Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2013

DocumentID: 301286

,1'8&(''5$*&20387$7,21:,7+:$.(02'(/6&+(0(6)25
+,*+/<1213/$1$5:,1*6<67(06
-+RHIOLQJ
-6FKLUUD$6SRKU'6FKDHIHU
)+$DFKHQ8QLYHUVLW\RI$SSOLHG6FLHQFHV
)OLJKW6\VWHPV)OLJKW*XLGDQFHDQG&RQWURO
$DFKHQ*HUPDQ\

$EVWUDFW
7KHFDSDELOLWLHVRILQGXFHGGUDJSUHGLFWLRQIRUKLJKO\QRQSODQDUZLQJFRQILJXUDWLRQVDUHDQDO\]HGXVLQJDYRUWH[ODWWLFHD
UHOD[HGZDNH YRUWH[ODWWLFH DQG D KLJKHU RUGHU SDQHO PHWKRG 7KHUHIRUH 6XUIDFH 3UHVVXUH 7UHIIW]3ODQH DQG 7UDLOLQJ
(GJH DQDO\VLV DUH VWXGLHG XVLQJ SODQDU FUHVFHQW DQG HOOLSWLFDO VKDSHG OLIWLQJ VXUIDFHV FRQFOXGLQJ WKDW WKH WZR ODWWHU
PHWKRGVDFKLHYHWKHGHVLUHGDFFXUDF\,QRUGHUWRVWXG\WKHLQIOXHQFHVRIGUDJIUHHDQGIRUFHIUHHZDNHPRGHOVFKHPHV
RQ KLJKO\ QRQSODQDU FRQILJXUDWLRQV WZR ELSODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQV DUH DQDO\]HG (DFK PHWKRG ZHUH IRXQG WR KDYH VSDQ
HIILFLHQFLHVWKDWDJUHHZHOOZLWKOLIWLQJOLQHWKHRU\\HWWKHUHOD[HGZDNHYRUWH[ODWWLFHDQGWKHKLJKHURUGHUSDQHOPHWKRGV
DFKLHYHG PRUH DFFXUDWH UHVXOWV UHJDUGLQJ LQGXFHG GUDJ SUHGLFWLRQ )RU WKH VDPH ELSODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQ GLIIHUHQW
GRZQZDVK GLVWULEXWLRQV DQG VSDQODRGLQJV DUH IRXQG GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH XWLOL]HG IRUFHIUHH RU GUDJIUHH ZDNH PRGHO
VFKHPH 7KHVH GLIIHUHQFHV DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH ZDNH VKHHW DQG UROOXS EHKDYLRU LQKHULWHG E\ WKH IRUFHIUHH ZDNH
PRGHOVFKHPHDQGYHULILHGE\FRPSDULVRQWRKLJKHURUGHUPHWKRGV


120(1&/$785(

,1752'8&7,21

E
VSDQ>P@
&'
GUDJFRHIILFLHQW>@
OLIWFRHIILFLHQW>@
&/
VHFWLRQOLIWFRHIILFLHQW>@
&O
F
FKRUG>P@
dA
GLIIHUHQWLDODUHDHOHPHQW>@
'
GUDJIRUFH>1@
H
VSDQHIILFLHQF\>@
KE
KHLJKWWRVSDQUDWLR>@
0
0DFKQXPEHU>@
n
XQLWQRUPDOYHFWRUQ[Q\Q]>@
N 
QRFKRUGZLVHHOHPHQWVSHUVXUIDFH>@
N 
QRVSDQZLVHHOHPHQWVSHUVXUIDFH>@
V
YHORFLW\YHFWRUXYZ>PV@
6
ZLQJDUHD>P@
x
VWUHDPZLVHD[LVUHIHUHQFHGWRWKHURRW
y
VSDQZLVHD[LVFRRUGLQDWH

DQJOHRIDWWDFN>@

FLUFXODWLRQ>PV@

DVSHFWUDWLR>@

UHODWLYHVSDQZLVHFRRUGLQDWH>@

GHQVLW\>NJP@

SHUWXUEDWLRQSRWHQWLDO>@
t
WLPHVWHSVL]H>V@

6XEVFULSW

FUHV
FUHVFHQW
HOOLS
HOOLSWLFDO
L
LQGXFHG
/(
OHDGLQJHGJH
63
6XUIDFH3UHVVXUH
73
7UHIIW]3ODQH
75
WUDLOLQJHGJH
UHI
UHIHUHQFH
U
URRW
W
FRRUGLQDWHRIZLQJWLS

