axis passing through it’s certre, Te 3(5**°°) 8? Now, if R = r + dr, the shaded portion becomes a shell, which is the required shape to calculate the moment of inertia. Now, [= Z-Sap|(r+dr)5—r5] Neglecting higher terms. : 2 (4nr? drp)r?= Zor? 1.243 (a) Net force which is effective on the system (cylinder M +body m) is the weight of the body m in a uniform gravitational field, which is a constant, Thus the initial acceleration of the body m is also constant. From the conservation of mechanical energy of the said system in the uniform field of gravity at time t= Ar :AT+AU= 0 1a AMR? or zm ta -mgAh=0 or, 5 (2m +MY v? ~ mg b= 0 [as v= oR at all times] But v? = 2w Ah Hence using it in Eq. (1), we get 4 (2m-+M) 20 Ah~mg Ah = 0 of w= mB (m+M) From the kinematical relationship, B = rR" aE Thus the sought angular velocity of the cylinder pee Sg se Sr, @(1)= Bre GM)R!” Ge M/am)R (b) Sought kinetic energy. 2 T(t)= mv? i ME? 5 (2m+M)R?0?1.244 1.245 1.246 123 For equilibrium of the disc and axle 2T = mg or T= mg/2 As the disc unwinds, it has an angular acceleration B given by [B= 21r ot B= oh mar T The corresponding linear acceleration is 2 rB= w= T Since the disc remains stationary under the combined action of this acceleration and the acceleration (-w) of the bar which is transmitted to the axle, we must have ™g 2 mgr 7 Let the rod be deviated through an angle q’ from its initial position at an arbitrary instant of time, measured relative to the initial position in the positive direction. From the equation of the increment of the mechanical energy of the system. AT= Ag, we 1 or, zo 2. IN. dp ° 2 ME = f Fleospdp = Flsing oy SFsing Thus, o- i First of all, let us sketch free body diagram of each body. Since the cylinder is rotating and massive, the tension will be different in both the sections of threads. From Newton’s law in projection form for the bodies m, and m, and noting that w, = w,= w= BR, (as no thread slipping), we have (m, > m,) Nie m,g-T,= m,w= m, BR x and T)-m,g= m,w @) @ Now from the equation of rotational dynamics t of a solid about stationary axis of rotation. ie. q 2 N,= IB, for the cylinder. or, (T,-Ty)R= 1B = mR’ B/2 (2) : fe Similtancous solution of the above equations yields : 4, * wh (1m, - m,) g qe m,(m+4m,) (mem +2) 2) mg. mad.124 1.247 1.248 As the systemt (m +m, +m, ) is under constant forces, the acceleration of body m, an ‘m, is constant. In addition to it the velocities and accelerations of bodies m, and m, at equal in magnitude (say v and w) because the length of the thread is constant. From the equation of increament of mechanical energy i.e. AT + AU = A,,, at time ¢ whe block m, is distance h below from initial position corresponding to t= 0, 1 1 (mR?) v? pm) Omg — km, gh a (as angular velocity = v/R for no slipping of thread.) But v? = 2wh So using it in (1), we get 2 (m, - km, ) 8 Ae er ied 2 m+2(m,+m,) Thus the work done by the friction force on m, 1 Ay, = — kanygh = tm (5 0?) fam, (my ~ kom, ) g? 1? : ” ~n+2.(m, +m) (using 2). In the problem, the rigid body is in translation equlibrium but there is an angular retardation. We first sketch the free body diagram of the cylinder. Obviously the friction forces, acting on the cylinder, are kinetic. From the condition of translational equlibrium for the cylinder, mg= N,+kN,; N= kN, mj mj Hence, N= reac Ny= ee For pure rotation ‘of the cylinder about its rotation axis, N, = JB, mR? or, - kN, R-kN,R= > B, KNg; kingR(1 +k) mR? eee a or, B,= - aan aah R + = KN, Now, from the kinematical equation, 7 = w) +28, AQ we have, wg (1+k?)R HCisEyg eae w= 01.249 125 Hence, the sought number of turns, So. we (1+ Re yR Qn” 8uk(1+k)g It is the moment of friction force which brings the disc to rest. The force of friction is applied to each section of the disc, and since these sections lie at different distances from the axis, the moments of the forces of friction differ from section to section. To find N,, where z is the axis of rotation of the disc let us partition the disc into thin rings (Fig.). The force of friction acting on the considered element dfr = k(2nrdro)g, (where o is the density of the disc) The moment of this force of friction is dN, = -rdfr= -2nkogr’dr Integrating with respect to r from zero to R, we get n= 2 2 : N,=-2nkog fr dr= -2nkogR®. z oO For the rotation of the disc about the stationary dr axis z, from the equation N, = 1B, Ey 1.250 Thus from the angular kinematical equation @,= Og, + Bt = __ dk _ FR 0 n+ aR |f orf ake According to the question, 122. Wa ot, I= Bm ~ kat Vo. a it Integrating, Vo = -57 + Van 2,2 or, o- Oo 4 45, QNoting that at = 0, = Wy) 2Ve@ k Let the flywheel stops at t= fo then from Eq. (1), f= Hence sought average angular velocity 2VOo k oe S(S eH say) a = 22 —______% vee 3 k fa126 1.251 1.252 aM, Let us use the equation = = N, relative to the axis through O (Q For this purpose, let us find the angular momentum of the system M, about the given rotation axis and the corresponding torque N,. The angular momentum is mo 2 M, = Io + mvR = (Sema o [where I= SR? and v= wR (no cord slipping)] So, Be (Mr eme’)p, @ The downward pull of gravity on the overhanging part is the only external force, which exerts a torque about the z~axis, passing through O and is given by, N,= (F}-se ZoN Hence from the equation aN (‘Ss . oma’) = WxeR ong Thus, B= incaeomy?? Note : We may solve this problem using conservation of mechanical energy of the system’ (cylinder + thread) in the uniform field of gravity. (a) Let us indicate the forces acting on the sphere and their points of application. Choose positive direction of x and (rotation angle) along the incline in downward direction and in the sense of @ (for undirectional rotation) respectively. Now from equations of dynamics of rigid body ie. F,= mw, and N,,= I, B, we get : mg sin a f,= mw () and frR= 2mk 2B Q) But fr's kang cosa In addition, the absence of slipping provides the kinematical realtionship between the accelerations : w= BR @ The simultaneous solution of all the four equations yields : 2. 2 koosaz Fsina, or kz Ftana (b) Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) [of part (a)], we get :1.253 1.254 127 oda wo= 7gsina. As the sphere starts at t= 0 along positive x axis, for pure rolling ¥.(O= wet= Zgsinart 6) Hence the sought kinetic energy Ee ta 2 . Tm Smet 7 5 mR? wr = so mvz (as w= v/R) 2 teh oe ee im (esas) qa me sin’ at (@) Let us indicate the forces and their points of application for the cylinder, Choosing the positive direction for x and @ as shown in the figure, we write the equation of motion of the cylinder axis and the equation of moments in the C.M. frame relative to that axis ie. from equation F, =, mw, and N,= I, B, 2 mg-2T = mw,; 2TR = ™—B As there is no slipping of thread on the cylinder w.= BR From these three equations = 78 = 28, ? rad/s? Tm Bm 13N, Bo FF 5x10? rad/s 2g (b) we have B= 58 So, we 2.0 or, in vector form w= 23° Pe Ft F-() ~ mB"(2a%)= mets Let us depict the forces and their points of application corresponding to the cylinder attached with the elevator. Newton’s second law for solid in vector form in the frame of elevator, gives : 2+ mg’t m(- ise) = mis” () The equation of moment in the C.M. frame relative to the cylinder axis i.e. from N,= IB, - mR? mR? w’ R= “BOR [as thread does not slip on the cylinder, w’ = BR ]128 1.255 1.256 mw or, rT. mm As (I) Tt? so in vector form 7 mw 7. -% @ Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), # = 2g #) and sought force gic gee — =. F=2T= 3m (e-™)- Let us depict the forces and their points of application for the spool. Choosing the positive direction for x and @ as shown in the fig., we apply F,= mw,, and N.:= I, B, and get 0 mg sina -T= mw; Tr = IB “Notice that ifa point ofa solid in plane motion is connected with a thread, the projection of velocity vector of the solid’s point of contact along the length of the thread equals the velocity of the other end of the thread (if it is not slacked)” Thus in our problem, v,= vo but v= 0, hence point P is the instantaneous centre of rotation of zero velocity for the spool. Therefore v, = wr and subsequently w, = Br. .y Solving the equations simultaneously, we get ye cones =r = 1-6 m/s? mn 1+ ot 4 Let us sketch the force diagram for solid cylinder and apply Newton’s second law in projection form along x and y axes (Fig.) : Jr, + fro = mw, @ and NN, +Ny-mg-F= 0 or N,+N,= mg+F (2) Now choosing positive direction of @ as shown in the figure and using N.,= I, Bp we get mR? ,_ mR? We FR-(fr,+fr)R= B= ™ = @ [as for pure rolling w, = BR J. In addition to, Sry + fry sk (Ny + Ny) 41.257 1.258 129 Solving the Eqs., we get re 2kme yp pn 3kme @-3%) mx 23k kW, +Ny) wn ways et k k 3kmg)_ _2ke 7 pq U8 + Fax] ened 2-3k (a) Let us choose the positive direction of the rotation angle @, such that w,, and B, have identical signs (Fig.). Equation of motion, F, = mw,, and N,, = I. B, gives : F cosa - fr= mw,: frR-Fr= I,B,= ymR?B, In the absence of the slipping of the spool w,,= B,R From the three equations w,,= w,= P1SS2=C/R)I | where cos a> = (a) m(1+y¥) vy R (b) As static friction (fr) does not work on the spool, from the equation of the increment of mechanical energy A, = AT. Aue Smid ym? % tmasne : Fmt +y) 20, xe Fm(L+y2m (im 4 ") 2 Piles 2 fr “2m +9) ™g. Note|that at cos a= r/R, there is no rolling and for cos &<1r/R, Wz,<0, i.e. the spool will move towards negative x-axis and rotate in anticlockwise sense. For the cylinder from the equation N, = IB, about its stationary axis of rotation. 2Tr= Mp eS p- 2 Q) For the rotation of the lower cylinder from the equation N., = I. B, mr oy Dake 2Tr= - o, B= 7 =B Now for the translational motion of lower cylinder from the Eq. F,= mw,. mg -2T= mw, 2) As there is no slipping of threads on the cylinders : w= Bir+ Br= 2Br @130 1.259 1.260 Simultaneous solution of (1), (2) and (3) yields = OE T 10° Let us depict the forces acting on the pulley and weight A, and indicate positive direction for x and @ as shown in the figure. For the cylinder from the equation F,= m w and Nez= 1.8, we get Mg+T,-2T= Mw, @ Iw, and 27K +T,(2R)= 1B= = (2) | For the weight A from the equation F,= mw, mg -T,= mw, @ As there is no slipping of the threads on the pulleys. w= W,+2BR= w.+20,.=3w, (4) Simultaneous solutions of above four equations gives : 3(M+3m)g ‘A ae - (M+9m+—5! R (a) For the translational motion of the system (m,+ m,), from the equation : F,= mw, F= (m,+myw, or, w.= F/(m, +m) (1) Now for the rotational motion of cylinder from the equation : N. = I, By Pr Fre mp or pr= = (2) But We= w+ Br, So F_ .2F_ F(3m,+2m,) WK" Thm, my, (m, +m) 1 2 1 es a 2 @) (b) From the equation of increment of mechanical energy : AT= A, Here AT= T(t), 80, T()= Ag As force F is constant and is directed along x-axis the sought work done. Ag, = Fx (where x is the displacement of the point of application of the force F during time interval t )1,261 1.262 131 F'1?(3m,+2m,) 2m, (m, +m.) (using Eq. (3) Alternate : T(t) = Tyansiauon () + Trovangn () = F(Z = = T() 2 Ft Yimin Ft EG m+2m) (m+ 2-2 | mr 2m; (m,, m,) = pomem( Choosing the positive direction for x and @ as shown in Fig, let us we write the equation of motion for the sphere F,= mw,, and N,, =I, B, fray vy; frr= 2m? p (w, is the acceleration of the C.M. of sphere.) ~y For the plank from the Eq. F, = mw, (—+x F-f=m,, C;,) In addition, the condition for the absence of fr slipping of the sphere yields the kinematical from, ] relation between the accelerations : : e Ww, =w.t+Br d Simultaneous solution of the four equations yields : and p=2m (a) Let us depict the forces acting on the cylinder and their point of applications for the cylinder and indicate positive direction of x and @ as shown in the figure. From the equations for the plane motion of a solid F,= mw,, and N.. = 1,B,: kmg= mw, oF W= kg (1) 2 = kmg R= MR: or B,= -288 Q) Let the cylinder starts pure rolling at¢ = t after releasing on the horizontal floor at = 0. From the angular kinematical equation en (“+x or om ag-2 @) ®p From the equation of the linear kinematics, \ or v= O+kG fy (4)132 1.263 1.264 But at the moment ¢= f, when pure rolling starts v,= wR so, kgty= (o0-2 feo} @R Thus b= 3k (b) As the cylinder pick, up speed till it starts rolling, the point of contact has a purely translatory movement equal to 5M. in the forward directions but there is also a backward movement of the point of contact of magnitude (09) - 5Ba) R. Because of slipping the net displacement is backwards. The total work done is then, Ag, = kang [». 8 - (ogo 2 ba] = kong [#8 : A BR - ooo] _ mate OR [oR ving SESE F ag) = The same result can also be obtained by the work-energy theorem, A, = AT. Let us write the equation of motion for the centre of the sphere at the moment of breaking-off: mv’/(R +1) = mg cos ®, where vis the velocity of the centre of the sphere at that moment, and @ is the corresponding angle (Fig.). The velocity v can be found from the energy conservation law : _ 5 a 5 10’, where J is the moment of inertia of the sphere relative to the axis passing through the sphere’s centre. ie. [= 2m, In addition, v= or; h= (R+r)(1-cos 6). From these four equations we obtain w= V10g(R+n)17P. Since the cylinder moves without sliding, the centre of the cylinder rotates about the point O, while passing through the common edge of the planes. In other words, the point O becomes the foot of the instantaneous axis of rotation of the cylinder. It at any instant during this motion the velocity of the C.M. is v, when the angle (shown in the figure) is B, we have my R = mgcosB-N,1.265 133 where N is the normal reaction of the edge 2 NR - -_——_ 7 o, vw gReosp- 8B ty From the energy conservation law, 2 4 oe plo z to ze mg R (1 - cos B) 2 But y= ema? = 3 mk’, (from the parallel axis theorem) x Thus, Ya +S gR (1 - cos) 2 From (1) and (2) hm 2B (7e0sp-4 - ‘The angle B in this equation is clearly smaller than or equal to at so putting B = o we get ve 82 cosa 4) : aos where No is the corresponding reaction. Note that N 2 No. No jumping occurs during this turning if Ny > 0. Hence, vy must be less than Yaar VEE (1 008 4 4) Clearly the tendency of bouncing of the hoop will be maximum when the small body A, will be at the highest point of the hoop during its rolling motion. Let the velocity of C.M. of the hoop equal v at this position. The static friction does no work on the hoop, so from conservation of mechanical energy; E, = Ey 7 2 i 1 pete) _ of 2,1 Lire or, O+zmetzmR ( mgR zm (2vy tymvsomR (i) +mgR or, 3v= e-2gR aw From the equation F, = mw, for body A at final position 2 : 2 mer mo? R= m(R] R ) a134 1.266 1.267 1.268 As the hoop has no acceleration in vertical direction, so for the hoop, N+N' = mg @) From Eqs. (2) and (3), Na 2mg-™ 4 R As the hoop does not bounce, Nz 0 6) So from Egs. (1), (4) and (5), Aiea 0 o 8gRzy Hence vos VEgR Since the lower part of the belt is in contact with the rigid floor, velocity of this part becomes zero. The crawler moves with velocity v, hence the velocity of upper part of the belt becomes 2v by the rolling condition and kinetic energy of upper part = ; 7 (2v)° = my’, which is also the sought kinetic energy, assuming that the length of the belt is much larger than the radius of the wheels. The sphere has two types of motion, one is the rotation about its own axis and the other is motion in a circle of radius R. Hence the sought kinetic energy T= hioittho @) where J, is the moment of inertia about its own axis, and J, is the moment of inertia about the vertical axis, passing through O, But, [y= 2m? and [y= Sma? + mR? (using parallel axis theorem,) Q) In addition to w= 5 and =z @) Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get T’ = % m? (: + ra For a point mass of mass dm, looked at from C rotating frame, the equation is dm" = F'+dmorr” +2dm(o" xB) where 7” = radius vector in the rotating frame with respect to rotation axis and ¥” = velocity in the same frame. The total centrifugal force is clearly Fey J dot” = mo? R, R, is the radius vector of the C.M. of the body with respect to rotation axis, also F< mv xo where we have used the definitions mR,= J, dmr” and mis’ = Y dmi™1.269 1.270 135 Consider a small element of length dx at a distance x from the point C, which is rotating in a circle of radius r= x sin @ Now, mass of the element = 7 a& ! So, centrifugal force acting on this element - 7 dco" xsin 0 and moment of this force about C, |av |= (7]rorssino-xeoso 2 MO sin 2x7 de and hence, total moment 12 2 mo. Jt pei N of By sin 20 Pde = 57 moo" l? sin 20, 0 Let us consider the system in a frame rotating with the rod. In this frame, the rod is at rest and experiences not only the gravitational force m Z’and the reaction force R, but also the centrifugal force F,,. In the considered frame, from the condition of equilibrium i.e. Ny, = 0 ia or, Nig = mg z sin ® where N,; is the moment of centrifugal force about O. To calculate N,, , let us consider an element of length de, situated at a distance x from the point O. This element is subjected to a horizontal pseudo force 7 dew" xsin ®. The moment of this pseudo force about the axis of rotation through the point O is aNy= (7) dx @? x sin 0.xcos 0 2 = TP sin cos @ x? dx 1 2 272 So ng= f 22 sin cos 07dr= 22 sind cos 0 Q) 0 It follows from Eqs. (1) and (2) that, cos 0 = (ch) or os xo""( 3745) () 2071 207136 1271 1.272 1.273 When the cube is given an initial velocity on the table in some direction (as shown) it acquires an angular momentum about an axis on the table perpendicular to the initial velocity and (say) just below the C.G.. This angular momentum will disappear when the cube stops and this can only by due to a torque. Frictional forces cannot do this by themselves because they act in the plain containing the axis. But if the force of normal reaction act eccentrically (as shown), their torque can bring about the vanishing of the angular momentum. We can calculate the distance Ax between the point of application of the normal reaction and the C.G. of the cube as follows. Take the moment about Jnitial velocity — Axis. to the CG. of all the forces. This must vanish because Initial iar vane the cube does not turn or tumble on the table. angular ake (ation, Then if the force of friction is fr momentum a fr ra Nk& But N= mg and fr= long, so Ax= ka/2 In the process of motion of the given system the kinetic energy and the angular momentum relative to rotation axis do not vary. Hence, it follows that 1Me 5 1 3 7 Mie 7 ZOO = FM OP +7) 4 Tw (@ is the final angular velocity of the rod) Ml Ml 2 and Fo Ot ml? w From these equations we obtain o= o/ (1 + ar) v= wgt/ Vi+3m/M Due to hitting of the ball, the angular impulse received by the rod about the C.M. is equal top i If is the angular velocity acquired by the rod, we have ml? i 6 et o or o= = a In the frame of C.M., the rod is rotating about an axis passing through its mid point with the angular velocity @. Hence the force exerted by one half on the other = mass of one half x acceleration of C.M. of that part, in the frame of C.M. m( zt ot | 9p? | - 3073) ce1274 1.275 137 (a) In the process of motion of the given system the kinetic energy and the angular momentum relative to rotation axis do not Ts Hence it follows that 1 av? = dL my?42 ut w? 2 2 2\ 3 1 Ms and moze D Ze From these equations we obtain vm (28=4)y and w = ——# —__ 3m+ 4m |" 1(1+4m/3M) > aa > 3m - 4M \—» As vt tv, so in vector form v= 3maam |” (b) Obviously the sought force provides the centripetal acceleration to ‘the C.M. of the rod and is F,= mWeq et 2° 1(1+4M/3m) (a) About the axis of rotation of the rod, the angular momentum of the system is conserved. Thus if the velocity of the flying bullet is v. 2 mvl = (m2+43-) 3 Seta ed M 1 a nM as m << q@) most Now from the conservation of mechanical energy ofthe system (rod with bullet) in the uniform field of gravity a(mie4s i? Jo? = (Mamet (1 cose.) Q) [because C.M. of rod raises by the height 4 1-cose) ] Solving (1) and (2), we get M) 4/2 9 sin : (3) 38! sing and @ (b) Sought Ap = [con ea(o3)]-m where ol is the velocity of the bullet and « 5 equals the velocity of C.M. of the rod after the impact. Putting the value of v and w we get ae ! sin & Ap~ 5mv=M & sin This is caused by the reaction at the hinge on the upper end.138 1.276 1.277 (©) Let the rod starts swinging with angular velocity w’, in this case. Then, like part (a) ( mt ‘| 3 myx = ay mx On ee eee Final momentum is 1 M M 3 x p= mo! +fyc! Maye Mot tm anv o I 2 2 I So, Ap= p,-vm mv (35-1) on 2 This vanishes for xeGl (a) As force F on the body is radial so its angular momentum about the axis becomes zero and the angular momentum of the system about the given axis is conserved. Thus MR? Ro oon 1428 2 Or (b) From the equation of the increment of the mechanical energy of the system : AT= A, 2 ©) +m oR? = 1MR? 2 1(MR? 2322 2\ 2 2) 52 +mR Jed Ae Putting the value of « from part (a) and solving we get BSE (1m) M oad 2 (a) Let z be the rotation axis of disc and @ be its rotation angle in accordance with right-hand screw rule (Fig.). (p and g’ are to be measured in the same sense algebraically.) As M, of the system (disc + man) is conserved and M, gia) ™ 0, We have at any instant, mR? do do’) 2, (22 00 em dt aka d mi —_|q . P| my + (m2) |°* On integrating Jere Nastia) mt ’ or, en m\? a) m+ S This gives the total angle of rotation of the disc.1.278 1.279 139 (b) From Eq. (1) ag m \do'_ _(_™_)\v¥(r) a dt R m+ 2 m+ 2 Differentiating with respect to time 3 ao m,_\1dv'(t) dt? m, R dt m+ 2 Thus the sought force moment from the Eq. N,= 1B, _ R? q? R? eas er ae m,_\idv(t) 0, the corresponding vector @ coincides with the poitive direction to the z axis, and vice versa. As both discs rotates about the same vertical axis z, thus in vector form. B= 8, +1,0,/(h+h) However, the problem makes sense only if @, tt @, or @, t) @, (0) From the equation of increment of mechanical energy of a system: Aj, = AT. 1 1 io = 7Uith)o?-shogtzhoz Using Eq. (1) f, 1 L, 2 2 Age FU Fhy (Ou Ors) For the closed system (disc + rod), the angular momentum is conserved about any axis. Thus from the conservation of angular momentum of the system about the rotation axis of rod passing through its C.M. gives : L 1 yml? mas my 5+ (1)140 1.280 (Vis the final velocity of the disc and w angular velocity of the rod) For the closed system linear momentum is also conserved. Hence mv = mv’ +4 mv, Q) (where v, is the velocity of C.M. of the rod) From Eqs (1) and (2) we get y,= 2 and v- v= ny, Applying conservation of kinetic energy, as the collision is elastic Leet 2d 2,1 on? 2 mv gv’? + onmve +> Ta? (3) or vv = 4nv? and hence v+v'= 4v, A Then 4 v= 421 5 and w= 2” 4+ (4+)! Gc Vectorially, noting that we have taken ¥” parallel to 0” i= (3 jr 4+ So, a” = 0 for n= 4 and @ | tv’ for n>4 O- lon See the: diagram in the book (Fig. 1.72) (a) When the shaft BB’ is turned through 90° the platform must start turning with angular velocity Q so that the angular momentum Tr constant. Here (+h) Q= Iya of, Q= = 0 The work performed by the motor is therefore 115 @ 2 FU +h) P= 2T eh If the shaft is tumed through 180°, angular velocity of the sphere changes sign. Thus from conservation of angular momentum, TQ-Iyog= Ip (Here -Jy @ is the complete angular momentum of the sphere i. e. we assume that the angular velocity of the sphere is just — w,). Then ®o Q= > and the work done must be, S1o?+thap-biy02=1.281 1.282 141 (b) In the case (a), first part, the angular momentum vector of the sphere is precessing with angular velocity Q. Thus a torque, 10g I+h Ip @ Q= is needed. The total centrifugal force can be calculated by, uy f Borxae 1m lw? ly 2 ce ; Then for equilibrium, 0 1 4 % (Th-T,) y= 85 1 2 and, T,+7,= 5m ho Thus T, vanishes, when o7= 8, o= V8 = 6 nds \ See the diagram in the book (Fig. 1.71). (a) The angular velocity & about OO' can be resolved into a component parallel to the rod and a component « sinO perpendicular to the rod through C. The component parallel to the rod does not contribute so the angular momentum i M=Iqsin@ mm! @ sin® Also, M,= Msin0 = jm? osin?o This can be obtained directly also, (b) The modulus of M does not change but e Ey the modulus of the change of M is |AM|. | AM | = 2Mssin (90-0) = mI? w sin2 (©) Here M, = Mcos0 = Jw sinO cos® Now |~7 = Fosind cos0 24 = J mi? sin%o as M precesses with angular velocity w.142 1.283 1.284 Here M= Iw is along the symmetry axis. It has two components, the part Jw cos is constant and the part M, = J sin@ presesses, then d Qa . | mle Iw sin8 w' = mgl sind or, wo! = precession frequency = mel = 0-71ad/s (b) This force is the centripetal force due to precession. It acts inward and has the magnitude lFi- Tmo i] = mo’? Isin® = 12mN. P; is the distance of the ith element from the axis. This is the force that the table will exert on the top. See the diagram in the answer sheet Ms ML Mz \ ™] See the diagram in the book (Fig. 1.73). The moment of inertia of the disc about its symmentry axis is FmR? If the angular velocity of the disc is w then the angular momentum is im R? cw. The precession frequency being 2x -n, we have |# 2x 2nn This must equal m(g+w)1, the effective gravitational torques (g being replaced by g+w in the elevator). Thus, ~ eet. = 300 rad/s1.285 1.286 1.287 1.288 1.289 143 The effective g is Vg" + w” inclined at angle tan”! with the vertical. Then with reference to the new " vertical" we proceed as in problem 1-283. Thus z 2 Ae Io The vector @ forms an angle 0 = tan = 6° with the normal vertical. The moment of inertia of the sphere is 2m ? and hence the value of angular momentum is 2mR 2, Since it precesses at speed a’ the torque required is 2 me 2 wo'= Fl So, F'= 2 mk? oo'/! = 300N (The force F’ must be vertical.) The moment of inertia is mr? and angular momentum is 5me? co. The axle oscillates about a horizontal axis making an instantaneous angle. = 9, sin 2 B= Om Sin = This means that there is a variable precession with a rate of precession # The maximum value of this is - ‘When the angle between the axle and the axis is at its maximum value, a torque J@ Q mmr? op, T 1 = = mr? 0 2 acts on it. mr? OP, x The corresponding gyroscopic force will be =90N The revolutions per minute of the flywheel being n, the angular momentum of the flywheel v R Thus N = 2xJNV/R = 5-97 KN. m. is |x 2n. The rate of precession is As in the previous problem a couple 2x/nv/R must come in play. This can be done if a 2ninv RI forces. The force on the outer rail is increased and that on the inner rail decreased. The additional force in this case has the magnitude 1-4 kN. m. force, acts on the rails in opposite directions in addition to the centrifugal and other144 1.6 1.290 1.291 1.292 ELASTIC DEFORMATIONS OF A SOLID BODY Variation of length with temperature is given by I= h(1+aAt) or a. aAtee Oy 0 But e- 7 Thus o = aAtE, which is the sought stress of pressure. Putting the value of @ and E from Appendix and taking Ar= 100°C, we get o= 22x 10° atm. (a) Consider a transverse section of the tube and concentrate on an element which subtends an angle Ag at the centre. The forces acting on a portion of length Al on the element are (1) tensile forces side ways of magnitude oArAl. The resultant of these is 2oArAlsin x. oArAlAg radially towards the cente. (2) The force due to fluid pressure = prApAl Ar Since these balance, we get) Prax ™ On iee where o,, is the maximum tensile force. Putting the values we get p,,,, = 19-7 atmos. (b) Consider an element of area dS = (7 40/2)? about z-axis chosen arbitrarily. There are tangential tensile forces all around the ring of the cap. Their resultant is A@ oe o[=*(r] a sin 30 Hence in the limit 2 rA@ rhO pax( 3] = onx( "Sr }ar a0 = 39-5 atmos. Ao 2 oF Pm ™ Let us consider an element of rod at a distance x from its rotation axis (Fig.). From Newton’s second law in projection form directed towards the rotation axis -dT= (dm)w?x= Fw? xde On integrating 2,2 -T- mP—= +C (constant )1.293 1.294 145 But at x= et or free end, T= 0 272 2 mo* 1 mo‘ Thus O- 2 ate or C= - 3 2 2 mo“ (lx Hence T= 2 ({- | mo?! Thus Trax gat mid point) Condition required for the problem is Tag SOm ede 2 mol 2 So, ME-= Soq or om TW Hence the sought number of rps o 1 fF : = 08x 10 n= on ol f [using the table 7 0-8 x 10°rps ] Let us consider an element of the ring ig.). From Newton’s law F, = mw, for this element, we get, Td0 = (= ) w?r [see solution of 1.93or 1.92} So, T+ For Condition for the problem is : a \T Tso or, M29, Pilg ge ee A . Im? yh — Om of, nae 3 darp) pr? mr?(2nrp) pr Thus sought number of rps Ir @nax 1 n= = 2 = (lr p Using the table of appendices n = 23rps Let the point O desend by the distance x (Fig.)- From the condition of equilibrium of point °. in® = ges 2 2Tsind= mg or T= sahg™ py V2) +x qa Tr a Now, many” om cE or Te Ex Q) (o here is stress and € is strain.)146 ee ag V1 FY -1@) , 1.295 1.296 In addition to it, Vii2ypex? -t From Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) mEd x- 3 So, = se 21? nEd? w or x= (san) = 25cm Let us consider an element of the rod at a distance x from the free end (Fig.). For the considered element ‘T-T7’ are internal restoring forces which produce elongation and AT provides the acceleration to the element. For the element from Newton’s law : m F, ° F, o aT = (dm)w : (7) 5 pe As free end has zero tension, on integrating the above expression, F, F, far fa or T=—x I ie ° ° Elongation in the considered element of lenght de : o TF gtde aba Ee) dem sp de = “Ser L Thus total elengation & = = f xde= ae * [7P2 so that the fluid particles can have required acceleration. If there is no turbulence. the motion can be taken as irrotational. Then by considering G rar o along the circuit shown we infer that Vy>Vy (The portion of the circuit near 1 and 2 are streamlines while the other two arms are at right angle to streamlines) In an incompressible liquid we also have div ¥"= 0 By electrostatic analogy we then find that the density of streamlines is proportional to the velocity at that point. From the conservation of mass v8, = ¥)Sp @ But S, < S, as shown in the figure of the problem, therefore Y > As every streamline is horizontal between 1 & 2, Bernoull’s theorem becomes pt 5 pv = constant, which gives Py < Py a Vy > ¥y As the difference in height of the water column is Ah, therefore P2 ~P; = pgAh Q) From Bemoull’s theorem between points 1 and 2 of a streamline 1 1 Pitz ey = P+ 5 Ov 1 or, Po - PL= 3 0M -%) or pedh= 5 et - ¥) — @) (using Eq. 2) using (1) in (3), we get 4 [2ghh vy, = 5, 2-8 ae ad Hence the sought volume of water flowing per see i 2 2gAh Q = 5S, = 5,8, aaa 1A317 1.318 1319 157 Applying Bernoulli’s theorem for the point A and B, 13 —_ A Pam Patz P¥ as, vy= 0 : ie cee 2 or, PY = Pa Pam Ahpos ZAR pk Ah So, v=V ; Thus, rate of flow of gas, Q= Sv= S ; The gas flows over the tube past it at B. But at A the gas becomes stationary as the gas will move into the tube which already contains gas. In applying Bemnoulli’s theorem we should remember that 7 + 3 + gz is constant along a streamline. In the present case, we are really applying Bernoulli’s theorem somewhat indirectly. The streamline at A is not the streamline at B. Nevertheless the result is correct. To be convinced of this, we need only apply Bernoull’s theorem to the streamline that goes through A by comparing the situation at A with that above B on the same level. In steady conditions, this agrees with the result derived because there cannot be a transverse pressure differential. Since, the density of water is greater than that of kerosene oil, it will collect at the bottom. Now, pressure due to water level equals /, pg and pressure due to kerosene oil level equals hy pg. So, net pressure becomes h, p, 8+ hy p28. From Bernoulli’s theorem, this pressure energy will be converted into kinetic energy while flowing through the whole A. zt a. ie hy oygthpg= 5% Hencev= “Vf 2[nemte = 3m/s 1 Let, H be the total height of water column and the hole is made at a height / from the bottom. Then from Bernoulli’s theorem Love H-Mpg or, v= W(H-h) 2g, which is directed horizontally. For the horizontal range, I= vt 7 veu=my-V = 2V@h-)158 1.320 1321 Now, for maximum J, 4h) =0 which yields ke Zn 25cm. Let the velocity of the water jet, near the orifice be v’, then applying Bernoullis theorem, te) 1 zev= bpstspr or, v= Vv" ~2¢ hy (@) Here the pressure term on both sides is the same and equal to atmospheric pressure. (In the problem book Fig. should be more clear.) Now, if it rises upto a height A, then at this height, whole of its kinetic-energy will be converted into potential energy. So, : dove a ze v7=pgh or h rr 7 : + Fz t0 = 20cm, [using Ba. (1)] Water flows through the small clearance into the orifice. Let d be the clearance. Then from the equation of continuity (2m Rid) v, = (2urd)v= (2nRd) v, or vy, R,= vr= vy @) where v, , v, and v are respectively the inward radial velocities of the fluid at 1, 2 and 3. Now by Bemoulli’s theorem just before 2 and just after it in the clearance 1 Pot hpgm pot 5PM 2 Applying the same theorem at 3 and 1 we find that this also equals 1 1 P+ 5p = pot Py @) (since the pressure in the orifice is py ) From Eqs. (2) and (3) we also hence v= V2gh (4) = renedel fi)159 ARR Let the force acting on the piston be F and the length of the cylinder be 1. Then, work done = Fl Q@) Applying Bermoulli’s theorem for points A and B,p= Sov where p is the density and v is the velocity at point B. Now, force on the piston, Fx pAs= $e VA 2) where A is the cross section area of piston. Also, discharge through the orifice during time interval t = Sv¢ and this is equal to the volume of the cylinder, i.e., Ve= Sut or v= x @) From Eq. @ (2) and o work done dpval= 7 0A Lae Zp v/s'1? (as Al= V) 1.323 Let at any moment of time, water level in the vessel be H then speed of flow of water through the orifice, at that moment will be v= V2gH () In the time interval de, the volume of water ejected through orifice, d= svde (2) On the other hand, the volume of water in the vessel at time t equals V=SH Differentiating (3) with respect to time, Ho sH oe wasan (4) Eqs. (2) and (4) SdH= svdt or dt» S—4_ from (2) sV2eH” : : Ss dh Grain Se gl Vi 0 h Thus, t- iy@ 1.324 Ina rotating frame (with constant angular Fas) the Eulerian equation is ~~ -Vp + pa+ 200" xD) + pars p ~ In the frame of rotating tube the liquid in the "column* is practically static because the orifice is sufficiently small. Thus the Eulerian Eq. in projection form along 7” (which is160 1.325 1.326 the position vector of an arbitrary liquid element of lenth dr relative to the rotation axis) reduces to =4p 2 dr +por=0 or, dp = pw rdr P r so, Jf a = pu? f rar Po q-A) 2 Thus pO) =Pot a {- d-Ay} Q) Hence the pressure at the end B just before the orifice i.e. 2 PD =p + 2 Ih - HY @ Then applying Bernoull’s theorem at the orifice for the points just inside and outside of the end B py + Lpw? (21h-M) = py + Lov ( where v is the sought velocity 2 (ey) So, ve : 8 dvs i The Euler’s equation is p7-= f - +p gz), where z is vertically upwards. Now e, Lav) (Q) o> Ol 2) _o — But (CV) v V[5 7] -¥% Curly (2) we consider the steady (ie. 8778¢ = 0) flow of an incompressible fluid then p= constant. cand as the motion is irrotational Curl v= 0 0 So from (1) and (2) e¥(5")- -Verem on, V[p+ pox) -0 1 Hence p+sev +p = constant. Let the velocity of water, owing through Abe v, and that through Bbe vz, then discharging rate through A= Q,= Sv, and similarly through B= S vp. Now, force of reaction at A, Fy= pOa%= PSM1.327 1.328 161 Hence, the net force, F=pS(i-vp a FythF, (1) Applying Bernoulli’s theorem to the liquid flowing out of A we get 1 Po + PRI = Py + 5 PMH and similarly at B 1 Po + pg (+ AK) = py + 5 Pvp Hence (3 - v2) = Ahpg Thus F = 2pgSAh = 050N Consider an element of height dy at a distance y from the top. The velocity of the fluid coming out of the element is v= V2 gy The force of reaction dF due to this is dF = pdAv’, as in the previous problem, = p(bdy)2 gy i Integrating F= pgb f 2ydy hel =pgb[h’-(h-D?]