IUHHVWUHDP

,QFUHDVLQJ IXHO VXSSO\ GHPDQG DQG ORQJ WHUP FOLPDWH

FKDQJH PLWLJDWLRQ UHTXLUHV WKDW IXUWKHU VXVWDLQDEOH
HIILFLHQF\ HQKDQFHPHQWV EH PDGH IRU WKH FRPPHUFLDO
DYLDWLRQ LQGXVWU\ )RU WKHVH QHFHVVLWLHV LQGXFHG GUDJ
UHGXFWLRQUHPDLQVDQDWWUDFWLYHILHOGRIUHVHDUFKVLQFHWKLV
GUDJ IUDFWLRQ RFFXSLHV XS WR 40% RI WRWDO GUDJ GXULQJ
FUXLVHIOLJKWFRQGLWLRQVIRUFRPPHUFLDOWUDQVSRUWDLUFUDIW>@
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR FRQYHQWLRQDO DSSURDFKHV OLNH ZLQJ WLS
H[WHQVLRQV UDWKHU XQFRQYHQWLRQDO DSSURDFKHV IRFXVHG RQ
KLJKO\ QRQSODQDU ZLQJ FRQILJXUDWLRQV KDYH UHJDLQHG
DWWHQWLRQ LQ UHFHQW \HDUV 7KH NH\ VWUDWHJLF JRDO RI WKLV
VWXG\ LV WR GHWHUPLQH KRZ DFFXUDWHO\ FRPPRQ QXPHULFDO
PHWKRGV EDVHG RQ OLQHDU SRWHQWLDO IORZ WKHRU\ SUHGLFW
LQGXFHG GUDJ JHQHUDWLRQ RI KLJKO\ QRQSODQDU
FRQILJXUDWLRQV 7UDGLWLRQDO YRUWH[ODWWLFH DQG SDQHO
PHWKRGVPRGHOWKHWUDLOLQJZDNHDVGUDJIUHHIODWYRUWLFLW\
VKHHW DOLJQHG ZLWK WKH IUHHVWUHDP ZKLFK LV OHDYLQJ WKH
ZLQJ WUDLOLQJ HGJH $OWKRXJK WKH ZDNH PRGHO VFKHPH
GLIIHUV IURP WKH SK\VLFDO ZDNH DFFXUDWH LQGXFHG GUDJ
SUHGLFWLRQIRUSODQDUZLQJVLVSRVVLEOHXVLQJ7UHIIW]3ODQH
LQWHJUDWLRQ 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKLV PHWKRG LV VWURQJO\
GHSHQGHQW RQ DQ DFFXUDWH ZDNH VKDSH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ
ZKLFK PD\ SURYH GLIILFXOW IRU PXOWLSOH OLIWLQJ VXUIDFHV $V
VXFKWUDLOLQJHGJHDQDO\VLVZKLFKLVPRUHLQGHSHQGHQWRI
WKH IDUILHOG ZDNH VKDSH WKDQ 7UHIIW]3ODQH DQDO\VLV FDQ
WKXV EH UHJDUGHG DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH PHWKRG IRU LQGXFHG
GUDJHYDOXDWLRQ
7KHDSSOLFDELOLW\RIDGUDJIUHHZDNHLVQRORQJHUDGHTXDWH
IRUPRUHVRSKLVWLFDWHGLQGXFHGGUDJSUHGLFWLRQHVSHFLDOO\
LQWKHFRQWH[WRIKLJKO\QRQSODQDUZLQJFRQILJXUDWLRQVOLNH
WKH ELSODQH +HUH WKH YHUWLFDO GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR
ZLQJV JHQHUDWHV D KLJK GHJUHH RI QRQSODQDU ZDNH
FKDUDFWHU 7KH DSSOLHG IRUFHIUHH ZDNH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LV
DOLJQHGZLWKWKHORFDOIORZILHOGDQGFDQFDSWXUHVLJQLILFDQW
QRQOLQHDU HIIHFWV GXH WR ZDNH UROOXS EHKDYLRU 7KHVH
HIIHFWVDUHDFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHQRQSODQDUZDNHVKDSH
ZKLFK GRHV LQGXFH IRUFHV RQ WKH ZLQJ LWVHOI DQG OHDGV WR
LQWHUDFWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH GLIIHUHQW OLIWLQJ VXUIDFHV ,Q IDFW

Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2013

6PLWK >@ XVHG D K\EULG ZDNHUHOD[DWLRQ PHWKRG WR VKRZ

WKDWWKHVHKLJKRUGHUHIIHFWVVKRXOGDOUHDG\EHFRQVLGHUHG
ZKHQ PDNLQJ KLJK DFFXUDF\ GUDJ SUHGLFWLRQ IRU SODQDU
ZLQJVEHFDXVHVRPHSODQDUZLQJVSURGXFHDQRQSODQDU
ZDNHVKDSH,QWURGXFLQJDQRQSODQDUFORVHGZLQJV\VWHP
LQGXFHG OLIW EHFRPHV D XQLTXH QRQOLQHDU LQIOXHQFH RI WKLV
DUUDQJHPHQWFUHDWLQJDQRWQHFHVVDULO\OLIWIUHHZDNHVKHG
DQG FRQIOLFWLQJ ZLWK WKH GUDJIUHH ZDNH PRGHO 7KH
FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ LQGXFHG GUDJ DQG OLIW LV WKHUHIRUH D
FULWLFDO LVVXH ZKRVH HIIHFWV RQ WKH ORFDO IORZILHOG DUH WRR
VLJQLILFDQWWRGLVUHJDUG

,QGXFHG'UDJ&DOFXODWLRQ

6XUIDFH 3UHVVXUH 7UHIIW]3ODQH DQG 7UDLOLQJ (GJH

$QDO\VLVDUHHVSHFLDOO\VXLWDEOHIRUQXPHULFDODSSOLFDWLRQV
GLVWLQJXLVKHG E\ ORZ FRPSXWDWLRQDO HIIRUW >@ ZKHQ
FRPSDUHG ZLWK KLJKILGHOLW\ PHWKRGV DQG WKHUHIRUH
LQGLVSHQVDEOHIRUFRQFHSWXDOZLQJGHVLJQ7KHREMHFWLYHRI
WKHSUHVHQWVWXG\LVWRH[DPLQHWKHDIRUHVWDWHGSRWHQWLDO
PHWKRGV DQG FRQVLGHU DQ\ SUREOHPV HQFRXQWHUHG ZLWK
FRPSXWDWLRQDO LQGXFHG GUDJ SUHGLFDWLRQ DV WKH\ DUH
DSSOLHGRQKLJKO\QRQSODQDUOLIWLQJVXUIDFHV

9DULRXV DSSURDFKHV H[LVW IRU LQYLVFLG DQG LQFRPSUHVVLEOH

IORZ ZKLFK SURYLGHV DFFHSWDEOH DFFXUDF\ DV ORQJ DV
ERXQGDU\OD\HUHIIHFWVHVSHFLDOO\IORZVHSDUDWLRQDUHQRW
GRPLQDQW

,QGXFHGGUDJFUHDWHGE\DILQLWHZLQJLVHTXDOWRWKHNLQHWLF
HQHUJ\ ZKLFK LV FRQVWDQWO\ DGGHG WR WKH WUDLOLQJ ZDNH
V\VWHP SHU GLVWDQFH WUDYHOHG WKURXJK WKH IORZILHOG
0LQLPXP LQGXFHG GUDJ LV DFKLHYHG IRU D XQLIRUP
GRZQZDVK GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG HOOLSWLFDO FLUFXODWLRQ
GLVWULEXWLRQ>@


3UDQGWOVFODVVLFDOOLIWLQJOLQHWKHRU\GHYHORSHGLQWKHODWH
V UHDVRQV WKDW D ERXQG YRUWH[ LQ D IORZ ZLOO
H[SHULHQFH D OLIW IRUFH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH .XWWD-RXNRZVNL
WKHRUHP  >@ >@ ,QWURGXFLQJ D WUDLOLQJ YRUWH[ V\VWHP DW
ERWK HQG RI WKH ERXQG YRUWH[ WKH +HOPKROW] WKHRUHP
EHFDPH VDWLVILHG %\ FRPELQLQJ WKHVH WKHRUHPV ZLWK
0XQNV 6WDJJHU 7KHRUHP ZKLFK VWDWHV WKDW RQO\ WKH
QRUPDOGRZQZDVKRIWKHWUDLOLQJYRUWH[V\VWHPPDWWHUVIRU
GUDJSXUSRVHVDPHWKRGIRULQGXFHGGUDJSUHGLFWLRQZDV
GHYHORSHG 7KH PHWKRG GHULYHV WKDW PLQLPXP LQGXFHG
GUDJLVDFKLHYHGE\DXQLIRUPGRZQZDVKGLVWULEXWLRQDORQJ
WKH OLIWLQJ OLQH 6XFK D GRZQZDVK LV JHQHUDWHG E\ DQ
HOOLSWLFDOVSDQORDGLQJ>@>@7KHPHWKRGZDVH[WHQGHG
WR D OLIWLQJ VXUIDFH PHWKRG E\ :HLVVLQJHU >@ ZKR ZDV
LPSOHPHQWLQJ FRQWURO SRLQWV WR VDWLVI\ WKH IORZ WDQJHQF\
FRQGLWLRQ:LWKWKHVHSRLQWVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRGHWHUPLQHWKH
ERXQG FLUFXODWLRQ VWUHQJWK RI WKH ZDNH VKHG 7KLV
GHYHORSPHQWOHGWRWKHFXUUHQWO\NQRZQYRUWH[ODWWLFHDQG
SDQHOPHWKRGVZKLFKDUHXVLQJSRWHQWLDOYRUWLFHVVRXUFHV
DQGVLQNVGLVWULEXWHGDORQJWKHOLIWLQJVXUIDFH

)RU 7UHIIW]3ODQH LQWHJUDWLRQ D ILQLWH ZLQJ LV SODFHG LQ D

FRQWURO YROXPH ZKLFK LV H[WHQGHG WR LQILQLW\ 7KH LQGXFHG
GUDJFDQWKHQEHFDOFXODWHGE\LQWHJUDWLRQRISUHVVXUHDQG
PRPHQWXP RYHU WKH YROXPH 7KH ZDNH VKHHW IDU
GRZQVWUHDP LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH YHORFLW\ FRPSRQHQWV
 DQG  RI WKH UROOXS EHKDYLRU DQG WKXV WKH YHORFLW\
FRPSRQHQWLQVWUHDPZLVHGLUHFWLRQFDQEHQHJOHFWHG>@
:LWK PDVV FRQVHUYDWLRQ VWDWHG WKH YROXPH LQWHJUDO LV
UHGXFHGWRDFRQWRXULQWHJUDO,QPRVWDSSOLFDWLRQRULHQWHG
PHWKRGV WKH LQWHJUDO LV DSSOLHG 18 36 VHPLVSDQV
GRZQVWUHDPDORQJWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRIWKHZDNHVKHHWZLWK
WKHFRQWUROYROXPHUHDUIDFH>@




>@









[>P@

= 2 ( + ) 

7KHQXPHULFDODSSURDFKWRVROYHWKHFRQWRXULQWHJUDOLV
WR SODFH SDLUV RI VXUYH\SRLQWV LQ VSDQZLVH GLUHFWLRQ
DORQJ WKH ZDNH VKHHW LQ YHU\ VPDOO GLVWDQFHV DERYH
DQG XQGHU WKH ZDNH RQWR WKH 7UHIIW]3ODQH 8VLQJ
WKHVH VXUYH\SRLQWV WKH ZDNH SURSHUWLHV QHFHVVDU\ IRU
WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ FDQ EH GHWHUPLQHG FDOFXODWLQJ WKH
MXPS LQ SRWHQWLDO DFURVV WKH ZDNH >@ +HQFH WKH
LQGXFHG GUDJ LV UHODWHG WR WKH *DXVV WKHRUHP WKH
SURGXFW RI WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI WKH SRWHQWLDO MXPSV DQG
WKH QRUPDO ZDVK YHORFLW\ WKURXJK WKH ZDNH GHILQHV
LQGXFHGGUDJ

7KH HOOLSWLFDO VSDQORDGLQJ ZKLFK SURGXFHV PLQLPXP

LQGXFHGGUDJLVQRWXQLTXHWRDFHUWDLQZLQJSODQIRUPEXW
FDQ EH DSSOLHG WR HYHU\ SODQDU ZLQJ GXH WR FKDQJHV LQ
JHRPHWULFDORUDHURG\QDPLFDOWZLVWGLVWULEXWLRQ


2
() ()

6XUIDFH 3UHVVXUH LQWHJUDWLRQ LV ODUJHO\ FRQQHFWHG ZLWK

WKH ZLQJ SODQIRUP VKDSH DQG WKH UHVXOWLQJ SUHVVXUH
GLVWULEXWLRQ ,W LV ZHOONQRZQ WKDW FDQFHOLQJ WKH SUHVVXUH
JUDGLHQWV RI WKH IRUZDUG DQG DIWZDUGVIDFLQJ ZLQJ
VXUIDFHV UHVXOWV LQ SUHVVXUH SHDNV ZKLFK FDQQRW EH
UHVROYHGSURSHUO\DQGWKHUHIRUHDUHH[SRVHGWRQXPHULFDO
HUURUV >@ &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH SUHFLVLRQ RI LQGXFHG GUDJ
FDOFXODWLRQ LV KLJKO\ GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH TXDOLW\ RI SDQHO
GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ FORVH WR WKH OHDGLQJ HGJH DQG
DIIHFWHGE\DQJOHRIDWWDFNYDULDWLRQV>@