= pgbl(2h-) (The slit runs from a depth h-1 to a depth h from the top.) Let the velocity of water flowing through the tube at a certain instant of time be u, then ue S, where Q is the rate of flow of water and x 77 is the cross section area of the tube. nu From impulse momentum theorem, for the stream of water striking the tube comer, in x-direction in the time interval ds, F,dt= -pQudt or F,=-pQu and similarly, F,= p Qu Therefore, the force exerted on the water stream i by the tube, >. > > F=-pQuit+tpQuj According to third law, the reaction forcg on the tube’s wall by the stream equals (-F ) = pQui-pQuj. Hence, the sought moment of force about 0 becomes = > > > > 2 Ne 1(-i)x(p Quiz pQuj)= pQuik= Ook x \ AN 2 and N= 222. 070 Nm xr162 1.329 Suppose the radius at A is R and it decreases uniformaly to r at B where S = xR? and 5 = 72”. Assume also that the semi vectical angle at 0 is c. Then oy 1, 1," x R-r So Ye eer, @- Ly where y is the radius at the point P distant x from the vertex O. Suppose the velocity with which the liquid flows out is V at A, v at B and u at P. Then by the equation of continuity RRV = xy = yu The velocity v of efflux is given by v= V2gh and Bernoulli’s theorem gives i] 1 Ppt z= ryt 5p where p, is the pressure at P and py is the atmospheric pressure which is the pressure just outside of B. The force on the nozzle tending to pull it out is then F -f (,-Po) sin® 2nyds ‘We have subtracted py which is the force due to atmosphenic pressure the factor sin 8 gives horizontal component of the force and ds is the length of the clement of nozzle surface, ds = dx sec @ and x oh R-r oes eet; Thus L, 13 R-r F fie Ww) p 2ny L-1,“ L, R rf = mp eft S) rw : wre g [P-F +5 3 2)2 = pgh (“a7 = pgh (S-s)°/S = 602N on putting the values. Note : If we try to calculate F from the momentum change of the liquid flowing out w: will be wrong even as regards the sign of the force. There is of course the effect of pressure at S and s but quantitative derivation of F fron Newton’s law is difficult.163 1.330 The Euler’s equation is of. 7. F-Wp in the space fixed frame where f= -pgk 1331 downward. We assume incompressible fluid so p is constant. Then fz =- Tv (pg z) where z is the height vertically upwards from some fixed origin. We go to rotating frame where the equation becomes oe. ~V(p+pgz)+parrt 2p" xa) the additional terms on the right are the well known coriolis and centrifugal forces. In the frame rotating with the liquid 1” = 0 so > ne 7 p+ pgz->parr = or p+pgz-hpar?s constant On the free surface p = constant, thus ze i + constant ewe choose the origin at point r = a (ie. the axis) of the free surface then “cosntant” = 0 and ze =? (The paraboloid of revolution) At the bottom z= an So p= $o.*7?+ constant If p = po on the axis at the bottom, then P™ Pot 3 pa? When the disc rotates the fuild in contact with, corotates but the fluid in contact with the walls of the cavity does not rotate. A velocity gradient is then set up leading to viscous forces. At a distance r from the axis the linear velocity is wr so there is a velocity gradient oF both in the upper and lower clearance. The corresponding force on the element whose radial width is dr is n 2nrdr 2 7 (from the formular F = me ) The torque due to this force is n 2nrdr = r and the net torque considering both the upper and lower clearance is R o 2 J 12m dr 7 = xRtam/h So power developed is P= xR‘o'n/h= 9-05 W (on putting the values). (As instructed end effects i.e. rotation of fluid in the clearance r > R has been neglected.)164 1.332 Let us consider a coaxial cylinder of radius r and thickness dr, then force of friction or 1.333 viscous force on this elemental layer, F= 271m * This force must be constant from layer to layer so that steady motion may be possible. or, ce = 2nInd. Integrating, y dr F f Sa 2xIn f dv % 0 or, rial) QnInv Re Putting r= R,, we get R, Finge= 2xInv From (2) by (3) we get, Inr/Ry ¥0 in RR; Note : The force F is supplied by the agency which tries to carry the inner cylinder with velocity vp « ve (a) Let us consider an elemental cylinder of radius r and thickness dr then from Newton’s formula do dw Fe 2nrlyrdo= 2ulyr mr and moment of this force acting on the element, 21 pe do Ne 2arP lyr 2aP qe on anindo= NS Q) As in the previous problem N is constant when conditions are steady © dr Integrating, 2nly fao- wf a oO Rx N[i 1 -*f/4_4) 3) or, 2xIqo 2H Z| @) Putting r= Ry @= @), we get Nf i 1 2nInon* aa @ 1 5165 From (3) and (4), oe a R-R|Re (b) From Eq. (4), RD R3-R? 1.334 (a) Let dV be the volume flowing per second through the cylindrical shell of thickness dr then, N N= te 4x0, ave @nraryn{t-F)- zavo(r- Far and the total volume, R PrP Rox V= ren f (- ae 2nv9 T= ZR (b) Let, dE be the kinetic omens, ao the above cylindrical shell. Then dT= dam) v= $Qnrldrp) v ra = Losipnial-2)- nip Hence, total energy of the fluid, R J xR’ ply T= wien f (Med) ae 0 (©) Here frictional force is the shearing force on the tube, exerted by the fluid, which dv equals ~ $7 2 Given, ve o(-z dv : So, E20 2y And at = dr R166 1.335 1.336 1.337 Then, viscous force is given by, F = ~ (2 Rl) (z) r= R 2v9) = -2nRyl|-F |= dane! (a) Taking a cylindrical shell of thickness dr and radius r viscous force, a Fx -nQar)@, Let Ap be the pressure difference, then net force on the element = Apxr’+2xn re But, since the flow is steady, F,,= 0 r a (-™ #4 - Inr 0 p2 2am 2aly R 2 or, Ap a ae 41 v9 I/R’ The loss of pressure head in travelling a distance J is seen from the middle section to be hy- hy= 10 cm, Since hy - hy = hy in our problem and h,-h,=15cm=5+h,- hy, we see that a pressure head of 5 cm remains incompensated and must be converted into kinetic energy, the liquid flowing out. Thus of. pg Ah where Ah= h;- h, Thus v= V 2gAh #1 m/s We know that, Reynold’s number (R,) is defined as, R,= pvl/n, where v is the velocity lis the characteristic length and 1 the coefficient of viscosity. In the case of circular cross section the chracteristic length is the diameter of cross-section d, and v is taken as average velocity of flow of liquid. pa, ¥ : Now, R, (Reynold’s number at x; from the pipe end) = aa where v, is the velocity at distance x, Rd, », v and similarly, R= eae so an ou bY, ba From equation of continuity, A, v; = Ay Vv), or, REV = HAV, oF dyyyry= dy vary avy te men dyn” 14” re Fh = et (as x,-x,= Ax) R, axe Thus ae e =S We know that Reynold’s number for turbulent flow is greater than that on laminar flow: 2p Vy7; 2 Po Var Now, Ryy= Bee PLATE and (R),= =P ;1.338 1.339 167 But, (R,), = (Re); P1 Vai Na so v2 = ———— = Sum/s on putting the values. 2m" “parm OH ” . v pod We have R= ~£2 and_v is given by 4 6aqrv= SP (o- pods (p= density of lead, py = density of glycerine.) Fe- ever jaye Post ve ii 3 Thu: s=—s(p- d Ss z Tene? Po) & Po and = d= [9"/py(p- p,) g]® = 5-2 mm on putting the values. dv mo = mg-6xn~v dt dy 6ayr or Per ee a 6xnr or othe gk Sar nv it to Zot a or et ke v= ge™ or Fel vm ge or ver= Bets or v= g+ce™ (where C is const.) Since v= 0 for t= 0, 0= 240 [2k So Cc. k Thus ve Ba-e™*) The steady state velocity is 7 v differs from © by n where c= 1 or t= zinn an 3 zreP Thus _ 479. fp k 6xnr 18m ‘18H We have neglected buoyancy in olive oil.168 1.8 RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS 1.340 From the formula for length contraction (.- Vi nb 2 So, 1-4=(1-n) or v= cvm@-a) ¢ 1.341 (a) In the frame in which the triangle is at rest the space coordinates of the vertices are v3 $.0) 03 (000), (4 Qtz les frame the corresponding coordinates at time 1’ are A (0 0,0,B:( $V5VI-F +’, 5,0) and C: The perimeter P is then P= s+ae(a-med) = a(t+Va-367 ) (b) The coordinates in the first frame are shown at time £. The coordinates in the moving frame are, a . . - $9} all measured at the same time ¢. In the moving ‘ v3 VI-B' + w',- A (0,0,0) C (0,0) A: (vf, 0,0), B:(2V1-p? +0’, 0}, c:(aVi- 6? +", 0,0) The perimeter P is then P- aVi-# +S[t- p23] x 2= a(Vi-B +V4-FF) tere B= & c 1.342 In the rest frame, the coordinates of the ends of the rod in terms of proper length ly A: (0,0,0) B : (Ip cosy , fy sin, , 0) at time ¢. In the laboratory frame the coordinates at time t' are A: (vt, 0,0), B: (« cosOy V1 - ? + vt", fy sin, 0}1.343 1344 1.345 .169 Therefore we can write, Icos 0) = Iyc0s8y V1 - f? and Isin @= /ysin®, 2 2) 22 Hence I2= (1?) cos’ 0 +(1 6 sin” @ B 1-8 . 1-§* sin’ 6 0 - 1-6? A In the frame K in which the cone is at rest the coordinates of A are (0,0,0) and of B are (h, htan ©, 0). In the frame K’, which is moving with velocity v along the axis of the cone, the coordinates of A and B at time ’ are A: (- vf, 0,0), B: (V1 - B? - w, Atan 6, 0) Thus the taper angle in the frame K’ is og ane (- a X'p-X', and the lateral surface area is, S= wh” sec’ tan! = nh? (1-8?) ae er ea B Here Sy = =A’ secO tan6 is the lateral surface area in the rest frame and hi = hV1-B?,, B= v/c. Because of time dilation, a moving clock reads less time. We write, t-At= tV1-6", Ba 7 2 Thus, ag 4G . . In the frame K the length / of the rod is related to the time of flight Ar by I= vat In the reference frame fixed to the rod (frame K’)the proper length Ip of the rod is given by But170 1.346 1.347 1.348 1.349 Thus, | eo 2 So 1-p= (a) or vec (ey and = cViary- (= car V1- (x) The distance travelled in the laboratory frame of reference is vA t where v is the velocity of the particle. But by time dilation i = (Aty/At? 1-v*7e? Thus the distance traversed is cAt V1 - (Aty/At?” Ate (@) If tp is the proper life time of the muon the life time in the moving frame is Tt vt and hence [= vie vie Thus od 1-v7e (The words “from the muon’s stand point" are not part of any standard terminology) In the frame K in which the particles are at rest, their positions are A and B whose coordinates may be taken as, A: (0,0,0), B= (Jy ,0,0) In the frame K’ with respect to which K is moving with a velocity v the coordinates of A and B at time ¢’ in the moving frame are A= (v',0,0)B = (' 1-p° Suppose B hits a stationary target in K’ after time #’, while A hits it after time tg + At. Then, In V1 -B? + 0r'p= v(t'y + As) vAt ve In the reference frame fixed to the ruler the rod is moving with a velocity v and suffers Lorentz contraction. If {y is the proper length of the rod, its measured length will be Ax, = V1-6", B-2 So, :1350 1351 1.352 171 In the reference frame fixed to the rod the ruler suffers Lorentz contraction and we must have Ax, V1-? = ly thus y= VAx, Ax, and rapt too ve cV M4 Ax, bx, The coordinates of the ends of the rods in the frame fixed to the left rod are shown. The points B and D coincides when Sanh [gm C)-Vlg OF fg= The points A and E coincide when cy +1 V1- 6" Om cy +h V1-B? - v4, = 2 Thus Ar= t,-% = #(1.vi-#) 2 or (i) = 1-pte 1-4 (0,0,0) (by 100) (C1-Vt,09) (Citlo ViA*-vt,00) i) 3 ae 2c? At/Iy 2p/At rom. tl - - — °" Te AP/E” Te (hye My In Kg the rest frame of the particles, the events corresponding to the decay of the particles are, A:(0,0,0,0) and (0,l, 0,0) = B In the reference frame K, the corresponding coordintes are by Lorentz transformation eS 2V1i-¢ : Vi--2 _ Now V1-p2 =1 by Lorentz Fitzgerald contraction formula. Thus the time lag of the decay time of B is vy vt vl 2 B decays later (B is the forward particle in the direction of motion) A: (0,0,0,0), B: At= (a) In the reference frame K with respect to which the rod is moving with velocity v, the coordinates of A and B are A:tx,+¥(t-%),0,0 B:t,x3+v(t-t,),0,0172 1.353 1.384 By Lorentz transformation ¢’ = en ( - 3| Z ¥ Thus I= x,- V(t) = V1 -B Xa~*B So 3], 1-7! 0) # h-v(y-t)= l= VI-V7e (Since x4-xg can be either +/y or ly) Thus v(4,~t)= (£ 1-V1-v7/c, ) e I .e. : LN =- At the instant the picture is “) the coordintes of A,B, A’, B’ in the rest frame of AB are A:(0,0,0, 0) Al B’ B: (0, ly, 0, 0) ——>> > B’:(0,0,0,0) es) A 8B A’: 0,-4V1- Ve ,0,0) In this frame the coordinates of B’ at other times are B' : (t, vt, 0, 0). So B’ is opposite to B at time ¢(B) = 4 In the frame in which B’, A’ is at rest the time corresponding this is by Lorentz tranformation. ly vk P@)y-— je 4)? aviv +\y Vi 1-3 c Similarly in the rest frame of A, B, te coordinates of A at other times are arf-ovi-% +w.0,9 ¢ ae ry ‘ 4 v A’ is opposite tu A at time t (A) = . 1-5 c The corresponding time in the frame in which A’, B’ are at rest is 1 1')= y2)= 2 2 atte 21.355 1.356 173 So at time t= 0, f. 1 OVI vc? Ifx>01' <0, if x <0, t’>0 and we get the diagram given below "in terms of the K-clock". kK FOOOOSO k DODOOOOD The situation in terms of the K’ clock is reversed. Suppose x () is the locus of points in the frame K at which the readings of the clocks of both reference system are permanently identical, then by Lorentz transformation en | V1 -V?/c? 2 z So differentiating x ()= &l1-VWi-¥% |= £(1-vi-p7), p= % v e c 8 Let B= tanhO, 0< O ta v2 | (3) Since 2 ee ay 1 2 2 a wy Gey (eS) -Jyce-vas') = a? Soo In the moving frame the coordinates of A and B become A:(0,0,0,0),B: [(«-3} ve-VAH,0,0] where y= ¢ we must have Af’ > el174 1.357 (a) The four-dimensional interval between A and B (assuming Ay= Az~ 0) is : 5-3? = 16 units Therefore the time interval between these two events in the reference frame in which the events occurred at the same place is c('g-t,)= V1I6 = 4m . or 6 5 (b) The four dimensional interval between 4 A and C is (assuming Ay= Az= 0) 3 PS = -16 2 So the distance between the two events in the frame 1 in which they are simultaneous is 4 units = 4m. 0 1.358. By the velocity addition formula Vi-V77e7 Pave Vunv aD and vin Vitae = Weer VE HVE) 2 2 1.359 (a) By definition the velocity of apporach is dx, dx, Vepuoes™ Gp ~ gp MT CV" tM. in the reference frame K . (b) The relative velocity is obtained by the transformation law vy -(-v,) Vt ae Tae” o 1.360 The velocity of one of the rods in the reference frame fixed to the other rod is yo a 2 iar, ity The length of the moving rod in this frame is1.362 1363 1,364 175 On the other hand, the relative velocity can be obtained by using the velocity addition formula and has the components of vi" 2 2 i*2 so V,= Vie -43 -¥,%V1-|4 ES 2 Ce e The components of the velocity of the unstable particle in the frame K are (oe Vi-E 0] ! so the velocity relative to K is g ¥ 12y2 2_¥l?V Pav? 2 The life time in this frame dilates to v2 yp? vty? t At, 1-5-5+ Vv || a a cf and the distance traversed is i Wav? - WW) 2 ViVi e? Vi -v?/e In the frame K’ the components of the velocity of the particle are vw 2008 0-V * vV cos 0 — ® ® vsin @V1-V°/c? Ue ey cee —v 1-" Foose : a v Hence, tan 0’ = oie —vsin® Va P ye 0 vi, veosO-V & In K’ the coordinates of A and B are A:(t,0,-v't’, 0); B:(¢,1,-v't', 0) After performing Lorentz transformation to the frame K we get A:t=yf Bua (r+) ¢ 2 ie) yee ye-ve z=0 z=0 ; vi ; By translating ¢’ — ¢’ - —, we can write c the coordinates of B as B:t= yt’176 1.365 ® a+ Vy B In K the velocities at time ¢ and f+ df are respectively v and v + wdt along x - axis which is parallel to the vector V. In the frame K’ moving with velocity V with respect to K, the velocities are respectively, v-V vewdt-V Ww 6 ay 1l-- 1-(v+wd2) eo ee The latter velocity is written as Also by Lorentz transformation dV? y AaW/e vi-V/2 Vi-V/e? Thus the acceleration in the K’ frame is dt'= (6) In the K frame the velocities of the particle at the time ¢ and t+ do are repectively (0, v, 0) and (0, v + wat, 0) where V is along x-axis. In the K’ frame the velocities are (- Vivi -V7e ,0) and (- V, (v+ wat) V1 -V7/e? , 0) respectively1.366 1.368 177 Thus the acceleration , wat VA -0/c*) ( 3] ve w[1-5] along the y-axis. ¢ oe v1-V/e In the instantaneous rest frame v= V and w= —“__, (from 1.3652) 1-4 (-3 av So, =—— wae We have used dt’ = i= 2 w’ is constant by assumption. Thus integration gives wt cl 2 Integrating once again x= g ( 1+ ea) 7 ] ve The boost time t, in the reference frame fixed to the rocket is related to the time t elapsed on the earth by 1/2 a i. (p= oe Vive Vv -5 we find EB? = cp + mic’ or (me?+ T= cp + myc or TQme+De ep ic. p= tVTQme+D o c Let the total force exerted by the beam on the target surface be F and the power liberated there be P. Then, using the result of the previous problem we see F= Np= VT Gr Ime = z VI (T+ 2m’) since J = Ne,N being the number of particles striking the target per second. Also, 2 ¢ P-n|—* net Vi-v/c* These will be, respectively, equal to the pressure and power developed per unit area of the target if J is current density.180 1.377 In the frame fixed to the sphere :- The momentum transferred to the particle is eastically scatterred 2mv The density of the moving clement is, from 1.369, n and the momentum ae per - time per unit area is In the frame fixed to the a == When the © phere hits a — particle, the latter recoils with a velocity p= the pressure = vev 2v The momentum transferred is and the pressure is 2) -n-y v 12 o 1.378 The equation of motion is 4 Oe |p vi-= é . v/e B F, F Integrating = —“S— = =—+, using v= 0 for t= 0 Vi-p? Me 1 é a RY Dy Fet 8 i or, B= fe 5 of v= s 3 1-p° \moc Ft)" + (mg cy Vimy c) + Fr) Fet dt sf4. IF? 2? + mec? oe ea 3 a _ moe or using x= 0 at t= 0, we get, x= Yer F ore aVF P+ mac’ + constant or161 1.380 F= 1.381 By definition, E=m c ¢ where ds? = c? de - dx” is the invariant interval (dy = dz= 0) (4 - Vat) _ Pe VEE ds vi-V/7 Vad, (-3) . E-Vp, , 4H Vi-> c Thus, Pim om = cma E= mye wt Bmax 1.382 For a photon moving in the x direction &= CP,, Py= P= 0, 2), vVleW -v5) °Vinwe 1 7 22 1p =3 yee, a7 rep % Bo Yn 5 Note that e= _ 1.383 As before182 Ke a Similarly By= me®, p= moc Z Then BD c ph Ec? (ph +p +P) met CaP = de = dy-d7)_ = mic’ is invariant 1.384 (b) & (a) In the CM frame, the total momentum is zero, Thus V_ Pu | VT (T+2mgc*) ie [—T_ c +E, T+2mc? T+ oma where we have used the result of probiem (1.375) Then 1 1 4 [T+2Ime Vi-V/e Vv, T 2g c? T+2mgc? Total energy in the CM frame is 2 2m, ¢’ T+ 2myc’ ~ = mg 2 = V2 myc (T+ myc) = T+ mye lg C Also 2 Vc? p+ mgct = V2myc? (T+ 2myc*) , 4c*p*= 2myc?T, or p-vyi mr 1385 2. VF-op V (Qing c+ TT (2g c+ T) = V2amy (2g c+) = cV2mg (mg c+ T) 2 Also cp= VI(T+2myc’) , v= o- cV 7 T+ 2myc’ 1.386 Let 7’ = kinetic energy of a proton striking another stationary particle of the same rest mass. Then, combined kinetic energy in the CM frame 2 T’ T te = 2m, | 1 -1}e2n, (Zest) =a Oe om A me” 2mg c? , 2T(T+2m,c?) (TQm +7) T= > mact mye183 1.387 We have 1.388 E,+E,+E3~ myc, pi +p, +P3= 0 Hence (mye? - EPP Y= (E+E? - (F475 Ve The LHS. = (mic*-E,)- 2 p= (ma + m2) ct - 2myc7E, The RH.S. is an invariant. We can evaluate it in any frame. Choose the CM frame of the particles 2 and 3. In this frame RH.S. = (E', +E's)"= (m,4 m,)c* Thus (mp + m;) c+ - 2mg cE, = (m, +m,)* c* 2 me 2 : mg + my — (m, + m,) or 2mc*E,s {m5 + mj -(m, +m,)*}c*, or Eys — 4? 2m The velocity of ejected gases is u realtive to the rocket. In an earth centred frame it is viru vu 1- c in the direction of the rocket. The momentum conservation equation then reads (m+ dm) (v + dv) + ~—* (- dm) = mv 2 or may -(2=" _y) dm= 0 1 2 Here - dm is the mass of the ejected gases. so ue ee 2 mdv - ———dm = 0, ot mv +123) dno 0 1-4 ¢PART TWO THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 2.1 EQUATION OF THE GAS STATE * PROCESSES 2.1 Let m, and m, be the masses of the gas in the vessel before and after the gas is released+ Hence mass of the gas released, Am= m,-m, Now from ideal gas equation R R PyV= m 577 and p,V= Mm, FFT as V and T are same before and after the release of the gas. R R 80, @1-P:) V= (m,-m,) Fp To= Am ze To (P1-P2)VM _ ApVM or, Am= <1 2 (Q RT, RT, We also know p= our so, fe & Q) 0 Po (where py = standard atmospheric pressure and Ty = 273 K) From Eqs. (1) and (2) we get Am= pvBa 13x30x 278~ 30g Po 1 2.2 Let m, be the mass of the gas enclosed. Then, pV=v,RT, When heated, some gas, passes into the evacuated vessel till préssure difference becomes Ap. Let p’, and p’, be the pressure on the two sides of the valve. Then p'V= v',RT, and P'2V=vyRT,= (y,-vV RT,23 185 1 ve (PY Pa i (tea pave (REED oe ae (28 But, P’,-P',= Ap (P:_P'n+AP So, Pei 7, P2 es G jr Pa T, P2 Ap or, Py Let the mixture contain v, and v, moles of Hy and H, respectively. If molecular weights of H, and H, are M, and M,, then respective masses in the mixture are equal to m,= v,M, and m,= v,M, Therefore, for the total mass of the mixture we get, m= m+m, or m= v,M,+v,M; (t) Also, if v is the total number of moles of the mixture in the vessels, then we know, vty ® Solving (1) and (2) for v, and v,, we get, (VM -m) m-TM, M,-M, , ae M,-M, y= (vM,-m) (m-vM,) Therefore, we get_m,= M,+--—*—_— and m, = M,———_- : 1 °™,-M, : 2M, -M, m, M,(vM,-m) ” m,~ My (m-vM,) One can also express the above result in terms of the effective molecular weight M of the mixture, defined as, ms mR oy m, M, M,-M_ 1-M/M, Thus, m,” M, M-M,_ M/M,-1 Using the data and table, we get : my M-= 30g and, —= 050 m186 24 25 We know, for the mixture, N, and CO, (being regarded as ideal gases, their mixture too behaves like an ideal gas) pV=VRT, so pyV= vRT where, v is the total number of moles of the gases (mixture) present and V is the volume of the vessel. If v, and v, are number of moles of N, and CO, respectively present in the mixture, then ve vty, Now number of moles of N, and CO, is, by definition, given by | iz and, v,= i where, my is the mass of N, (Moleculer weight = M,) in the mixture and m, is the mass of CO, (Molecular weight = M;) in the mixture. Therefore density of the mixture is given by m,+m, m,+m, = —T—* GRIP) Po My + My Po (im +m) M,M, = 1-5kg/m? on substitution (a) The mixture contains v, ,'v, and v3 moles of O,,N, and CO, respectively. Then the total number of moles of the mixture VE Vi tV2 + V3 We know, ideal gas equation for the mixture vRT v pV=vRT or p= _ Qty ty) RT V = 1-968 atm on substitution or, (b) Mass of oxygen (O,) present in the mixture : m, = v,M, Mass of nitrogen (N,) present in the mixture : m, = v,M, Mass of carbon dioxide (CO,) present in the mixture : m,= v;M; So, mass of the mixture m= m,+m,+m;= v,M, +v.M,+¥3M; mass of the mixture Moleculer mass of the mixture : M= total number of moles vy My +) My + v5 M; am 22S | 36-7 g/mol. on substitution V+ ¥y +52.6 2.7 187 Let p, and p, be the pressure in the upper and lower part of the cylinder respectively at temperature Ty, At the equilibrium position for the piston : p,S+mg= p,S ot, rite P3 (m is the mass of the piston.) RT But p,= ave (where Vo is the initial volume of the lower part) Mm S” VW Ale Let T be the sought temperature and at this temperature the volume of the lower part becomes V’, then according to the problem the volume of the upper part becomes 1’ V’ Hence, ae gz ( - ii) ® From (1) and (2). RTy/_1)_ RT abs) Fl So, oe, Re Fe (t-4) @) As, the total volume must be constant, : Vo (1 +n) Vo(ltn=Vi(l+n') or, Ve aa: Putting the value of V’ in Eq. (3), we get Let p, be the density after the first stroke, The the mass remains constant . a Vp=(V+AV)p,, of py W+ary Similarly, if p, is the density after second stroke vy - Vp,= (V+AV)p, of, p2= (Fear) .- (a) Po In this way after nth stroke. * ce Pa" |Weav| Po Since pressure a: density,188 28 29 v : Pa= |Fa Ap] Po (because temperature is constant) oo Pr 1 It is required by 7 tobe + Po n 0 (YY on nm (LEBeY : yn \V+av} % 7 Vv Hence n= —2a_ ini +4¥ Vv From the ideal gas equation p = am ap | RT dm 0) dt MV ad In each stroke, volume v of the gas is ejected, where v is given by 7 v= —[my_,-m, iny [ aoe x] In case of continuous ejection, if (my _ ,) corresponds to mass of gas in the vessel at time t, then my is the mass at time ¢+ As, where Af, is the time in which volume v of the gas Fn Vee has come out. The rate of evacuation is therefore — i.e. At cetee Ve m(t+At)-m@) At m(t+At) At In the limit Ar - 0, we get Vdm =—— 2) Ce ata 2) From (1) and (2) ap | Cmkh Ze VMVes Ve = | ; | a » : i af f Bf Integrating f privy & oo in Pa oe : t Thus p=pew” Let p be the instantaneous density, then instantaneous mass = V,. In a short interval dt the volume is increased by Cat. So, a Vp= (V+Cadt) (p+dp) (because mass remains constant in a short interval dt)2.10 189 ars so, p yt Since pressure a density 2— -&ap ay Py " JB A Vo wt or oem ce 1-0 min The physical system consists of one mole of gas confined in the smooth vertical tube. Let m, and m, be the masses of upper and lower pistons and S, and S, are their respective areas. For the lower piston Sy +m g= pyS,+T, o, T= (P-p)S,+mg (1) Similarly for the upper piston PoS,+T+mg= pS, or, = T= (p- py) Sy- m8 Q) From (1) and (2) (P - Po) (Sy - Sz) = (m, +m) g or, (P- Py) AS= mg 0, pe Ree Py = constant From the gas law, pV= vRT pAV=vRAT (because p is constant) So, (ros GElasi= Rar, Hence, AT= Gy AS +mg)!= 09K 2 R. (@) p= po-aV7= n-a(E (as, V= RT/p for one mole of gas) 1 1 Thus, T= RyqP PoP = Rye VPP -P 0) 2 7 PoP’ -P’ For Tay a(r ) must be zero dp190 2.13 which yields, 7 2p Q) 12 Zz _ 2(Po\./Po Hence, = ba -2 py Voy 2p = 2 (22) 22 lence, Trax R Ya 30 VPo~ 3Po 3(8) 30 ©) po mye PY = poe PA? RT_ | Po [pes so BRT in, and T= & in 2 1 P P BR" p : ae oe For Tay the conditin is ST = 0, which yields P p-2 Hence using this value of p in Eq, (1), we get Po ony 2 2 T= T+aV2= Tytae P (as, V= RT/p for one mole of gas) So, p= Va RT(T-T) 7) For Prin > 2 =0, which gives T=2% Q From (1) and (2), we get, Prin = V@R 29 (27, - Ty)" ¥? = 2RVAT, Consider a thin layer at a height A and thickness dh. Let p and dp + p be the pressure on the two sides of the layer. The mass of the layer is Sdhp. Equating vertical downward force to the upward force acting on the layer. Sdhpg+(p+dp)S= pS So, 2 =-P8 Q@) But, p= 2 RT, wehavedp = Rar, os, - Share ‘pgdh a dh That means, temperature of air drops by 34°C_at a height of 1 km above bottom. So, - at. -34K/km2.14 245 2.16 191 We have, # = ~ pg (See 2.13) Q) But, from p= Cp" (where C is, a const) ¥ = Cnt! Q) We have from gas low p= p Er, so using (2) Cp"= ex-r, or T= opr aT_M. n-2 Thus, mR CMP @) aT _ aT dp dp But, ah” dp dp dh av M eo -Mg(n-1) So, m7 ROM De Suprie Pa= mR M We have, dp = - p gdh and from gas law p= 25 P @) wb, _Mg Thus . Rr Integrating, we get 7 h 2 Me f 2. Me or, f PRES & % n= - Poh, P. 7 (where po is the pressure at the surface of the Earth.) De ee, {Under standard condition, py = 1 atm, T= 273 K , = 2B x 981 x SO00/314 «273 _ 0.5 atm, ~ 28 x 981 x(- SOOOVESIA «273 9 atom. Pressure at a height of 5 atm = 1xe Pressure in a mine at a depth of 5 km = 1xe We have dp = - pg dh but from gas law p= fat, Thus dp= Bar at const. temperature eM So, ve ee p h ‘az within limite ( @2< f gM Integrating within tins f . RT dh ® 0192 2.17 2.18 2, at or, In Po RT h 7 RT So, p= poe M8™FT and h= - in Po Me" bo (2) Given T= 273°K, ee e Thus ha Hemet = Bhan () T = 273°K and on = 001 or & = 099 ’o Thus he ig In-& = 0109 km onsubsintion From the Barometric formula, we have pe pe MEMaE Mt and from gas law P= RT So, at constant temperature from these two Eqs. Mpo eo MERE, : -MeWwRr oo Rr ® Poe Eq. (1) shows that density varies with height in the same manner as pressure. Let us consider the mass element of the gas contained in the coftmn. M; dm = p (Sdh) = ste MM Sch Hence the sought mass, h Mp5 ~Ms WRT ap PoS & RT m= (1 ) 0 As the gravitational field is constant the centre of gravity and the centre of mass are same. The location of CM. fran froa oe But from Barometric formula and gas law p= p,e~ M&M’?2.19 2.20 193 a fa ~ Me WRIY ay, a —- « (e ) dh So, ote (a) We know that the variation of pressure with height of a fluid is given by : dp= -pgdh eM, But from gas law p= far o, p= Fe From these two Eqs. | - 2M an w or, dp__-Mgdh Pp RT(-ah) Integrating, , we get In? = in - ah) M0/*% Po Hence, P= pot —ah) MER, Obvionsly A 2b a Now wk) if x Pu Teg If a, b do not vary much with temperature, then the effect at high temperature is clearly determined by b and its effect is repulsive so compressibility is less.196 2.2. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. HEAT CAPACITY 2.26 Intemal energy of air, treating as an ideal gas Un 2ere tre : c Using cy since C, ~ Cy = R and cn =yY v Ra y-1? @ Thus at constant pressure U = constant, because the volume of the room is a constant. Puting the value of p= Pq and V in Eq, (1), we get U= 10 MJ. 2.27. From energy conservation 1 2 U, + 5M) ¥ = U; or, AU = hum? But from U = vet, AU = a AT (trom the previous problem) Hence from Eqs. (1) and (2). hoe wéq-) 0) @ 2.28 On opening the valve, the air will flow from the vessel at heigher pressure to the vessel at lower pressure till both vessels have the same air pressure. If this air pressure is p, the total volume of the air in the two vessels will be (V, +V,). Also if v, and v, be the number of moles of air initially in the two vessels, we have Pi V,= v, RT, and p,V,= v,RT> @ After the air is mixed up, the total number of moles are (v, + v.) and the mixture is at temperature T. Hence P(V,+ Va) = (vy +¥,) RT Q) Let us look at the two portions of air as one single system. Since this system is contained in a thermally insulated vessel, no heat exchange is involved in the process, That is, total heat transfer for the combined system Q = 0 Moreover, this combined system does not perform mechanical work either. The walls of the containers are rigid and there are no pistons etc to be pushed, looking at the total system, we know A = 0. Hence, intemal energy of the combined system docs not change in the process. Initially energy of the combined system is equal to the sum of internal energies of the two portions of air : v,RT, v2RT a1, 7 2 U0 Oy +Uy= at @)2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 197 Final internal energy of (7, + ;) moles of air at temperature T is given by (v, + V2) RT U- A F 4) Therefore, U;= U; implies : Mig idaveas | Pea a ii Pata ‘4% OV/T)+ 02V/T) 17,7, +P2VaT From (2), therefore, final pressure is given by : PiVitP2V2 V,+V, This process in an example of free adiabatic expansion of ideal gas. Vi+V) = wet) _ Mee R 2 By the first law of thermodynamics, Q= AU+A Here A = 0, as the volume remains constant, vR So, Q= Un SAT From gas law, PoV=VRTp PoVAT So, <2 = 0.253 = T(y-1) Hence amount of heat lost = - AU = 0.25 kJ By the first law of thermodynamics Q= AU+A = av A « But AU =i arm Fag (92 is constant) er Oe ea Under isobaric process A= pAV= RAT (as v= 1) = 0-6kI From the first law of thermodynamics AU= Q-A= Q-RAT=1k) Again increment in intemal energy AU= 2AZ, for v= 1 y-1 RAT 0 Thus Q-RAT= TAT or y= ogee 16 Let v= 2 moles of the gas. In the first phase, under isochoric process, A, = 0, therefore from gas law if pressure is reduced n times so that temperature ic. new temperature becomes T)/n. Now from first law of thermodynamics vRAT Q,= AU, = y-1198 wR (Ty VRTy (1-7) "y-1 (F- )- m(y~1) During the second phase (under isobaric process), A,= pAV= vRAT Thus from first law of thermodynamics : YRAT RAT y-1 Q,= AU,+A,= T n RIT, VRTy(n-1)¥ n(y-1) - Tet Hence the total amount of heat absorbed vRT,(1-n) vRT)(n-1)¥ my-1) *~ nG=1) VRT)(n- 1) 1 SG). vET(1- ‘| 2.33 Total no. of moles of the mixture v= v, +v) Q2=2,+2)= Ata certain temperature, U= U,+U, or vCy= vj Cy, +¥2Cy, A oe wGytvcy, Vict not v v Thus v= vy Cc, +¥2 c,, Similarly C= > _ it e- 1) + ¥2%2 (y=) Vi e-1)+%2 (4-1) 234. From the previous problem yay, tig aa Cy= = 15-2.3/mole.K NytND2.35 2.36 199 7 ee ty-1 > 2-1 and ho" 93.85 1/mote. K - VitV2 Total_mass 20+7 ih i ——_—_—_—_—_—=s = 36 Now molar mass of the mixture (M)= FT op a ocg 1,1 274 cy ¢, Hence Cy= 5g = 042I/g K and c,= ue" 0-66 J/g-K Let S be the area of the piston and F be the force exerted by the external agent. Then, F +pS= poS (Fig.) at an arbitrary instant of time. Here p is the pressure at the instant the volume is V. (Initially the pressure inside is p,) nM A (Work done by the agent)= f Fd Y ny ny F = f e-ns-ae= f e-nav Res, % % Q Ps mY, avy Vv av = Po(n-1Vy- J pdV = po(n-1)Vy)- J vRT-—— v % % = (= 1) py Vo- nT In y= (1-1) VRT- vRT Inq = vRT(n -1-Inn) = RT(q-1-Inn) (For v= 1 mole) Let the agent move the piston to the right by x. In equilibirium position, PyS+Fageu™ P28, Fagen ™ P2- PS Work done by the agent in an infinitesmal change dr is Fagen," X= (Py ~ p;) Sd = (p2 - py) dV By applying pV= constant, for the two parts, P1 (Vo + Sx) = Py Vo and pz (Vo-Sx)= py Vo So, par p= PES Beler Vi-sr view When the volume of the left end is y times the volume of the right end -1 (Vo+V)= 1 (Vo-V), oF, ve tah (where Sx = V)200 2.37 2.38 : v 2p VoV v a-f - wf 8 WV=- 2 y2 Le P;) ) wave Po Vo[ In (Vo vy], = ~PoVo[InVe-V?)-In VG] : ~Povo[in{v3- (Ata) va -mval nel | 40). (+P ¥en ay) PoVoin In the isothermal process, heat transfer to the gas is given by Vy Vo Pi = vRTyIn = = VRTyIn Fory= >= — Qi OV on ( n Vi." pb In the isochoric process, A = 0 Thus heat transfer to the gas is given by Q)= AU= vCyAT= oar (= Cys i) y-1 P2_ To Pi Pi But ===, of, T= Ty—= HT jf — mT ee (orn Z| vR or, AT= 1T-TM= (-1)Ty 80, Q)= youl bas Thus, net heat transfer to the gas Q= vRT inn + .