7KHRU\RI3RWHQWLDO0HWKRGV












) ,*85(&UHVFHQWDQGHOOLSWLFDOSODQIRUP

= 2


$QRWKHU PHWKRG IRU LQGXFHG GUDJ HYDOXDWLRQ LV FDOOHG

WUDLOLQJHGJHDQDO\VLVZKLFKLVEXLOWRQWKHFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
WKDW DOO WKH YRUWLFLW\ FUHDWHG E\ WKH ILQLWH ZLQJ V\VWHP LV
VKLIWHGLQWRWKHWUDLOLQJYRUWH[>@7KLVDSSURDFKPDNHVWKH
ZLQJ WUDLOLQJ HGJH WKH RULJLQ ZKHUH WKH ZDNHLQGXFHG
GRZQZDUG YHORFLW\  LV QR ORQJHU SUHYHQWHG E\ WKH
SUHVHQFH RI WKH ZLQJ QR SHUWXUEDWLRQ FRQVWUDLQW ,QGXFHG
GUDJ FDQ WKHUHIRUH EH HYDOXDWHG E\ LQWHJUDWLQJ WKH FURVV
SURGXFW RI WKH OXPSHG ERXQG YRUWLFLW\ DQG WKH YHORFLW\

7KH IDPLO\ RI ZLQJV VWXGLHG LQ WKLV SDSHU FRQVLVWV RI
SODQIRUPV ZLWK HOOLSWLFDO FKRUG OHQJWK GLVWULEXWLRQV ZKLFK
DUH GHILQHG E\ WKH ZLQJ WLS FRRUGLQDWH  7KH WZR
DQDO\]HG SODQIRUP VKDSHV DUH WKH HOOLSWLFDO ZLQJ ZLWK D
VWUDLJKW TXDUWHU FKRUG OLQH DW = 0.25DQG WKH FUHVFHQW
VKDSHG ZLQJ ZKRVH OHDGLQJ HGJH VKRZV D KLJKHU
HFFHQWULFLW\DQGSRVVHVDVWUDLJKWWUDLOLQJHGJHDW = 1.0

Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2013

3DQDLU $ LV D KLJK RUGHU SDQHO PHWKRG

DSSO\LQJ D TXDGUDWLF GLVWULEXWLRQ RI GRXEOHWV DQG D OLQHDU
GLVWULEXWLRQ RI VRXUFHV RYHU HDFK SDQHO ZLWK GRXEOHW DQG
VRXUFH PDWFKLQJ DW HDFK SDQHO HGJH >@ 8S WR IRXU
GLIIHUHQW FDVHV FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG DW D WLPH VXSSRUWLQJ
FRQYHUJHQFH VWXGLHV RI FHUWDLQ JHRPHWULHV $ KDOIFRVLQH
GLVWULEXWLRQ ZDV XVHG IRU WKH VSDQZLVH SDQHO
GLVFUHWL]DWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLQJPRUHSDQHOVFORVHWRWKHZLQJ
WLSLQRUGHUWRFRYHUIORZFKDQJHVLQWKLVDUHD)RULQGXFHG
GUDJ FDOFXODWLRQ 6XUIDFH 3UHVVXUH DQG 7UHIIW]3ODQH
LQWHJUDWLRQDUHDSSOLFDEOH

DORQJ WKH WUDLOLQJ HGJH LQGXFHG E\ WKH ZDNH >@ 3ULRU
VWXGLHV FDUULHG RXW E\ %UDPHVIHOG >@ VXJJHVW WKDW WKLV
DSSURDFKLVPXFKOHVVDIIHFWHGE\GHWDLOHGFKDQJHVLQWKH
DFWXDOZDNHVKDSHDQGDOUHDG\GHOLYHUVSUHFLVHUHVXOWVDW
DORZGLVFUHWL]DWLRQOHYHO

:DNH0RGHOLQJ
7KH SODQDU FUHVFHQW VKDSHG ZLQJ( = 1.0)LV WKH PRVW
LPSRUWDQW FDVH WR YDOLGDWH WKH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH XVHG
PHWKRGV EHFDXVH WKH ZDNH WUDFH UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH
VWUDLJKW WUDLOLQJ HGJH LV SODQDU XQGHU DOO DQJOHV RI
DWWDFN>@ 7KLV FKDUDFWHULVWLF VHWV LW DSDUW IURP WKH
FODVVLFDO HOOLSWLFDO ZLQJ ( = 0.25)  ZKLFK FUHDWHV DQ
HOOLSWLFDOZDNHWUDFHRQWRWKH7UHIIW]3ODQHGXHWRDFHUWDLQ
DQJOH RI DWWDFN 7KH HOOLSWLFDO SODQIRUP LPSOLHV WKDW D
SODQDUZLQJFDQLQGHHGLQGXFHDQRQSODQDUZDNHDQGWKDW
WKHWZRDQDO\]HGZLQJVZLWKHOOLSWLFDOFKRUGGLVWULEXWLRQDUH
JHQHUDWLQJ GLIIHUHQW ZDNH VKDSHV XQGHU DQJOH RI DWWDFN
YDULDWLRQ:KHQDGUDJIUHHZDNHPRGHOLVXVHGWKHZDNH
FDQQRWJHQHUDWHDQ\ uSHUWXUEDWLRQVLQ(TXDWLRQ7KLV
LVEHFDXVHWKHZDNHPRGHOLVDOLJQHGZLWKWKHIUHHVWUHDP
DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH ZDNH YRUWLFLW\ LV SHUSHQGLFXODU ZLWK WKH
7UHIIW]3ODQH 1RQHWKHOHVV GUDJIUHH ZDNH PRGHO UHVXOWV
FDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDFFXUDWHEHFDXVHWKHUHVXOWLQJHUURULV
LQWKHPDJQLWXGHRIRQO\1% 2%IRUSODQDUZLQJVDQGWKH
VLJQLILFDQWO\ VPDOOHU FRPSXWDWLRQ HIIRUW MXVWLILHV WKH XVDJH
FRPSDUHGWRKLJKHURUGHUPHWKRGV>@