(y-1) T y-1 2. mot - or, RT, Iantyo4? or, WRT Inn yo or, ye te—tet_. 1, —__$21 ig -Iny 80x10" _ In6 RT, 3 x 8314 x 273 (a) From ideal gas law p= (F Te kT (where k= - For isochoric process, obviously k = constant, thus p = kT, represents a straight line passing through the origin and its slope becomes k. For isobaric process p = constant, thus on p - T curve, it is a horizontal straight line parallel to T- axis, if T is along horizontal (or x - axis) For isothermal process, T= constant, thus on p -T curve, it represents a vertical straight line if T is taken along horizontal (or x - axis) For adiabatic process T’ p!~ = constant After diffrentiating, we get (1-y) p"’dp-T'+yp'"'-T'-!-dT= 02.39 2.40 201 aT \1-y)}\p? qT! y-1 The approximate plots of isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic processess are drawn in the answersheet. (b) As p is not considered as variable, we have from ideal gas law s-(eG)) bal v= Brew r(where x = P P On V-T co-ordinate system let us, take T along x - axis. For isochoric process V = constant, thus k’ = constant and V= k’T obviously represents a straight line pasing through the origin of the co-ordinate system and k’ is its slope. For isothermal process T= constant. Thus on the stated co- ordinate system it represents a straight line parallel to the V- axis. For adiabatic process TV’~* = constant After differentiating, we get (y-1)V""7dV-T+V"' dT= 0 - Fes x aT y-1) T The approximate plots of isochoric, isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic processess are drawn in the answer sheet. According to Tp relation in adiabatic process, 7" = kp’~* (where k= constant) -1 T,)' _ (2\" r P2 and =| = |= So, == Nk = 7 F: mn" [or *] Hence T=Tyy 1 = 290 x 1014-4 2 0.56 KK (b) Using the solution of part (a), sought work done vRAT | VRTy | vo ye (a'-™~1) = 5-61 kJ (on substitution) Let (Po, Vo, To) be the initial state of the gas. =vRAT y-1 But from the equation TV ’~* = constant, we get AT = qT (a = 1) = nt, ("""*~}) y-1 We know Agaig = (work done by the gas) Thus Avia ™ On the other hand, we know A,,.= VRTy In (") = -vR Ty In y (work done by the gas) Asin yit-1 5%%-1 Ao (-1Iny ~ 0-4xInS ~ . Thus202 2.41 Since here the piston is conducting and it is moved slowly the temperature on the two sides increases and maintained at the same value. Elementary work done by the agent = Work done in compression - Work done in expansion ie. dA = p,dV-p,dV= (p,-p,)dV where p, and p, are pressures at any instant of the gas on expansion and compression side respectively. From the gas law p, (Vp +Sx)= vRT and p, (Vy -Sx)= vRT, for each section (x is the displacement of the piston towards section 2) 25x 2v So, p= vRT SE = vat-—2Y tas Sx P2-Pi Beste vi-vie Vv) So a= va av ve-V' Also, from the first law of thermodynamics dA= -dU= - 2 Soar (as dQ = 0) So, work done on the gas = - dA = av oR ar Thus 2v—8_ are var 2, ot Vo -V’ _ aT yy _Vav Se ems : oe AS When the left end is 1 times the volume of the right end. Bs ei (Vo+V) = n(Vo-V) or ve TM fagent r v i i aT vay On integrating f T 7 anf Fo T, ° or ine y-0[-2aw2-v2y] i; 7% ; = - Tt [mvg-v?)-n vo -V?) -In Vo] 2 : mnvg-mova{-(22t |]-rptaagae ul 2 \ 2 Hence T= (3)2.42 2.43 2.44 203 From energy conservation as in the derivation of Bernoullis theorem it reads beye +92+u+Q, = constant (yy In the Eq. (1) w is the internal energy per unit mass and in this case is the thermal energy per unit mass of the gas. As the gas vessel is thermally insulated Q, = 0, also in our case. Pues oe RE e. RT Inside the vessel v = 0 also. Just M ” Mq-1 M : outside p=0, and w=0. Ingeneral gz is not vey significant for gases. Thus applying Eq. (1) just inside and outside the hole, we get oe 3 Vv pte At he yar M *M(y-1) ~ MQ-1 2, RT - VRE . Hence v= FL on v MG 7 322 kes. Note : The velocity here is the velocity of hydrodynamic flow of the gas into vaccum. This requires that the diameter of the hole is not too small (D > mean free path 2). In the opposite case (D << J) the flow is called effusion. Then the above result does not apply and kinetic theory methods are needed. The differential work done by the gas 2 dA = pav = RE (- Fa] dT = -vRaT (« pV= vRT and V= 4] Tear So, A= -f vRdT = - yRAT T From the first law of thermodynamics Q- ausa~ “Far vRar = vRAT- t- RAT: at (for v= 1 mole) According to the problem : Aa U or dA =aU (where a is proportionality constant) avRdT or, pay OT (1) From ideal gas law, pV= vRT, on differentiating paV + Vdp = v RAT (2)204 2.45 2.46 Thus from (1) and (2) paV= = (pdV + Vip) ox pav S-1}+ veo or, pdV(k-1)+kVdp = 0 (where k= =r = another constant) or, pav#=+, vap= 0 or, pdVn+Vdp= 0 (where = n= ratio) k Dividing both the sides by pV n id + 2. 0 Ve On integrating n In V+In p= InC (where C is constant) or, In(pV")=InC or, pV"= C (const) In the polytropic process work done by the gas ae Rl fin 7) = (where T; and 7; are initial and final temperature of the gas like in adiabatic process) vR and au Tp y-1) By the first law of thermodynamics Q= AU+A vR vR eee er ae geese ete ee part GM) 1 1 vR[n-y = (T;- —- yo (fy-7) vk Fen i il- @-@-** According to definition of molar heat capacity when number of moles v= 1 and AT= 1 then Q = Molar heat capacity. R(n-y) Here, - GoGeD <0 fr Asner Let the process be polytropic according to the law pV"= constant Thus, P,VP= pV" on ) =6 So, a"=B or InB=nina or oe ( 72 ina In the polytropic process molar heat capacity is given by205 R(n-y) “@=DG-D~ “ina : aye inB-Ina Ina 8314 8314In4 So, ©." [66-1 ies cea 7 742 I/molK 2.47 (a) Increment of internal energy for AT, becomes VRAT _ RAT aya SAAT. RAP. _324I(@s v= 1 mole) From first law of thermodynamics Q= AU+An RAT -mr, O41 ky y-1 an-1 us (©) Sought work done, 4, =f paV= f sav , (where pV" = k= pV!" = p, V7) (er VF V7" - BVP VE") l-n (vi-" - vier) = PLY PiV; | vR(T,-T) 1-1 1-n vRAT_ _ RAT eT air O43 KI (as v= 1 mole) 2.48 Law of the process is p= aV or pV-'=a so the process is polytropic of index n= -1 As p= aV so, p;= Vo and p= anVo (a) Increment of the internal energy is given by PV; - PV; AU= a T;|= arses £ (b) Work done by the gas is given by PNi- PAY, AVo- On Von Vo Anal 1 avegd-n) 4 2 (©) Molar heat capacity is given by cw Ray _RE1-y) y+ h ""G@-)G-1)” ©1-NG-)” 27-1 a Vac? 1)206 2.49 2.50 (a) AU= paar and Q= vC, AT where C, is the molar heat capacity in the process. It is given that Q = - AU So, c,aT= Ear, or c= -—2 y-1 Yat (b) By the first law of thermodynamics, dQ = dU +dA, or, cee 2vC, dT = pdV, ot, PAT + piv = 0 2RV_.. vRT 247 dW So, ={at ty w= 0, oo Coat =0 FT Ya ot, THe constant. or, =k (@@-D-1) R But from part (a), we have C, = -—— (©) We know C, = ORG @epRo Thus 1 GoD Which yields a bey ia) From part (b); we know TV) = constant T, yyt- 92 7 So, == i = 1- (where T is the final temperature) Work done by the gas for one mole is given by (Ip-T) 2RT, [1-01-17] oe ee y-1 Given p= aT“ (for one mole of gas) So, pT*=a or, olf) 4 or, pit V~%= aR7* or, pV%@-) = constant Here polytropic exponent n 1 (a) In the polytropic process for one mole of gas : RAT | RAT ___ rari -a)2.51 2.52 207 Given U= av“ or, vCyT= aV%, or, wey h= av" ee anL, yl oY or, av' cy pv oe Pp Ra eG aoe or pV C constant = a (y [as cy zi So polytropric index n= 1-a. (a) Work done by the gas is given by -vRAT vRAT aT and AU= az Hence aw AUG), av a=» (as n= 1-a) Aa “By the first law of thermodynamics, Q= AU+A 7 au+AZG-0 auli+ (b) Molar heat capacity is given by (a) By the first law of thermodynamics dQ= dU+dA= vCydT + pdv Molar specific heat according to definition Oe a. Cy aT + pdvV vdT vdT vRT . vCy aT + Vv id Lav vaT a VeaTe We have T= Tye” After differentiating, we get dT'= aTye°"-dV So, wv - 1 , Dr” ane’ RT 1 RTye*” Hence € = Cy + ane Ce er Cytay (b) Process is p= pye*” v RT P= 7 Poe”208 2.53 2.54 of, T= Beary RIV ev, RG J Rk So, C= Cy+ Gem Cyt Poe aataean Cy+teay Using 2.52 'T dV (a) C=Cy+ u ue. cet (for one mole of gas) We have p= po+¥, or, AE p+, or, RT= pypV+a aW_R Therefore RaT= pydV, 0, Fem 5 a) R_ OR a Hence Cm Cy (ror) 3 zat (* au) RoR R+ +O. ES ( ie aaltnt PoY y-1 pov (b) Work done is given by v, a-f [pot 2\ dV = py (V, Dyan 0 Vv ON"2 ee A yy ¥, AU = Cy(T,-T,) = oP 28 | co one mole) R = G-nR P22-PL VW) ie Po(V2- Vi) ~ ya1| Pot ave) Yo- loo ¥)"|- y-1 By the first law of thermodynamics Q= AU+A V2, Po(V2~ Vi) = Py (V.- Vi) +a1n oe eo Waa v2 y-1 7 (a) Heat capacity is given by RT dV : C= Cy4 7S Gee solution of 2.52) T_T ‘We have T=T+aV o, Va—-- a a After differentiating, we get, ve 42.55 209 Hence (b) Given T= T)+aV As T= & for one mole of gas R RT p= vaca yt oR Now A= j pdV= f (W a) dV (for one mole) RTpin v2 WV; = RTIy in +0 (V)- ony, 2 AU = Cy (T)-T)) = Cy[Ty +0V2-TaV,]= aCy(Vp-V) By the first law of thermodynamics Q = AU+A Vp Vy) + RTp In 77+ OR (V2 - Vi) 1 = aR (Vy- yo[t+s patent Vy = 20, (Va- Vi # Rong V2 = 2, (Vy-Vy) + RToIn G2 een RT dv Heat capacity is given by C= Cy + Var (a) Given C= Cy+oT RTA a WV So, CyraT= Cy+4- Sno, FaT= F Integrating both sides, we get $7 = InV + In Cy = In VCp,Co is a constant. Or, ViCy= eT or Viet au 4 constant 0 (b) C= Cy + pV210 2.56 RT dv RT dv and Cm Cyt ap 8% Cv apm Cvt BV Rr av | aba at or, V dF BV or, a RT & v2 TT Integrating both sides, we get aye InT+InCy= In TCy “Cw Kk TC uw on RY -rpv, 1 So, InT-Cy= ~ a5 T-Cy=e or Te G,~ constant RT av (© C= Cy+ap and C= Cy 5-5 RT dv RT av So, Cyt+ap= Cyt Var 8° P" yar or, aR, RTD fag y= BF for one mole of gas) : Vv vat SP" y aw dv or, ora oh d= ad? or, dT= 7 So,T= 4 constant or V- GT = constant (@) By the first law of thermodynamics A = Q - AU or, = CaT-CydT = (C-Cy)dT (for one mole) ' a Given C= T nT So, Cy (M Tp - TM) Ty yar ain = alnn-C,To()-1) = olny + Aha-0 (b+) C= +2. arg +Cy Given CaS so Cyr H. S or, jae eT ga or, #. ert or, nF - SOV ar SF Integrating both sides, we get2.57 2.58 2.59 211 or, (y-1)InV= 202) ia reink RT SS Invi-t Zz | Sotret) , RT Ao aan InV’ RK pV cn BV! gn a0-tev aq-00v or, pvté = RK = constant The work done is y, % RT a a-fra- J (25S) av vy, ¥, ae 11 = RT in es “(r-¥) (a) The increment in the internal energy is But from second law ez : av), On the other hand _ “Eth So, (b) From the first law A+AU= RT In ¥2— Q=A+ =R n> (a) From the first law for an adiabatic dQ = dU+pdV=0 From the previous problem aU" a d= (ar, _—- dV= CyaT + av ara So, Om CyaT 4212 2.60 2.61 This equation can be integrated if we assume that Cy and b are constant then Rk WV at R Cv b +7 or, 1c or, T(V-6)*v= constant (b) We use a dU = CydT+ av RT Now, Oona av So along constant p, C,= oe ee (ar, RT (a RT a Thus C,-Cy= v=(ar] , But pe AE ee RT 2a\(av) | R On differentiating, 0 caramel Ga Sep _ (5 RT/V-b_ ____-V-b : aT) RT 2a F iw a 1-2-5) W-by Vv RTV R d C,-Cys ———__ . 20 ee RTV? From the first law Q= U,-U,+A~= 0, as the vessels are themally insulated, As this is free expansion, A= 0, so, U,= U; av But U=voyr- C(T.-7} 4) ye ey So, v(Ty~T) = ( +¥j; “a)" VWi+¥) -a(y-1) Vv o, AT= Ry, V+ V2) Substitution gives AT = -3K Q= U;- U,+A= U,-U;, (as A= 0 in free expansion). So at constant temperature. 2 2 Vy-V, -av’ QVe) 2 a dae rl Q- -(- } Pavavs = 0:33 kJ from the given data.213 2.3 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. BOLTZMANN’S LAW AND MAXWELL’S DISTRIBUTION 2.62 From the formula p = nkT 2. 4x 10715 x 1-01 x 10° ae iE” “y38x10-2x300 = 1x10" perm? = 10° per cc Mean distance between molecules (10~Fe.c.)¥9 = 10% x 10-7 em = 0-2 mm. 2.63 After dissociation each N, molecule becomes two N-atoms and so contributes, 2 x 3 degrees of freedom. Thus the number of moles becomes m mRT cen) and p= en) Here M is the molecular weight in grams of Nz. 2.64 Let n,= number density of He atoms, n.= number density of N, molecules Then p=nm+nm, where m, = mass of He atom, m,= mass of N, molecule also p= (n, + 2) kT From these two equations we get w- (&8)/ 0-5) nv x 2 mv cos ® x dA cos 8 2.65 p= So wh = 2mnv? cos” 0 2.66 From the formula If i = number of degrees of freedom of the gas then C,= Cy+RT and Cy= AT ¢C, yo Bais? or in 2 = - | 1 P 2.67 Vscund = Viz. viz » ANd Vyas = Vz. vet Ves 1214 2.68 2.69 2.70 (a) For monoatomic gases i= 3 ¥, Yeound ve _ pean V9 (b) For rigid diatomic molecules i= 5 Yround 7 fee V5 For a general noncollinear, nonplanar molecule mean energy = 247 (wanslational) +3 &7 (rotational) + (3.N ~ 6) kT (vibrational) = (GN - 3) AT per molecule For linear molecules, mean energy = Sur (translational) +AT (rotational) + (3N ~ 5) kT (vibrational) 7 (x- 3) AT per molecule Translational energy is a fraction in the two cases. 2q- od (a) A diatomic molecule has 2 translational, 2 rotational and one vibrational degrees of freedom. The corresponding energy per mole is $F, (for translational) +2 x 3ar, (for rotational) +1RT, (for vibrational) = Zar 7 So ve i and y= a7 (b) For linear N- atomic molecules energy per mole Thus, c = ("- 3) RT as before 6N-3 6N-5S So, Cy= aw-3)R and y= (c) For noncollinear N- atomic molecules 3N-2 | N-2/3 3N-3 N-1 Cy= 3(N-1)R as betore (2.68) y= In the isobaric process, work done is A= pdv = RdT per mole. On the other hand heat transferred Q = C, dT Now C, = (3N - 2) R for non-collinear molecules and c, =. (ew - 3] R for linear molecules2.72 2.73 2.74 215 non collinear Thus : 5 For monoatomic gascs, Gn > Given specific heats c, , c, (per unit mass) M(c,-¢,)=R or, M= Also J 29 @ C,- Ba mole” 33 G = 2p, Y= ze r4eZ 5 i=5 (b) In the process pT = const. 1 av dv y= const, So 27-70 Thus = CdT = CydT+pdV= cyar+ 2 ay =c,ar+ 2 ar or C= C,/+2R= a3)" So Cy= Hence i= 3 (monoatomic) Obviously 3 5 antag (Since a monoatomic gas has Cy = 3R and a diatomic gas has Cy = Sr [The diatomic molecule is rigid so no vibration}) 1 3 5 ROW BNAZRIN C_ Sut7% | "C" ny The internal energy of the molecules are U- fmN <-> = SmN au?216 2.75 2.76 2.77 where = velocity of the vessel, N = number of molecules, each of mass m. When the vessel is stopped, internal energy becomes Sm So there is an increase in internal energy of AU = mn ¥. This will give rise to a rise in temperature of jmuv AT= i 2 nv iR there being no flow of heat. This change of temperature will lead to an excess pressure RAT_mNv ap iv and finally se. ME 22% where M = molecular on of N,, i= number of degrees of freedom of N, (a) From the equipartition theorem ga kre ty. SET \/3RT |g, B= 3b = 6x 1073; and v,q= V2E AT = 0-47 km/s (b) In equilibrium the mean kinetic energy of the droplet will be equal to that of a molecule. ix ee . VY2Er oo 2G F PMs FAT oF ving ™ 3 a 0-15 m/s X Here i= 5,C,« Sp, y= 2 given ; Sng 1 /oRe a Vm WV Boye we Peat Now in an adiabatic process TV-1= TV = constant or VT"? = constant n The gas must be expanded 1 times, i.e 76 times. in ac = VP ot Vania Vor VaniV Here Cy= LR (i= 5 here) YOM m= mass of the gas, M= molecular weight. If v,,,, increases 1 times, the temperature will have increased times. This will require (neglecting expansion of the vessels) a heat flow of amount Smp.2 aR -1)T = 10 WL.2.78 2.79 2.80 217 The root mean square angular velocity is given by $10? ax der (2 degrees of rotations) or o= ue = 63 x 10” rad/s Under compression, the temperature will rise TV’~+ = constant, TV = constant or, Ty = HV or, T= nt”, So mean kinetic energy of rotation per molecule in the compressed state = kT =k Ty = 0-72 x 10 5 No. of collisions = tn Now, von <> (When the gas is expanded 7 times, m decreases by a factor 1). Also T vy =T or T= nT 50, 4. ave n isd i.e. collisions decrease by a factor 7 i ,i = 5 here. In a polytropic process pV" = constant., where 7 is called the polytropic index. For this process pV" = constant or TV"~* = constant aT dv 7 @- ya" 0 Then dQ= CdT= dU+pdV=C,dT+pdV i i RT a. al 1 - drat+*tav= trat-—Rrat= ( ~qaa} Rat 2 -1 i Now C=R s0 5 ii oe jf at N wae eee Ys - vi new YT HIV ae times = 55 times2.82 If a is the polytropic index then pV° = constant, TV°~! = constant. vr-w Now ppaan 1 1 Hence ie aoe a=-1 RR Then fe) 2 + ye 3R 2.83 v,= Vx. vet -V2 - 0-45 km/s, vee vee = -Sikm/s and v= = 0:55 km/s 2.84 (a) The formula is df (u)= xe o* aw, v where u= — "p leon Now Prob (“yiteon)- fare ’ 1-8n “1 28n= bn = 00166 n= 736" (©) Prob} V3 12V3 3 2V=én= ——e by = 00185 2 2 ae 2 4,3,-%2219 2.85 () Ymns~ Y= (V3 -V2) Ay, T- stay) = 384K m KGS we WE Zz) (b) Clearly v is the most probable speed at this temperature. So 2.86 (a) We have, voi woo \e 232 ur v-w“ ere Se or [HY we! or ew = m (ni) P = ¥2, m(i-v9 So r= MOD «300K 2kin a 2 4v¥ 3 1/1 av F(v)= =e" x —| — comes from F (v) dv= df (u), du= — © Fone AE f - 2kT, 2kT, ne Pye = 2, fw —2n now etl). Dg ee, 7 ne? 2T, n Yr. V2E, , - V2E 287 Ya" Vin” Ving? 0” Vy q = 363K 2.88 In my, [7m eae Putting the values we get v = 1:60 km/s my My220 2 oe 289 dN (v= N4¥ ae Hn Vn v For a given range v to v + dv (i.e. vane dv ) this is maximum when 8 dN) 4, ) a iO 0- (-254422)e 32. 32, . oa or, 3%" =, Thus T= 5 290 Pv= 2x, dv, dv, 32 = Thus = dn(v)= v(saez) evar (f+ vi) dv, 2a, dy, 291 = 0 by symmetry = ff den o,f af [rita fete JE wn fe du VE fie wafers "SE VE eu yef)eVE 292 at>e fem 0 2 fyeQ)-# 2.93 Here vdA = No. of molecules hitting an area dA of the wall per second f aN (v,) v, dA o221 or, Set) wn VE 2 mv JT WT dy, ~ bnew qn, dA 2.94 Let, dn(v,) = "(omz) be the number of molecules per unit volume with x component of velocity in the range v, to v, + dv, Then p= f 2my, + v,dn(v,)222 3/2 2 2.96 dN(v)= ™ (az) en OH any dy dN(e) = BO ge 3/2 aN (e) | m -mi'rrt 4 2 dv or, de Nar . 4nv ae 8 Now, en ym so es 3/2 aN(e) v(m) -ear Yet _ de (sa) on AV nom - ve (ke 2 nu ie. aN@= Nuno 2? de x The most probable kinetic energy is given from v2 4 RO. 0 a, Fete oe 0 or en Lire ey The corresponding velocity is v = Vv = # Voy 2.97 The mean kinetic energy is con fe asf ede wh G2). Sur o T(3/2)" 0 Thus Za +omar oN 2 -3/2 - kT 1/2 a = (ki e ede W J Vn? 3era—n) 3/2 Re" (3) 2dn= 3% e*8n If 8m = 1% this gives 0-9 % 2.98 we Fon f Vee“ de x % xan vee f eo de (eg>> kD)223 (k1)~*? Veg kT em 2V-% (In evaluating the integral, we have taken out Ve as Veg since the integral is dominated by the lower limit.) 2 2.99 (a) F(v)= Avie ™ AT For the most probable value of the velocity a (vy) | = mT g2mv omer dy 70 or 3Ave -Av ore =0 So, This should be compared with the value v,,= VF for the Maxwellian distribution. (b) In terms of energy, ¢ = 5m? 3 ,-m2er av F (e)= Ave fe =A 22)" arr Z =A%e ed m V2me m i From this the probable energy comes out as follows : F’ (e) = 0 implies 2A (,-wer_ _€ ,-ear ale -e jr or, ty = kT 2.100 The number of molecules reaching a unit area of wall at angle between @ and 6 + 6 to its normal per unit time is vee af dn (v) £2 v0050 =f o(eta) 7 AI 3 dy sin 0 cos 0d 0x2. 0 12 * or \? org J ext sinocosodox n(2) sin 0 cos 0d 0 mx mn 0 2.101 Similarly the number of molecules reaching the wall (per unit area of the wall with velocities in the interval v to v + dv per unit time is O= x2 ave f dn (v) 2 vcos 0 O=0224 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 0-02 2 = S (ca) e7™ AT V3 dy sinO cos dO x 2x mv SOT - a me(gtig) ecrta If the force exerted is F then the law of variation of concentration with height reads n(Z = me" So, n= eF MT op Fe ON 9x 10 N x RTin 6RTin Here F= 22 Apg= "9 or N= oe - 6 Ne xd gAph In the problem, = = 139 here 10 T= 290K, n=2, h=4x 107m, d=4x1077m, g=9-8 m/s”, A p = 0:2 x 10° kg/m? and R= 831 J/k Hence, N, = 5831290 xIn2 26 |g. 23, -1 Sea na «10% = 6:36 x 10” mole ~My, s/RT concetration of H, 2 ae = Me, gh/RT concentration ofN,~ " @ ne "2 So more N> at the bottom, G = 139 is] 0 ny (h)= ne", ny (h) = we They are equal at a height 4 where be eth (m= myYAr nm kT Inn, -Inn, oie h= At a temperature T the concentration 1 (2 ) varies with height according to n@ )= nye "eT This means that the cylinder contains f ne) dz ng kT ferro aa 2% mg 0 particles per unit area of the base. Clearly this cannot change. Thus )kT = py = pressure at the bottom of the cylinder must not change with change of temperature.2.107 2.108 2.109 2.110 225 Sf mere de freta o = 0 = TQ = = 2 —__—= 4a = pert a fev 0 0 When there are many kinds of molecules, this formula holds for each kind and the average energy kT = LL AT a where f, a fractional concentration of each kind at the ground level. The constant acceleration is equivalent to a pseudo force wherein a concentration gradient is set up. Then eo MT ty RTIn(1-y) _ RT or ae eer ee A Ina centrifuge rotating with angular velocity w aboutan axis, there is a centrifugal acceleration wr where ris the radial distance from the axis. In a fluid if there are suspended colloidal particles they experience an additional force. If m is the mass of each particle then its .. m : ae volume is a and the excess force on this particle is ™ (p - p,) w*r outward corresponding to a potential energy - ze = py) 0? p This gives rise to a concentration variation n()= moro (+ rpar- poor) nr) M 2 Thus Ta” N= OP *z RTO He (2-9) m_M : : where Pa Mat = Ny mis the molecular weight 7 mw —22RTIny ( ~ Po) © (5 -F) The potential energy associated with each molecule is : - im ow? and there is a concentration variation mor? Mw? ? n(r) = ng exp a |* my €xP | Rr Mo? P 2RT Thus n= el Ser] or o- Voainn226 2.111 2.112 Using M= 124+32= 44gm, I= 100cm, R= 831 x10 SE T= 300, we get w = 280 radians per second. ar” Here n (r) = ng exp -F (a) The number of molecules located at the distance between r and r+ dr is 4x drn(r)= danero(- $e)? P d 2ar (©) My is given by FP? n(r)= 0 of 2-a= 0 ot ye Vo (c) The fraction of molecules lying between r and r+dr is dN 4x drngexp (- ar’/kT) vs J 4x7 drngexp (-a°/kT) jertoml SB nf trees eee 372 2) aN (_a = ar’ Thus v7 (iz) 4nr drexp Gr ae = ar @ aN= ™ i) 4x? dr exp (r} a ee - ar” So n()=N (=z) exp Gr] When T decreases 1 times n(0) = mo will increase 1°” times. Write U= ar? or reVe, Ae ey) een au @ 2VU” 2VaU U U aN = 194 . = ren rae °(e 7| 32 yi = 2nn,a7 exp (ir) The most probable value of U is given by d_ (dN 1 1 a (ar}" °- a5 roa or \ (ar) or, U,,= ght From 2.111 (b), the potential energy at the most probable distance is kT.227 2.4 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. ENTROPY 2.113 The efficiency is given by T,-k, n= T° T,>T, Now in the two cases the efficiencies are T,+AT-T, Ti 4 Ma" Tar? 71 merease! T,-T,+AT eT T, decreased 1 Thus M<% 2414 For Hy, y= z PiVi= P2V» P3V3= PVs P2V3= P3V3, Pi VI= Pad Define n by V;= nV, Then p;= p)n7" so PaVa= P3Vy= Pr V.n' "= py Vint? Py Vi= py Vi so Vint= Vi-tn-? or Vy= nV, Also Q:= PV; in Q'2= P3V; nent Vv, nm 1" P22 Vy 27 P30 Va P22 Vs Finally n= 1 0 1-n'-Y = 0-242 Qi P2 (b) Define n by py= PVy= VY ot a= 2 V, So we get the formulae here by nn (vy)-1 n in the previous case. nel- = 1-2} ~ 018 215 Used as a refrigerator, the refrigerating efficiency of a heat engine is given by en SE OF O/T gee, 4” 0-0," |) OF 2, where 7, is the efficiency of the heat engine.228 2116 Given V,= nV,, Vy= V5 Q,= Heat taken at the upper temperature = RT, Inn+RTyinn= R(T, +T,)Inn T,\y-1 Now = 1, V7! = 7, VJ"! or %-(F) V 2, ee ee noe T,\-1 qiVee Similarly Vsel7] Ver Ver [pz] Yi Ve Thus Q, = heat ejected at the lower temperature = -RT;1n 7 on ane : et (ate HRT ine] phe - Rylan ze 2, 1 1 Rr,in {2 1D) aR ty seta w\T, . ginn Th aad) i ne l-aaE C 2117 Q'2= Cy(T,-T;)= V2 (P2-Ps) Cy Q= RM @i-Ps) V2 (P2- Ps) “VY, @-Ps) On the other hand, 6p, Vi= P2Vi, P3Vi= PaVi also V,= nV, Thus n=1 Thus py = pa”, Py p3n™ and n= 1-n'"', with y= Zotor Ny this is y= 0-602 ‘, ¢ 2118 Qy= HP (Va- Vi), O'2™ Pa Vs~ Vs) P2 (V3 - V4) So =1-——— 1 "P= %) 1 Now p,= py py VJ or Vy= nyV5 1 P2Vi= pV] or Vy= ntV, i 7 te oe a ee2.119 2.120 229 Since the absolute temperature of the gas rises n times both in the isochoric heating and in the isobaric expansion Py =p, and V,= nV,. Heat taken is Q1= Qn + Qio where Q1,= C,(n-1)T; and Qy= CyT, (-5] Heat rejected is Q', = Q's, + Q'» where 1 Q'n= Cyl, (-1), O'n= C, (1-5) "5 coin +6,('"9) 4 1 C,(n- Go-nee,(t-2) "| n n+y =1- l+m 1 n (a) Here pp= 1p,, Pi V,= Po Vo» np, Vim pPoVo \ Q'n= RTyiny Q, = CyT(~-1) 1 But nV{~'= Vg"! or, Vi= Von i Pt 0 of ani. Bho Q'n= RTginn-t = “Tin 1 YY jsothermal 1 Qo Cems) Thus n= 1-4, (b) Here V)= nV,, pV, = Po Vo and PMV)" = po Vg on using Cy = = is ee ie. nt Vile Vi! or Vien 7-1 Vy V, Also Q, = C,T>(n- 1), Q'>= RT in 7 a PaNp,T1To 1 or Q',= RTyInny-T= Py Tolan C,Toinn tsothermat P83 Vo Thus nei -e oe230 2.121 2.122 Here the isothermal process proceeds at the maximum temperature instead of at the minimum temperature of the cycle as in 2.120. MoT isothermal (Ploy) Qi RY, ql z Rsochor ; isothermal 2, adiabatic adiabatic he ok (B,v,7o) (a) vi (Ay, NO fb) Py (a) Here p,Vi= poo» Pa= = P2Vi= PoVS oF pi VI= mp VO 1 ie. Vivt= nvg-* or Vy= Vony-1 7 it Vv, RT 2° CyTo(t— jy}, Qi RTolny yin CyToinn. 2 n-1 Thus nel Ge ine V, (b) Here Vz= =, pyVo= Pi Vi PoVi= PiV3= Pym VY Ves oe Va ny, 1 1) ye Oa Cp To[t-5) O= RTaIng = SA TInn C,Tylnn n-1 ainn Thus n=l The section from (p,, V;, Ty) to (Pz Vz, To/n) is a polytropic process of index a, We shall assume that the corresponding specific heat C is + ve. Here, dQ = CdT = CydT + pdV Now pV“= constant or TV°~'= constant. RT R so pav= Fav ~~ ar ce Polytropi Fe eed . Vaqet vot ae Qs ee RT, PV We have p,V, = RT)= p,V2= = PaNajTo/n PoVo= Pi Vi= P2 Vn PoVa= Po Vr2.123 2.124 231 1 PVE = piV8 or VE= AVI? or Va= Vont-i a-1, Lye-t = ai Verte Vg"! or Va no a-1V;= ni ; 1) Mi 3 Now Orne CTo(1-} Qi Rony. Rn (y-aea} CT, Inn n-1 Thus n=1-7 B,NoJo , qT 1 T, @) Here 0’, ¢,|7,-—]= oni(t-F} = C,(7-= Along the adiabatic line Ty Vi~1= T,(nVp)"") of, Ty= Tyn™* _y¥@-1) nee T, so Qy=CyF(n"=1). Thus n= 1 (b) Here Q')= Cy(nT,- Ty), Q,= C,°T,(n-1) Along the adiabatic line TV’~!= constant 1 TVe = 7, (3) or T= 2'"!Ty nt-1 Thu: eae ceeeeeeenes : arrest) @ P"F,Mo To ' _1PVoTon —> 1 2 it Qo=RTolnn PaloTo (ar (b)232 n @) 22*¢,% (! “ap Q";= RTylnn, Q',= CyT) (! : =} Q,= 2+0", 1 1-4) c, (t-3} So ne t- 22. 1-7 1 y(t A) Rin n eC ‘Rninn n-1+(y-1)alnn Cyn-1 (©) Q)= C,T)(#-1), 0", = CyTo(n-1) QO", = RTyInn, O',= Q",+O"", 2 n-1+(y-1)Inn So =1-—“-1- mt, y=) 2.125 We have Q',= tRTyInv, QO", = CyT)(t-1) 0, = Q', +Q", and Q",= RTyInv, Q",= CyTy(t-1) as well as Q, =Q,' +Q," and ,'= 0," +0," " Cy(e-1)+Rin S124) eee Q Cy&-1)+tRinv 2 +Inv 1-221 _ (-1)ny t-1 tai +tiny tinv+=— y-1 fea 2.126 Here Q," = C,Ty(t- 1), Q'1"" = 1RTnn and Q," =CT (1), Oy" = RT nn in addition to we have Q,=0,' +Q," and Qy'=0," +0," i C,(¢-1)+RiIn so ne 1-220 1 Lett R in Q C,(t-1)+tRiInn i vais (t-y} = 1 -—_>_—_ t-1+(1-4)sinn 0 1 1--|Inn _ etal 7 _ _(-)Inn cote(t- tein rian ED -12.127 2.128 2.129 233 Because of the linearity of the section BC whose equation is C BWV EPoya Et Pe Va (=p= av) Mae, yv We have = y or v= Ve > Q2 Here Q")= CyTy (Vt - 1), |= eq0% - RY, Thus 9',= Q",+0",= Te -1) (: 7 Q""= C,T> (! = Along BC, the specific heat C is given by CdT = C,dT + paV = crated (za ”) . (cv 38) aT Thus Q,= pent Ory Vetr 1 yD We-1) Finally ne doen td (y+1) (Vt +1) We write Claussius inequality in the form fe-fi@eo where dQ is the heat transeferred to the system but dQ is heat rejected by the system, both are +ve and this explains the minus sign before 4, Q, In this inequality T,,.. > 7> Ty, and we can write f $2-f 22 <0 Trax Ton 2 2a oy Tae 02 Thus a <= o Tax Toun “O or wet Bie, Tony Q cr eee We consider an infinitesimal carnot cycle with isothermal process at temperatures T+dT and T. Let dA be the work done in the cycle and 8Q, be the heat received at the higher temperature. Then by Carot’s theorem234 2.130 2.131 2.132 2.133 &4__ aT 80," T ? On the other hand 84 = dpdV= (i 7, arav while 8Q, = dU, +pdV = [(=>| ele T av) | 7 (@ Hence ( iv),*° (3), (a) In an isochoric process the entropy change will be { t ’ 1 1 1 i Vv V+dy For carbon dioxide y = 1:30 so, AS = 19-2 Joule/°K - mole (b) For an isobaric process, z . one - YRinn AS= C,In T. C,Inn v1 = 25 Joule/*K mole In an isothermal expansion V, - aL AS= vRin V. y, so, 7: ef VR 2 2.0 times The entropy change depends on the final & initial states only, so we can calculate it directly along the isotherm, it is AS= 2RInn = 203/°K (assuming that the final volume is 7 times the inital volume) If the initial temperature is Ty and volume is Vo then in adiabatic expansion. TV 1 Vlas V, so, T= Tyn'""= T, where n= + V 0 V, being the volume at the end of the adiabatic process. There is no entropy change ia this process. Next the gas is compressed isobarically and the net entropy change is T, As= (o)™z2.134 2.135 2.136 235 vy, Vo Vo - But 7" 7, or T= Ae Tyn-* (m. 2 = -™ RL iano -9- So AS (ee) oolnns ~ Fry pinn = -97V/K The entropy change depends on the initial and 2,,Vojo final state only so can be calculated for any process whatsoever. We choose to evaluate the entropy change along the pair of lines shown above. Then i at, 8 vCy dT aT Sf oof z = = (-CyInB+C, Ina) v= 7A (rin a ~ In)» -11 To calculate the required entropy difference we only have to calculate the entropy difference for a process in which the state of the gas in vessel 1 is changed to that in vessel 2. With y= 3, a= 2and B= 15,v= 12, Pst MAD this gives AS = 0-85 Joule/°K For the polytropic process with index n pV" = constant Along this process (See 2.122) cory 1 n- yr aan (-D@- n* xf, n- Cie ee @-Da-*"*236 2.137 2.138 2.139 The process in question may be written as P Peat Po Yo where a is a constant and po, Vp are some reference values. For this process (see 2.127) the specific heat is et) igi C= Cy+5 LR RS 7 +3] aR Along the line volume increases times then so does the pressure. The temperature must then increase o”times. Thus or, as- fv Ret hi te RU in Ten 2iye1 y-1 , if va 2, y= 5, a= 2,A5= 461 Joule/*K Let (p,, V,) be a reference point on the line P= Po- av and let (p, V) be any other point. The entropy difference AS = S(p,V)-S(R,,V)) P v Po- = Cym24+C,m = Cyn + rae ap; fai For an exetremum of AS Fl a" pp-aV'V or C, (¥-aV)-aVCy= 0 ¥Po a(y+1) or YQ -aV)-aV=0 or V= Vy= vo . as This gives a maximum of AS because “>< 0 (Note :- a maximum of AS is a maximum of S(p, V)) Along the process line : S= aT +CyInT or the specific heat is : C = ro. aT+Cy On the other hand : dQ = CdT = Cy dT + pdV for an ideal gas. Thus, paV= 2 wv arar2.140 2.141 2.142 T, 2.143 as. fo. f mer) are mb (T, - T,) + ma in =2 237 a Rw av = dT of, 2 V+ constant = T , . R, Vv Using T= Ty when V= Vo, we get, T= Ty+ >In 7 0 For a Vander Waal gas a [p+ za]w-n- RT The entropy change along an isotherm can be calculated from “y It follows from (2.129) that av), \at}, V-5 assuming a,b to be known constants. V,-b Thus AS= Rin V,-5 Yet, : % as We use, AS= | d5(V,7)= aT +] IF av oT, ES a Ire f, WoT, T li aff 7 pcuat JA w= cy Rney ae = Cyn -b assuming Cy, 4, a to be known constants. ‘We can take S-+0 as T-+0 Then r aT 2 ape Ler? s- fc. far aT zr 0 0 t qt, qT, t, 1,238 2.144 Here T= aS" or S= (7) 2.145 2.146 2.147 1 7” Then c= rit n Clearly c<0 We know, — | rT c>0 CaT T s-sf T 7 Clty 1, assuming C to be a known constant. to S-S, Then T= Tyexp Ce 7 c p'y (From the ideal gas equation pV= RT )240 2.151 2.152, 2.153 2.184 Let V,= Vy Vz>= 0 Vy Since the temperature is the same, the required entropy change can be calculated by con- sidering isothermal expansion of the gas in either parts into the whole vessel. Vi+Vy Va Vi +V2 Thus AS = AS, +AS,= ¥,RIn—F 1 lin n +v,Rin =», Rin(. +n) +v,Rin = SAK Let c, = ae heat of copper specific heat of water = c, 974273 ar ar Then AS= fore Sn = meng =m, cy in 0 14278 Tp is found from 280 m, c. + 370 m, cy my +m cy using c= 0:39 J/g °K, c= 4185/g °K, €2 my (Tp - 280) = myc, (370- Tp) or To= T)~ 300°K and AS = 28-4- 24:5 = 3-93 /°K For an ideal gas the intemal energy depends on temperature only. We can consider the process in question to be one of simultaneous free expansion. Then the total energy U= U,+U,, Since T, +7, U,= CyTy, U,= CyT, U= 2c, and (T, + 7,)/2 is the final temperature. The entropy change is obtained by considering isochoric processes because in effect, the gas remains confined to its vessel. (y+ ty2 CyaT (+BY w J fettecn 4T,T> (1+%)2 Since ety (1, -7,)° +47, 7), AS>0 a) Each atom has a probability + to be in either campartment. Thus 2 p22” (>) Typical atomic velocity at room temperature is~ 10° cm/s so it takes an atom 107 sec to cross the vessel. This is the relevant time scale for our problem. Let T= 107*sec, then in time f there will be t/T crossing or arrangements of the atoms. This will be large enough to produce the given arrangement if In t/t Hope 2 1 or Ne 72.155 2.156 2.157 2.158 2.159 241 The statistical weight is = Nt 10x9x8x7x6 wre 8x4x3x2 = 252 Cua The probability distribution is No 2°™ = 252x27 = 246% Wa The probabilites that the half A contains » molecules is an N! in Ne* 2°" ST WWomt The probability of one molecule being confined to the marked volume is ped Vo We can choose this molecule in many (N¢,) ways. The probability that n molecules get confined to the marked volume is cearly ” “ns N! . Nop" (=p) "= Say P a P™ Ina sphere of diameter d there are 3 Ne ia molecules where Mtg = Loschmidt’s number = No. of molecules per unit volume (1 cc) under NTP. The relative fluctuation in this number is ON NG ia NG Nasu 4 is 6 s-té a= d= = 0-41 or ae My oF 5 oF anim um The average number of molecules in this sphere is 2, = 10° n For a monoatomic gas Cy= 3 per mole The entropy change in the process is Ty+ar As= s-y-f ot zem(1 “t) To Now from the Boltzmann equation S=kinQ aN, QL 4S-S vee ATV? | Boao | Thus the statistical weight increases by this factor.242 2.5 LIQUIDS. CAPILLARY EFFECTS 2.160 2.161 2.162 2.163 2.164 a a 4a @) 4p= “(z+ aa): - 4x 490x1077 N oN Tex q0-8 ge 1307x105 = 13 atmosphere (b) The soap bubble has two surfaces 11) 8 . w= 20(ia+ 7)” d 8x 45 = a = 1-2 107> atomsphere. x The pressure just inside the hole will be less than the outside pressure by 4 a/d. This can support a height h of Hg where ~~ —_4x490x107? ___ _200 136 x 10°x98%x70x10"§ 13°%6x70 osis)-C-s)ste) Po (: -w).§ “Ft -1) Thus a= gred{t- Yor -1) ~ 21m of Hg By Boyle’s law or The pressure has terms due to hydrostatic pressure and capillarity and they add 4a. P= Pot pght a (+ 5x98x10? 4 x-73 x 107% pee Saipan +1074 atoms = 222 a0 x By Boyle’s law lrorrene le f= (ou m)eré or [hse ~ Po (n° - »] - Qor -1) or n= [root nv oF-0]/ 9 = 458 mcr of wate2.165 2.166 2.167 2.168 2.169 Clearly Ahpg~ Aafeoeal(Z a] 4a|cos 6 -d, a keel 4, d, pg Ina capillary with diameter d = 0-5 mm water will rise to a height 2a 4a. par ped 4x73 x 1073 = — 1x Bx 10". 