)UHH:DNH ZRUNV ZLWK D QXPEHU RI GLVWULEXWHG
YRUWLFLW\HOHPHQWV ZKLFK DUHXVHG WRPRGHOWKH SDUWLFXODU
ZLQJ(DFKRIWKHVHHOHPHQWVFRQVLVWVRIDYRUWH[ILODPHQW
DW WKH OHDGLQJ DQG WUDLOLQJ HGJH DQG DQ DGGLWLRQDO YRUWH[
VKHHW SODFHG LQEHWZHHQ WR HQVXUH FLUFXODWLRQ FRQWLQXLW\
5HJDUGLQJWKHYRUWH[VKHHWDQLQGLYLGXDOVHOHFWLRQRIOLIWLQJ
OLQHV LQ VSDQZLVH GLUHFWLRQ SHU HOHPHQW LV SRVVLEOH ZKLOH
WKH FKRUGZLVH QXPEHU LV FKRVHQ IRU WKH ZKROH ZLQJ 7R
FDSWXUH VHFRQGRUGHU HIIHFWV LQGXFHG E\ WKH ZDNH UROOXS
EHKDYLRU D WLPH PDUFKLQJ IRUFHIUHH ZDNH UHOD[DWLRQ
PHWKRGLVXVHGFDOFXODWLQJWKHLQGXFHGGUDJZLWKDWUDLOLQJ
HGJH DQDO\VLV ,Q DGGLWLRQ D 7UHIIW]3ODQH DQG (SSOHU
DQDO\VLVLVFDUULHGRXWXVLQJDGUDJIUHHZDNHPRGHO>@


'(),1,7,216$1'&219(17,216
,QRUGHUWRVWDQGDUGL]HWKHDQDO\VLVDOOFDVHVZHUHFDUULHG
RXW ZLWK D IL[HG 0DFK QXPEHU RI = 0.2  'XULQJ WKH
DQDO\VLV LW KDV EHHQ ERUQH LQ PLQG WKDW IRU SUDFWLFDO
DHURG\QDPLF GHVLJQ D YDULHW\ RI HIIHFWV PXVW EH
FRQVLGHUHG EXW KHUH WKH LQIOXHQFH RI D VPDOO 0DFK
QXPEHURQLQGXFHGGUDJZLOOEHQHJOHFWHG:LWKLQSRWHQWLDO
WKHRU\RQO\LQGXFHGYRUWH[GUDJLVSUHVHQW>@

+RZHYHU IRU KLJK DFFXUDF\ LQGXFHG GUDJ FDOFXODWLRQ

LQFOXGLQJQRQOLQHDUHIIHFWVRISODQDUZLQJVDQGHVSHFLDOO\
RI KLJKO\ QRQSODQDU ZLQJV V\VWHPV OLNH ELSODQHV DQG
FORVHGZLQJVWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQZDNHVKDSHFDQQRORQJHU
EHQHJOHFWHG)RUWKLVUHDVRQDZDNHPRGHOVFKHPHLVWR
EHXVHGPRGHOLQJDWUXHZDNH6XFKDZDNHKDVWREH
IRUFHIUHH DQG DOLJQHG ZLWK WKH ORFDO IORZILHOG EHKLQG D
ILQLWHZLQJV\VWHP7KHWZRPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHGPHWKRGV
DUH VSDWLDOUHOD[DWLRQ DQG WLPHVWHSSLQJ PHWKRGV ZKLOH
WKHODWWHUUHTXLUHVOHVVZDNHFRPSXWLQJVWHSVIRUWKHVDPH
IORZILHOG VL]H >@ :KHQ D IRUFHIUHH ZDNH PRGHO LV
DSSOLHG uSHUWXUEDWLRQ LV SURGXFHG LQ WKH 7UHIIW]3ODQH
EHFDXVHWKHZDNHLVGHIOHFWHGZLWKWKHORFDOIORZILHOGDQG
QRORQJHUSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKH7UHIIW]SODQH>@



,.
=


$FFRUGLQJ WR OLIWLQJ OLQH WKHRU\ ,. LV WKH PLQLPXP

LQGXFHGGUDJIRUDSODQDUZDNHUHVXOWLQJIURPDQHOOLSWLFDO
VSDQORDGLQJ7KHVSDQHIILFLHQF\IDFWRUGHSHQGVRQWKH
SODQIRUP OLIW DQG LV PDLQO\ LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH SODQIRUP
VKDSH>@

5HJDUGOHVVRIZKDWIRUFHIUHHZDNHPRGHOVFKHPHLVXVHG
WKH FKRLFH RI LQGXFHG GUDJ HYDOXDWLRQ LV HLWKHU 7UHIIW]
3ODQHRUWUDLOLQJHGJHDQDO\VLV6PLWKDQG.URR>@VKRZHG
KRZ VHQVLWLYH 7UHIIW]3ODQH DQDO\VLV LV LQ UHVSHFW WR HYHQ
VPDOO GHWDLOV LQ ZDNH VKDSH ,Q FRPSDULVRQ WKH ZDNH
VKDSHTXDOLW\ORFDWHGIDUEHKLQGWKHZLQJLQWKH7UHIIW]
3ODQHGRHVQRWKDYHDVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQWKHWUDLOLQJ
HGJH DQDO\VLV >@ 7KHUHE\ XVLQJ WUDLOLQJ HGJH DQDO\VLV
DGGLWLRQDO HQGHDYRUV WR LQFUHDVH WKH ZDNH VKDSH
UHVROXWLRQFDQEHDYRLGHG



7KHUHIRUH WKH VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ LV DQ HVVHQWLDO ZD\ WR