5945 10° x 98x05 x 107° . Since this is greater than the height (= 25 mm) of the tube, a meniscus of radius R will be formed at the top of the tube, where 2a 2x 73x 107* R= . Pgh 10° x 98x25 x 1073 ~ 06mm Initially the pressure of air in the cppillary is py and it’s length is 1. When submerged under water, the pressure of air in the portion above water must be Pot 4G, since the level of water inside the capillary is the same as the level outside. Thus by Boyle’s law 4a loos F)a-2= ru! 4a. or d (l-x)= pox or a ae 40 We have by Boyle’s law 4a.cos 0 Caan) i pol s dacsd |, Pol = ee 7 Pot) d Hence, a= (os Ph) ssa Suppose the liquid rises to a height /. Then the total energy of the liquid in the capillary is E(i)= = @-@)hx pgxt-x(d,-d, oh = 5 G- A hxpgxt-n(d-d, Minimising E we get 4a. h= ——— =6 cm. p8 (4, - d,)244 2.170 2171 2.172 Let h be the height of the water level at a distance x from the edge. Then the total energy of water in the wedge above the level outside is. Bef xdq-axn-pgt-2f ae-h-acoso J apr 960 (i -228 500) - =f ache do| (a-220082) _ 4.0? cos” 0 zt Pk xpgd@ Ppgeg 2acos 0 xpgso From the “ of continuity This is minimum when h = qe: ve a) “Voor Ven’. We then apply Bernoulli’s theorem 21246 = constant p*2 The pressure p differs from the atmospheric pressure by capillary effects. At the upper section 2a P= Pot ae neglecting the curvature in the vertical plane. Thus, ae 2a Pot 2na 0+ 0+ —- hte ge 4 dat or nad Finally, the liquid coming out per second is, / 4a va tne Af 28!-SGe-D 4 4 n-1 The radius of curvature of the drop is R, at the upper end of the drop and R, at the lower end. Then the pressure inside the drop is pp + 2% at the top end and pg +52 at the bottom 1 2 end. Hence 2a 2a (R,-R,) Pot Ren Pot tsk or Pe gh 12 To a first approximation Ry ~ Ry ~ & so R)-R,= Fe sh 37g, » 0-20 mm if h= 23mm, «= 73N/m245 2.173 We must first calculate the pressure difference inside the film from that outside. This is 2.174 2.175 2.176 fA A oO p= oft Here 2r, |cos @|= h and ry ~ R the radius of the tablet and can be neglected. Thus the total force exerted by mercury drop on the upper glass plate is 2nRa|cos 0 F typically We should put /t/n for h because the tablet is compresed n times. Then since Hg is nearly, incompressible, 7? = constants so R > RVn . Thus, 2 total force = 2% R*aleos Ol 2 Part of the force is needed to keep the Hg in the shape of a table rather than in the shape of infinitely thin sheet. This part can be calculated being putting n= 1 above. Thus 2xR?a|cos0| _ 2aR*a|cosO| > — Th " mer 7 _ 2x R?alcos 421). g, or m fg HOP) = 07 kg The pressure inside the film is less than that outside by an amount a (+++) where ae 2, 7, and ry are the principal radii of curvature of the meniscus. One of these is small being given by h= 2r,cos@ while the other is large and will be ignored. Then Fe 2Acs Og where A= area of the water film between the plates. Now A= 50 F=2™% when 0 (the angle of contact) = 0 ph phi This is analogous to the previous problem except that : A = 1R? 2 So F- 2aka = 06 kN The energy a the liquid between the plates is = ldhpgt-2athe spgian- 2alh ped) ped This energy is minimum when, h= - : “eee pea] 2a! the minimum potential energy is then E,,,, The force of —— between the plates can be obtained from this as 7 8E mn 20rd Fe _——™ (minus sign means the force is attractive.) ad pat Thus Fr -S4 3aN246 24177 2.178 2.179 2.180 2.181 Suppose the radius of the bubble is x at some instant, Then the pressure inside is Pot &. The flow through the capillary is by Poiscuille’s equation, o-2-3.- 4 aw x (R* ~x") where we have used the fact that r= 0 where x= R. 4 This gives r= 201 4s the tite time of the bubble corresponding to x= 0 ar Integrating If the liquid rises to a height h, the energy of the liquid column becomes 2 2 h 1 a 2ao E= pgxrh-2-2nrha= —pgn(rh-2-—) - eg 2 208 ( va) ae This is minimum when rh = as and that is relevant height to which water must rise. 2x? At this point, ps ones po ‘sin ae 2no Since E = 0 in the absence of surface tension a heat Q = must have been liberated. (a) The free energy per unit area being ot, F=xad? = 3p) (b) F= 2nd? because the soap bubble has two surfaces. Substitution gives F=10pJ When two mercury drops each of diameter d merge, the resulting drop has diameter d, where Eden Gd?x2 or, d= 27d The increase in free energy is AF = 12% d?a-2nd?a= 2nd? a(2~-1) = -1-43 pI Work must be done to stretch the soap film and compress the air inside. The former is simply 20x 42R?= 8xR7a, there being two sides of the film. To get the latter we note that the compression is isothermal and work done is v= n 4a - Sf vav where Vy py= (oot) -¥ Ve SR? v= ¥% Vv 4a or V2 &, p= mt Ore dee eer and minus sign is needed becaue we are calculating work done on the system. Thus since pV remains constants, the work done is Yo Vin = pVine ee ars So Al= 8nR?a+pVinZ Po2.182 2.183 2.184 247 When heat is given to a soap bubble the temperature of the air inside rises and the bubble expands but unless the bubble bursts, the amount of air inside does not change. Further we shall neglect the variation of the surface tension with temperature. Then from the gas equations. bos IP vRT, v= Constant Differentiating [r+ Sy)anrae= vRdT or WV = 4nr?dr= SR 48% 3r Now trom the first law a@ Q= vCdT= vCydT+ vA GT. (+4) Pot 3, 4a. Pot or C= Cy+R—— Sa Po3p tr using, C,= Cy+R, C= aaa 1+ 8a, Consider an infinitesimal Carnot cycle with isotherms at T- dT and T. Let A be the work done during the cycle. Then A= [a(T-d1)-a(1)]do~ - Barro Where 80 is the change in the area of film (we are considering only one surface). AS die Then n= 2 “7 by Carnot therom. da arts o our or 7. q- -T qso T IT As before we can calculate the heat required. It, is taking into account two sides of the soap film dq= - Th 55x2 = og) ae Thus as= te -2% 50 Now AF = 2050 s0, AU aF + Tas 2(a-7 7) 60248 2.6 2.185 2.186 2.187 2,188 2.189 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS The condensation takes place at constant pressure and temperature and the work done is pav where AV is the volume of the condensed vapour in the vapour phase. It is Am PAV= ERT = 12063 where M= 18 gm is the molecular weight of water. The specific volume of water (the liquid) will be written as V',. Since V', >> V', most of the weight is due to water. Thus if m, is mass of the liquid and m, that of the vapour then m= m,+m, Va mV,+m,V, or V-mV,= m(V,-V') V-mV, : . So m,= VV, = 20 gm in the present case. Its volume is m,V', = 1-01 The volume of the condensed vapour was originally Vy-V at temperature T= 373 K. Its mass will be given by Mp(Y- pP(Yy-V= RT co ae Mp (Vo-V) RT 7 2Bm where p= atmospheric pressure We let V',= specific volume of liquid. V,= NV',= specific volume of vapour. Let V= Original volume of the vapour. Then tae - Me Mam mt a ye mt NY 1 vo So W-DmVi= V(t q}= ZOD or qe ete Ao} V/n N-1 In the case when the final volume of the substance corresponds to the midpoint of a horizontal portion of the isothermal line in the p,v diagram, the final volume must be n v (1+) a per unit mass of the substance. Of this the volume of the liquid is V',/2 per unit total mass of the substance. 1 "= Tan From the first law of thermodynamics AU+A=Q=mq where q is the specific latent heat of vaporization Now A= pV,-V)m= mat Thus au m(a-47) For water this gives ~ 2-08 x 10° Joules. Thus2.190 2.191 2.192 2.193 249 Some of the heat used in heating water to the boiling temperature T= 100°C = 373 K. The remaining heat = Q-mcAT (c= specific heat of water, AT= 100 K) is used to create vapour. If the piston rises to a height / then the volume of vapour will be ~ sh(neglecting water). Its mass will be Posh Posh Mq RT *M and heat of vapourization will be —"p-=— To this must be added the work done in creating the saturated vapour ~ py sh. Thus Q-mcAT = pSh(i+ 2) ot ra -2=M4T _ 209 om af pos (1+ 2 oS |) * Rr a-1) me A quantity ——— of saturated vapour must condense to heat the water to boiling point T= 373°K (Here c = specific heat of water, J, = 295 K = initial water temperature). The work done in lowering the piston will then be me(T-1)) | RT ae» © 2 257, qe 7h : . « RT since work done per unit mass of the condensed vapour is p V = Mu m Given AP= £220, Pv, 4a. = Maal nkT fires ofecdee thee Niven aa 4aM or ae RTH For water a= 73 dynes/cem, M = 18gm, p,= gm/cc, T= 300K, and with n~ 0-01, we get d= 02m In equilibrium the number of "liquid" molecules evaporoting must equals the number of "vapour" molecules condensing. By kinetic theory, this number is Its mass is a/ / ™ w= mxynxnx Inm 7 NMkT Ink Ve -o: 2 =1P0V aR RT 0:35 g/cm’ 's. where pp is atmospheric pressure and T= 373K and M= molecular weight of water.250 2.194 Here we must assume that p is also the rate at which the tungsten filament loses mass when in an atmosphere of its own vapour at this temperature and that y (of the previous problem) = 1. Then p=nV = 0-9 nPa M from the previous problem where p= pressure of the saturated vapour. 2.195 From the Vander Waals equation — eee P" ¥5-V where V= Volume of one gm mole of the substances. For water V= 18c.c. per mole = 1-8 x 10~“litre per mole litre? a= 5-47 atmos - “<> mole’ If molecular attraction vanished the equation will be RT P@ Vb for the same specific volume. Thus aa v2 18x18 Ap= x 10* atmos = 1-7 x 10‘ atmos 2.196 The internal pressure being -%,, the work done in condensation is y, . a co. a yee Si Ve f This by assumption is Mq, M being the molecular weight and V,, V, being the molar volumes of the liquid and gas. a cA Thu: =>. - is Pr ye Y, Pq where p is the density of the liquid. For water p; = 3-3 x10" atm 2.197 The Vandar Waal’s equation can be written as (for one mole) (V) = ede PO" Woe yt ‘At the critical point (| and (Al vanish. Thus av"), 2 ee RT v-y Vv Ww-y VF 2RT 6a RT = 3a “op Vi * We VF2.198 2.199 2.200 2.201 251 Solving these simultaneously we get on division V-b=2V, V=3b = Vucr This is the critical molar volume. Putting this back A2e5 2c ea 4b? 2763 Cr" 270R RT, a 4a a a Finall 7-3-4 -S St : Por” Yuc-b Ven, 271? 9b? 2767 PorVuo_ 0/96 RTc, 8a/276 From these we see that 7 Po, | a/27b? 4 RTc, 84/276” 8b To, _ 0-082 x 304 : Thus b=R Be ace 0 043 litre/mol (RT) _ 64a Pe 2h atm ‘litre (mol)? 27 2 or a= FART o)/Po, = 359 Specific volume is molar volume divided by molecular weight. Thus Vurcr_ 3RTo, _ 3x 082 x 562 litre _ 44, co Vos oMes SMps Gu seals Ges 4G a +4) (v,-)= RT brig} ao PYVE Va-b_ 8 T . Pere Vgree o 7s or m+) x [v- a Se Porm Vucr) 3” y, where po 2 ee ee Por Vucr To, or n+ 2787) (y 1) 8. og (x43) (v2) = 82 vi alm ois: allo 3}7 3 i fled When m= 12 and v= 5, t= Fx 2xb= > (a) The ciritical Volume Vic, is the maximum volume in the liquid phase and the minimum volume in the gaseous. Thus V, 1000 ‘max “1g x3 x -030 litre = S litre252 2.202 2.203 2.204 2.205 (b) The critical pressure is the maximum possible pressure in the vapour phase in equilibrium with liquid phase. Thus Prac ™ = 225atmosphere — 27b? 27 a a 362 To. 27 oR” 27% 043 x 082 ~ 204K M__44 Por™ 357 Fag BMV CS. = 034 gm/cc. The vessel is such that either vapour or liquid of mass m occupies it at critical point. Then its volume will be 3 tom m rad Soe The corresponding volume in liquid phase at room temperature is Voy ve@ ? where p= density of liquid ether at room tmeperature, Thus _ Vv _ 8MPe Vo, 3RTo,P using the given data (and p = 720gm per litre) = 0-254 We apply the relation (T= constant) TE as-§ au+h pav to the cycle 1234531. Here f ds-§ au-0 So § pav=o0 This implies that the areas I and II are equal. This reasoning is inapplicable to the cycle 1231, for example. This cycle is irreversible because it involves the irreversible transition from a single phase to a two-phase state at the point 3. v When a portion of supercool water tums into ice some heat is liberated, which should heat it upto ice point. Neglecting the variation of specific heat of water, the fraction of water turning inot ice is clearly - cl. 9. f= She 025 where c= specific heat of water and q = latent heat of fusion of ice, Clearly f=late=-80°C253 2.206 From the Claussius-Clapeyron (C-C)equations dp qn Quis the specific latent heat absorbed in 1 > 2 (1 = solid, 2 = liquid) are TM) 273x091 |, atm com? mq» then all ice will melt as one can check and the final temperature can be obtained like this myc (Tz- 1) = my Gq +m, ¢(T-T;) (my Tz + my Ty) ¢ - my dy = (tm, + mz) CT = mT, + mT, - tan or T= ———_—* « 20 K my +m, mq T I, and As= +e(min tml 2 = 19/K256 2.217 2.218 2.219 ma TM Gice AS reer T, where M dice" ™ (a2 +6 (Tp-T))) A 1). me(B_ 1 2) - mlz) me 1- 7, = 0:2245 + 0:2564 ~ 0-48 J/K When heat dQ is given to the vapour its temperature will change by dT, pressure by dp and volume by dV, it being assumed that the vapour remains saturated. Then by C-C equation #£. a, >>Vug) or dp= Aoar on the other hand, pv' = &Z So Hence finally dQ = CaT= dU +pdv' = CydT+ (a-#)=r- c,ar-Lar (C,, Cy refer to unit mass here). Thus 4 C= O-F For water C,= 2.1 with y= 132 and M= 18 et M So C,= 1905 /emK and C= -413J/gm°K = - 74J/mole K The required entropy change can be calculated along a process in which the water 1s heated from T, to 7, and then allowed to evaporate. The entropy change for this is where q = specific latent heat of vaporization.257 2.7 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 2.220 2.221 2.222 2.223 2.224 2.225 (a) The fraction of gas molecules which traverses distances exceeding the mean free path without collision is just the probability to traverse the distance s = 4 without collision. Thus Pe ete 42037 (b) This probability is P= e7}-e7? = 023 From the formula Le e-8™ op pe AE a Inq (a) Let P(t)= probability of no collision in the interval (0, «). Then P(t+dt)= P()(1-ade) or Pe aP() or Pee where we have used.P (0) = 1 (b) The mean interval between collision is also the mean interval of no collision. Then feta oo >= —__ fewta 0 kT a-—1_ d= a ak 138 x 107 x 273 V2 (0:37 x 1079)? x 10% a 62x1078 eo es ery ee 136ns ot FO. ra) al ai = 62%10-%m = 6.2% 10°m (b) = 1:36 x 10*s = 3-8 hours The mean distance between molecules is of the order -3\4 wv (a 10 : CF a =A) x10°-° meters = 3-34 x 107° meters 60x 10 6 This is about 18.5 times smaller than the mean free path calculated in 2.223 (a) above. We know that the Vander Waal’s constant b is four times the molecular volume. Thus 3 be AN Ze or d= (za) ta ws Ki Hence a [ To ) 4) Vi xpe}\ 36258 2.226 2.227 2.228 2.229 2.230 The volocity of sound in N; is Ve : ure e M i it rR -— kh __ y M V2xd*pyN, or, v= aE DNV ia (@) A>lifp< kT Vad I Now for O, of Ois 0-7 Pa, kT Vind I (b) The corresponding 1 is obtained by dividing by kT and is 1:84 x 10” per m? = 1-84"per c.c. and the corresponding mean distance is —-5. a _ ue 18107 m ~ 0:18 pm. (0-184) x 10° : 1 a Oe = V2 xd?n= -74x 10°57! (see 2.223) (b) Total number of collisions is dv = 10x10 sem~? Note, the factor i. ‘When two molecules collide we must not count it twice. 1 @ A= = V2 xd?n dis a constant and x is a constant for an isochoric process so d is constant for an isochoric process. () A= Baer for an isobaric process, x a> iF ro (a) In an isochoric process 4 is constant and vavT avpV aVp aVn (0) A= as must decrease times in an isothermal process and v must increase nd°p C ve a for an isobaric process. vT " n times because is constant in an isothermal process.2.231 2.232 1 Vv @) rat a? NN 7 Thus av and va But in an adiabatic process ( 7 Fhe) TV'-1 = constant so TV%5 = constant or TY av-% Thus vay“ T ©) 245 U But () = constant or Zap or Tap’ Thus hap Mm p-7 . wt wea Ea 6/7 v= Sata - - x VT P P P (© raVv But TV™> = constant or VaT~*? Thus rar? Tos vas-er In the polytropic process of index n pV" = constant, TV"~+ = constant and p'~"T" = constant (@) kav isn cnet val = viytnay 2 FT opna pet 1-2 @) Aad, Tap"! o Tap so hap 1 1 ve So frap re pa260 2.233 2.234 2.235 (®) The number of collisions between the molecules in a unit volume is 1 _ vr pnve tnd tevrate ay v? This remains constant in the poly process pV~* = constant Using (2.122) the molar specific heat for the polytropic process pV" = constant, ‘ coals) Thus cor (544) RG+a)- 38 y-1 4 It can also be written as aR (1 +24) where i= 5 (b) In this case vr. constant and so pV~+ = constant 1 1 7 enn (y +3} #(5+3)- 3R It can also be written as Ray ‘We can assume that all molecules, incident on the hole, leak out. Then, ee tn ev>Sdt aoe ta W/S 7 Integrating n= ne". Hence = V ae If the temperature of the compartment 2 is y times more than that of compartment 1, it must contain + times less number of molecules since pressure must be the same when the big hole is open. If M= mass of the gas in 1 than the mass of the gas in 2 must be a So immediately after the big hole is closed. 0 o. M M. my’ "2" Tay where m= mass of each molecule and ny, n are concentrations in 1 and 2, After the big hole is closed the pressures will differ and concentration will become n, and n, where nytn= mvt +n) On the other hand ny = 2) Le. m= vq 1,2.236 2.237 2.239 261 Thus ny (1+V¥n) = amas nS (1+n) den 7 - ree ‘We know n= jo>dp= soo Fpmavt Thus 7 changing o times implies 7 changing otimes. On the other hand if# Br kT D= feveh= meus Thus D changing B times means r changing B times 3 So p must change = times 8 pat avF, nevT (a) D will increase n times 7 will remain constant if T is constant re 3/2, () Da vy” 0 = py? navpV Thus D will increase n°” times, 1 will increase n‘” times, if p is constant DaVVT, navT In an adiabatic process TV'~* = constant, or Tx V'=~ Now V is decreased + times. Thus = : DaVa= (7) a= (| F z naofV So D decreases n**times and n increase n “times. (a) Da vvTa Vpv* Thus D remains constant in the process pV? = constant So polytropic index n= 3 (>) navT avpV262 2.240 1 2.241 2.242 So n remains constant in the 1sothermal process pV= constant, n= 1, here (©) Heat conductivity k= 4 Cy and Cy, is a constant for the ideal gas Thus n= 1 here also, Vem Gina VF 2)" (m oF a= (3) (7) - a k 3 Ww “4 & oa 3) (* Pad | “owen 4 a ie 1 14 8:31 x 273 x 10 x189 wx 36 x 10 = 10.7 x 36 xo her ipey ~1,/8F _1__, Sv 3 Vimx V2xd?n M Cy) C_is the specific heat capacity which is al Now C,, is the same for all monoatomic gases such as He and A. Thus 1 Ka VM d? Kite 87 VM, a vo 2 2 uaa az y 87 = VS = 1658 ~ 17 ay, v10 In this case N, 4 4 1 = 4x0 a or AR To decrease Nj, times 7 must be decreased n times. Now 17 does not depend on pressure 3 PAAR. seme of N= ZION R until the pressure is so low that the mean free path equals, say, SAR Then the mean free path is fixed and 7 decreases with pressure. The mean free path equals + AR when = . Fin din,” AB (tom concentration2.243 2.244 2.245 2.246 263 V2 kT nd’ AR The sought pressure is m times less -23 ET 9710? ors 10-™ x 10 The answer is qualitative and depends on the choice 3 AR for the mean free path Corresponding pressure is pp = We neglect the moment of inertia of the gas in a shell. Then the moment of friction forces on a unit length of the cylinder must be a constant as a function of r. Niji So, 2aPn ZN, or w(r)= aaala “7 M(t M1 1 and o= iaa(a “3 or 1 Gxa(a-2] We consider two adjoining layers. The angular velocity gradient is °. So the moment of the frictional force is a 4 = : oe Anew Ne fr-2nrar-nrt F 0 In the ultrararefied gas we must determine y by taking A= fh Then L mp1. / 2M 3 er” 3 Winer? LnatpV at ° PV oRT Take an infinitesimal section of length dx and apply Poiseuilles equation to this. Then WW =xal ap a 8yn ax From the formula pv= RT ” pdV= a, ‘ or dm ye 2M pp at 8yRT de This equation implies that if the flow is isothermal then p 2 must be a constant and s0 a r equals in magnitude. 21 _ _xa'M |Pa ** TenRT Thus,264 2.247 Let T= temperature of the interface. Then heat flowing from left = heat flowing into right in equilibrium. 1, -T T-T, 4 4 Thus, x)= x, or T= =, io 2.248 We have 2.249 By definition the heat flux (per unit area) is . aT d InT,/T, Q= ~K G7 7 0G, nT = constant = +a 1 : x th Integrating In T= Fin +ln 7, ava where 7, = temperature at the end x= 0 Te 6a LTT So TaThp] md Q= 2.250 Suppose the chunks have temperatures T,,T> at time ¢ and T,-dT,, T,+dT> at time dt+t. KS Then Cyd? = C,dT,= “P(T,- Tat Thus daT= “Ter ara where AT= T, - Tp 1 2 Hence AT = (AT) e7”* where i. F(2.251 2.252 265 Q- 2. -avF = _ a -3A . (A= constant ) eore 3 1 Thus T*4 = constant ~ i F( 77? - 13? ) or using T=T, atx=0 2) Reet "M33? aM N, Then from the previous problem air? (737-7) _ = — 32 1 i= 3 here. 9” 9557 VMN, | (+T%) At this pressure and average temparature = 27°C = 300K = Dee = 2330 x 107 *m = 233mm >>5-0mm = 1 * Gay The gas is ultrathin and we write A= il here Then q= eM, BOT where Wea Vo ET M Fas)! and q- aa where = V ser . We have used 7, - 7, << 7. here.266 2.254 2.255 2.256 2.257 AL 2nx In equilibrium oar Ee -A-= constant. So T= B-=“—Inr But T= 7, when r= R, and F= 7, when r= Ry T, From this we find T= T, + In equilibrium 4m r? x gz. ~A = constant TepeAl Using T= 7, when r= R, and T= T, when r= Ry faa A_ilr & R, Rx, The heat flux vector is - « grad T and its divergence equals w. Thus T= T,+ vre-% « We ; or oe cylindrical coordinates. or T=B+Amr- 7 Since T is finite at r= 0,A= 0. Also T= Ty atr= R Ww p2 so B= T+ ZR Ww 2 Thus T= Ty+ G(R? =r ) r here is the distance from the axis of wire (axial radius). Here again vr--*% K So in spherical polar coordinates, ba (et) tole tess pear\” ar ar 3K or Te peo 2 7 OK Again A= 0 and Ba T+ R? so finally T= Ty+@-(R?-r?)PART THREE ELECTRODYNAMICS 3.1. CONSTANT ELECTRIC FIELD IN VACUUM 2 2 3.1 F, (for electorns) = is and F,,= Hep r Fa (for electrons) = oe Fy 4negym Thus -190)2 (1-602 x 107” cy ue ) 66710" m/e) x (9:11 x 1073! kg)? : F, Similarly x (for proton) = ime? ci ‘o 1 9x 10° (1-602 x 107 9c)? x 6:67 x 107! m?/(kg -s?) x (1-672 x 10-7” kg)” = 1x 10% 2. V4 ey = 086 x 107° C/k 9x 10° : 1 23, BEG * 6023 x 10 3.2 Total number of atoms in the sphere of mass 1 gm = 6023 x 10” 63-54 Now the charge on the sphere = Total nuclear charge — Total electronic charge So the total nuclear charge 4 = x 16 x 107 x 29268 33 34 6-023 x 10 -19, 29x1 ou 10 Hence force of interaction between these two spheres, 2 F-zh- eee N= 9x 10? x 10° x 19.348. = 1-74 x 104N 0 Let the balls be deviated by an angle 9, from the vertical when separtion between them equals x. Applying Newton’s second law of motion for any one of the sphere, we get, T cos 0 = mg () and TsinO= F, 2) From the Eqs. (1) and (2) = 4-298 x 10°C tno= 3 ae ing @) But from the figure tan 6 = @ Fw MBE gp —L MRE eat 4negx lt aoe ? . 2x ome x 6 Differentiating Eqn. (5) with respect to time dq 2 meymg a& ug Te According to the problem & = v = a/VE (approach velocity is #) 12 ‘2 Meg mg dg_ 3%&mg 2 a so, (“3 ) i. ae 2 ¥ 2 Hence He 3 V 2207 Let us choose coordinate axes as shown in the figure and fix three charges, q,, g and q having position vectors 7, 7) and 7; respectively. Now, for the equilibrium of q, om) oe oe +%93(-73) 1437-73) | —>_ 3 a I-73 Ir- 73135 3.6 3.7 269 on m a 77-71 7-73] aed ~~ poets fies because ea - Sa In-731 0 I-73] or, Van (7-73) = Vay (73-72) or, 7 Van Fit Van 7 > el ay ey Va, +V a0 Also for the equilibrium of q,, @(%B-H) @(B-h) =0 > >to 3 I-A l-7l ~h > = or, % = Sen - 71 In-7 Substituting the value of 73, we get, “Ub 8” a +a When the charge q, is placed at the centre of the ring, the wire get stretched and the extra tension, produced in the wire, will balance the electric force due to the charge q. Let the tension produced in the wire, after placing the charge qo, be T. From Newton’s second law in projection form F, = mw,. le (a - 140 tay ear] (am) 0, 4% , _ ° 8x er Sought field strength pg 4&9 [r= mer =45kV/m on putting the values. Let us fix the coordinate system by taking the point of intersection of the diagonals as — the origin and let k’be directed normally, emerging from the plane of figure. Hence the sought field strength :270 38 3.9 ad q lit xk” -| ~7) +xk "ae Pay?" 4ne ee? a axk q Dexk *Gne aay Ane) win - —4 Ri 277} ane(?exyee i-2j J Thus E= a V2 meg (P42)? From the symmetry of the problem the sought field. g- fae, where the projection of field strength along x-axis due to an elemental charge is dqcos0 _ gRcos0d0 dE. eee eee 4me)R* a Hence tel cos 0d0 — 1 20 eR From the symmetry of the condition, it is clear that, the field along the normal will be zero ie, E,= 0 and E= E; Now dE, = —4__ cos 0 ' 4meg (R741?) ake = But dq= +45 dr and cos 0 Hence 2aR d& E={ dE,= 47a i) = Boe 4 meq (R2 417)? of ame (+R? ye and for 1>>R, the ring behaves like a point charge, reducing the field to the value, ig. Ew —_ 4me 173.10 271 Fort Emax We should have aE. 0 Sol?+R?)?- 2107+ R?)!721 = 0 or 174+R?-312=0 R q Thus 1= & and E,..= v2 max” 6 V3 meyR? The electric potential at a distance x from the given ring is given by, 4 _____4 __ Amex 4me,(R +x)? Hence, the field strength along x-axis (which is the net field strength in ‘our case), oe gt Cg de ney? 4ney(Ro+xy q 3 12 (+3}" 1 tne, * : x Rex) 3R 3 R 1455454 e@)= Neglecting the higher power of R/x, as x>>R. 3qR Bxeyx® E= Note : Instead of @ (x), we may write E (x) directly using 3.9 From the solution of 3.9, the electric field strength due to ring at a point on its axis (say x-axis) at distance x from the centre of the ring is given by : ge LCL 49 (R? +x) And from symmetry E at every point on the axis is directed along the x-axis (Fig.). Let us consider an element (dx) on thread which carries the charge (A dx). The electric force experienced by the element in the field of ring. haxde dF = (hdx) E(x) = itt co 4ne)(R+x)? Thus the sought interaction oo > pe Aqxdx x E 4n& (R24)? dx 0 integrati = On integrating we get, F Teoh272 3.12 (a) The given charge distribution is shown in Fig. The symmetry of this distribution os implies that vector E at the point O is directed to the right, and its magnitude is equal to > —> the sum of the projection onto the direction of E of vectors dE from elementary charges —> = dq. The projection of vector dE onto vector E is 1_dg 4m € R* where dg= ARdg= dy Roos pdg. dE cos 9 = cos @, Integrating (1) over @ between 0 and 2% we find the magnitude of the vector E: Qn abe 2 En en) ode 0 4eR° It should be noted that this integral is evaluated in the most simple way if we take into account that = 1/2. Then Qn ff co edg- 2m= 1. 0 (b) Take an clement S at an azimuthal angle @ from the x-axis, the clement subtending an angle dq at the centre. The elementary field at P due to the element is Ay cos pd pR 4meg (2 +R?) hy cospdgR 4meq (x +R?) x whi cos 8 = ere ary along SP with components x {cos 0 along OP, sin 0 along OS } Qn The component along OP vanishes on integration as f cospdp=0 o The component alon OS can be broken into the parts along OX and OY with AR 2 cos pdg 4 meq (+R?) On integration, the part along OY vanishes. Finally x {cos p along OX, sing along OY } R2 E-E,= ne For x>>R deo +R’) ok 2 £,= —*—, where p= ))tR * Amex 7273 3.13 (a) It is clear from symmetry considerations that vector E must be directed as shown in the figure. This shows the way of solving this problem : we must find the component dE, of the field created by the element dl of the rod, having the charge dq and then integrate the result over all the elements of the rod. In this case Add osc, 0 8 where) = a is the linear charge density. Let us reduce this equation of the form convenient dE,= dE cosa 7 for integration. Figure shows that dicos a= ryda and ry= a Consequently, 1 Anda dE, 4ne A” 4megr cos ada This expression can be easily integrated : % as af cwadanahs Teg 28 where Gy is the maximum value of the angle a, Sin Op = alVeaP /2a a ee ART Va? AmegrVare? ae og : Note that in this case also E ana Z for r >> a as of the field of a point charge. Thus, E= (b) Let, us consider the element of length di at a distance / from the centre of the rod, as shown in the figure. dl Then field at B due to this element. ——= ral z Pp - d=" _,, + 4nxe(r-I) — - a —I| if the element lies on the side, shown in the diagram, and dE = wap if it lies on 4ney(r+l) other side. : Hence Ef dE~ Sit Adi Satie 4ne(r-D) 4 neq (r+) — og [og 1 On integrating and puting A= 3, we get, E= Gta q For r>>a, Ew 4negr274 3.14 3.15 The problem is reduced to finding E, and E, viz. the projections of Ein Fig, where it is assumed that 4 > 0. Let us start with E,, The contribution to E, from the charge element of the segment dr is aE, = 5 re Me sin a (yy Let us reduce this expression to the form convenient for integration. In our case, de = rdo/cos a, r= y/cosa. Then dE, = —*—sinarda. Txegy Integrating this expression over a between @ and 1/2, we find E,= Wnty. In order to find the projection E, it is sufficient to recall that dE, differs from dE, in that sina in (1) is simply replaced by cos a. This gives dE,= (Kcosada)/4neyy and E,= /4xeoy. We have obtained an interesting result : E, = E, independently of y, i.e. E is oriented at the angle of 45° to the rod. The modulus of E is Ex E2 +E} = AV2/4xepy. (a) Using the solution of 3.14, the net electric field strength at the point O due to straight parts of the thread equals zero. For the curved part (arc) let us derive a general expression i.e. let us calculate the field strength at the centre of arc of radius R and linear charge density 4 and which subtends angle Q at the centre. From the symmetry the sought field strength al will be directed along the bisector of the angle O, and is given by LY? +02 ° 2.(R dd) aA, % / Inour problem 6, = 2/2, thus the field strength > due to the turned part at the point YE v22 aE 0” Grey R Which is also the sought result. (b) Using the solution of 3.14 (a), net field strength at O due to stright parts equals va v22 h 4nxeyR| 2xe9R and is directed vertically down. Now using the solution of 3.153.16 3.17 275 (@), field strength due to the given curved part (semi-circle) at the point O becomes sta and is directed vertically upward. Hence the sought net field strengh becomes 0 zero. Given charge distribution on the surface_g = @” 7” is shown in the figure. Symmetry of this distribution implies that the sought E at the centre O of the sphere is opposite to a” dq= o(2nrsin0)rd0= @-7)2xrsinOd0= 2xaP sin O cosod0 Again frgm symmetry, field strength due to any ring element dE is also opposite to oe 2» aie. dE} a: Hence dE = ee ee the result of 3.9) 4m € (7 sin? 0 + cos” 6)? 4 : _ (2a? sin @ cos 0d6)rcos 0 (- a) 4neyr a = =~ sin 0 cos? 0 2&9 Thus * FE. f &- CHF f sino cos?oa0 2e 0 an 2 ai, Inte i =- Se -— Integrating, we get E 2e, 3 3ep We start from two charged spherical balls each of radius R with equal and opposite charge densities +p and -p. The centre of the balls are at + 5 and 5 respectively so the . az fete! equation of their surfaces are |r 5] @ to be small. The distance between the two surfaces in the radial direction at angle 0 is | acos® | and does not depend on the azimuthal angle. It is seen from the diagram that the surface of the sphere has in effect a surface density 6 = oy cos® when = Ror r- SeosOm Randr+ SeosOm R, considering Op = pa. Inside any uniformly charged spherical ball, the field is radial and has the magnitude given by Gauss’s theorm 4nPE = Bore, or be 3e, In vector notation, using the fact the V must be measured from the centre of the ball, we get, for the present case276 3.18 3.19 3.20 So =-pa73e, = —k pa/3é, 3e, When F’is the unit vector along the polar axis from which 0 is measured. Let us consider an elemental spherical shell of thickness dr. Thus surface charge density of the shell o= pdr-= (a"7r°) dr. Thus using the solution of 3.16, field strength due to this sperical shell dE =~ ar 3 € Hence the sought field strength R = = PR -< | rdr= -te0 Be € 0 From the solution of 3.14 field anength ata perpenitar distance r < R from its left end Fo- FASCI+ or Here e, is a unit vector along radial direction. Let us consider an elemental surface, dS = dydz~= dz(rd0) a figure. Thus flux of E(r) over the element d5 is siven by (i+ rar]: dr (r dO) i dd=EF-ds= [are : a dr d0( as @, 4 i ) ~ 4 meq The sought flux, ® = - > ots = oVye a S " t ok 4n€, mA re AR If we have taken dS tt (-i), then ® were > 0 Hence |= Let us consider an elemental surface area as shown in the figure. Then flux of the vector E through the elemental area, d®= E-dS= EdS = 2E,cos pd (as Ett dS) . 24 1 ed0ydr= —2al raed 4ne (+7) (ery 4neg(r tly277 where Ey = is magnitude of — 4ne(? +r) field strength due to any point charge at the Point of location of considered elemental area “2a f atin S Ths @- 723 Gaps ® 2qix2n Sth rdr 7 4k ee ‘| Tat | It can also be a by considering a ring element or by using solid angle. 3.21 Let us consider a ring clement of radius x and thickness dx, as shown in the figure. Now, flux over the considered element, — d@= E-dS= E,dS cos® But E,= 2” from Gauss’s theorem, 3e9 To and dS= 2xxdx , cos0= 2 Tr) PM Thus d= Poon rdr = Pane de 3e 7 38 Hence oa flux Veen 0 2npro(R-1) *P% > 2 ae) 3.22 The field at P due to the threads at A and B are both of magnitude — 2 weg (x? +1°/4) and directed along AP and BP. The resultant is along OP with 2dcos 8 - Ax 2ne( m+)? ey? +1774) ne, ae — : 2vx E= 0 aa,278 3.23. Take a section of the cylinder perpendicular to its axis through the point where the electric 3.24 3.25 field is to be calculated. (All points on the axis are equivalent.) Consider an element S with azimuthal angle @. The length of the element is Rp, R being the radius of cross section of the cylinder. The element itself is a section of an infinite strip. The electric field at O due to this strip is aocosp(Rde) on Rdg 2neR 8 This can be resolved into 9608 Pd P (cos p along OX towards O U/ 2m ey sin p along YO On integration the component along YO vanishes. What remains is LY’) xt Qn 2 Oycos’ Pdp Oy ' «ects f Tne, 7 Dep tone XO ice. along the direction = 7 0 Since the field is axisymmetric (as the field a Uniformly tharped lament), we condude that the flux through the sphere of radius R is equal to the flux through the lateral surface of a cylinder having the same radius and the height 2R, as arranged in the figure. R Now, © § E-dS= E,S a But E,-R R2tR R= 4naR (a) Let us consider a sphere of radius r < R then charge, inclosed by the considered sphere, r : taanat= f xP dro f axr eo(t- o 0 Now, applying Gauss’ theorem, @ O=-S Thus R @ E,4xr= Adore (where E, is the projection of electric field along the radial line.) =o f 4anP(1-Zlar & R 0 e ar a e- 22| p32 r" 3e,|7 4k3.27 279 And for a point. outside the sphere r > R. R 2 r : ; 7 f 4nPdrpy ( - aes there is no charge outside the ball) 0 Again from Gauss’ theorem, R a , f anf drool! R) SF & 0 3 4 3 Po [RoR PoR or, E,= = |>-al= Pegl3 AR] 12r'e, (b) As-magnitude of electric field decreases with increasing r for r>R, field will be maximum for r R, we can write. On integrating we get, ca” (q-2naR?) dna? ® 2e5 The intensity E does not depend on r when the experession in the parentheses is equal to zero. Hence 2 oe q= 2maR and E= 3 Let us consider a spherical layer of radius r and thickness dr, having its centre coinciding with the centre of the system. Then using Gauss’ theorem, for this surface, EB Am ria Hineesed few . & 4 : = 1 ff poe *axr ar £o 0280 3.28 3.29 After integration E,4nPa 24% enor) ea o, Ee pe] " 3ear r Now when ar?