FRPSDUH WKH DHURG\QDPLF SHUIRUPDQFH RI GLIIHUHQW ZLQJ
FRQILJXUDWLRQV 7KH WKHRUHWLFDO YDOXH RI DQ RSWLPDO SODQDU
ZLQJLV = 1IRUDQRSWLPDOELSODQH = 1.36DQGDFORVHG
ZLQJ V\VWHP OLNH D %R[:LQJ FRQILJXUDWLRQ KROGV D YDOXH
RI = 1.46 &RQVWUDLQLQJDQGDV ZHOO DV WKH DQJOH RI
DWWDFNLVVXIILFLHQWWRFUHDWHXQLTXHSODQIRUPIDPLOLHVIRU
WKLV VWXG\ VWD\LQJ ZLWKLQ WKH FRQVWUDLQWV RI LVRWURSLF
VFDOLQJ 7KH SODQIRUP SDUDPHWHUV RI DOO WZR SODQDU FDVHV
DUH VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH  1R JHRPHWULFDO RU DHURG\QDPLFDO
WZLVWZDVDSSOLHG7KHSDQHOPHWKRGZDVFDUULHGRXWXVLQJ
D 1$&$ DLUIRLO 7KH ZLQJ WLSV RI WKH FUHVFHQW DQG
HOOLSWLFDO SODQIRUP ZHUH FXW RII DW D VSDQIUDFWLRQ RI
= 0.9995 RI WKH RULJLQDO KDOI VSDQ WR HQVXUH WKDW DOO
FDVHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGZLWKDILQLWHZLQJWLS>@$OOVWXGLHV
ZHUHFDUULHGRXWXQGHUDQDQJOHRIDWWDFNRI = 4+HUH
FRQVWUDLQLQJ WKH DQJOH RI DWWDFN LQVWHDG RI WKH OLIW
FRHIILFLHQW LV PRUH UHDVRQDEOH IRU WKLV VWXG\ VLQFH WKH

6RIWZDUHXVHG
$9/ HPSOR\V DQH[WHQGHG YRUWH[ ODWWLFHPHWKRG
IRU WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI OLIWLQJ VXUIDFHV XVLQJ KRUVHVKRH
YRUWLFHV DQG D ILQLWH FRUH RSWLRQ IRU WKH ZDNH )RU WKH
SDQHOGLVFUHWL]DWLRQDXQLIRUPVLQHDQGFRVLQHGLVWULEXWLRQ
FDQ EH DSSOLHG ,QGXFHG GUDJ FDOFXODWLRQ FDQ EH FDUULHG
RXW XVLQJ ERWK 6XUIDFH 3UHVVXUH DQG 7UHIIW]3ODQH
LQWHJUDWLRQ


Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2013

SXUSRVHLVWRILQGRXWDERXWWKHSUHFLVLRQRILQGXFHGGUDJ
SUHGLFWLRQDQGWRFRPSDUHWKHIRXQGOLIWFRHIILFLHQWV8QGHU
WKHVH FRQVWUDLQWV WKH H[SHFWHG OLIW FRHIILFLHQW IRU D SODQDU
ZLQJ IHDWXUHG DV IODW VKHHW LV DERXW 0.32DQG ZLWK
DLUIRLODERXW 0.34>@
6UHI
>P@


>@

&W
>@




FUHI
>P@

e [-]

E
>P@





,'($/&5(6(&(17:,1*












&/,33('&5(6&(17:,1*














,'($/(//,37,&$/:,1*








(OOLSWH631F 
(OOLSWH6S1V 
&UHVFH631F 
&UHVFH631V 



&/,33('(//,37,&$/:,1*










(OOLSWH751F 
(OOLSWH751V 
&UHVFH751F 
&UHVFH751V 

3DQDLU
&RQVLGHULQJ SUREOHPV ZLWK 6XUIDFH 3UHVVXUH LQWHJUDWLRQ
WKH FRQYHUJHQFH VWXG\ ZDV VWDUWHG ZLWK D KLJK SDQHO
UHVROXWLRQ RI = 50DQG JURZLQJ QXPEHU RI SDQHOV LQ
VSDQZLVH GLUHFWLRQ ,QFUHDVLQJ WKH SDQHO GHQVLW\ IURP
= 20WR = 70WKHVSDQHIILFLHQF\HUURUXVLQJ6XUIDFH
3UHVVXUH LQWHJUDWLRQ GHFUHDVHG IURP4.7%WR1.7%IRU WKH
FUHVFHQWZLQJDQGIURP2.7%WR2%IRUWKHHOOLSWLFDOZLQJ
)XUWKHUSDQHOUHILQHPHQWVWURQJO\HQKDQFHGWKHQHFHVVDU\
FRPSXWDWLRQDO WLPH DQG ZDV WKHUHIRUH DEDQGRQHG
1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH UHILQHPHQW VKRZHG JRRG FRQYHUJHQFH
EHKDYLRUDVFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJXUHZKLOHWKHUHPDLQLQJ
HUURU IRU ERWK ZLQJV LV DERXW 2% FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH
WKHRUHWLFDO YDOXH $GGLWLRQDO DQDO\VLV VKRZV WKDW WKH
UHPDLQLQJHUURUREWDLQHGZLWK6XUIDFH3UHVVXUHLQWHJUDWLRQ
ZDV LQGHHG VWURQJO\ FRXSOHG WR DQJOH RI DWWDFN YDULDWLRQ
&RPSDULQJ WKRVH UHVXOWV WKH 7UHIIW]3ODQH DQDO\VLV LV
EDUOH\DIIHFWHGE\WKHVDPHSDQHOUHILQHPHQWLQVSDQZLVH
GLUHFWLRQ7KHJDLQHGHUURULQVSDQHIILFLHQF\LVEHORZ1%
IRU ERWK ZLQJV 5HVSHFWLQJ WKH UHVXOWV IRXQG E\ 7UHIIW]
3ODQH LQWHJUDWLRQ WKH SDQHO UHVROXWLRQ LQ FKRUGZLVH
GLUHFWLRQ ZDV FXW LQ KDOI UHVXOWLQJ LQ D KDUGO\ QRWLFHDEOH
FKDQJH LQ OLIW DQG GUDJ FRHIILFLHQW EXW LQ DQ DSSUHFLDEOH
UHGXFWLRQLQFRPSXWDWLRQDOHIIRUW