<<1, E,~ 207 3 Po 3ear* And when ar >>1, E,= Using Gauss theorem we can easily show that the electric field strength within a uniformly charged sphere is E= (*] T Bey The cavity, in our problem, may be considered as the superposition of two balls, one with the charge density p and the other with - p. Let P be a point inside the cavity such that its position vector with respect to the centre of cavity be 7” and with respect to the centre of the ball 7, Then from the principle of superposition, field inside the cavity, at an arbitrary point P, . Be! oo Je. Note : Obtained expression for E shows that it is valid regardless of the ratio between the radii of the sphere and the distance between their centres. Let us consider a cylinderical Gaussian surface of radius r and height / inside an infinitely long charged cylinder with charge density p. Now from Gauss theorem : E,2nrh= ‘aslo 0 (where E, is the field inside the cylinder at a distance r from its axis.) 2 or, E,2arh= ban E,= s— & 2e Now, using the method of 3.28 field at a point P, inside the cavity, is = ee Be E+E PRM) = fa <_—_— >3.30 3.31 281 The arrangement of the rings are as shown in the figure. Now, potential at the point 1, 1 = potential at 1 due to the ring 1 + potential at 1 due to the ring 2. ee 4megR 4ne,(R +a’) Similarly, the potential at point 2, oa @ q m AW enRe gs nee, "2" GmeoR * ane, (Re +a) \ a Hence, the sought potential difference, ~ q+ dp~ 2(—2—-4 ——- 2 . (Fer 4 eq (R24 0°)? <4 a 2meoRT Vis esry We know from Gauss theorem that the electric field due to an infinietly long straight wire, at a perpendicular distance r from it equals, E, = 2 ne a See-fas dr 1 * (where x is perpendicular distance from the thread by which point 1 is removed from it.) ' . So, the work done is 2neyr Hence Aen= inal n Let us consider a ring element as shown in the figure. Then the charge, carried by the element, dq = (2x R sin 0)Rd00, Hence, the potential due to the considered element at the centre of the hemisphere, 1_dg_2noRsinddO@_ oR. = = sin dd 4me, R 4ne . y do= So potential due to the whole hemisphere w2 Ro . oR < | o- Fe f sinowo~ $8 x PD 0 Now from the symmetry ‘of the problem, net electric field of the hemisphere is directed do towards the negative y-axis. We have ) 1_dqos® o .. R x dE, ane Ze, sin Ocos 0.40 0 7 w2 oo oof on Thus E = Ey = 2e, ff snocas eae ff sn20a0 46° along YO ° 0282 3.33 3.34 Let us consider an elementary ring of thickness dy and radius y as shown in the figure. Then potential at a point P, at distance / from the centre of the disc, is o2nydy 408 ae O° axe OF +l) Hence potential due to the whole disc, oS atte 2 L (Vi sce? -1) 4neg(y+l?)? 2 ae symmetry "lo : Vi+(R/y’ Rpm <2 and when I>>R, when 1-0, p~ 2 Ze 28 oh ok ae!” 4e,7 By definition, the potential in the case of a surface charge distribution is defined by integral = 5 a i In order to simplify integration, we shall choose the area element dS 0 in the form of a part of the ring of radius r and width dr in (Fig.). Then dS = 20 rdr, r= 2Rcos@ and dr= -2Rsin@d0. After substituting these expressions into integral o- — fs we obtain the expression for @ at the point O: 4neJ + 0 oR : om - Zo J Osinode. He 2 We integrate by parts, denoting @ = u and sinOdO™= dv: Osin@d0= -0cos @ So +fcos0d0= -8cos 0 +sin@ which gives -1 after substituting the limits of integration. As a result, we obtain = OR/NEy3.35 3.36 3.37 283 In accordance with the problem p= a" 7" alerted caution > -Ve Fe -[Seot Zenit e.aF]- igi it) 7 @) Given, p= a(?-y') So, E= -Vp=-2a(i-yj) The sought shape of field lines is as shown in the figure (a) of answersheet assuming a>0: (b) Since p= axy a | So, E=-Vo« -ayi-aj Plot as shown in the figure (b) of answersheet. Given, p= a(x? +y?) +62 = a So, Em -Vp= -[axit2ayj+2bzk} Hence JE]= 2 VG +42 Shape of the equipotential surface : Put pe xityj or p= x+y Then the equipotential surface has the equation ap’ +bz'= constant= Ifa>0, b>O then @>0 and the equation of the equipotential surface is 2 9/a* g/b- which is an ellipse in p , z coordinates, In three dimensions the surface is an ellipsoid of revolution with semi- axis Vp/a , V@/a , Vp/b. Ifa>0, b<0 then @ can be 20. If p>0 then the equation is This is a single cavity hyperboloid of revolution about z axis. If p = 0 then ap? - |b] = 0 Vie is the equation of a right circular cone. If p< 0 then the equation can be written as bl? - a p= ol 2 pe lol Abl bel 7a This is a two cavity hyperboloid of revolution about z-axis. or or284 3.38 From Gauss’ theorem intensity at a point, inside the sphere at a distance r from the centre a. is given by, E,= £2” and outside it, is given by E, = ——4. 7 Finer 3e (a) Potential at the centre of the sphere, R . 2 oof Fat f fare —L ae BR 0 0 0 4ne,r 3e 2 "4ne)R y, ARE . ee 8xe,R 4ne,R 8negR 4nR? (be) Now, potential at any point, inside the sphere, at a distance r from its centre. R © o1 e —4_& “0 ai felis —l= 1 Bxek| 3R| 3.39 Let two charges +q and -g be separated by a distance /. Then electric potential at a point at distance r>>J/ from this dipole, Oo ee a (E . J a 4negr, Aner. 4ney But r_-r,= 1cos® and r,rw 7? er From Eqs. (1) and (2), (Ne qicos® pose, % 4negr 4neyr Gaae +4 where p is magnitude of electric moment = ae dp _ 2pcos® Now, E,= - <= “POS” or 4negr L and ya 285 psind | ra0 4negr -4 So E= VEP+E. = —P V4.cos? 0 +sin?0 ane 3.40 From the results, obtained in the previous problem, 2 pcos 8 psin® E,= id Ey = Aner °” 4xer From the given figure, it is clear that, E, = E, cos 0 - Eysin 0 = —P— (3 cos” @ - 1) 4neyr3.41 3.42 285 and E, = E,sin0 +E, cos = 22Sin 6 cos 8 oe 4neqr When ELp’, |E|= £, and E,= 0 1 So 3cos*O= 1 and cos = v3 Thus E, p’at the points located on the lateral surface of the cone, having its axis, coinciding with the direction of z-axis and semi vertex angle @ = cos~'1/V3. Let us assume that the dipole is at the centre of the one equipotential surface which is spherical (Fig.). On an equipotential surface the net electric field strength along the tangent of it becomes zero. Thus —Eysin@+Ey= 0 or ~E,sind+ 2528. g 4negr v3 Hence re 4m eyEy Alternate : Potential at the point, near the dipole is given by, - 21 ,-E)-7% constant, 4neyr a XQ E es 3 *| cos 0 + Const KS 0 For @ to be constant, Eo t Er P P -E,= 0 or, = E 4xeqr °° 4xqr Be a - (aetz,) ] Let P be a point, at distace r>>I and at an angle to @ the vector I (Fig.). r L 2 Thus E at P= Oa ok rei/2 Ine ie => x (5-2 ae Hence E= E|= yr>>l aL 2negr286 3.43 3.44 1 oo xey a Also, Ine In| 7% 1/2|-s*—m|7~ 1/2] oh Prricos0+P/4 _ r1cosd 4ne P-rlcos0+17/4 2RKEgr r>>l The potential can be calculated by superposition. Choose the plane of the upper ring as x= 1/2 and that of the lower ring as x = - 1/2. Ten 92 et oe 4 meg [Ret (x—1/2h )? Amey (R’+ e+ 1/2) J . 4 —————— ao ie 4ne,(R+x- bey}? Amey [R + + by “ 4 1+—*)- 4 i = 4g (R247 | 2 (R42) ) Amey (Rx)? | 2 (R424) ~ gtx 4ne,(R +x) For Ibook, p= ™ The electric fietd is E = - && gi 2 ql ood (2x7- R) oe 5 fe geek AD ane Rx 2 RL) ane, 4 meq (R' +x) For [x]>>R, Ew tO. The plot is as given in the book. 2megx The field of a pair of oppositely charged sheets with holes can by superposition be reduced to that of a pair of unifosm opposite charged sheets and discs with opposite charges. Now the charged sheets do not contribute any field outside them. Thus using the result of the previous problem R o)l2nrdrx 4neg(P +x)? 0 2 Ree oxl | dy oxl 4% : 2e9 VR +0 +6 u # - oo! ol? 1 ie oe or shee ma Ze) (R47? The plot is as shown in the answersheet.3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49 287 For x > 0 we can use the result as given above and write one Alt ~athe el +x) for the solution that vanishes at o. There is a discontinuity in potential for |x| = 0. The solution for negative x is obtained by a > - o. Thus ge yi + constant ole ~ 29 (Rx Hence ignoring the jump ap ol R? ee 26, Rex? E=- for large k| p= —2— and E~ —?—, (where p= xR’ 0) Amex” 2me,|xP = aE Here E,= ——, Ey £, F. ere E,= 5 om Ey= 0 and F= py Reyr’” (a) p’along the thread. E does not change as the point of observation is moved along the thread. F-0 (©) p along 77 Fe ra- 22. -_¥ (c0 using 2 27= 0) (©) Pralong @ “Pra0 2neyr* : PR oe Pho Ph a= Qnegr 90 Aner Anegr Force on a dipole of moment p is given by, a F-|05 In our problem, field, due to a dipole at a distance J, where a dipole is placed, |E|= +, 2negl Hence, the force of interaction, 2 F-—2 q= 21x107*N 2nel -dp= E-dr= a(ydr+xdy)= ad(xy) On integrating, p= -axyt+C > ee ae) eee -dp= E-dr= [2axyit2(?-y)j ]-[dei+dyj ] or, dp= 2axydr+a(x-y’)dy= ad (x y) - ay’ dy288 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 On integrating, we get, 2 @= o(F-e]+e Given, again = d= E-dr™ (ayit (ax + bz)j + by k)- (dei dyj+dek) = a(y dx + ax dy) + b (zdy + ydz) = ad (xy) + bd (yz) On integrating, p= -(axy+byz)+C Field intensity along x-axis. E,= - x = 3ax* q@ Then using Gauss’s theorem in differential from aE, == “e so, p(x) = 6a ex. In the space between the plates we have the Poisson equation #e__ fo ax £9 or, oe Pots AxtB : 2e where pp is the constant space charge density between the plates. We can choose 9 (0)= 0 so B= 0 Pod? Ag , Pod Then OW@)= Ag= Ad-7— on Aw Pare N 39 _ Po low E=- = —x-A=0 forx=0 ax” . Au AD, P04 G : ae ee 2eAQ then Por - 2 Pod Also E@-=—. & Field intensity is along radial line and is pees E,2 -GPe -2ar a) From the Gauss’ theorem, 4n7PE,= 4 £0, where dq is the charge contained between the sphere of radii r and r+ dr. r Hence 4nPE,= 4ar x (-2ar) = = fro dr’ 2) 00 Differentiating (2) p= -6e9a289 3.2 CONDUCTORS AND DIELECTRICS IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD 3.54 3.56 3.57 When the ball is charged, for the equilibrium of ball, electric force on it must counter balance the excess spring force, exerted, on the ball due to the extension in the spring. Thus Fy Foy, i +4 2 or, —4—, = «x, (The force on the charge 4 4 me (21) l q might be considered as arised from attraction ft by the electrical image) i org= 4IVnegkx, y Image sought charge on the sphere. 7 By definition, the work of this force done upon an elementry displacement dx (Fig.) is given by dA= F,de= - 5 dx, 4m €p (2x) where the expression for the force is obtained with the help of the image method. Integrating this equation over x between / and , we find a oS #- 2 l6neyJ 16 xe! a (a) Using the concept of electrical image, it is clear that the magnitude of the force acting on each charge, - > kh fy a Aq Fi-vz —C-—_¢£ — tH a IF Me eee 4mey (20? 4 e 4 2 .=—t5ev2-1 8xe/ (0) Also, from the figure, magnitude of electrical field strength at P | E=2(1-—= ( 5Vv5 ) meg l? Using the concept of electrical image, itis easily seen that the force on the charge q is, Se gaa Ame, (2). 4x eq (2V2 1° _ 2v2-) 7 t is attractive) 32m! a 2290 3.58 3.60 Using the concept of clectrical image, force on the dipole p 3. aE > : F= pp» where Bis field at the location of P'due to (-p") ola 3p 2 > or [F [= |= |p- 2 p Bp al 32m e,1* 1 7 as, |E|- —? 4 ne, (2) To find the surface charge density, we must know the electric field at the point P (Fig.) which is at a distance r from the point O . Using the image mirror method, the field at P, E= 2Ecosa= 24,1 4! 4megr® Qne(+r ye Now from Gauss’ theorem the surface charge density on conductor is connected with the electric field near its surface (in vaccum) through the relation o = €,£,, where E, is the projection of E onto the outward normal 7 (with respect to the conductor). As our field strength Et | 7 so -4 o= -Q)E=- gi Qn +Py (a) The force F, on unit length of the thread is given by Fp-dE, where E, is the field at the thread due to image charge : “> =~ Fre, (OD -n _ Fi Gxegl > minus singn means that the force is one of AT, z attraction. (>) There is an image thread with charge density- 4 behind the conducting plane. We calculate the electric field on the conductor. It is +4 E@)=E,@)= sua 0 on considering the thread and its image. Thus nN O (x)= e)£,= xOtal)291 3.61 (a) ALO, Ade E,(O) = Sas Taeol a So o(0)= HE,= 505 Ade x XR xdc ©) £0 Starr 2x S 2% = ho fH om puting y= 242, +> y ree on tea? Hence o(r)= e)£,= —~—— On anVP +P i 3.62 It can be easily seen that in accordance with the image method, a charge -q must be located on a similar ring but on the other side of the conducting plane. (Fig.) at the same perpendicular distance. From the solution of 3.9 net electric field at O, a Cr 7 E. Tea w) where iis 4 outward normal with respect to the conducting plane. c L Now £ H o= — 2a where minus sign indicates that the induced carge is opposite in sign to that of charge q>0. 3.63, Potential ¢ is the same for all the points of the sphere. Thus we calculate its value at the centre O of the sphere. Thus we can calculate its value at the centre O of the sphere, because only for this point, it can be calculated in the most simaple way. og eT a292 3.64 3.65 3.66 where the first term is the potential of the charge q While the second is the potential due to the charges induced on the surface of the sphere. But since all induced charges are at the same distance equal to the radius of the circle from +4 the point C and the total induced charge is equal to zero, @' = 0, as well. Thus equation (1) is reduced to the form, 14 4negl e= ‘As the sphere has conducting layers, charge ~q is induced on the inner surface of the sphere q and consequently charge + q is induced on the outer layer as the sphere as a whole is uncharged. Hence, the potential at O is given by, Ge Ga) q 4ne,R, 4ne,R, It should be noticed that the potential can be found in such a simple way only at O, since all the induced charges are at the same distance from this point, and their distribution, (which is unknown to us), does not play any role. %- ane, Potential at the inside sphere, iG va" Gxega 4ntyb : b Obviously = 0 for qy= -= 4, () When r2b, % b % b : 4meyr*4meyr cea cl), 7, using Eq. (1). And when rs b ~-H_, @ Hh %" Gnegr 4ne,b 4ne,\r a (a) As the metallic plates 1 and 4 are isolated and conncted by means of a conductor, = Gq Plates 2 and 3 have the same amount of positive and negative charges and due to induction, plates 1 and 4 are respectively negatively and positively charged and in addition to it all the four plates are located a small but at equal distance d relative to each3.67 293 other, the magnitude of electric field strength between 1 - 2 and 3 - 4 are both equal in magnitude and direction (say E’). Let E" be the field strength between the plates 2 and 3, which is directed form 2 to 3. Hence Et) F (Fig.). According to the problem E'd= Ap= 9-93 (yy In addition to Pi- Pe O= (G1 ~ 2) + (Pp- 3) + (3 ~ Fa) or, -O= ~Ed + Ag -Ed or, Ap= 2Ed or Ex fe Eo Hence = E= 5 = 5H @ (b) Since E ao, we can state that according to equation (2) for part (a) the charge on the plate 2 is divided into two parts; such that 1/3 rd of it lies on the upper side and 2/3 1d on its lower face. Thus charge density of upper face of plate 2 or of plate 1 or plate 4 and lower face of £, Ap 30= eE= “55 and charge density of lower face of 2 or upper face of 3 o'= eE'= et Zed Hence the net charge density of plate 2 or 3 becomes o + 0’ = = which is obvious from the argument. The problem of point charge between two conducting planes is more easily tackled (if we want only the total charge induced on the planes) if we replace the point charge by a uniformly charged plane sheet. Let o be the charge density on this sheet and E, , E, outward electric field on the two sides of this sheet. ° Then E,+E,- = 0 The conducting planes will be assumed to be grounded. Then E, x= E, (I-). Hence E,= it E,= Tet This means that the itduced charge density on the plane conductors are 6 o,= -F(l-9, = - $2 Hence q, = -tq-», Oe 4x294 3.68 Near the conductor E = E, = 2 oO This field can be written as the sum of two parts E, and E>. E, is the electric field due to an infinitesimal area dS. ' ° Very near it Ey= # 3 The remaining part contributes E, = 2 on 1 i ds E, both sides. In calculating the force «on the t n element dS we drop E, (because it is a self-force.) Thus Sg dS 2% 2 3.69 The total force on the hemisphere is wd F=f Z-couo-22Rsnonde 2e, 0 La 3.70 We know that the force acting on the area element dS of a conductor is, iS aF= 50 ds on) 2 2nR 1, 2% 2 - Tt foll fr tH iderations that follows from symmetry considerations tha Ue the resultant force F is directed along the z~axis, and hence it can be represented as the sum Zhe z (integral) of the projection of elementary forces

b, similarly 2 E= a(F) a) tr Now, pee ar So by integration from infinity where @ (2) = 0, OK a on rae for297 90 eer a +A D,= 5 ered, rR A= 0 as D,# @ at r= 0 Thus, E,= = & For r>R, D-5 pre By continuity of D, at r= R; B= & pk so, E,= r>R : a: 3 7 = phe — pee @ Ber? 77k and Gig tcue 2 pR = PR, PR by continuity of c dom eee! yy continuity of p. Sce answer sheet for graphs of E (r) and @ (r) . 3 () p'= div Fe -42 {Fe(-2)}- 22 ar € , 1 1 O'= Py, -P2,= Py 50R ( -7) Because there is a discontinuity in polarization at the boundary of the dielectric disc, a bound surface charge appears, Which is the source of the electric field inside and outside the disc. ‘We have for the electric field at the origin. where 7™ radius vector to the origin from the element dS.300 o’ = P, = Pos @ on the curved surface (P,, = 0 on the flat surface.) Here 6 = angle between 77and P- By symmetry, E will be parallel to P. Thus ax ga - | PeseRdeeoso 4negk 0 where, r= R if d< Pa Se, Ew ~ grog and B= - 3.83. Since there are no free extraneous charges anywhere = aD, divD= [*= 0 of, D,= Constant But D,= 0 at ©, so, D,= 0, every where. 3B, Pi Thus, Eu -—2 1-3 or, E,= fo) told eld : Pyx Py . oa + constant - Coeds Hence, (a 2Pyd 2Pyd 4Pyd Pare & 3d7e 38% 3.84 (a) We have D,= D,, of, €£,= E, Also, E448, 4 Eyd oF, Ey+Ey= 2Ep Ey 2eE, 2eeEy Hence, Ey" and E,= <>" and Dy= Dp= = (b) D,= Dz, or, €£,= E,= oe Ey E, Thus, By= Ey, Ey= 2 and Dy= Dy e£p3.85 3.86 3.87 3.88 301 (a) Constant voltage actos the plates; E,= Ey, Dy= Ey Dy= tt Ey (b) Constant charge across the plates; E,= Ey, Dy= 9 £,, Dy= & ey E,= eD, 2E, E,(1+e)= 26) or E,= Ey= —* 2 e+1 At the interface of the dielectric and vacuum, Ey= Ex The electric field must be radial and E,- E,= 45, Gcrck 0 Now, q= Sonr)+ 0a) wa(tet)ex = or Ey= Eps ——4—__ 2neyr(1+e) In air the forces are as shown. In K-oil, F-+F'= F/e and ma->me (1 -*) Since the inclinations do not change oo ee e ° or, e or, P= PT where pp is the density of K-oil and p that of the material of which the balls are made. Within the ball the electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. E, = Ecos 0,E, = Esin® Then, D, = € &o Ecos @ and P,=(€-1) €)Ecos 8 or, o'= (€- 1) &)E cos 8 80, Onax = (€- 1) gE, and total charge of one sign,302 3.89 3.90 1 d= f (e- 0) eg 00802 28? d(cos 6) = mR eg (e-1)E 0 (Since we are interested in the total charge of one sign we must intergrate cog @ from 0 to 1 only). The charge is at A in the medium 1 and has an image point at A’ in the medium 2. The electric field in the medium 1 is due to the actual charge q at A and the image charge q' at A’. The electric field in 2 is due to a corrected charge q’ at A. Thus on the boundary between 1 and 2, cos 6 - —2— cos 6 oe 4xeqr 4neor In E,,= 4 0086 m0 Aner E,,= —L sino +—L sino 2 2 4negr 4negr Ey, = —t sin 0 4neyr The boundary conditions are D,,= Dz, and Ey,= Ey PA q=4q+7 2g = _ (a) The surface density of the bound charge on the surface of the dielectric O! = Po, = Duy ~ &9 E oq = (€ = 1) £9 Ean yo eae ert e-1 q e-1 ql Sestoap | asloee e-1 See -ijtq The force on the peint charge q is due to the bound charges. This can be calculated from the field at this charge after extracting out the self field. This image field is ae (©) Total bound charge is,— “=3.91 E, = 3.92 3.93 303 qn 7 112 Pind Amtyr, 4nrz ey ne E,~ "1, Pin2 4negr, where q’= 22, q= 4-4 e+l’ = In the limit 1+ 0 ~ > E- Gear. 5, in either part. 4negr 2neg(l+e)r Thus, (3 oe : Po” Ixe(l+er a 2neg(l+e)r D- ——_2—_,, J 1 in vacuum Qneg(l+e)r | & in dielectric Using the boundary conditions, £,,= &E,,, Ey, = Ey This implies q-2q = 4" and q+eqd= eq" So, q’= ae e+1’ jo akg ae erie Then, as earlier, eee rss 2Qnr \et+l) & To calculate the electric field, first we note that an image charge will be needed to ensure that the electric field on the metal boundary is normal to the surface.3.94 3.95 3.96 The image charge must have magnitude -2 so that the tangential component of the electric field may vanish. Now, 7 (-s)zom0- —a_ "” ame le? Qneer Then P,= D,-t£,= SVE. o' 2ner This is the density of bound charge on the surface. Since the condenser plates are connected, E,h+E,(d-h)=0 and P+ ek, = e%E, Thus, £,d-"*. 0, of Ey= Ph 0 tod P(,_h E,= ~E (1-3) Given P= a7” where 7% distance from the axis. The space density of charges is given by, p'=-div P= -2a A oe 1 ame On using. div Fe ry=2 In a uniformly charged sphere, = Po» r= 3, % E= Be” The total electric field is ie te Oe ae Por 3,0 (F= 87) Po 1 Pr Gen Ce aces where pd7= —P (dipole moment is defined with its direction being from the -ve charge to +ve charge.) The potential outside is 7 ol (2e = Por uy taal" inn): co where J = - s R? py ar’ is the total dipole moment.3.97 3.98 3.99 3.100 305 The electric field Bi ina spherical cavity in a uniform dielectric of permittivity e is related to the far away field E, in the following manner, Jmagine the cavity to be filled up with the dielectric. Then there will be a uniform field E everywhere and a polarization P, given by, P= (€-1)QE Now take out the sphere making the cavity, the_glectric field inside the sphere will be P ~ 3e9 By superposition. Ey - EF 0 or, Ey= Fehe-nE- herve By superposition the field E inside the ball, is given by Fe E- 3 On the other hand, if the sphere is not too small, the macroscopic equation P= (¢- 1) ¢g£ must hold. Thus, Efiete-1)-E E’ 3 febe-n)-% o B28 = 1 Also Po 362-38, This is to be handled by the same trick as in 3.96. We have effectively a two dimensional situation. For a uniform cylinder full of charge with charge density py (charge per unit volume), the electric field E at an inside point is along the (cylindrical) radius vector 7” and equal to, ee cck cca Eo er divE= 42 (Eye 2, pence, E= Lr ror on 25 Therefore the polarized cylinder can be thought of as two equal and opposite charge dis- tributions displaced with respect to each other = = 1 51 i 2 E= Ba OT Bag PLT BF = ones ~ 2 Since P= -pd7° (direction of electric dipole moment vector being from the negative charge to positive charge .) As in 3.98, we write B= E,- 2€ using here the result of the foregoing problem, Also P= (€-1)eE ole+l)_ > = 25 Poo, t2iz So, F{ )-E. o, Ex 4 and Po 2c)" By306 3.3. ELECTRIC CAPACITANCE ENERGY OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD 3.101 Let us mentally impart a charge q on the conductor, then R ® 7 of ef eG 4neger 4ntyr R : R, he oo ft gt 4mege | R, R,|” 4xe9 Rp a “a tn | 4xege| RR, Hence the sought capacitance, bog qanee AneeR, M9. =) 1)" Ry q te -1ste1 R, R, € DR,* 3.102 From the symmetry of the problem, the voltage across each capacitor, Ap = E/2 and charge on each capacitor g= C§/2 in the absence of dielectric. Now when the dielectric is filled up in one of the capacitors, the equivalent capacitance of the system, " Ce Coe tee and the potential difference across the capacitor, which is filled with dielectric, ag’ tu COE OE eC (1+e)Ce (1+e) But gaE So, as p decreases $a +e) times, the field strength also decreases by the same factor and flow of charge,Aq = q'-q Ce, C, 1 +5 57257 2°51) 3.103 (a) As it is series combination of two capacitors, d, &yS 1,4 ,.% yo. 2S __ Co eS He,S G/e) 1a,/e) (b) Let, o be the initial surface charge density, then density of bound charge on the boundary plane. = seals fea] a & &307 eg CV es ere v, But, oe v : SS" ed,+e,4,8 veo os ee ee) ed, +e, dy 3.104 (a) We point the x-axis lowards right and place the origin on the left hand side plate. The left plate is assumed to be positively charged. Since € varies linearly, we can write, e(x)= atbx where a and b can be determined from the boundary condition. We have e= e, at x= 0 and = €) at xed, Thi ‘ 2° us, ex) = e+ (2 |x Now potential difference between the plates + - od & In (_-e)& & 0 voles + Eq — £1) Eg S Hence, the sought capacitance,C = —9S__ =e tS 9. -@ (Ine,/e,)d (bv) D= Zand p=2- 1. S” Se(x) and the space density of bound charges is 82-8 pee ee Sde* (x) 3.105 Let, us mentally impart a charge q to the conductor. Now potential difference between the plates, x 7 f E-dr" RX ot Sagas -f 4m ea/r 2 @ Mk/R, RX Hence, the sought capacitance, a q4neya 4nxea oo qinR/R, in R,/R,308 3.106 Let A be the linear charge density then, a fin” Taek A, . a a. fo” Take 2 The breakdown in either case will occur at the smaller value of r for a simultaneous breakdown of both dielectrics. From (1) and (2) EimR, €;, = Ezy Ry 2, Which is the sought relationship. 3.107 Let, 0 be the linear change density then, the sought potential difference, RX xR a LS ena S tase f Zeger @ x RX = a 2k & 1 in BYR, ++ tn RR, a 2 Now, as, E,R,€> a, the charge distribution on each spherical conductor is practically unaffected by the presence of the other conductor. Then, the potential @, (@_) on the positive (respectively negative) charged conductor is + = og 4megea | 4megea ey aun ee TS seas b and C=—4— » 2n¢,¢0. ®. Note : if we require terms which depend on e we have to take account of distribution of charge on the conductors. As in 3.109 we apply the method of image. Then the potentical difference between the +4 -g +vely charged sphere and the conducting plane is one half the nominal potential difference between the sphere and its image and is 1 ee Bye eg e 3 Thus C= a = nega. for [>> a.310 3.112 Cr —Tyiyby 5 A ala g |? AK G By & @ Since 9, =p and @= % The arrangement of capacitors shown in the problem is equivalent to the arrangement shown in the Fig. os, 2S She o OS and hence the capacitance between A and B is, C=C, +Cy+Cy (B) From the symmetry of the problem, there is no P.d. between D and E.. So, the combination reduces to a simple arrangement shown in the Fig and hence the net capacitance, = S+E-c 3.113 (a) In the given arrangement, we have three £5 capacitors of equal capacitance C = ve and the first and third plates are at the same Cc potential. A B Hence, we can resolve the network into a simple form using series and parallel grouping of c capacitors, as shown in the figure. Thus the equivalent capacitance ~ +O 2, 0" (C+OQj+C 33.114 3.115 311 (b) Let us mentally impart the charges +q and -g to the plates 1 and 2 and then distribute them to other plates using charge conservation and electric induction. (Fig.). As the potential difference between the plates 1 and 2 is zero, 2b uh koS or, He 24y The potential difference between A and B, P= MH F= H/C Hence the sought capacitane, ig Gee die 3 205 @ G/CC %wW/C 2 2d Amount of charge, that the capacitor of capacitance C, can withstand, q,= C,V, and similarly the charge, that the capacitor of capacitance C can withstand, q)= C, V2. But in series combination, charge on both the capacitors will be same, so, 7,,,,, that the combination can withstand = C, V,, as C,V,, then using - Ap = 0 in the closed circuit, (Fig.) Z+a-g é 20 EB) C,Cp _ C1 Cy oe aa crc)3.19 3.120 3.121 3.122 313 Hence the PD. accross the left and right plates of capacitors, 4. GWG Oe Cre @crecs 1 and similarly a, GWG Oe Cre acc. Taking benefit of tMfe foregoing problem, the amount of charge on each capacitor ia. [&-ElCi Ca C+ Cy Make the charge distribution, as shown in the figure. In the circuit, 12561. ~ Ap = 0 yields Cs C2 ECAC, ~Wide A dy de 3 BB eo oy ge 8 gy RR Cac: ala Cuec, and in the circuit 13461, fo, fe Bac. = 9 —=qlheg ey 2 — = 1 4 qc 879% Boe G oe mh Now = 9-9" Cnecy 6 |S ca — Cie cic; G+C) C3 +6, It becomes zero, when C4C,-C,C) +0. or be & (C,C3-C, = or Ce a Let, the charge q flows through the connecting wires, then at the state of equilibrium, charge distribution will be as shown in the Fig. In the closed circuit 12341, using -Ap=0 CaO ga, 4. a CQ ce Cy Mi Cr 9 GE FI/G,+ 17ey) ~ POMC Initially, charge on the capacitor C, or Cy, _ C1 Cy © C+ Gy) as they are in series combination (Fig.-a)314 when the switch is closed, in the circuit CDEFC ‘from - Ap = 0, (Fig. b ) I §-c 70 or m= C8 Q@) 2 And in the closed loop BCFAB from - Ag = 0 =u c,*t. E=0 (2) { F ©) From (1) and (2) q, = Now, charge flown through section 1 = (q, + q))-O0= C,& : BOC and charge flown through section 2 = - q,-q= - 1+ Cy 3.123. When the switch is open, (Fig-a) 2EC\C, Con ncrecs Cc 1 i +4, é TC Sw 4 a: 3 +4, 2 & C2 ia 99 2 2 and when the switch is closed, = EC, and q= EC, Hence, the flow of charge, due to the shortening of switch, C,+C, c,-c, through section 1 = q,- = 5C, = -24uc through the section 2= - gy - (dg and through the section 3 = 9 -(q,- 9,)-0= §(C,-C,) = - 60 pC3.124 3.125 3.126 315 First of all, make the charge distribution, as shown in the figure. In the loop 12341, using - Ap = 0 Q) 2 hdr 1 Adit. 6 : G Similarly, in the loop 61456, using - Ap = 0 = -4t 2, Bh sy 0) Vi a oo fe From Eqs. (1) and (2) we have a BC 3 7 2-h= ae & e ~H Op - By aon nM TG CGH, In the loop ABDEA, using - Ap = 0 ; ~(4+42) ; h nth ES} 2+, > -+5-+— +8 = 0 L a csc 1 qa) &, G Similarly in the loop ODEF, O “th 2 eh 2) HKHR——HIE G, tke, QF é 2 i 92 Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we get, 2 2 Bap - Bi Cp 8 Cz + 5 C3 Ath CC . Now, 1-0 = P= (= 9) _ BlGr+C3)- C,- BCs Cy, +C,+Cy : §(C,+C,) - &,C,-8C, And using the symmetry, p= crc. = and eS MCT Cai Cte at Cyt Cy +Cy The answers have wrong sign in the book. Taking the advantage of symmetry of the problem charge distribution may be made, as shown in the figure. In the loop, 12561, = Ap = 0316 oo Cc 4c 2 : : 6 yd 5 -42_ 4 N CiCs+Cy) ees 1 1 in GG, +c) @ Cr a v Now, capacitance of the network, A C3 2 7 hdr _ath_ ath 8 ARF 4/2 + 4/Cy _ O+a/a) 1 ee 2 9h 3 % ne; From Eqs. (1) and (2) 2) 2, C,+C3(C, +) Oe crc. +23 U4: 3.127 (a) Interaction energy of any two point charges q, and qy is given by re where r 0 iy the separation between the charges. +4 +4 i ae +4 + 4 i [ae | I t ' i: t ‘ : 1 1 | i I ' | | { I i t | ! I ! ! \ | { \ | \ ! ! | { { Lo deg io 4 | Ss) 1 a Hence, interaction energy of the system, 2 u,= 4—4—42 oo" 4mega” 4neg (V2 a) 2 Cs 2 Anta” 4nxe,(V2 a) pep eee re and co “amega Ameya 4neg(V2a) 4% ea3.128 3.129 3.130 3.131 317 As the chain is of infinite length any two charge of same sign will occur symmetrically to any other charge of opposite sign. So, interaction energy of each charge with all the others, U- 2 ee wp tow @) gels But In (1 +x) HAGE HGH reece and putting x= Lwe getIn2= 1-3434 (2) From Eqs. (1) and (2), yu 22¢n2 4nega Using electrical image method, interaction energy of the charge q with those induced on the plane. U= Greg)” “Exel Consider the interaction energy of one of the balls (say 1) and thin spherical shell of the other. This interaction energy can be written as fdepq x 2 (r) 4,7" sin 0d 0 dr 5 280 (P+? +2Ir cos 0)? h . -Sata 2 (r) 2x7 sin Od 0 dr= ler ar : Zit J ee) ar el dr-2r py (r) +2 ND 4xeyl Hence finally integrating 4nP drp,(r) Ug = 2 where, am f 427 py (ar it Greg J Charge contained in the capacitor of capacitance C, isq= C,@ and the energy, stored ¢ 2G, Now, when the capacitors are connected in parallel, equivalent capacitance of the system, C= C,+Cy and hence, energy stored in the system : in it: = - zae318 gn I~ 2(C,+C,)’ So, increment in the energy, cee ya 1 ~~ AU = =—— - => |= —— = - 0 2 (are, z;) 2x. as charge remains conserved during the process. 3.132 The charge on the condensers in position 1 are as shown. Here 40 q+% CG C+Cy C(C+O)E id = = an § or, g@+q C42 Hence, 9- Gaae M4 = BIE frase” [a,>” | +4, |*%o ae 9o Tross® [a | . LY i 440 ri Go +4 @ After the switch is thrown to position 2, the charges change as shown in (Fig-b). A charge qo has flown in the right loop through the two condensers and a charge 4% through the cell, Because of the symmetry of the problem there is no change in the energy stored in the condensers. Thus H (Heat produced) = Energy delivered by the cell CCies = Aq&= b= Gq ease 3.133 Initially, the charge on the right plate ofthe capacitor, q = C (8, - &) and finally, when switched to the position, 2. charge on the same plate of capacitor ; q= Ck So, Aq= d= CE, Now, from energy conservation, AU + Heat liberated = A ,,, where AU is the electrical energy.3.134 3.135 3.136 319 $CH-LCG-E) + Heat liberated = Ag, as only the cell with e.m.f. E, is responsible for redistribution of the charge. So, Che $e &2 + Heat liberated = CE, E,. Hence heat liberated = 3.0 €3 Self energy of each shell is given by oe where @ is the potential of the shell, created only by the charge g, on it. Hence, self energy of the shells 1 and 2 are : 2 Lh Bek The interaction energy between the charged shells equals charge q of one shell, multiplied by the potential @, created by other shell, at the point of location of charge q. h a Lh “aR eR, 4neyR, 2 qn ie BxeoR, and W,= So, Hence, total enegy of the system, U= W,+W2+ Wy 1a al Rauces| Re OR Rs Electric fields inside and outside the sphere with the help of Gauss thcorem : - Re “Cr Ey= z(rs R),E,= eee Sought self energy of the a U= W+W) R : E,? E? ¢ se 2 axParef “02 an? drm bet 2 8meR\5 0 R 3¢ Wot Hence, U- Tae sR and We 5 (a) By the expression f 3 9eE ave f bees? 4x7 dr, for a spherical layer. To find the electrostatic energy inside the dielectric layer, we have to integrate the upper expression in the limit [a, b] b U- Lae f atza) xP dre —t— ae 27 my 2 4neger Bmee320 3.137 As the field is conservative total work done by the field force, 3.138 1 1 Asan U,-Us= 59101 ~ %2) ie walk 1 * 24me9(R, Ry] 8xeg|R, Ry itially, energy of the system, U,= W,+ Wy, where, W, is the self energy and W, is the mutual energy. So, U;= 3 aoe + a and on expansion, energy of the system, U,= Wt Wn ea 24ne)R, 4xe)R, Now, work done by the field force, A equals the decrement in the electrical energy, VGo+9/2)(1 1 ie. A= (U,-U) = —2—— |[— - — f 4ne, |[R, Ry Alternate : The work of electric forces is equal to the decrease in electric energy of the system, A= U,-U, In order to find the difference U;— Up we note that upon expansion of the shell, the electric field and hence the energy localized in it, changed only in the hatched spherical layer consequently (Fig.). R U,- yn f 26 2-£)-4nP a fl where E, and E, are the field intensities (in the hatched region at a distance r from the centre of the system) before and after the expansion of the shell. By using Gauss’ theorem, we find + 1 @ 40 snd E,= 1 % E,= = 1" Gney 2" ane) As a result of integration, we obtain re (hs | ; ane) |R, Ry3.139 3.140 3.141 321 Energy of the charged Ca of radius 7, from the equation i 1,_4 . 24° 24 anegr” Bmeyr If the radius of the shell changes by dr then work done is 4nPF,dr = -dU = ¢/8negr Thus sought force per unit area, ¢ (4xro)? o ” Garner) 4xrx8neqr Ze Initially, there will be induced charges of magnitude -q and +q on the inner and outer surface of the spherical layer respectively. Hence, the total electrical energy of the system is the sum of self energies of spherical shells, having radii a and b, and their mutual energies including the point charge 4. ge Ce gg i" Damned 24nea Aneya 4neyb* Fneyb _ efi - Us" gn |b “|| Finally, charge q is at infinity hence, U,= 0 Now, work done by the agent = increment in the energy i a ‘ Bxejla 6 (a) Sought work is equivalent to the work performed against the electric field created by one plate, holding at rest and to bring the other plate away. Therefore the required work, A agent = VE (XX), where E = oad is the intensity of the field created by one plate at the location of other. & 2 ee) ee So, Aagen = 17 6, (-a)= 7 eS (-*) Alternate : A .,,= AU (as field is potential) 2 2 2 a = a ee ce 2e,5 2 2e,5 *~ 2e,5 M2 (b) When voltage is kept const, the force acing on each plate of capacitor will depend on the distance between the plates. So, elementary work done by agent, in its displacement over a distance dr, relative to the other, dA= ~F dx Vv But, F,= Fe) 50 cal GG) & x % 2 &) SV? Hence, A= fan= f pipe [tt ¥322 3.142 3.143, Alternate : From energy Conservation, Uy- Uy Aca “Ave eS eS mS & or tof y2_1eoS ya, [fo to8 V +A sgt 2H 24 ar (88 Aga = (G-)V = (G-C) VP) eySV76 1 4 So A ageat ™ 7 fel (@) When metal plate of thickness nd is inserted inside the capacitor, capacitance of the £5 system becomes Cy = —~—— : 0" da- Now, initially, charge on th it oy , initially, cha 1¢ capacitor, qo = Cy V= 2 —— y, charg IP noe 20a) eS Finally, capacitance of the capacitor, C = ae As the source is disconnected, charge on the plates will remain same during the process. Now, from energy conservation, U,~U;* A sey (AS cell does no work) 1f %5SV “G =m) Hence A spat [atmo [3 \"26 Te cen. = 15m (b) Initially, capacitance of the system is given by, Ce a : i: ; 5 Coz eens (this is the capacitance of two capacitors in series) So, charge on the plate, qg= Cy V Capacitance of the capacitor, after the glass plate has been removed equals C From energy conservation, A sgeat = U,- 1 afi 1], 1cVen(e-1)_ =54 |s-> 0-8 mJ 2% [2 2)” 2fe-ne-DP When the capactior which is immersed in water is connected to a constant voltage source, it gets charged. Suppose Gp is the free charge density on the condenser plates. Because water is a dielectric, bound charges also appear in it. Let o’ be the surface density of bound charges. (Because of homogeneity of the medium and uniformity of the field when we ignore edge effects no volume density of bound charges exists.) The electric ficld due a : to free charges only 3 that due to bound charges is £ and the total electric field is 0 0 OG = Recalling that the sign of bound charges is opposite of the free charges, we have 03.144 323 % % oO , a a tg & Because of the field that exists due to the free charges (not the total field; the field due to the bound charges must be excluded for this purpose as they only give rise to self energy effects), there is a force attracting the bound charges to the near by plates. This force is (e=1) 0)" 268) per unit area. The factor 3 needs an explanation, Normally the force on a test charge is gE in an electric field E. But if the charge itself is produced by the electric filed then the force must be constructed bit by bit and is F ii QE’) dE! oO if q(E')&E' then we get Fe $4 (E)E This factor of + is well known. For example the energy of a dipole of moment p’in an electric field Ey is -p" Eq while the energy per unit volume of a linear dielectric in an aS . electric field is - } PE, where P'is the polarization vector (je. dipole moment per unit volume). Now the force per unit area manifests ifself as excess pressure of the liquid. 5 Noting that aa 0 eqe(e - 1)" We get ape Substitution, using ¢ = 81 for water, gives Ap = 7-17k Pa = 0-07 atm. One way of doing this problem will be exactly as in the previous case so let us try an alternative method based on energy. Suppose the liquid rises by a distance 4. Then let us calculate the extra energy of the liquid as a sum of polarization energy and the ordinary gravitiational energy. The latter is 1 A 2 zh pg: Sh = xpesh Ifo is the free charge surface density on the plate, the bound charge density is, from the previous problem, io o= oO This is also the volume density of induced dipole moment i.e. Polarization. Then the energy is, as before Lig zartig Seative 2 2 7 ey” Dege324 3.145 3.146 and the total polarization energy is ~s(a+n) Soe Then, total energy is U(n)=-S (ar hy EEO® 5 Logs The actual height to which the liquid rises is determined from the formula aw Spa! (hyn 0 This gives ie (e-1)0 208 Pe ‘We know that energy of a capacitor, = é : _ wu ga fon h — Hence, from Fy = F-] oo wehawe, B= FE / c (1) Now, since d << R, the capacitance of the given capacitor can be calculated by the formula of a parallel plate capacitor. Therefore, if the dielectric is introduced upto a depth x and the length of the capacitor is 1, we have, 2mepeRx 2HR Ey (l-x) aa Q) From (1) and (2), we get, F,= ole SRY When the capacitor is kept at a constant potential difference V, the work performed by the moment of electrostatic forces between the plates when the inner moveable plate is rotated by an angle dp equals the increase in the potential energy of the system. This comes about because when charges are made, charges flow from the battery to keep the potential constant and the amount of the work done by these charges is twice in magnitude and opposite in sign to the change in the energy of the capacitor Thus Now the capacitor can be thought of as made up two parts (with and without the dielectric) in parallel. egh'D eg (m- 9) R™ 2a = 2d as the area of a sector of angle @ is ie p. Differentiation then gives Thus C= iz (e-1) eR°V? 4d The negative sign of N, indicates that the moment of the force is acting clockwise (i.e. trying to suck in the-dielectric).3.4 3.147 3.148 3.149 325 ELECTRIC CURRENT The convection current is 4 1-4 ® here, dq= X.dx, where 2 is the linear charge density. But, from the Gauss’ theorem, electric field at the surface of the cylinder, x “ 2mega Hence, substituting the value of 4 and subsequently of dq in Eqs. (1), we get 2E © &y ade ; dt dk = 2neyEav, a Fav Since d< Rx B : (R, + 2R)R : =" RsoR+R or, Re +2RR,-2R?= 0 On solving and rejecting the negative root of the quadratic equation, we have, R,= R(V¥3 ~1) 3.152 Let Ro be the resistance of the network, A ne Ro « > Ko B Ry Ry Ro+R; On solving we get, R ily 1442 6Q = +V = R, then, Ry = or Ry-RyR,-R, Ry = 0328 3.153 3.154 3.155 3.156 Suppose that the voltage V is applied between the points A and B then V= IR=1)Ry where R is resistance of whole the grid, J, the current through the grid and J, the current through the segment AB. Now from symmetry, [/4 is the part of the current, flowing through all the four wire segments, meeting at the point A and similarly the amount of current flowing through the wires, meeting at B is also 1/4. Thus a current J/2 flows through the conductor AB, i.e. z 2 Ro Hence, R= Let us mentally isolate a thin cylindrical layer of inner and outer radii r and r+dr respectively. As lines of current at all the points of this layer are perpendicular to it, such a layer can be treated as a cylindrical conductor of thickness dr and cross-sectional area 27. So, we have, a Rm PSA Peal and integrating between the limits, we get, eer, 2 R Onl In a Let us mentally isolate a thin spherical layer of inner and outer radii r and r+ dr. Lines of current at all the points of the this layer are perpendicular to it and therefore such a layer can be treated as a spherical conductor of thickness dr and cross sectional area 4x?. So dr a= p aan (ty And integrating (1) between the limits [a, b], we get, seit 7 Anja b Now, for b> %, we have oF 4na In our system, resistance of the medium R = re [-- where p is the resistivity of the medium The current i - Re ete) 4nla b3.157 3.158 329 Also, i= =a dq). -c® , a8 capacitance is constant. o) ae So, equating (1) and (2) we get, or, 4x or, nye At4nab Cpb-a) Hence, resistivity of the medium, 4m Atab °" Ce-a)inn Let us mentally impart the charge +q and -g to the balls respectively. The electric field strength at the surface of a ball will be determined only by its own charge and the charge can be considered to be uniformly distributed over the surface, because the other ball is at infinite distance. Magnitude of the field strength is given by, be—t, 4nega’ 1g So, current density j= — and electric current YI" Bamea I= f 75 js= —4 and = p4nega Peo But, potential difference between the balls, %- 9" a Hence, the sought resistance, Ane, pe coool 0 pe i q/pt, 2na (a) The potential in the unshaded region beyond the conductor as the potential of the given charge and its image and has the form _— 4 a1 2 where ry, 72 are the distances of the point from the charge and its image. The potential has been taken to be zero on the conducting plane and on the ball pose ona(i-a]e¥330 3.159 So A ~ Va. In this calculation the conditions a << / is used to ignore the variation of @ over the ball. The electric field at P can be calculated similarly. The charge on the ball is Q = 4ne,Va and Ep = 5 2cos0 = a then j = Lz = 22 normal to the plane. p pr? (b) The total current flowing into the conducting plane is 1-f anrdej= f nx de —V 0 0 p(w+P) (On putting y = 7 +2) i. sat f 9. sev : ] oo Hence R T= na (a) The wires themselves will be assumed to be perfect conductors so the resistance is entirely due to the medium, If the wire is of length L, the resistance R of the medium is a i because different sections of the wire are connected in parallel (by the medium) rather than in series. Thus if R, is the resistance per unit length of the wire then R= R,/L. Unit of R, is obm-meter. The potential at a point P is by symmetry and superposition (for 1 >> a) oo 2 a 2a A n Et3.160 3.161 331 1 or, A=-V/n— a v and @*- apg n/n ‘We then calculate the field at a point P which is equidistant from 1 & 2 and at a distance r from both : 1 : Then Esa (7) = 2sina ad ina 2 oy a1 and J+0b- 0 aaZ oe Va (b) Near either wire Ges iy, and Jrck= 0 am i Then Pe gr lg J dal Which gives R,=2in Va Let us mentally impart the charges +g and -g to the plates of the capacitor. Then capacitance of the network, ee) ) E,dS Cn Ln eS Ena @) ° ° Now, electric current, i= fj-dS= fok,ds asjitE (2) Hence, using (1) in (2), we get, a CL £8 Pee, Let us mentally impart charges +g and -q to the conductors. As the medium is poorly conducting, the surfaces of the conductors are equipotential and the field configuration is same as in the absence of the medium. Let us surround, for example, the positively charged conductor, by a closed surface S, just containing the conductor, then, R~ G2. 8, as FE sires fok,as and c=4. tof Ends ° ° s Rc» 2 10, = Go = Pee332 3.162 3.163 3.164 The dielectric ends in a conductor. It is given that on one side (the dielectric side) the electric displacement D is as shown. Within the conductor, at any point A, there can be no normal component of electric field. For if there were such a field, a current will flow towards depositing charge there which in tum will set up countering electric field causing the normal component to vanish. Then by Gauss theorem, we easily derive o= D,= Dcoso where o is the surface charge density at A. The tangential component is determined from the circulation theorem f E-ar=o It must be continuous across the surface of the conductor. Thus, inside the conductor there is a tangential electric field of magnitude, Dsina foe atA. This implies a current, by Ohm’s law, of ;, Dsina j &oE P The resistance of a layer of the medium, of thickness dx and at a distance x from the first plate of the capacitor is given by, 1 idk “o@ Ss @ Now, since o varies linearly with the distance from the plate. It may be represented as, Oa meed = O,+|—Z— |x, ata distance x from any one of the plate. From Eq. (1) or, Hence, By charge conservation, current j, leaving the medium (1) must enter the medium (2). Thus jy 008 a4 = j,.c0s a, Another relation follows from Ey= Ey,3.165 3.166 3.167 333 o> which is a consequence off E-d7r=0 ae 1. | Thus o,218in = 0,2 sin a, or, or, 4 that in 2 is B= P24 an at in is = aR Applying Gauss’ theorem to a small cylindrical pill-box at the boundary. ou Pal ods - dS + ds SE nR mR & 1 Thus, o= & (p2- ‘0 (P2- Px) Re and charge at the boundary= eq (p, - p,)I We have,E, d, +E,d,= V and by current conservation 1 1 ee oe om? - av 14, +924,’ 2 V 014, + P24 At the boundary between the two dielectrics, O= D,-D,= & Ey - & 8, E, Thus, E, E, 7 (em - 81 0) P14, + ppd, 2121 By current conservation E(x) E@)+dE(x) | dE (x) et) p&)+dp@) dp) This has the solution, E@=Cp@= LO de E = SS & 3 Ni334 3.168 3.169 Hence charge induced in the slice per unit area dom 41 (eG) +de(e)} (p@)+dp@)}-eW pl) I= e4 £4 le) pe) Thus, dQ= egld[e(x)p(x)] Hence total charge induced, is by integration, Q= fo! (€) P2- £1 Py) As in the previous problem E(x) = Cp (x)= C (pg +p, x) M=-1) Po where Pot Pid= NG Of, P= ——Z 4 By integration V Jcewa Comd(t+ 5) 5Coodin+1) 0 2. * pod +) Thus volume density of charge present in the medium Thus @e . 6 dE (x)/de * Sax 2eV_ -W Po 2eoVn-1) Pod (+1) d Mepe (a) Consider a cylinder of unit length and divide it into shells of radius r and thickness dr Different sections are in parallel. For a typical section, 1) _ 2urdr_ 2xPdr Ri) (a/r’) a Ha] Ree (Sia Ri 2a. 2xa 2na or, RS (b) Suppose the electric filed inside is E, = E, ( Z axis is along the axiz of the conductor). This electric field cannot depend on r in steady conditions when other components of E are absent, otherwise one violates the circulation theorem Integrating, > where S= 1R? > E-dr=0 The current through a section between radii (r+ dr, r) is dardr +5 E = 2dr é «/r ea Hence E= 257 when S = aR3.170 3.171 3.172 3.173, 335 The formula is, q= CV, (1-e ~-4. eH URO) Vac or, v= Fu vy(-e*) or, Y, l-e or, Vo Hence, t= RC In = RC inl0, if V= 09V, W-Vv Thus t = 0.6 pS. The charge decays according to the foumula a= mer’ Here, RC = mean life = Half-life/In 2 So, half life= T= RC In2 ee, pd It = = But, c 7 R a ——. Bo. Hence, ®- nd = 14x 10° Q-m Suppose q is the charge at time t. Initially g= C&, at r= 0. Then at time f, eRe Be W4-iR-§= 0 Buti= - a ( sign because charge decreases) MR. So C +R at & aS a "RC?" R @ ee 6 ae or, 5 ze or, q= Brae As c(t} from q= CE at t= 0 1 1) ,-nvre’ Hence, = ce(ts(1-Le-m etna} i pe 24, 50-1) ,-rwre Finally, i--4 tae Let r= internal resistance of the battery. We shall take the resistance of the ammeter to be = 0 and that of voltmeter to be G. Tv 6 i To InitiallyV = §-Ir, T= 35336 3.174 3.175 G r+ ® After the voltmeter is shunted V_¢_ —§ _ (vottmeter) Q2) So, Vat and —S— oy os (Ammeter) (3) From (2) and (3) we have Vig we a7 e746 R (4) From (1) and (4) garsG-m or G=nr Then (1) gives the required reading vg. n nel Assume the current flow, as shown. Then potentials are as shown. Thus, O17 Gy -IRy #8) ~IRy~ B GIR, p, WIRE; , ae BE : Rr Rr And gps = IR +8, 14 gt? = iT eo ee a é 2 = ~(E, Ry + &)R,) AR, + Ry) = -4V 2 ' Y-IR\+G)-IRp Let, us consider the current i, flowing through the circuit, as shown in the figure. Applying loop rule for the circuit, - Ag = 0 -28+iR,+iR,+iR= 0 41 ER, & 1 2 i or, i (Ry + Ry'+ R) = 28 — : 2% oo '" RER +R, Now, if 9,-@= 0 -§+iR,=0 2ER, ° RER +R, or, R= R, Ry Which is not possible as Ry > Ry Thus, %2.-93= -5+iR,= 0 = E and 2R,= Ry+R+R,3.176 3.177 3.178 3.179 25R, or, > . R+R, +R, So, R= R,-R,, which is the required resistance. (@) Curent, i= HE. NER. g, as go ak (given) (b) (%-g= NE-niR= naR-naR=0 As the capacitor is fully charged, no current flows ae it, So, current Gy eC 2 1 (as &>,) ee And hence, @, - Pg = &-§) +i Ry dt 7 |-—alhs . -5-fr PE, “ee on 1 +R, &2, fe Gi -E)R, R heer = = -05V 2 Lee Let us make the current distribution, as shown in the figure. Current i= ——S__ (using loop rule) R, R, RRR . i tH So, current through the resistor R,, oe Ry eta R 1 RR 2 1 2 ye = ee 12A RR, +RR,+R, Ry and similary, current through the resistor Ry, ig-.—& —_*_ iggy 2 RR, R,+R,~ RR,+R,R,+RR R oe i: 2 a 1452 2 aa R,+R, Total resistance= Yo —<$<>—_—_— —xr— mo338 3.180 3.181 3.182 xR x. XR Then V= Vos Ry | (ies) voRe f {in+myx[t- For - R>>Ro, Va Vor me } Let us connect a load of resistance K between the points A and B Fig.) From the loop rule, Ap = 0, we obtain iR=8,- iF, (1) and iR = & ~ (i-i,)Ry or i(R+Ry = & + i,R, 2) Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we get Bthm |p RR | _& Ri+R; ois = Roem, B,R, + &R, RR, where By = GL and Ry = Re Thus one can replace the given arrangement of the cells by a single cell having the emf &) and internal resistance Ro. Make the current distribution, as shown in the diagram. : Re ,2 5 Now, in the loop 12341, applying - Ap = 0 th A iR+i,R,+&,= 0 qa) a eal and in the loop 23562, ae <—+ iR -&, + (i-i))Ry= 0 Q) : Solving (1) and (2), we obtain current through 3 the resistance R, 7k (5 Ri - § Ra) RR, +RR,+R,R, and it is directed from left to the right i = 002A At first indicate the currents in the branches using charge conservation (which also includes the point rule). In the loops 1 BA 61 and B34AB from the loop rule, - Ap = 0, we get, respectively ~& + @ -ipRy + & - R= 0 qa) iR, + 8 - (i-4,) R, + & = 0 2) On solving Eqs (1) and (2), we obtain (5 - &)R3 + Rp G + &) i, = 001 1] eee RR Thus 9, - 9 = §& - 2R, = 09V3.183 3.184 3.185 3.186 339 Indicate the currents in all the branches using charge conservation as shown in the figure. Applying loop rule, - A@ = 0 in the loops 1A781, 1B681 and B456B, respectively, we get : Bp = lip ~ i) R, @ 8.7 i iR,ti,R,-==0 (2) and Gj -@)R-§-4R=0 () ge Solving Eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we get the sought current i R 7 Be > eo G-) * ReaR) + RR, i A 4 . 4=Ch-ig) Indicate the currents in all the branches using charge conservation as shown in the figure. Applying the loop rule (- Ag = 0) in the loops 12341 and 15781, we get -& + BR, - G-4)R, = 0 (ay . ko 6 and (i,-i)R,- & + i;R, = 0 2) af ANB ay Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we get i Rp T@ | 1 + oy era aaa a) iene Be kG 3" RR, + RpRy + RyRy 2g2-——4 3 Hence, the sought p.d. & 3 Pa ~ Pe = & - Ry _ BaRsRi+Ry ~ 81 Ri (Re + Ry) _ -1V R, Ry + RRs + RR, Let us distribute the currents in the paths as shown in the figure. Now, 9,-9; = iR, + i,Ry (1) and 9, - 93 = ER, + (i-4) Ry 2) Simplifying Eqs. (1) and (2) we get Rs (1-92) + Ro (1-93) © RR; + R3Ry O2A Current is as shown. From Kirchhoff’s Second law GR, = ORs, iR,+(i,-i)R=V, BRs+ (+i, )Ry=V & Ry D dgtis340 3.187 3.188 Eliminating i, i, (Ry +Ry)- GR =V Ry . i EUR Rt HR AV 3 : RiRy Hence ig] Ry (Ry +Ry) +2? (Ry + Ry) 3 Ry 2 ¥| (Ry +R) FURR) 3 . Rs (Ry +Rp)-R, (R35 +Ry) : 5” RR (Ry +R) + RR (RG +R) On substitution we get i; = 1-0 A from C to D From the symmetry of the problem, current flow is indicated, as shown in the figure. Now, 94-9" hr+(i-i)R @) In the loop 12561, from -Ag= 0 (i- i) R+(-2i)r-ipr= 0 ._ (Ren). or, am 3cR! Q) Equivalent resistance between the terminals A and B using (1) and (2), [esee-m er, 3r+R i Row Aree EG Ree . i i 3r+R Let, at any moment of time, charge on the plates be +q and -g respectively, then voltage across the capacitor, p= q/C (i) Now, from charge conservation, im iy tiy where g= & (2) In the loop 65146, using - Ag = 0. £42, 4B\r-en b+ (ise Z)e —=0 @) [using (1) and (2)] In the loop 25632, using -Ap= 0 -G+i:R=0 oF, red @3.189 341 From (1) and (2), de 2 dq__ dt ee ee ae 6) dt ce 4 On integrating the expression (5) between suitable limits, bI> a Thus a 28 (1 e ) (a) As current i is linear function of time, and at ¢= 0 and Ar, it equals iy and zero respectively, it may be represented as, is a(t Thus So, Hence, The heat generated. eofore-fa-alfne- (b) Obviously the current through the coil is given by / ay = [5 ig At of fa Then charge a= fid= fig2 dt= Ind 0 0 - In2 So, iy a And hence, heat generated in the circuit in the time interval ¢[0, ©], bs a a f Pra f [tata] Rar- -LM2p ji. 0 2At342 4.190 3.191 3.192 The equivalent circuit may be drawn as in the figure. Resistance of the network = Ry +(R/3) R Let, us assume that e.m.f. of the cell is &, then current fe Ro + (R/3) Now, thermal power, generated in the circuit 2 P= 2R/3= 5 (8/3) i (Ry + (R/3) } For P to be maximum, ¢. 0, which yields R= 32) &Ro We assume current conservation but not Kirchhoff’s second law. Then thermal power dissipated is R P (i) = PR, + (i i, PR = i,’ (R, +R) - 24 Ry + PR, 2 oe RyRy wy =[R = poi =)-; [Ri + Ro] E R+R, +P Re asty The resistances being positive we see that the power dissipated is minimum when R, isin Rak, This corresponds to usual distribution of currents over resistance joined is parallel. Let, internal resistance of the cell be r, then V=8-ir q@) where i is the current in the circuit. We know that thermal power generated in the battery. Q= ir (2) Rk Putting r from (1) in (2), we obtain, Q= €-Yi=06W In a battery work is done by electric forces (whose origin lies in the chemical processes going on inside the cell). The work so done Ee is stored and used in the electric circuit outside. &r Its magnitude just equals the power used in the electric circuit. We can say that net power developed by the electric forces is P=-IV =-2-:0W Minus sign means that this is generated not consumed.3.193 3.194 3.195 343 As far as motor is concerned the power delivered is dissipated and can,be represented by a load, Ry . Thus lee R de Rare = VR and P= J?Ry= ——°, V Ro (Ro + RY This is maximum when Ry= R and the current —_—_—_-- Tis then Vv I= 3K The maximum power delivered is y2 aR” Pow 2 2 and its value when P is maximum is R av, The power input is RR, The efficiency then is $s 50% If the wire diameter decreases by 8 then by the information given a 2 P= Power input = t. heat lost through the surface, H. Now, H « (1-8) like the surface area and Re«(1-8)? v2 2 2 So, Bb d = AG -8) of V7(L-8)= constant ‘0 But Val+n so (1+n)* (1-8) = Const= 1 Thus d= 2n= 2% The equation of heat balance is v? aT Rie T-MW= CF Put T-Th=& Va ko Ve So, CErtkE=- o E+ GE= oe Gow. Ve ue or, qe = aRe ave, V? owe or, gen Teel +A where A is a constant. Clearly 2 €=Oatr=0, so A= - Fan hence, v? . T= Ty+pgii-e hey344 3.196 3.197 3.198 Let, %-%= P Now, thermal power generated in the resistance R,, 2 R PR = 2 P=i'R, . RR, R,+R, R, RPeRs fo R Ce For P to be independent of R,, 2 ae ee R Re in” 0, which yeilds RR B = Sts 122 1+ Ry Indicate the currents in the circuit as shown in the figure. Appying loop rule in the closed loop 12561, - Ap = 0 we get iR-§,+iR,= 0 q@ and in the loop 23452, i) R+B-iR= 0 QO . 4 Solving (1) and (2), we get, ~. SR tBR & & 4” RR, +R, R,+RR, So, thermal power, generated in the resistance R, 2 | _Bikt Rs ‘ RR, +R, R,+RR, R; Rp For P to be maximum, ¢. 0, which fields a, ae B® 7 R,+R, GR, +B Ry om Poss” 4, Ry (Ry +R) Let, there are x number of cells, connected in series in each of the n parallel groups then, x= Nor, x= % ay Now, for any one of the loop, consisting of x cells and the resistor R, from loop rule we Retxr-x€=0 iR+ Lar x8 N So,i= ~5_ = 2, using (1) Re ReNE n me3.199 345 Heat generated in the resistor R, [2 (Nae . (Facen) ® @) and for Q tobe maximum 22 = 0, which yields iar R ‘When switch 1 is closed, maximum charge accumulated on the capacitor, Guax ©, Q@) and when switch 2 is closed, at any arbitrary c instant of time, (+R) (- 3 = aC, Re 3 R because capacitor is discharging. Sup q 1 - on f hare gots fa ee q memes a. Integrating, we get aE . eRe Ing - mae 0, 9 ™ nae BF Q) Differentiating with respect to time, i= De doan € or, i@= WH +R)C Negative sign is ignored, as we are not interested in the direction of the current. 1 i 5 (R,+R)C oS 3) thus, iO +R ° +8) (3) When the switch (Sw) is at the position 1, the charge (maximum) accumalated on the capacitor is, q-cs& When the Sw is thrown to position 2, the capacitor starts discharging and as a result the electric energy stored in the capacitor totally turns into heat energy tho’ the resistors Ry and Ry (during a very long interval of time). Thus from the energy conservation, the total heat liberated tho’ the resistors. He-u,- Lele ‘2¢ 2346 3.200 3.201 During the process of discharging of the capacitor, the current tho’ the resistors R, and R, is the same at all the moments of time, thus H, © R, and Hy & Ry S H, HR, H=H,+H, 0, aR (SHAH +H) 1 Chi Hence Nh- RR, When the plate is absent the capacity of the condenser is ‘When it is present, the capacity is eS “d@-n) I= (a) The energy increment is clearly. cn y2 12 1 AU = 5CV?-7 CV = a (b) The charge on the plate is CV ons > initially and qy= CV finally 2 A charge rea has flown through the battery charging it and withdrawing a units of energy from the system into the battery. The energy of the capacitor has decreased by 2 just half of this. The remaining half ie. a must be the work done by the external agent in withdrawing the plate. This ensures conservation of energy. Initially, capacitance of the system = C e. So, initial energy of the system : U; = zc eV? and finally, energy of the capacitor : U,= 3ev? Hence capacitance energy increment, : au = pev?-3(cyVve= -} CV (e - 1)= -05 mJ From energy conservation AU Aca + Ager (as there is no heat liberation) But A. = (C,-C)V= (C-Ce)V*3.202 3.203 347 Hence Aya" AU-Acey =icd-9V=05ms If Co is the initial capacitance of the condenser before water rises in it then & Un R d U, = 5c, VY, where Cy = (R jis the mean radius and / is the length of the capacitor plates.) Suppose the ae rises to a height h in it. Then the capacitance of the condenser is Co + ak egak + (e-1)h) and energy of the capacitor and the liquid (including both gravitational and electrosatic contributions) is £9 2nR £2 (+ -DhY + pg @aR hd) 4 If the capacitor were not connected to a battery this energy would have to be minimized. But the capacitor is connected to the battery and, in effect, the potential energy of the whole system has to be minimized. Suppose we increase h by dh. Then the energy of the capacitor and the liquid increases by bh &9 MR 2d and that of the cell diminishes by the quantity A.., which is the product of charge flown and V (e-1)V + pg (2nRdh soak bh e-1)¥ In equilibrium, the two must balance; so 2-1) dt, = 208 ) &o (e- yy [ ped (a) Let us mentally islolate a thin spherical layer with inner and outer radii r and r+ dr respectively. Lines of current at all the points of this layer are perpendicular to it and therefore such a layer can be treated as a spherical conductor of thickness dr and cross sectional area 47°. Now, we know that resistance, dy a= p= 9H, @ Hence Integrating expression (1) between the limits,348 3.204 R ’ ar [24] Sa Sots . a= £ [7-5] @ e a 4nee Capacitance of the network,C = =—T @) Fi 7 where q is the charge = q cel, any arbitrary ae} @ also, ge =a R, as capacitor is discharging. () From Eqs. (2), (3), (4) and (5) we get, [a] le 4mege at\p|a dq__dt 7 4x gi pes 5 : t 1 dt Integrati fea dt = oe. q ey Pee, % a Hence a= mer (b) From energy conservation heat generated, during the spreading of the charge, H= U,- U; [because A. = 0] 14% [1_3]_9_ 4% b-a 24neg lab Bxeg ab (a) Let, at any moment of time, charge on the plates be (qq - q) then current through d en the resistor, i= — to~ 0), because the capacitor is discharging. 44 = at -4o-4) 40-4.) Now, applying loop rule in the circuit, » 4-4 c n-2-4 20 dg, _ %W-4 R or, 4p. 2 dq 1 i=dh og nc at3.205 3.206 349 At t= 0, q= 0 and att=1, q=q %-4_ -% So, In z "ic Thus q= % (1 -e Re 0-18 mC (b) Amount of heat generated = decrement in capacitance energy 2 a [%-%(1-e-“*°)] C2 Cc nie 2 2 1% f,_ Re) 2c [2 e 82 mJ Let, at any moment of time, charge flown be q then current i= 4 Applying loop rule in the circuit, - Ap = 0, we get : 44 7p_ (CVo-D g_ IR C + C 0 dt c ae 7 GY - 2g" RC “4 ~Cw-4) So in ete ees Cc C CY RC +4 Clo-4 a ; or, - So(1-e#) ed Hence, ja 4, SM0 2S WRC M0 wae In a rotating frame, to first order in w, the main effect is a coriolis force 2m xe > This unbalanced force will cause electrons to react by setting up a magnetic field B so S that the magnetic force ev B balances the coriolis force. Thus -2 52d o, Be - 5 2m i. The flux associated with this is 22m O= NarB= Nar 7350 3.207 3.208 3.209 where N= st is the number of tums of the ring. If « changes (and there is time for the electron to rearrange) then B also changes and so does ®. An emf will be induced and a current will flow. This is T= wx? or ‘The total charge flowing through the ballastic galvanometer, as the ring is stopped, is q=Nxr?/ Zo £. 2Nare_ lor So, a QR Let, no be the total number of electoms then, total momentum of electorns, P= MyM, Vg @) foe ne Now, T= pS,va= Sea" Ma @ Here S, = Cross sectional area, p = electron charge density, V = volume of sample From (1) and (2) Me pa {l= 040nNs By definition nev,= j (where v, is the drift velocity, n is number density of electrons.) Then ve t,t Yad So distance actually travelled nel ae eee ee ( = mean velocity of thermal motion of an electron) Let, n be the volume density of electrons, then from J= pS, v4, I= neS,||= nest neS,1 So, t= Eee 3us. (b) Sum of electric forces = |(m)eE| = |nSle pil where p is resistivity of the material. = nSlepl= nelpI= 10pN3.210 From Gauss theorem field strength at a surface of a cylindrical shape equals, =, where 2 is the linear charge density. 2negr’ 1 4/2eV Now, v= zm o, ve Y= (a) qk Also, dq= nde so, hm NT or, I=iv of net. v Henc gE--/-V 32V/A nce 2ney * 2eV (b) For the point, inside the solid charged cylinder, applying Gauss’ theorem, QurhE= xnPh—L e R71 or, ee : 2nEQR 2neR So,from E- -42, % a Hence, M2" Fae 3.211 Between the plates p= ax”? or, Wa axds? do 56 er gee -e/e 4eoa = pn Sta Let the charge on the electron be - ¢,352 3.212 3.213 3.214 then jm -eq= Const. = 0, as the electron is initially emitted with neligible energy. ve 2ep ve 2ep m : m : 44. [2p 23 So, j= -pv= payed (j is measued from the anode to cathode, so the - ve sign.) v d So by the definition of the mobility and Je mugen. up) (The negative ions move towards the anode and the positive ion towards the cathode and the total current is the sum of the currents due to them.) On the other hand, in equilibrium n, = 7_ I oe eve So, nena s/ Motu) Id “eVS (us + ua) Velocity = mobility x field = 23x 10% cm~> Vo or, v= uP sin ot, which is positive for 0s wts So, maximum displacement in one direction is Yo. 2uVy Ya = J UT sinwtdt = ie 0 2uVy At @= @, Xmax= 4, 80, ae ol? Thus u= 2V When the current is saturated, all the ions, produced, reach the plate. Then, “ot 8 m3 gn) w 6 x 10° cm™ s (Both positive ions and negative ions are counted here) The equation of balance is, a. n,3.215 3.216 3.217 3.218 353 The first term on the right is the production rate and the second term is the recombination rate which by the usual statistical arguments is proportional to n” (= no of positive ions x no. of -ve ion). In equilibrium, so, n, Initially n= ng = Vi, /r Since we can assume that the long exposure to the ionizer has caused equilibrium to be set up. Afer the ionizer is switched off, 2 a or rdt= = or, rt= 1 constant n n dal But ee ee ra The concentration will decrease by a factor 1 when 1 et rh=—--—-1- O° n/t” Mo mel or, b= a °° vray Tons produced will cause charge to decay. Clearly, & 1CV= decrease of charge = 7,eA dt= svn &)V S te 21. 46 days ned Note, that n, here, is the number of ion pairs produced. If v= number of electrons moving to the anode at distance x, then aw == av or v= ve" dx Assuming saturation, I= @ Vo ett Since the electrons are produced uniformly through the volume, the total current attaining saturation is clearly, ‘ ad Im f eGyAdeye*= 0n,A (© =) 0 ad Thus, joie i354 3.5 CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIELD. MAGNETICS 3.219 3.220 (a) From the Biot - Savart law, ee Me , ja - ? _ Yo RdOR aB= Ti R? (as dl Lr} From the symmetry 2x B- fa Jaxxi? 7 i 6auT (b) From Biot-Savart’s law : Be wif BE (here 7= Ref So, B= nlf aR a] Since ¥'is a constant vector and || is also constant So, f dixz= f ai')xt 0 (recamse f d= °) and § aixR= § Radin” = RG dl= 20k? Here 7” is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the current loop (Fig.) and in the direction of x” yl 7 Thus we get Bean (+R2y2" As LAOB= 2, OC or perpendicular distance of any segment from centre equals R os = . Now magnetic induction at O, due to the right current carrying element AB “i 2sin = * Roos = n (From Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic field at O due to any section such as AB is perpendicular to the plane of the figure and has the magnitude.)355, As there are n number of sides and magnetic induction vectors, due to each side at O, are equal in magnitude and direction. So, B Ho ni . = cre 2sin—-n x n n Poni yd = In Ren and for n> © tan= A EW A atte uf By, Bod & oO DR wal tn) 2R c 3.221 We know that magnetic induction due to a straight current carrying wire at any point, at a perpendicular distance from it is given by : Yo i. : Bu 77 (sin O, + sin 0), where r is the perpendicular distance of the wire from the point, considered, and 0, is the angle between the line, joining the upper point of straight wire to the considered point and the perpendicular drawn to the wire and @, that from the lower point of the straight wire. Ho i g g Here, B, = B= array (ee + COS } 4*aysing 2? and B= B= faa $rsin§) 4 (arco 2\ 2? Hence, the magnitude of total magnetic induction at O, By= B, +B, +B; +B, oe =o al ee oe 4nd/2| . 