9$/,'$7,21
7R FRQILUP WKDW WKH XVHG PHWKRGV DUH ZRUNLQJ IRU WKH
SURSRVHG DSSOLFDWLRQV ZLWKLQ GHILQHG WROHUDQFHV WR EHJLQ
ZLWK LQGXFHG GUDJ ZDV FRPSXWHG IRU WKH SODQDU HOOLSWLFDO
DQG FUHVFHQW VKDSHG ZLQJ JHRPHWULHV 7KHUHIRUH WKH
LQGXFHG GUDJ DQG OLIW FRHIILFLHQWV DV ZHOO DV WKH VSDQ
HIILFLHQF\ZHUHFDOFXODWHGIRUDQLQFUHDVLQJSDQHOGHQVLW\
$FFRUGLQJWRILQLWHZLQJWKHRU\WKHVSDQHIILFLHQF\IRUERWK
ZLQJV LV = 1 >@ %DVHG RQ WKH REWDLQHG UHVXOWV D
VWDWHPHQW FRQFHUQLQJ DFFXUDF\ DQG UHOLDELOLW\ LV SRVVLEOH
$OO PHWKRGV DUH H[SHFWHG WR FDOFXODWH WKH WZR YDOLGDWLRQ
FDVHV ZLWKLQ D YDULDWLRQ RI OHVV WKDQ 2% FRPSDUHG WR
WKHRUHWLFDOYDOXHV

DVVRFLDWHG



)LJXUH6SDQHIILFLHQFLHVIRXQGE\$9/



7DEOH*HRPHWULFDOSURSHUWLHVRIDQDO\]HGSODQIRUPV

1XPHULFDO VHQVLWLYLW\
SDQHOLQJ






No. of Spanwise Panels, Ns

ZLWK

,QRUGHUWRVHSDUDWHEHWZHHQWKHLQIOXHQFHVRIVSDQZLVHRU
FKRUGZLVH SDQHO GHQVLW\ YDULDWLRQ MXVW RQH SDQHO GHQVLW\
ZDVLQFUHDVHGZKLOHWKHRWKHUUHPDLQHGFRQVWDQW

$9/
7KH FRQYHUJHQFH VWXG\ ZDV LQLWLDOL]HG ILUVW ZLWK = 50
DQG VHFRQGO\ ZLWK = 20, HDFK WLPH ZLWK D SDQHO
YDULDWLRQRI20 120LQRSSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ7KHPDMRULW\RI
FDVHVFRQYHUJHGWRZDUGVDVSDQHIILFLHQF\RI = 1ZLWKD
PD[LPXP HUURU EHORZ 0.5% GHVSLWH WKH FUHVFHQW ZLQJ
ZKLFK ZDV FDOFXODWHG ZLWK 6XUIDFH 3UHVVXUH LQWHJUDWLRQ
DQG ZDV VKRZLQJ D VOLJKWO\ KLJKHU HUURU RI PD[3.7%
)LJXUH  VKRZ WKDW WKH LQFUHDVLQJ SDQHO GHQVLW\ LQ
FKRUGZLVH GLUHFWLRQ MXVW KDG PLQRU RU PRVWO\ QR HIIHFW RQ
WKH VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ DQG LQGXFHG GUDJ UHVXOWV
LQGHSHQGHQWO\ LI WKH UHVXOWV ZHUH IRXQG E\ 6XUIDFH
3UHVVXUH RU 7UHIIW]3ODQH LQWHJUDWLRQ 6SDQZLVH
UHILQHPHQW KDG PXFK VWURQJHU HIIHFW RQ WKH 6XUIDFH
3UHVVXUHLQWHJUDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\IRUWKHFUHVFHQWZLQJZLWK
D VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ HUURU GHFUHDVH IURP3.2%WR1.2%ZKHQ
ZDVUDLVHGIURP20 to 120


H75(OOLSWLFDO:1F 1VYDU
H63(OOLSWLFDO:1F 1VYDU
H75&UHVFHQW:1F 1VYDU
H63&UHVFHQW:1F 1VYDU

e [-]














No. of Spanwise Panels, Ns



)LJXUH6SDQHIILFLHQFLHVREWDLQHGZLWK3DQDLU
7KH VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ UHVXOWV DUH FRQILUPHG E\ WKH HDUO\
FRQYHUJHQFH EHKDYLRU RI WKH LQGXFHG GUDJ FRHIILFLHQW
REWDLQHG E\ 7UHIIW]3ODQH DQDO\VLV DV WKH\ DUH FRPSDUHG

Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2013

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ

ZLWK WKH UHVXOWV IRXQG E\ 6XUIDFH 3UHVVXUH LQWHJUDWLRQ LQ

)LJXUH7KHVDPHDSSOLHVLQUHVSHFWWRWKHOLIWFRHIILFLHQW
ZKLOH DOO UHVXOWV DUH VOLJKWO\ KLJKHU WKDQ WKH H[SHFWHG
= 0.34  7KHUH LV DOVR D JHQHUDO RIIVHW EHWZHHQ WKH
IRXQG UHVXOWV RI WKH FUHVFHQW DQG HOOLSWLFDO ZLQJ ZKLOH DQ
HTXDOSDQHOGHQVLW\DQGWKHVDPHPHWKRGDUHXVHG


,Q 7DEOH  WKH PRVW DFFXUDWH UHVXOWV RI HDFK PHWKRG DUH
OLVWHG DOO RI ZKLFK ZHUH REWDLQHG ZLWK DQLQGLYLGXDO SDQHO
GHQVLW\ IRXQG E\ WKH UHVSHFWLYH FRQYHUJHQFH VWXG\
6SHFLDO FRQFHUQ VKRXOG EH GHYRWHG WR DOO UHVXOWV XWLOL]LQJ
WKH FUHVFHQW VKDSHG ZLQJ 5HFDOOLQJ WKDW WKH RQWR WKH
7UHIIW]3ODQH SURMHFWHG ZDNH VKDSH LV VWUDLJKW XQGHU DOO
DQJOHVRIDWWDFNZKDWPHDQVWKDWWKLVZDNHEHKDYLRUFDQ
EHPRGHOHGZLWKERWKZDNHPRGHOVFKHPHV7KDWOHDGVWR
WKH FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW WKH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG IRU WKH FUHVFHQW
VKDSHG ZLQJ VKRXOG PDWFK OLQHDU WKHRU\ UHVXOWV 7KH
GLVFUHSDQFLHVOHIWFRXOGEHUHODWHGWRQXPHULFDOLVVXHVDQG
WRWKHGLVFUHWHQDWXUHRIWKHVLQJXODULWLHV