9 g sin$ cos $ = 0-10 mT . adsing358 3.222 Magnetic induction duc to the arc segment at O, Buc™ Gq ien- -29) and magnetic induction due to the line segment at O, Ho Bice” Gx Roos @ 25 So, total magnetic induction at O, Hoi InR [x-p+tan g] = 28uT By. + Bing = 3.223 (a) From the Biot-Savart law, So, magnetic field induction due to the segment 1 at O, Ho i Bye yng 2D 4 also B,= 0, as ditt?” i and B; anb? 1 Hence, By= B, +B, +B; +B, and B= 0 So, = By +B, +B; +B,+Bs Ho i3n Ho i = ane an3.224 3.226 3.227 By= 357 The thin walled tube with a longitudinal slit can be considered equivalent to a full tube and a strip carrying the same current density in the opposite direction. Inside the tube, the former does not contribute so the total magnetic field is simply that due to the strip. It is pu LO W/2RR)A Ula 2x or 40Rr where r is the distance of the field point from the strip. First of all Jet us find out the direction of vector B at point O. For this purpose, we divide the entire conductor into elementary fragments with current di. It is obvious that the sum of any two symmetric fragments gives a resultant along B’ shown in the figure and con- sequently, vector B will also be directed as shown So, [Bi= f aBsing Q) Ma - faye sing : - J sBgismos («= dia x49) Hence B= pig i/nR (a) From symmetry By= B,+B,+B; voi on ~O+ TR n+0= aR 0 (b) From symmetry 1 Bo= B, +B, +B; aie Ig nN » WN (c) From symmetry Bo= B, +B, +B Be or, [Bol= 325 Poiva = 20nT, (using 3.221)3.228 (a) By= B, +B, +B, Poi py ming, wire? aaR OP) aeRO tag ROE) Mo ip, o = gq Rl teen So, [Bol- LEV +4 = 030uT So () By= B,+B,+B, Mice, Minch, mich ~anR OE) tage tage!) Moi, ae = - glee i] So, |Bol= Pivisaen = 034uT (©) Here using the law of parallel resistances AA feed i, +i,= i and 5" 3° ith 4 So, z a3 Hence je 35, and ge Fi 3. bovei Thus, [Bol= 45 R = O11 pT 3.229 (a) We apply circulation theorem as shown. The current is vertically upwards in the plane and the magnetic field is horizontal and parallel to the plane. § Faiz 2B1- yt o, B= (b) Each plane contributes py i between the & planes and outside the plane that cancel. Thus Hpi between the plane P [ { O outside.3.230 3.231 3.232 359 to the plane of the paper, by circulation theorem, 2B dl = pg (2xdl)j or, B= oxi, [x] sd {th Outside, 2B dl = iy (2d dl) j ; or, B= podj |xjzd. | We assume that the current flows perpendicular x=0 ! | It is easy to convince oneself that both in the regions. 1 and 2, there can only be a circuital magnetic field (i.e. the component B,). Any radial field in region 1 or any By away from the current plane will imply a violation of Gauss’ law of magnetostatics, B, must obviously be symmetrical about the straight wire. Then in 1, By2nr= Uol or, Bow att In 2, B,-2"r=0, or By=0 On th is,B Hol R* B,, al the is mn the axis,B = - alon; ie axis. 2Raye > 1 wie’ f de Thus, ftw f aa- wa wd 2 Hol R Rsec’0d0 . oe Pee putting x= Rtan@ w2 - vol} i cos Od0= pol -w2 The physical interpretation of this result is toat f B, dx can be thought of as the circulation of B over a closed loop by imaging that the two ends of the axis are connected, by a line at infinity (e.g. a semicircle of infinite radius). By circulation theorem inside the conductor By2xr= Wyi,Rr of, By™ Yoi,r/2 : ee ie, Be Suix? Similarly outside the conductor,360 2.234 3.235 3.236 : R? By2nr= poj,nR? of, By= Foie 7 Z. R?2 So, Bo suo (ixr ey We can think of the given current which will be assumed uniform, as arising due to a negative current, flowing in the cavity, superimposed on the true current, everywhere including the 3) cavity. Then from the previous problem, by $ superposition. Be dugixAP-BP)= dyin If T'vanishes so that the cavity is concentric with the conductor, there is no magnetic field in the cavity. By Circulation theorem, By: 2nre vo f iO) x27 a o or using By = brinside the stream, be uf ier ar 0 So by differentiation, (a+1)br*= pi @r Hence, i= b(a+l) ,a-1 Ho On the surface of the solenoid there is isa Surface current density jez nie, = eX 7. Then, Be - Pont f Rapa? n oO where 7 is the vector from the current element to the field point, which is the centre of the solenoid, Now, -e,xI= Re, rom (2 +R?) -2 Hy nT dz Thus, Be B= waar? f artis -l2361 +tan™ aR = dupa f cosada (on putting z= R tana) ec en OR i: 2R = ponTsina= nf 2 __- y, nl 1+(7 =) V2)? +R? / 3.237 We proceed exactly as in the previous problem. Then (a) the magnetic induction on the axis at a distance x from one end is clearly, Ba ml a & 1 ‘f a Be On oak = dL ynrR an J n?+e-y ype 2" +R)” 7 w2 1 1 x => Uonl f cos 0d0= SpynI\1-———— ; 2 Vi? +R? x>0 menas that the field point is outside the solenoid. B then falls with x.x <0 means that the field point gets more and more inside the solenoid, B then increases with (x) and eventually becomes constant, equal to Hy "J. The B-.x graph is as given in the answer script. (b) We ieee = 88 it vets]: 1-n B "2" Vateae %o VRP +x Since n is small (~ 1%), xp must be negative. Thus x)= —|x9| ton“ or, = 1-27 and ll iy VR? + [xoP [xo P= 1-4 440) R? +] xf) O= (1-20) R?-4n(1-m) [20° / [x)= 2. 2Vn(1-n) 3.238 If the strip is tightly wound, it must have a pitch of h. This means that the current will flow obliquely, partly along ¢, and partly along e,. Obviously, the surface current density is, > - Tym S| V1 -(h/22 RY e+ sh Tak}362 3.239 3.240 By comparision with the case of a solenoid and a hollow straight conductor, we see that field inside the coil = Ho £V1- (2a RF (Cf. B= pg nt). Outside, only the other term contributes, so I ih ByX2ar= Wy i X aR x IMR - fo.2 Van Note - Surface current density is defined as current flowing normally across a unit length over a surface. or, B Suppose a is the radius of cross section of the core. The winding has a pitch 2nR/N, so the surface current density is oe - =>, I = Js ™ TaRTN °* Dna 2 where 2 is a unit vector along the cross section of the core and 2) is a unit vector along its length. The magnetic field inside the cross section of the core is due to first term above, and is given by By2nR = wyNI (JT is total current due to the above surface current (first term.)) Thus, By= Ho NI/2nR. The magnetic field at the centre of the core can be obtained from the basic formula. J,xi5 dB = —— dS and is due to the second term. or, The ratio of the two magnetic field, is = x ‘We need the flux through the shaded area. Now by Ampere’s theorem, I 2 B20 = ty x Mor Bon alae The flux through the shaded region is, or,3.241 3.242 3.243, 3.244 363 k aye f Lars 0 R Hor _ Ho “Sema at Using 3.237, the magnetic field is given by, owen tar] At the end,B = Sign t= 4B, where By = Hy nl, is the field deep inside the solenoid. Thus, = dugalS = 4/2, where @= yp nlS is the flux of the vector B through the cross section deep inside the solenid. B,2nr= wyNI By NT = Ber om . Then, = f By hdr,az rs b= flowin Inn, where = b/a Magnetic moment of a current loop is given by Pm= iS (where n is the number of tums and 5, the cross sectiondl area.) In our problem, n= 1, S= 1R* and B= St 3 & paw 2BR gp?a BR Hy Hp Take an clement of length rd containing x + rd@ turns, Its magnetic moment is Naeg-2a2 nae gat normal to the plane of cross section. We resolve it along OA and OB. The moment along OA integrates to Alo364 3.245 3.246 (a) From Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic induction due to a circular current carrying wire loop at its centre is given by, Ho, 2r! The plane spiral is made up of concentric circular loops, having different radii, varying from a to b. Therefore, the total magnetic induction at the centre, B= Ho Bom Jf 2 W @ where $27 is the contribution of one turn of radius + and dN is the number of turns in the interval (r, r + dr) ; N ie. a= Nar Substituting in equation (1) and integrating the result over r between a and b, we obtain, b BoiN b Boa Nie as Molde 2b. 2(b-a) a 2 @-a) dr (>) The magnetic moment of a turn of radius r is p,,= iz?” and of all turns, > if ~ fine gpa BEN 0?) P=S Pp dN fix wat Sea (a) Let us take a ring clement of radius r and thickness dr, then charge on the ring element., dq= o2nrdr (o2xrd)o Tn =owrdr and current, due to this element, di = So, magnetic induction at the centre, due to this element : dB = tai R owrdr and hence, from symmetry -a=fap~ f moore oR 0 (b) Magnetic moment of the element, considered, ap, = (di) xr = cwdrnr= onordr Hence, the sought magnetic moment, R Pat f dn foxor dre oon o365 3.247 As only the outer surface of the sphere is charged, consider the element as a ring, as shown in the figure. The equivalent current due to the ring element, One «do di = 57 2a sin Ord 0) 0 (1) rd and magnetic induction due to this loop element 4, at the centre of the sphere, O, do yf 7518 My ,2ursinOrsin@ Mo ,. sin?@ a GB = di > = — di 4x 4x a. [Using 3.219 ©) ] Hence, the total magnetic induction due to the sphere at the centre, O, w2 Bo w 2xr’sin@dO sin’ Oo Ba fdBm J ion 7 ° {using (1)] 2 Myo or 5 2 Hence, p~ f oor sin 0d0= 3 Ho Sor = 29 pT ° 3.248 The magnetic moment must clearly be along the axis of rotation. Consider a volume element dV. It contains a charge dV. The rotation of the sphere causes this charge eat Ce 4n/3R* to revolve around the axis and constitute a current. ey. nk? * 2x Its magnetic moment will be 4, aVx 2 xn7 sin? 6 4nR an So the total anagnetic moment is The mechanical moment is M- 2 mR? 0, So, Pea 4, 3.249 Because of polarization a space change is present within the cylinder. It’s density is pp= -div P= -20 Since the cylinder as a whole is neutral a surface charge density 0, must be present on the surface of the cylinder also. This has the magnitude (algebraically)366 3.250 0,x2aR= 2axR? or, o,= oR When the cylinder rotates, currents are set up which give rise to magnetic fields. The contribution of p, and G, can be calculated separately and then added. For the surface charge the current is (for a particular element) OR x 2nR de x5 = aR? w de Its contribution to the magnetic field at the centre is My R? (aR? w de) 2@7 +R?) and the total magnetic field is AL Ho R? (aR? wads) _ Hoa n'o f a Hy aR*o Ses : 202 +R)? 2 (2 +R? 2 eh As for the volume charge density consider a circle of radius r, radial thickness dr and length dx. The current is— 20x 27 dr de x >= -2ardrwde The card field due to the volume ae distribution is af Jaros - femora fac +7)? R = -fcnpordrx2= -ppaoR? so, B= B,+B,= 0 0 Force of magnetic interaction,Fngy = ¢ (0% B) > e@xr Where, F. * 3 4an r So, Frog = ae KOKA] BSP aT xT BECP) > 1 And Fu, CE ane, Tr [nag | vy : Hence, a = -agto= (2 = 1.00 10 [Fescctic |3.251 3.252 367 (a) The magnetic field at O is only due to the curved path, as for the line element, d/ }4 7. Hence, Be Peat T= ee RF) fy a Thus F,= Bj Bj) So, F,= 0-20 N/m x > \ Zz ux = B 0 2 o (b) In this part, magnetic induction B at O will be effective only due to the two semi infinite segments of wire. Hence Be 2 sin FB) sf? mig = ac) Thus force per unit length, Fi i) Each element of length dl experiences a force BI dl. This causes a tension T in the wire. For equilibrium, Tda= Bidl, where dais the angle subtended by the element at the centre. Then, T= at = BIR The wire experiences a stress BIR nd*/4 This must equals the breaking stress o,, for rupture. Thus, nd’o, Buss” “AIR The Ampere forces on the sides OP and O' P’ are directed along the same line, in opposite directions and have equal values, hence the net force as well as the net torque of these forces about the axis OO’ is zero. The Ampere-force on the segment PP’ and the cor- responding moment of this force about the axis OO’ is effective and is deflecting in nature.368 3.254 3.255, In equilibrium (in the dotted position) the deflecting torque must be equal to the restoring torque, developed due to the weight of the shape. Let, the length of each side be / and p be the density of the material then, iB (I cos 8) = (S1p)ghsinO+(Sip)ghsino +(S1p) gisin® or, il? Bcos 0 = 2S pgl?sin® Hence, B= SPh ino ‘We know that the torque acting on a magnetic dipole. So N= pixB But, p= iS, where 7 is the normal on the plane of the loop and is directed in the direction of advancement of a right handed screw, if we rotate the screw in the sense of current in the loop. On passing a current through the coil, this torque acting on the magnetic dipol, is counterbalanced by the moment of additional weight, about O. Hence, the direction of current in the loop must. Pm, be in the direction, shown in the figure. Dix B= - 1x Amg” or, = NiSB= Amel So, B= Ate! . 0.47 on putting the values. Nis (a) As is clear from the condition, Ampere’s forces on the sides (2) and (4) are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Hence the net effective force on the frame is the resultant of the forces, experienced by the sides (1) and (3). Now, the Ampere force on (1), po oe u— 1" oe 2 and that on (3), 3 Ho fot Aye “i 2 So, the resultant force on the frame =F, - F, (as they are opposite in nature.) wy3.256 369 2 tp iy "ay -D (b) Work done in turning the frame through some angle, A= fid® = i(,- 4), where ®, is the flux through the frame in final position, and ®, that in the the initial position. = 0-40 nN. Here, [@)= |)= © and d= -, 50, A®= 26 and Aw i2@ Hence, An 2i f Bas 4) = 2 Ho fot gy een (ST) “b-3) There are excess surface charges on each wire (irrespective of whether the current is flowing through them or not). Hence in addition to the magnetic force if we must take into account the electric force F Suppose that an excess charge 2 corresponds to a unit length of the wire, then electric force exerted per unit length of the wire by other wire can be found with the help of Gauss’s theorem. oe re 4ne) 1 4x6’ Fi= ME=k (1) where / is the distance between the axes of the wires. The magnetic force acting per unit length of the wire can be found with the help tttttteetttee of the theorem on circulation of vector B Ho 2 Fn” ag DP where i is the current in the wire. (2) F Now, from the relation, = Cg, where C is the capacitance of the wires per unit lengths and is given in problem 3.108 and p= iR ao, slay rete Gd ne R @) Dividing (2) by (1) and then substuting the value of - from (3), we get, Fn. Yo (nn)? F,- & wR* The resultant force of interaction vanishes when this ratio equals unity. This is possible when R= Ro, where370 3.257 3.258 3.259 | en = 0:36 kQ Use 3.225 The magnetic field due to the conductor with semicircular cross section is Ho! Be oH PR aF By? The oF. Br= 0 a7 Be ae We know that Ampere’s force per unit length on a wire element in a magnetic field is given by. dF, = i(nxB) where 7 is the unit vector along the direction of current. q) Now, let us take an element of the conductor iy, as shown in the figure. This wire element is in the magnetic field, produced by the current i,, which is directed normally into the sheet of the paper and its magnitude is given by, i a Hol [Ble oar 2) From Eqs. (1) and (2) per unit area (Recall the formula F = Bil on a straight wire)371 +B, 7 3.260 (a) The external field must be which when superposed with the internal field Thus, Fe + Bi Bz +B, FA upwar B,-B, (b) Here, the external field must be upward with an internal field, on the left and dewnward on the right. Thus, Bit Be By -By ip 12 eit 2Uo (©) Our boundary condition following from Gauss’ law is, B, cos 0, = By cos 0 and F= Also,(B, sin 0, + B, sin @,) = [iyi where i= current per unit length. Bi B, sin 0, - B, 2 The external field parallel to the plate must be (The perpendicular component B, cos @,, does not matter since the corresponding force is tangential) B,’ sin’ 0, - B,? sin? 0, 2 o 02 Thus, F= per unit area BY -B,? 2 Hy The direction of the current in the plane BS conductor is perpendicular to the paper and Br per unit area. = beyond the drawing. 3.261 The Current density is 4 where L is the length E of the section. The difference in pressure z produced must be, 1 IB Ap = op xB x (abL)/ab = 7372 3.262 3.263 Let f= thickness of the wall of the cylinder. Then, J= I/2xRt along z axis. The magnetic field due to this at a distance r t t . fl (e-3 a < R+ 5) i given by, 2 By Qnr)= water fP-( 3] } 7? -(R -1/2)"} Ret oe nl a Now, Fo [Fda t Ret F, 1 Hol? 12 and P 2RRL” 2xRL J itzsl-( -5) feanrza Rt When self-forces are involved, a typical factor of $ comes into play. For example, the force on a current carrying straight wire in a magnetic induction B is BJl. If the magnetic induction B is due to the current itself then the force can be written as, Z F=fawyart 0 If B(’)a/,, then this becomes, F = FB IL In the present case, B (I) = 4p "J and this acts on nf ampere turns per unit lehgth, so, F (1. Ixnlxixl_ 1. 97 Area 240" “3x7 zhom The magnetic induction B in the solenoid is given by B = jig nl. The force on an element dl of the current carrying conductor is, dF = Sty nf dl = $ tg nl? pressure p = This is radially outwards. The factor 5 is explained above.3.265 3.266 373 To relate dF to the tensile strength Fin We proceed as follows. Consider the equilibrium of the element dl. The longitudinal forces F have a radial component equal to, dF = 2F sin D Fd0 Thus using dl= Rd0, F= Fuga? R 4 / z. This equals F,,,, When, J= [iin = HynR Note that Fj, here, is actually a force and not a stress. Resistance of the liquid between the plates= ad Voltage between the plates = Ed = v Bd, Current through the plates « 24 R+ od Ss Power, generated, in the external resistance R, 7 vB-d?R v’B"d? v Bd? ‘a a z= 2 2 pd 4) Ved (e+ ae Rvs _ (£4) +2 Ved SVR s 2 This is maximum when R = op and P= Lee! The electrons in the conductor are drifting with a speed of, ae z- f > ne nxR°ne where e = magnitude of the charge on the electron, n= concentration of the conduction electorns. The magnetic field inside the conductor due to this current is given by, Mo dr 2x R? A radial electric field vB, must come into being in equilibrium. Its P.D. is, I 2 B,Qnr)= x7 = tp 07, By R 2 I Mr Tce Heo Ho! Ac -f x ar- |S 1|- POS ER ne 2 R? wire (4 4xRne 0374 3.267 3.268 3.269 Here,v, = z and j= nev, 7 200 10° As T (a ons V/m. - cE 16x10" Cx5 x 104 = 25 x 10% perm? = 2-5 x 10” per c.c. Atomic weight of Na being 23 and its density * 1, molar volume is 23 c.c. Thus number 6 x 10% 23 Thus there is almost one conduction electron per atom.’ of atoms per unit volume is = 26 x 10” per c.c. _ Ae dirft velocity a By definition, mobility = Feciric field component causing this dik % “™ zy On other hand, E, 1 -3 m2 E,= vB= —4,as given so, w= — = 3-2 x 10° m2/(V-s) : ne nB Due to the straight conductor, B, = M2 ue to the straight conductor, oe a. We use the formula, F=0,V)B (a) The vector p;, is parallel to the wie conductor. F- mS 28-0, because neither the direction nor the magnitude of B depends on z (b) The vector p7 is oriented along the radius vector 7” Fe p= og The direction of B at r+ dr is parallel to the direction at x. Thus only the @ component of F will survive. a Mol Hol Pm Fon Pm op Tg” (c) The vector p> coincides in direction with the magnetic field, produced by the conductor carrying current I > Fe p,-2 tol ge, tl Pn 2% ™rap 2n 2x ap . + wo So, Fe - 0! Pm ye, As, P= -e@ oe a375 3.270 F,= Pp tol f kat Ral Hy IR? But, B,= 2 oe ut, By eR” 2a RD Ho S2nR? 3 So, = oa ep, : 2 2)5/2 m 4m (x74 R*2 2 e Po Hy 61 R*Ip,.x * ax G4 RY 3.271 S mie [Po Pum] -3 HoPimPm _ rb iePs]- BEE 9 3.272 From 3.270, for x >> R, . tol R? 0 Beant Tao x 10-6 my By 3.273 1 > Bi,= Boosa, B y ay ” 1 : H = oe > “& =pBsina so, Vaccum Bi = BV w sin? a+ cos? s 3274 @f H-as- f (2-7)-«5- -f Fa5, since § F-a5= 0 ‘0 Now J’is nonvanishing only in the bottom half of the sphere.376 3.275 3.276 Here, B', = Bcos 0, H',= +Bsin0, B',= wBsin 6, H’,= cos 0 Ho Hh Jy~ F828 8(1 1) and y= HL Bsino . Ho u Hp Only J, contributes the surface integral and ~§ Tad -§ Fad. § sas- 2 Bse0 (1) ) f Bar @-B,)l= 1-wBisind Inside the cylindrical wire there is an external current of density —z. This gives a magnetic field H, with 2 ave H,2r= 1 on Hy= ered Ir : From this By= Sy and Jy= B=? = 27 = Magnetization zx 2nR Hence total volume molecular current is, 7 I § Tare f Hoa wy rar The surface current is obtained by using the equivalence of the surface current density to Tx 7 this gives rise to a surface current density in the z-direction of — x The total molecular surface current is, U T= - 2% ak) = - yl. Ss — Dag 2aR) = -% The two currents have opposite signs. We can obtain the form of the curves, required here, by qualitative arguments. From § Hediz= PA we get H(x>>0)= A(x <<0)= al Then B(x>>0)= ppp nl B(x .<0)= gal Also, B(x<0)= tH (x <0) J(e<0)=0 Bis continuous at x= 0, His not. These give the required curves as shown in the answer- sheet.3.277 3.278 377 The lines of the B as well as H field are circles around the wire. Thus H,1r+H r= ot, Ay+Hy=t Also Ho My Hy = Hy Hy Wo= By= By= B Thus H,- 2-4 Hy + By a7 wT Hy= —1-+ Hy + Hy ar ibaa and Bey Hots + ug ar The medium I is vacuum and contains a circular current carrying coil with current J. The medium II is a magnetic with permeability y. The boundary is the plane z= 0 and the coil is in the plane z= /. To find the magnetic induction, we note that the effect of the magnetic medium can be written as due to an image coil in II as far as the medium I is concerned. On the other hand, the induction in II can be written as due to the coil in I, carrying a different current. It is sufficient to consider the far away ficlds and ensure that the boundary conditions are satisfied there. Now for actual coil in medium J, 2Pp cos O (} ses os (a . a (3) HOP (2 cos? 6’ - sin? 0") and B, = ee By= (—3 sin 0! cos 0’) where Pm = U(a’), a= radius of the coil. Simitarly due to the image col, ae m ad m B= (2.cos? 0' - sin’ 0"), B, (3 sin 0’ cos 0’), p’, = I (wa) As a as the medium II is concerned, we write similarly B,= Be Ho? m (2 cos?" — sin? 6"), B= PoP 3 sin 0 cos 6'), p",,= I" (na?)378 3.279 3.280 3.281 3.282 3.283, The boundary conditions are, p, +P’ = P'", (from B,,= By,) , 1, Pmt P'm= — 4 P''m (from Hy, = Hy) Thus, = pa Bal; pei pel In the limit, when the coil is on the boundary, the magnetic field enverywhere can be obtained by taking the current to be #1. Thus, B= —2#- 5 wel pei We use the fact that within an isolated uniformly magnetized ball, > HT > Ha -373, Be en , where J's the magnetization vector. Then in a uniform magnetic field with induction By, we have by superposition, oi 8 By, = B+) H, = 2-373 : : 3 Hy or, By, +2 tH, = 3B, also, 5, = WB Hi i, Th Hi 20 na Bi he = med em WD The coercive force H, is just the magnetic field within the cylinder. This is by circulation theorem, H,, = aM = 6 kA/m (trom Hd F™ 1, total current, considering a rectangular contour.) _ H We use, f Hai= 0 “E Neglecting the fringing of the lines of force, we write this as B \3 H(nd-b)+>b=0 Ho Bb oy Hw 27 = 101 Am The sense of H is opposite to B NI Wy~ Bb Here, f Hdi=NnI os, H(2nR)+22= NI, so, H= Wo DR iy B 2nRB - 4. 428 _- 310 Hence, u up” uyNI-Bb One has to draw the graph of = a versus H from the given graph. The u— A graph starts out horizontally, and then rises steeply at about H = 0-04 k A/m before falling agian. It is easy to check that pt,,4,* 10,000.3.284 3.285 3.286 3.287 Fy 379 From the theorem on circulation of vector Hf. Ho NT nee ad b where B is in Tesla and H in kA/m. Besides, B and H are interrelated as in the Fig. 3.76 of the text. Thus we have to solve for B, H graphically by simultaneously drawing the two curves (the hysterisis curve and the straight line, given above) and find the point of intersection. It is at Haast = NI or, B= 2H = (151 - 0-987) H, H»~ 0-26kA/m, B= 1:25T Then, ue aa” 4000. From the formula, es Se. F= (p-V)B->F- Pf 0° V)Bav, Th F- f @V¥) Fav us rn ) or since B is predominantly along the x-axis, 2 | r-& f 2B sap = 1S” f apt = KSB. 45H * uy J ax Wo 25 BBO 2M The force in question is, > > oo aB Fe (7,0) B= 0Y Cd Huy a since B is essentiatlly in the x-direction. : 2 Fw RvB _ Po XBOV d (g-2@!). gare 2 Xo 2yy de 2p) de 2h This is maximum when its derivative vanishes So, : 1 ie. 16a°x*-~4a= 0, or, x= ™ Vaa The maximum force is, oot wn KBE _ x0: ad rn aa So, x" (uF VE i VB = 36 x 10 2 = (pr -0) Bp = KEV BL XV Be ee ee oe This force is attractive and an equal force must be applied for balance. The work done by applied forces is, eek As f -Fde= Bee BY he ae xe380 3.6 3.288 3.289 3.290 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS Obviously, from Lenz’s law, the induced current and hence the induced e.m.f. in the loop is anticlockwise. From Faraday’s law of electromagnetic indcution, d® Ba Var Here, d®= B-dS= -2Bxdy, and from y= ax’,x= vi Hence, §,,= wye & x = ByV & , using Y= Ving 0 a dt Let us assume, B is directed into the plane of the loop. Then the motional e.m.f. | i g,- |f -@B-a7] = var and directed in the same of (7% B) (Fig.) iL Ro oe Byl &x, Rr#Re : Rik, R+R, . a Re” RR R Ry, +R As Rj and R, are in parallel connections. (@) As the metal disc rotates, any free electron also rotates with it with same angular velocity «, and that’s why an electron must have an acceleration wr directed towards the disc’s centre, where r is separation of the electron from the centre of the disc. We know from Newton’s second law that if a particle has some acceleration then there must be a net effecetive force on it in the direction of acceleration. We also know that a charged particle can be influenced by two fields electric and magnetic. In our problem magnetic field is absent hence we reach at the conslusion that there is an electric field near any electron and is directed opposite to the acceleration of the electron. If E be the electric field strength at a distance r from the centre of the disc, we have from Newton’s second law. F,= mw, 2 cE = mre, o, E=™O", and the potential difference, Geen Prin f Eva ff oO oO or dr, as Eta”3.291 3.292 381 2 2 Thus Peon Prin AQ= MEF = 30n0V (b) When field Bis present, by definition, of motional e.m.f. : Hence the sought potential difference, Gan Grin” J -vBar= f orBdr, (as v= or) 0 Thus Grin“ Ven = 0 0B a= 20 mV (In general w< 2 so we can neglect the effect discussed in (1) here). By definition, B= - (0B) c c dad So, [Ear fa) ar f-yaar 4 ‘A 0 But, v= cor, where r is the perpendicular distance of the point from A. c 4 Hence, ff E-d= f -wBrdr= -hopd?= -10mV A 0 This result can be generalized to a wire AC of arbitary planar shape. We have c c ¢ JE ae BB a -- [cord x B)-dr 4 ‘4 c — -= > - f @ro8e r)-dr 4 1 =~ z Bod, d being AC and 7 being measured from A. Flux at any moment of time, Sa 14,|= 5 a5]- B(1R7— where @ is the sector angle, enclosed by the field. Now, magnitude of induced e.m.f. is given by,382 BR? o, oy. [ps4 where w is the angular velocity of the disc. But as it starts rotating from rest at t= 0 with an angular acceleration B its angular velocity w (t) = Bt. So, B Le Sin = > Be According to Lenz law the first half cycle current in the loop is in anticlockwise sense, and in subsequent half cycle it is in clockwise sense. Be Thus in general, ,,= (- 1 64, where 7» in number of half revolutions. The plot &,(), where ,= V2in/f is shown in the answer sheet. 3.293 Field, due to the current carrying wire in the region, right to it, is directed into the plane of the paper and its magnitude is given by, Be ar where r is the perpendicular distance from the wire. As B is same along the length of the rod thus motional e.m.f. and it is directed in the sense of (0% B) So, current (induced) in the loop, Sin _ 1 Hol vi mR” DRRr 3.294 Field, due to the current carrying wire, at a perpendicular distance x from it is given by, Motional e.m-f is given by | -(B)-d7 "| There will be no induced em. in the segments (2) and (4) as, "Pt dT and magnitude of e.m.f. induced in 1 and 3, will be Yo i Mo i soften o(Sectale respectively, and their sense will be in the direction of (7% B). So, e.m.f., induced in the network = &, -§) [as § > &] avpoift 1 Va" Ui =n [F-aea] 2nx (atx)3.295 3.296 3.297 383 As the rod rotates, an emf. 1ig.peig 37 0-B= >a Bo ap E()- ha Bo R A magnetic force will then act on the conductor of magnitude BJ per unit length. Its direction will be normal to B and the rod and its torque will be a B0-F0Bo pe a Bx 4 Obviously both magnetic and mechanical torque acting on the C.M. of the rod must be equal but opposite in sense. Then for equilibrium at constant is induced in it. The net current in the conductor is then ae EQ-Sa Bo rye i RT pga sin or R 2 1g MER ype ——(q? BP : or =§@) 74 Bor aB sinwt Tap t Bo+2mgRsinwt) (The answer given in the book is incorrect dimensionally.) From Lenz’s law, the current through the connector is directed form A to B. Here &,,= vBI between Aand B a where vis the velocity of the rod at any moment. For the rod, from F, = mw, or, = mgsina-ilB= mw For steady state, acceleration of the rod must be equal to zero. Hence, mgsina= ilB (1) Sa vB But, inet mgsinaR From (1) and (2) v= Bie From Lenz’s law, the current through the copper bar is directed from 1 to 2 or in other words, the induced crrrent in the circuit is in clockwise sense. Potential difference across the capacitor plates, b= Se on 9= CE,384 5.298 Hence, the induced current in the loop, d&, aq ot Sin dt Oat But the variation of magnetic flux through the loop is caused by the movement of the bar. So, the induced emf. &,, = Blv i a, av and, Gon BIG, = Blw Hence, i- ch. CBlw Now, the forces acting on the bars are the weight and the Ampere’s force, where Fyqp = i1B(CB1w) B= Cl? Bw. From Newton’s second law, for the rod, F, = mw, or, mg sina - CI? B’ w= mw Hence wo meenar pene CPB +m PBC L 2a Flux of B, at an arbitrary moment of time ¢ : > nx ae $,- BS= BF cosa, ao From Faraday’s law, induced em.f,, §, = ~“F 2 aexzeoes| Buao. = a oe Oe oo Bea R 2R . Now thermal power, generated in the circuit, at the moment f= f: and induced current, iin 2 2 P= &xi,= Par) Asin? ot and mean thermal power generated, A :; 2 fash 2 favre 0

= ————_,——___—_—= ‘xo a? B fa oO Note : The claculation of 5 which can also be checked by using motional emf is correct even though the conductor is not a closed semicircle , for the flux linked to the rectangular part containing the resistance R is not changing. The answer given in the book is off by a factor 1/4. a3.299 3.300 3.301 385 The flux through the coil changes sign. Initially it is BS per turn. Finally it is - BS per turn, Now if flux is © at an intermediate state then the current at that moment will be So charge that flows during a sudden turning of the coil is : N an fide ~RID-(-%)] = 2NBS/R pu tg Hence, one = 0:5T on putting the values. According to Ohm’s law and Faraday’s law of induction, the current iy appearing in the frame, during its rotation, is determined by the formula, .__ de Ldiy Oe aa a Hence, the required amount of electricity (charge) is, a= f inat= -i f Gard) -h (A@+L Ai) Since the frame has been stopped after rotation, —b the current in it vanishes, and hence A ig = 0. po It remains for us to find the increment of the flux A® through the frame (A@ = ©, -,). ' 1 i : a \ Let us choose the normal 7’to the plane of the t ' frame, for instance, so that in the final position, : =>. . sat the nlene pf the fionre | 00 tt ho ewe: 4 Wis directed behind the plane of the figure ns P 8 k—a—l0’ (along B’). Then it can be easily seen that in the final postion, > 0, while in the initial position, , <0 (the normal is opposite to B’), and A® turns out to be simply equal to the fulx through the surface bounded by the final and initial positions of the frame : bea Ad= &,+/0)= f Badr, bea where B is a function of r, whose form can be easily found with the help of the theorem of circulation. Finally omitting the minus sign, we obtain, Ab Modi, bea R 2nR b-a q= As B, due to the straight current carrying wire, varies along the rod (connector) and enters linerarly so, to make the calculations simple, B is made constant by taking its average value in the range [a, b].386 fe fa. ar 2 a Moto b or, = 5e Ba in? (a) The flux of. Be changes through the loop due to the movement of the connector. According to Lenz’s law, the current in the loop will be anticlockwise. The magnitude of motional emf, £,= v(b-a) ~ Po ey gy He i ne 5 = =a) InFb-a) a" 2 ijin=v So, induced current i, = Se Ho oY in” RR In RG (b) The force required to maintain the constant velocity of the connector must be the magnitude equal to that of Ampere’s acting on the connector, but in opposite direction. Ho 4 ig b vicar (Beton!) 6-0 (Spel) 2 -i a (et iyin 2) , and will be directed as shown in the (Fig.) So, Foy* et 2a (a) The flux through the loop changes due to the movement of the rod AB. According to Lenz’s law current should be anticlockwise in sense as we have assumed B is directed into the plane of the loop. The motion em.f &,,(0) = Bly and induced current i;, vel A From Newton’s law in projection form F, = mw, Vp R3 Fam TBe B3.303 3.304 387 x ° mR f mRvo or, den - 75] av oo, x= f rps” © Pr (b) From equation of energy conservation; E, - E; + Heat liberated = Ay +Ag, [2 -}m voi] + liberated = 0+0 So, heat liberated = im ve With the help of the calculation, done in the previous problem, Ampere’s force on the connector, = vbla ‘amp 7 directed towards left. Now from Newton’s second law, dv F Fagg = vB? dv So, Fo tm e ' ’ or, fae mf ae v 0 0 F- R ce ak ’ mB? -tB'l?\ RF Thus ve (1-« Rm | BP According to Lenz, the sense of induced e.m.f. is such that it opposes the cause of change of flux. In our problem, magnetic field is directed away from the reader and is diminishing. (a) (b) (c) (d) So, in figure (a), in the round conductor, it is clockwise and there is no current in the connector In figure (b) in the outside conductor, clockwise.388 3.305 3.306 3.307 In figure (c) in both the conductor, clockwise; and there is no current in the connector to obey the charge conservation. In figure (d) in the left side of the figure, clockwise. The loops are connected in such a way that if the current is clockwise in one, itis anticlockwise in the other. Hence the e.m.f. in loop b opposes the e.m.f. in loop a. : ga. ad exm.f. in loop a= 4-(a°B) = a? 5 (By sin wt) Similarly, e.m.f. in loop b= b’ By @ cos wt. Hence, net e.m.f. in the circuit = (a” - 6?) By w cos «ot, as both the e.m.f’s are in opposite sense, and resistance of the circuit = 4(a+b)p Therefore, the amplitude of the current (@ - b*) Byw “Garde ~ * The flat shape is made up of concentric loops, having different radii, varying from 0 to a. Let us consider an elementary loop of radius r, then e.m.f, induced due to this loop -d(B°S) 2 = mr” By @ cos wt. dt : and the total induced e.m.f., a Siam f(r? By cos ot) dN, (1) 0 where xr? w cos wt is the contribution of one tum of radius r and dN is the number of turns in the interval [r, r + dr]. So, dN= (+ 2) 2 N By cos tN a From (1) and @,8= f-@r By co 008 wt) S dy = 9 0 Maximum value of e.m.f. amplitude E,., = $B, oNa The flux through the loop changes due to the variation in B with time and also due to the movement of the connector. d(B°S) so, bx (ES) . as Sand B are collinicar But, B, after ¢ sec. of beginning of motion = Bt, and S becomes = dw, as connector starts moving from rest with a constant acceleration w. So, Raat ZBI we?3.308 3.309 3.310 3.311 389 We use B= pynI Then, from the law of electromagnetic induction § Eval= -F So, forra E,2nr= -na’ pont or, E,= - pont a?/2r The meaning of minus sign can be deduced from Lenz’s law. 2 The e.m.f. induced in the turn is yonia The resistance is aay, pynlSd So, the current is 4p = 2mA, where p is the resistivity of copper. The changing magnetic field will induce an e.m.f. in the ring, which is obviously equal, in the two parts by symmetry (the e.m.f. induced by electromagnetic induction does not depend on resistance). The current, that will flow due to this, will be different in the two parts. This will cause an acceleration of charge, leading to the setting up of an electric field E which has opposite sign in the two parts. Thus, 5 naka rT and, Senak= nrl, where § is the total induced e.m.f. From this, = (+1)r, eal = n-1 ~ Be ogg le Ue ea ate But by Faraday’s law,§ = xa" 1ypucl so, tere Go to the rotating frame with an instantancous angular vélocity @(¢). In this frame, a Coriolis force, 2 mv” x @(¢) _ acts which must be balanced by the magnetic force, e vx B (1) Thus, B= - oR On (it is assumed that Gis small and varies slowly, so @” and @ can be neglected.)390 3.312 3.313 3.314 The solenoid has an inductance, L=pyn'ab7s, where n = number of turns of the solenoid per unit length. When the solenoid is connected to the source an e.m.f. is set up, which, because of the inductance and resistance, rises slowly, according to the equation, RIi+LI= V This has the well known solution, = ta ea): Corresponding to this current, an e.m.f. is induced in the ring. Its magnetic field B= ign in the solenoid, produces a force per unit length, ¢ = Biz wan’ na’ i/r 2, py? _ Homa V" x? | eR eR) r (RL g acting on each segment of the ring. This force is zero initially and zero for large ¢. Its maximum value is for some finite t. The maximum value of 2 tw) i -(feemy et. dFay vama’V? 42 pga’ V? ae Tee aR gen be eM (ye UE So The amount of heat generated in the loop during a small time interval dt, dQ-= &/Rdt, but, §= -2. 2at-at, 2 So, dQ- Canam and hence, the amount of heat, generated in the loop during the time interval 0 to t. Qat-ay? , 1a? 2 f Ree see 0 Take an elementary ring of radius r and width dr. dr The e.m.f. induced in this elementary ring is x7” B. Now the conductance of this ring is. ES 1 hdr hrdr (Qs mer Sy)’ Integrating we get the total current, ’ / hrdr, _ hB(b-a’) = ae 2p 4p3.315 3.316 3.317 3.318 391 Given L = yn? V= pyr? ly xR, where R is the radius of the solenoid. 1 Thus, n= 7 Hoh So, length of the wire required is, 4/4xL hy l= nh2aR= = 0-10 km. Ho From the previous problem, we know that, I’ = length of the wire needed= WV a , where I= length of solenoid here. 0 : Now, R= Pon, (where S = area of crossection of the wire. Also m= pS’) Thus, 7. Sea pe Po PP!” PPo where py = resistivity of copper and p = its density. Rm__Ll Equating, am. cee Py tp/4x Ho mR . 1 an PPo! The current at time ¢ is given by, T= Ea-e™) The steady state value is, Jy = z and or, L TR Pos where, py = resistivity, Jy = length of the winding wire, S = cross section of the wire. But m= 1p, L mL So eliminating S,t = = Polo poh” m/ply392 From problem 3.315 |, = V LL Mo (note the interchange of ! and fy because of difference in notation here.) Thus, +. bpd haa OT ms, Po > LE ° Bo 3.319 Between the cables, where a Se Jar ao : A i Hol Hol b The associated flux per unit length is,® -f Fee kL xdr= 2 In 2 Hence, the inductance per unit length L,= 2= S"21n 1, where n= 2 eee eee a nH We get L, = 026 WE : NI NI 3.320 Within the solenoid,,2ar= NI ot Hy= M%, By= wtp poe .. and the fux,d= N@, = N 4S? wif a 2x r > : Bo a) Finally, L-5y Nain (: +5] 3.321 Neglecting end effects the magnetic field B, between the plates, which is mainly parallel to the plates, is B= mot (For a derivation see 3.229 b) Thus, the associated flux per unit length of the plates is, @= wytxhxte (m5) So,L, = inductance per unit length = Hoe = 25 nH/m.3.322 3.323 3.324 3.325 393 I For a single current carrying wire,B, = x (r> a). For the double line cable, with current, flowing in opposite directions, in the two conductors, I B, = “2, between the cables, by superposition. The associated flux is, ar d-a I I o- ft xd or Se Win xd, per unit length m oF na x Hence, L,- Sinn is the inductance per unit length. In a superconductor there is no resistance, Hence, dI_ de Adee sae 2 So integrating, I= 2. zee because Ab = &,-&,, = xa°B, B= 0 ‘Also, the work done is, a= ferare f ra22- 1, pligae , : dpaeD 2r : : 2 N’s In a solenoid, the inductance L= ign” V= 1 p75 where S = area of cross section of the solenoid, / = itslength, V= SJ, N= nl = total number of turns. When the length of the solenoid is increased, for example, by pulling it, its inductance will decrease. If the current remains unchanged, the flux, linked to the solenoid, will also decrease. An induced e.m.f. will then come: into play, which by Lenz’s law will try to oppose the decrease of flux, for example, by increasing the current. In the superconducting state the flux will not change and so, i: 77 constant “0 1 The flux linked to the ring can not change on transition to the superconduction state, for reasons, similar to that given above. Thus a current / must be induced in the ring, where, xa’B IN MN Hence, ne hee h(1+n) 0394 3.326 3.327 3.328 3.329 We write the equation of the circuit as, for £2 0. The current at = 0 just after inductance is changed, is i=y 5, so that the flux through the inductance is unchanged. We look for a solution of the above equation in the form i= A+Be™” Substituting C= Gk ,B=n-1,A= = Thus, is Bem ae™k) Clearly, L = R(I-i)= &-RI So, wee ER 3, 2S = B-Ri This equation has the solution (as in 3.312) ie Se 14h, The equations are, di, di, Ly Gt eG t SRG +a) Then, fu i,-L,4)=0 or, L,i,-L i, = constant But initially at ¢= 0, i,= i,= 0 so constant must be zero and at all times, Lael In the final steady atate, current must obviously be i, + i, = & . Thus in steady state, A ace er A eek 1” RG, +L) 4 2" ROL I Here, B= a at a distance r from the wire. The flux through the frame is obiained as,3.330 3.331 3.332 395 ’ Hol I {har Here also, B= 5-7 and = out f tw. AN Ho 3 20 a Thus, Ly= The direct calculation of the flux ©, is a rather complicated problem, since the configuration of the field itself is complicated. However, the application of the reciprocity theorem simplifies the solution of the problem, Indeed, let the same current i flow through loop 2. Then the magnetic flux created by this current through loop 1 can be easily found. i Magnetic induction at the centre of the loop, : B= “2 2b So, flux throug loop 1, : ,.= xa oe and from reciprocity theorem, 2. bg ai ine On Se op 2 ®, Sq Ly= = Fx a?/b Let p>, be the magnetic moment of the magnet M. Then the magnetic field due to this magnet is, Wo [3 On FIT” Pe axl oF The flux associated with this, when the magnet is along the axis at a distance x from the centre, is where,®, = read 3 xe and &,= 2HoPm f Axete, an J +0) UjPere Se otras = Ho Pm? So Po FE am = =396 3.333 3.334 3.335 When the flux changes, an e.m.f. —-N a is induced and a current - uae flows. The dt total charge q, flowing, as the magnet is removed to infinity from x = 0 is, x. oPm - Xe =0)-5.2 q (= 0) Hi ae or, Pm” Wy If a current J flows in one of the coils, the magnetic field at the centre of the other coil is, yal Hy aT Bdataye 2h. The flux associated with the second coil is then approximately [tx a* 1/2 1° 4 Hota ton oe as >>. Hence, dl, When the current in one of the loop is f,= of, an emf. Ly)" = Lipa, is induced in the other loop. Then if the current in the other loop is J, we must have, ee . 24 Rh= Lye This familiar equation has the solution, =e Tye “22 (10% ) whicw is th ired it n= —R -e which is the required current Initially, after a steady current is set up, the current is flowing as shown. a In steady condition iny = 5, ho= R 0 When the switch is disconnected, the current : through Ry changes from ijy to the right, to 4 ing to the left. (The current in the inductance cannot change suddenly). We then have the 4 Ro equation, L; di, : Z L B+ R+R ign 0. Sw. L i Lo “so. This equation has the solution i; = ing e7'®**" € The heat dissipated in the coil is, Q= f i; Rdt= inR s eae de 0 oa Le ~ Rin *T@yR)” TR TR)” 3M!397 3.336 To find the magnetic field energy we recall that the flux varies linearly with current. Thus, 3.337 3.338 when the flux is © for current i, we can write @ = Ai. The total energy inclosed in the field, when the current is J, is we See fag @2 iat Ld 21 ~ fvasie fvasae iwars iver The characteristic factor 3 appears in this way. We apply circulation theorem, H2nb=NI, of, H= NI/2xb. Thus the total energy, We SB 2nb na? = a" b BH. Given N, J, b we know H, and can find out B from the B-H curve. Then W can be calculated. From) H-a7= M1, H-nd+2 bm NI(d>>>) 0 NI md+ pb Since B is continuous across the gap, B is given by, Also, B= pyyH. Thus, H= B= ose: both in the magnetic and the gap. La: @ ee 2h a - Weagreic _B 2 Hy ue xSxad 2 (b) The fux is wf Bas" Ny gS A, b+— So, Le Energy wise; total energy B? (nd eee Fe 2°)* 2 Pe SLI398 3.339 3.340 3.341 The L, found in the one way, agrees with that, found in the other way. Note that, in calculating the flux, we do not consider the field in the gap, since it is not linked to the winding. But the total energy includes that of the gap. ‘When the cylinder with a linear charge density 2 rotates with a circular frequency «, a surface current density (charge / length x time) of de is set u 2x : The direction of the surface current is normal to the plane of paper at Q and the contribution ds of this current to the magnetic field at P is v a= PIED as where 2” isthe Q r is direction of the current. In magnitude, dB dé LX |ex7rT= 7, since @ is normal to 7’and the 6 direction of dB is as shown. > Pp I It’s component, d By cancels out by cylindrical @Bn | symmetry. The component that survives is, Bly S cos 0= ME fo wi, rT s eee f dQ-= 4x, the total solid angle around any P point. The magnetic field vanishes outside the cylinder by similar argument. The total energy per unit length of the cylinder is, W,= im Bs) xna= = Po Wee Fee? for the clectric field, Wy ame for the magnetic field. a Thus, in? ze”, when = 3 x 10° V/m The electric field at P is, E,= Tt ane sl)3.342 3,343 3.344 3.345 399 To get the magnetic field, note that the rotating ring constitutes a current i= qw/2 1, and the corresponding magnetic field at P is, or, The total energy of the magnetic ficld is, Af @yav-h fe. 7)" 2H The second term can be ease as the energy of magnetization, and has the density TE (a) In series, the current I flows through both coils, and the total e.m.f. induced. when the current changes is, ai dr a a or, L'= 2 (b) In parallel, the current flowing through either coil is, Zand the e.m.£. induced is 1 dl a. ( at } Equating this.to -L’ 21, we find L’= 3. We use Ly = by, V, Ly = Wg ty’ V So, Ly Hoty mV= i cis The interaction energy is te S Pele aS Lead Ble 7 plhhey Here, if B, is the magnetic field produced by the first of the current carrying loops, and B,, that of the second one, then the magnetic field due to both the loops will be B, + B>.400 3.346 We can think of the smaller coil as constituting a magnet of dipole moment, 3.347 3.348 3.349 Pam aT, Its direction is normal to the loop and makes an angle @ with the direction of the magnetic field, due to the bigger loop. This magnetic field is, I, B= ae The interaction energy has the magnitude, LI, Hort 2 cos 0 |W|= Its sign depends on the sense of the currents. (a) There is a radial outward conduction current. Let Q be the instantaneous charge on the inner sphere, then, jx4aP= -# o, jz -1, 27. : r 4nP dt > @ d(Q\ > On the other hand jj: Ja= ae (aea*)- -1 (b) At the given moment, E= —4—7 4neger > E A and by Ohm’s lawj = == ——2—? P 4ntyepr : : Then, 7 [ 14" a rege pr dS cos 0 _ d § iz -—L. . jg’ as Eanes ee ey The surface integral must be -ve because j, being opposite of j, is inward, Here also we see that neglecting edge effects, j,= —j. Thus Maxwell’s equations reduce todiv B= 0, Curl H= 0, B= pH A-gencral solution of this equation is B= constant = By - By can be thought of as an extraneous magnetic field. If it is zero, B= 0. Given J = I, sin wt. We see that ) fee ' i= $sinwt= -jy- - FP I, or, D= as cost, so, E,,= is the amplitude of the electric field and is Jn e905 7V/cem3.350 3.351 3.352 401 The electric field between the plates can be written as, Ex Reve re | instead of U cos wt d d This gives rise to a conduction current, j= OE = ReSV,e™ and a displacement current, ior V, jam 2. Reggeia-Fe The total current is, ip va VF (yeah cos (wt+a) where, tana= = on taking the real part of the resultant. ‘0 The corresponding magnetic field is obtained by using circulation theorem, H2nre xr jp 1Vy 2d 0" + (Eg € oy or, H= H,,cos (wt +a), where, H,,= Inside the solenoid, there is a magnetic field, B= pnt, sin ot. Since this varies in time there is an 7 electric field. This is obtained by using, § Ear “a J Beas’ For rR, r The associated displacement current density is, ae [- eB 1/2 Jam ap ~ eB R2/2r The answer, given in the book, is dimensionally incorrect without the factor €. In the non-relativistic limit. 4negr (a) Ona straight line coinciding with the charge path, po oe Ja™ 0% |3.353 3.354 = x But in this case, += -v and v2= 9 50, j= 242% r 4xP (b) In this case,r= 0, as, 71. Thus, jan - r 4xrP Ca We have, E,= , eee ee P Ane (a+r) : a then Ja= 37 ae” Gai ee This is maximum, when x= x,,= 0, and minimum at some other value. The maximum displacement current density is A To check this we calculate a ; a. Lc 4ae@+2)-se@-22)] This vanishes for x= 0 and for x= Vv 3 a. The latter is easily shown to be a smaller local minimum (negative maximum). We use Maxwell’s equations in the form, g B-d7e too e f Fas, when the conduction current vanishes at the site. We know that, as-r a f Fas- ane 2 - phis- “aS dQ <2 m1 ~ e088), Ore eye ae ce re eae Thus, § Fare rnaB= dugq-sind-0 On the other hand,x = a cot 0 differentiating and using = - y, v= acosec? 06 th pe Hogyrsin® us, = 4xr3.355 3.356 3.357 3.358 403 This can be written as, B= Hoa WRF) 4nP and He LEE rcrhe sense has to be checked independently.) 4x (a) If B= BY, then, cui = =B ao So, E cannot vanish. (b) Here also, curl E # 0, so E cannot be uniform. (©) Suppose for instance, E= a°f (1) = where @ = curl E'= 0. Generally is spatially and temporally fixed vector. Then -# speaking this contradicts the other equation curl H= 2 * 0 for in this case the left hand side is time independent but RHS. depends on time. The only exception is when f (®) is linear function. Then a uniform field E can be time dependent. From the equation Curt 77-22. j7 ‘We get on taking divergence of both sides On: D rag - 5 div De aivj ee 7? ap But div D= p and hence div j + one 0 From Vx z= - 28 ot we get on taking divergence o= -A ave of This is compatible with div B= 0 A rotating magnetic field can be represented by, B,= Bycost;B,= Bysinwt and B,= B,, <> Then curl, F.-2. ot - $0, - (Cul E),= -wBysinwt= - oB, - (Cul E),= w By cos wt= wB, and - (Curl E), = 0 > wo Hence, Curl E= -@xB, —— where, O= 60.404 3.359 3.360 3.361 Consider a particle with charge e, moving with velocity ¥; in frame K. It experiences a oe force F= vx B In the frame K’, moving with velocity ¥; relative to K, the particle is at rest. This means that there must be an electric field E in K’, so that the particle experinces a force, Fa ei- F= ev > Thus, E'= TB Within the plate, there will appear a (0° B) ) force, which will cause charges inside the plate to drift, until a countervailing electric field is set up. This electric field is related to B, by E= eB, since v&B are mutually perpendicular, and £ is perpendicular to both. The charge density + o, on the force of the plate, producing this electric field, is given by E- 2 or o= egvB = 0-40 pC/m? 0 Choose &t t B along the z-axis, and choose 77as the cylindrical polar radius vector of a reference point (perpendicular distance from the axis). This point has the velocity, > v= @x7, and experiences a (vB) force, which must be counterbalanced by an electric field, B= -@x7}xBe -@-B)P There must appear a space charge density, p= egdiv E= -2e90°-B = -8pC/m? Since the cylinder, as a whole is electrically neutral, the surface of the cylinder must acquire a positive charge of surface density, 26 @-B) xa oS . om ts eg Bm + 2 pC/m In the reference frame K’, moving with the particle, > > ? Bea EsvxB- 4neyr Bu Bix E/c= 0. Here, 12 = velocity of K’, relative to the K frame, in which the particle has velocity 7” Clearly, vp = ¥: From the second equation, > — —» 3 UKE gq _vxF Mo ger B - es3.363 3.364 3.365 3.366 3.367 405 Suppose, there is only electric field E, in K. Then in K’, considering nonrelativistic velocity Ea FB» -V2E, ¢ >= So, EB =0 In the relativistic case, E,-E B= 3-0 cle) Ile pw EL _ = vk Ere : . Vi-v/2| * Vi-vy/e Now, BB = B-By+E, Bi, = 0, since B Bip = -E,- GREW -v/e)= -E,- WE, )/ (-3 nA InK,B= o-4, b= constant. y Ye : In RK, BeBe wy YRS 5 aA The electric field is radial (F= xi+yj ). InKE= a4, F= (ity) ) r . og. vkE ark” I KB =- = i z 2 oP The magnetic lines are circular. In the non relativistic limit, we neglect v’/c? and write, a By = 8, wala oF ] <> Ey" . aE Bw B, - Ec E,w Ey These two equations can be combined to give, Bia F+0%B, B= B-VKE/C Choose E in the direction of the z-axis, E- (0, 0, £). The frame K’ is moving with velocity v= (vsina, 0, vcos a), in the x-z plane. Then in the frame K’, = E'= Ey By= 0 > lo eo exe Vive * Vi-ve The vector along vis @= (sin a, 0, cos «) and the perpendicular vector in the x - z plane is, , f= (- cos a, 0, sin a),(@) Thus using F'= Ecosa 2%Esinaf. Esina Ei Ecosa and y= SB, ‘ 1-V s/c? aaa So Be EV ISB SSS and tana’ = ene w/e , > ve EV () By= 0, BY = = 1-V/e' pre BEsina cV1-p" 3.368 Choose B in the z direction, and the velocity 7= (vsin ct, 0, v cos a) in the x -2z plane, then in the K’ frame, _ . - ee || ed pe eee ee Viet Vier We find similarly, £’ = ©B3sina vi-p° vic 2 cos? a tana B=B tan a! = 1-¢° Vi -#? =. 3.369 (a) We see that, E'-B' = E'y-Bi+E', -B', |. = EB) +——+* | 27 B,-@ SS But, xB-CxD=A:CB-D- aot oo so, E’-B’ = E)-By +E, -B, —- (0) EP - 2B? = EY ORTH EL- BY407 = Ry2 ~a-2Re [a -nar-o(-B2) a =H Bs oo FZ osEy| | S 2_ 2p? = Ey-c By t+ since, (VA, = VA? 3.370 In this case, E- B'= 0, as the fields are mutually perpendicular. Also, 2 EB -¢ B= -20x10° (=) is - ve. Thus, we can find a frame, in which E’ = 0, and * B= ive Ee = BV1- Jp OV - oe } = 045 mT 3x 10° x2 x 107 3.371 Suppose the charge q moves in the positive direction of the x-axis of the frame K. Let us go over to the moving frame K’, at whose origin the charge is at rest. We take the x and x’ axes of the two frames to be coincident, and the y & y’ axes, to be parallel. a In the K’ frame, E = w., 4ney /’ and this has the following components, pee oe =” Gime ? 9 Smeg Now let us go back to the frame K. At the moment, when the origins of the two frames coincide, we take ¢ = 0. Then, x= rcos 0 = wvi-% y= rsinO= y! c Also, E,= Ej, B= B /Vi-v7e 2 2.2 From these equations, r?= 7 1-6’ sin’ 8) 1-8 ? q 1 9222 (yr? y_* F * Fxey PO B sino? [ BY (ies) qru-p) 4megr (1B sin? 0)”408 3.7 3.372 3.373 MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS Let the electron leave the negative plate of the capacitor at time t= 0 dp Q_ at As, = ete : oe and, therefore, the acceleration of the electron, eat dv _ eat we SoS 2.2 mom” dt ml @ 1 6 my Putting the value of r in (1), 2 1 1ea(6ml?)? _ (9 ale\3 ve rear] - (| = 16 km/s. The electric field inside the capacitor varies with time as, E= at. Hence, electric force on the proton, F= eat and subsequently, acceleration of the proton, eat 7 oe m Now, if t is the time elapsed during the motion of the proton between the plates, then te 3 as no acceleration is effective in this direction. (Here v, is velocity along the length i of the plate.) wi From kinematics, cane te 80, iG = fwd, 0 0 (as initially, the component of velocity in the direction, 1 to plates, was zero.)409 or Now, eal” as , from energy conservation. = 3.374 The equation of motion is, = al? | —m “4 Vow ag -v F~ LE, - ax) Integrating Apia 1a. 3 v FE x-5 ax’) = constant. But initially v= 0 when x = 0, so “constant” = 0 Thus, va (Fox 7 20*| 2Eo Thus,v = 0, again for x= x,,= > The corresponding acceleration is, dv) og Fo (2) = $0-259--% 3.375 From the law of relativistic conservation of energy 2 myc : 7 Se CEx= me’. Vi-W/c) : as the electron is at rest (v= 0 for x= 0) initially. Thus clearly T= eEx. 2 myc On the other hand,V1 - (v7/c") = —>— myc? +e Ex . vy _ Vimy e+e Ex)? - mac* i c moc? + eEx (mg ¢* + eEx) de 2 a fearn f Oe (ig ¢? + Ex) — mpc410 3.376 3.377 1 dy 1 vi 2 2 nt ot a = > Vm c + eEx)” - moc’ + constant 2e Vy-mich eE The “constant” = 0, at t= 0, for x= 0, 1V arated So, ct ZV (mmge? + ex)? ~ mg c*. Finally, using T= ¢E x, VI(T+2 myc? ceE y= VI(T+2mc) or, fon Eta) Ee As before, T= e£x Now in linear motion, dmv mw mw 4. a» ee awe Vi-vi7e (A-v70y? (T 3 mM (T+ mc?) Eo ~ ” S s. eEmc og 1 0, we w le (T+mey ef The equations are, 2{__ Mor: 20 and 2/70}. ex at\Vi- 777) ayy ve H 7 tant Md lence, > = constant = Vi-v/c? Vi = (3/07) Also, by energy conservation, my 7 my 7 te ey V1-(/c?) V1 - (ec) oa Yofo mg ividin, ye ooo 7 = ty +eby’ ° V1-Wye) mo eyteEy so, oe V1-V7e) ce Thus, (eg + eLy) v,= ce Et + constant. “constant” = 0 as v,= 0 at t= 0. Integrating again, egy fezy - deer + constant.3.378 3.379 “constant” = 0, as y= 0, at f= 0. Thus,(ce Et)’ = (ey E)’+2e,eEy+e,- 2 or, ceEt = V (eq + eEy)’ - & or, eg t+ Ey= Vegas ce E* 1? y 2 Hence, Vy = io also, We a Vere cre Er? Ved +c% eB? 1? y, and tan d= Y= Et VG. vy MyM From the figure, oD R~ my As radius of the arc R = a where v is the velocity of the particle, when it enteres into the field, From initial condition of the problem, Liw Va qv= 5m? on, v a Bee ie Oe a 2mV mV 2 m and a= sin7! ( V2. )- 30°, on putting the values. 2mV (a) For motion along a circle, the magnetic force acted on the particle, will provide the centripetal force, necessary for its circular motion. . me eBR ive. m= evB or, v= R m re a a at o v eB dp > (b) Generally, o- F my” rig mo Vi-W/e) V1-W Ie) (-wea)” é = For transverse motion, v" ¥'= 0 so, = ap IgV" -— | eee here. a V1- 770%) 1-7) + dp_d But, a dt412 3.380 3.381 3.382 Thus, a ee : rV¥1- 73) Vi-@7e) » Ber or, oo ©” Ver ame 2am, Finlly, T= 2 0 VB OP ime ¥ epvi-vye? Be (a) As before,p = Bar. (bo) T= Ve pam = Ve Bg r+ mac 2 2 © ae =. a ee r r[1+(me/ Bary | using the result for v from the previous problem. From (3.279), ra 222 (relativistic), 1, 2ame | Jativistic) = Telativistic) , = — >; (nonrelativistic), 7B o” eB Here, me/Vi-v/e = E 2nT Thus, oT- (T= KE. cen’ ¥ Now, a n= » 80, T= myc? Ty moc’ T= v= 1m? = eV= 5m (The given potential difference is not large enough to cause significant deviations from the nonrelativistic formula). Thus, vey m 2eV eV So, y= Y= cosa, y= YX sina i m 4. m 2 7 mV a, mv, low, ee oe a T= 2nr_ 2am vee Be Pitch cosa 20 cosa eB?413 3.383 The charged particles will traverse a helical trajectory and will be focussed on the axis 3.384 after traversing a number of turms. Thus : 2am 27m A =(+y— Vo By ; B, n eone+il a: - 5,” B, ” B-B, . 2am Hence =. 2 % 4(B,-B) 7 eee : 2qVim = (B,-B,Y (q/m) Let us take the point A as the origin O and the axis of the solenoid as z-axis. At an arbitrary moment of time let us resolve the velocity of electron into its two rectangular components, ¥j along the axis and ¥; to the axis of solenoid. We know the magnetic force does no work, so the kinetic energy as well as the speed of the electron | ¥; | will remain constant in the x-y plane. Thus ¥; can change only its direction as shown in the Fig... ¥j will remain constant as it is parallel to B. Thus att =t Vy = V, COS wt = vsin a cos wt, vy = v, sino = vsinasinwt eB and v, = veosa, where o = = m As at t = 0, wehave x = y = z = 0, so the motion law of the electron is. Z= voosat vsina x= ——sinwt o vsin a yn PSES (cos 1-1) (The equation of the helix) On the screen, z=, sot= s VCOs a 2 ein? Then, Pea Peyte 2 sine “(1 -cos i ) ow vcos a el @ m"2-v cos & B 2 mv cos414 3.385 3.386 Choose the wire along the z-axis, and the initial direction of the electron, along the x-axis. Then the magnetic field in’ the x - z plane is along the y-axis and outside the wire it is, Hol : B= B,= >, (B,= B,= 0, if y= 0) The motion must be confined to the x -z plane. Then the equations of motion are, 4 mya -ev,B, dt d(my,) Go te.B, Multiplying the first equation by v, and the second by v, and then adding, dy, eee “Gr te Gp 0 or, vieve vf, say, or, v= Ve-v? dy, I Ten aE ved, Wole de Vie 2 or, - Te Integrating, Vi-v = — me on using,v,= vo, if x= a (ie. initially). Now, v,= 0, when x= x,, Je so, Xm = ae’, where b= 2am Inside the capacitor, the electric field follows a B law, and so the potential can be written as Vinrja p__-V_ 1, Inb/a ’ Inb/ar Here r is the distance from the axis of the capacitor. Also, mah Mk oy ute r Inb/arr Inb/a On the other hand, my = qBr in the magnetic field. Vv v Vv oe ———— Thus, Y= Brinb/a oe ee Br B’?? in(b/a)3.387 3.388 415 The equations of motion are, dv, dv, dv, m ae -qBy,, man GE and mim qv, B These equations can be solved easily. . E E 2 First, ye £, ye £y Then, vz+v2 = constant = vjas before. In fact, v, = vg cos wt and v,= v9 sin wt as one can check. Integrating again and using x= z= 0, at r= 0 y v x= sinwt, z= — (1 -cos of) o oOo 2n Thus, re r= 0 forts t= 0% 2x, py 2h 2 BNEW qB/m qBim QB" At that instant, y, = #. ¥, Also, tana, = Sow, 0 at this moment) my B = Te, OB, A Bite qEt, gE 2mE or, ye a= 2? isa parabola. Br416 3.389 3.390 3.391 In crossed field, cB = evB, so ve = Tb emIe Then,F = force exerted on the plate = 7xm5= 7, ‘When the electric field is switched off, the path followed by the particle will be helical. and pitch, Al = 4 T, (where 4 is the velocity of the particle, parallel to B, and T, the time period of revolution.) = vcos (90 -q) T= vsingT 20m (a To 7 i) qB Now, when both the fields were present, gE = qvB sin (90 - @), as no net force was effective on the system. = vsinp E or, Ve pe ? (2) E2nm From (1) and (2), Alm Boag m= 6om. When there is no deviation, _, eS -qgE= q(vxB) or, in scalar from, E= vB (as VLE) of, v= g Oy Now, when the magnetic field is switched on, let the deviation in the field be x. Then, xa 2 (28) 2 2\m where is the time required to pass through this region. also, t-4 v 2 2 1(q@B\(a\) 1 ga B? a 4) igge 2) a a (a }(] 2m E ® For the region where the field is absent, velocity in upward direction - (Gr): Lap @) m m Now, Av-x- TB y m 2 = 1a b yo Oe mE When t= > (4) |S From (2) and (4), lq@B_ qaBb oe mare] meer 4. 2B Ae m= aB’(a+2b) or,417 3.392. (a) The equation of motion is, moan VE + 0%) Sif ee Now, VeB= |i y z| = iBy-jBE 0ooB So, the equation becomes, dy 1B yy ty gE By ang Meg dat m da om m* dt Here, v,= x, y= y, v,= Z The last equation is casy to integrate; v,= constant = 0, since v, is zero initially. Thus integrating again, z= constant = 0, and motion is confined to the x - y plane. We now multiply the second equation by i and add to the first equation. B= uti, we get the equation, & ae 2 inf io’, wo ae This equation after being multiplied by e'“can be rewritten as, 4 ge piety, ig pie a (Ge) = iwe B and integrated at once to give, &- Face ini, where C and o are two real constants. Taking real and imaginary parts. E.Ceos(ot+a) and v,= ~Csin (or +a), Since v,= 0, when f= 0, we can take a= 0, then v,= 0 at r= 0 gives, C= - and we get, E a v= pi —cos wt) and v= Bein ot. Integrating again and using x= y = 0, at t= 0, we get E(,_ sina E x05 ('- ss YO = Gall - cos wn). This is the equation of a a (b) The velocity is zero, when at = 2.x, We see that ‘EN? Va eye 6) (2-2 cos wt)418 3.393 The quantity inside the modulus is positive for 0 < wt <2 x. Thus we can drop the modulus and write for the distance traversed between two successive zeroes of velocity. 4E or S= a(-o 3) Putting wt= 27, we get 8E_ 8mE oB gB* (c) The drift velocity is in the x-direction and has the magnitude, = < Fa -cosa >= £. I When a current J flows along the axis, a magnetic field B, = iar is set up where p= x’+y” In terms of components, Poly Hy Ix B,= -———, B,= ——y and B, = 0 | 25p 2 Jeo : Suppose a p.d. V is set up between the inner cathode and the outer anode. This means a potential function of the form Inp/b oe Vinee a>p>b, as one can check by solving Laplace equation. The electric field corresponding to this is, Vx E,= E,= 0. = Pin al/b” : ~ ptina/b’ The equations of motion are, ie 4 gyn g felve_, tele! dt pina/b 2x9 ew lelvo! zm = + + z | d i Mol a and am” “lela Teste lela e gine (-Je|) is the charge on the electron. Integrating the last equation, Ee A mv,= -|e| fo inp/a~ mz.3.394 419 since v,= 0 where p= a. We now substitute this z in the other two equations to get 2 Smite zm, dt\2 2 IV Le (vol) a5 | zeae na/b m (2x) "? Pe lel¥_leP (vot) 9]. 1 4 92 m2 ™ (2x 6] 2p? at P "eb lelV leP (tot). pla, p a eae ola» In b Integrating and using v= 0, at p= b, we get, 1 lelV 1 Hol) Lave = ete? 2) 7 eb intl (3) ("5 Ing The RHS must be positive, for all a > p > b. The condition for this- is, lel (Hof) 1 a Vea (# ae This differs from the previous problem in (a +b) and the magnetic field is along the z-direction. Thus B, = B,= 0, B,= B Assuming as usual the charge of the electron to be - | e| , we write the equation of motion v, ¥, : a le 115, Lm,= 1M steps a= ane | ae ® a ® a and 4 mv,= 0 = z= 0 The motion is confined to the plane z= 0. Eliminating B from the first two equations, SG elV xi+yy a@\2”" |" inb/a In p/a on 2 = lelVin za 50, as expected, since magnetic forces do not work,420 3.395 On the other hand, eliminating V, we also get, d be a Gry - yy.) = |e] B (axe + yy) ie, (x, -yv,)= tele p? + constant The constant is easily evaluated, since v is zero at p= a. Thus, (,-)= LEB (gt a)> 0 At p= b, Gvy-y)s vb Thus, vb x LLB 2 _ 22) 2m or, Bs 2m y/2lel¥ , 1 : B-a m “el 2». [mB ; Bs : va ¥ jel The equations are as in 3.392. By Me tn av, 9B bad ty, cos wt- Hy, and with on B, gn vt in, we get a jE n | a. iz @ cos wt -iw& or multiplying by e'™, . E, : 4 gel) = Boe +1) : E, io = F : ior Sm Qi, m » or integrating, Be aB° + B iwt or, ads ape +2iare’™)+Cei™ i 0 0,c En since B= 0 atr= 0, C= -7F. E, E, ; Thus, g- is sin or + i >For e!™ fae En En or, vy = zp sin ot and v,= 2p Sin wt + 5p wt cos wt Integrating again, x= SGI wt — wt cos wt), = “tsin wt. aon “in Y= 353.396 3.397 3.398 421 where a= fe, and we have used x= y= 0, at t= 0. The trajectory is an unwinding spiral. We know that for a charged particle (proton) in a magnetic field, mi Be or mv = Ber But, oF m ee Thus Ex Zmv= > mor, So, AE = mo’ r Ar = 432 v? mr Ar On the other hand AE = 2 eV, where V is the effective acceleration voltage, across the Dees, there being two crossings per revolution. So, Vz 22° v' mr Ar/e 2 (a) From ae Bev, or, mv= Ber _ Berl | 2m and T Sm? = 12MeV we get, Soin * (a) The total time of acceleration is, t=>—-n, 2 where n is the number of passages of the Dees. Ber But, T= neV= nw Ber i amv : poe Bi@n x Bras mami Oo . ~ Bim™ mv Wi ev e (b) The distance covered is, s= Dv, 55 But, v= V2 va, m eV 2 an So,422 3.399 3.400 Be? 2 mv Pr loon - 2eVm ev 4x v me Thus, sw Aen = 124k In the nth orbit, 2nr, <= 1m Ty= ~~ We ignore the rest mass of the electron and write ’n v,= ¢. Also W= cp= cBer,. Thus, 2aW 8 Bec? v or, nw 22W Ly Bec The basic condition is the relativistic equation, 2 my mia Bay, of, m= Or calling, o- 74 we get, is the radius of the instantaneous orbit. The time of acceleration is, Sa ar net N is the number of crossing of either Dee. But, W,= m,c?+ 24¥ myc? x AW, So, is ae 2 qBc Be aoe NW) caw, yy? 2AW, oy” 4 Be? 4qBe" there being two crossings of the Dees per revolution. =N —, W>> 1) . woe a AW a T= Woy” a ON™ 2g Be N423 Hence finally, oe 0 1422, AW _ y? CO 4g BC = oo oe v.. (aw? A Be | Vi+at 4mict 7 AW qBAW an me mmc 3.401 When the magnetic field is being set up in the solenoid, and electric field will be induced in it, this will accelerate the charged particle. If B is the rate, at which the magnetic field is increasing, then. nPB=2mnrE or E=irB 2 ot apr Thus, mae 77 3q, ove a After the field is set up, the particle will execute a circular motion of radius p, where mv= Bqp, or p= br 3.402 The increment in energy per revolution : e&, so the number of revolutions is, No 35 The distance traversed is, s= 20rN 3.403 On the one hand, a pes Gn ee a ") dr! de 2 One ae ae a J BOO On the other , po Bie, r= constant. pio A so, oe 4 BQ erB(r) Hence, erB()= 5 son dea> : 1d So, By bo ca> This cquations is most casily satisfied by taking B (rq) = jes > ey 3.404 The condition, B (ro) = = 5 f 8 2m aria 03.406 3.407 or, Bord= 5 f Brix This gives rp. In the present case, Baga d -V= or, za 750 9 To aa The induced electric field (or eddy current field) is given by, E@= 24 fownnme Hence, # 147, Bo & ral wenes z - -i4<2>+20 This vanishes for r= ry by the betatron condition, where rq is the radius of the equilibrium orbit. From the betatron condition, ld aB 3a Br GEO" d 2B Thus, a 7 a d®_ , pdsB>, 2arB ad So, energy increment per revolution is, edd 2xreB at At (a) Even in the relativistic case, we know that : p= Ber Thus, We= Vc*p*+mac* -mc*= my evi + (Ber /mecy" -1) (b) The distance traversed is, Ww Ww Wat ee or eB IM ‘Ber’ on using the result of the previous problem.