(



(

(OOLSLFDO&/63
(OOLSWLFDO&/75
&UHVFHQW&/63
&UHVFHQW&/75
(OOLSWLFDO&'L63
(OOLSWLFDO&'L75
&UHVFHQW&'L63
&UHVFHQW&'L75


10

20

30
40
50
No.of Spanwise Panels, Ns

60

CDi [-]

CL [-]

(

'HVSLWH WKDW WKH UHVXOWV JDLQHG E\ 6XUIDFH 3UHVVXUH

LQWHJUDWLRQDUHTXLWHDFFXUDWHZKHQWKHFDVHVFRPSO\ZLWK
D VXIILFLHQW SDQHO UHVROXWLRQ <HW WZR DGGLWLRQDO
LQWHUIHUHQFHV PDNH WKLV PHWKRG XQUHOLDEOH )LUVW LV WKH
H[LVWHQFH RI D SODQIRUP GHSHQGHQW RIIVHW HVSHFLDOO\
GLVWLQFWLYHZKHQWKHVSDQZLVHSDQHOGHQVLW\LVLQVXIILFLHQW
ZKLFK FDQ RQO\ EH GLPLQLVKHG E\ DFFHSWLQJ KLJK
FRPSXWDWLRQDOHIIRUW7KLVSUREOHPLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUH
DQG ZDV ILUVW LQGLFDWHG E\ 6PLWK DQG .URR >@
H[SHULHQFLQJWKHVDPHSKHQRPHQRQ6HFRQGLVWKHVWURQJ
FRUUHODWLRQ ZLWK DQJOH RI DWWDFN YDULDWLRQ UHVWULFWLQJ WKH
XVDELOLW\RI6XUIDFH3UHVVXUHLQWHJUDWLRQHYHQIXUWKHUWKDQ
SRWHQWLDO WKHRU\ DOUHDG\ GRHV )RU WKHVH WZR UHDVRQV
UHVXOWVREWDLQHGE\6XUIDFH3UHVVXUHLQWHJUDWLRQVKRXOGEH
YHULILHGE\DFRQYHUJHQFHVWXG\7KXVLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHG
WKDW WKH REWDLQHG UHVXOWVDUHQRW MXVWLI\LQJ WKHVKRXOGHUHG
ODERU ,Q FRQWUDVW 7UHIIW]3ODQH DQDO\VLV GHOLYHUV DFFXUDWH
UHVXOWV DW DPRUH UHDVRQDEOHSDQHO GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ OHYHO LV
OHVV DIIHFWHG E\ SODQIRUP VKDSH YDULDWLRQ DQG LV DOVR IDU
PRUHDFFRXQWDEOHXQGHUDQJOHRIDWWDFNYDULDWLRQV)LQDOO\
WKH UHVXOWV JDLQHG ZLWK WKH IRUFHIUHH ZDNH PRGHO DQG
WUDLOLQJ HGJH DQDO\VLV LV OHDVW HIIHFWHG E\ WKH XVHG SDQHO
GLVFUHWL]DWLRQOHYHODQGZRUNVZHOOZLWKMXVWRQHOLIWLQJOLQH
LQFKRUGZLVHDQGOHVVWKDQILYHLQVSDQZLVHGLUHFWLRQ+HUH
WKHPDLQDWWHQWLRQOD\VRQWKHULJKWWLPHVWHSVL]HWRUHTXLUH
DFFXUDWH UHVXOWV :KHQ RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG DQ H[FHVVLYH
SDQHO GHQVLW\ LV XVHG DQG DQ LQVXIILFLHQW WLPHVWHS VL]H LV
FKRVHQ WKH QHFHVVDU\ FRPSXWDWLRQDO HIIRUW HQKDQFHV
UDSLGO\ FRPSDUHG WR GUDJIUHH PRGHO ZLWK D VLPLODU
GLVFUHWL]DWLRQOHYHO

,Q JHQHUDO LW VKRXOG EH UHPHPEHUHG WKDW GXH WR
GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ OLPLWDWLRQV WKH FLUFXODWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ LV QRW
XQLIRUPLQKHULWLQJDILQLWHYRUWLFLW\DWWKHZLQJWLSDQGWKXV
UHSUHVHQWVDQDOPRVWHOOLSWLFDOVSDQORDGLQJ:KHQDOLQHDU
SDQHO GLVWULEXWLRQ LV XVHG WKHUHVXOWLQJ GLVFUHWL]DWLRQ HUURU
EHFRPHV HVSHFLDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW DW WKH ZLQJWLS +HUH WKH
LQGXFHG YHORFLW\ RI WKH FRQWLQXRXV FLUFXODWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ
UHPDLQVILQLWHZKLOHWKHLQGXFHGYHORFLW\RIWKHGLVFUHWL]HG
PRGHO GHYLDWHV VLJQLILFDQWO\ :KDWHYHU D VPDOO HUURU LV
OLNHO\WRUHPDLQIRUDOOFDOFXODWLRQVXVLQJSRWHQWLDOPHWKRG

(

(
70

)LJXUH(IIHFWRQDHURG\QDPLFFRHIILFLHQWVIRXQGE\
3DQDLUIRUGLIIHUHQWSDQHOGHQVLWLHV

)UHH:DNH
7KH HUURU EHKDYLRU IRU WKH FUHVFHQW DQG HOOLSWLFDO ZLQJ LV
VWURQJO\ UHODWHG E\ WKH FKRVHQ ZLGWK RI HDFK WLPH
VWHS DV ZHOO DV WKH QXPEHU RI OLIWLQJ OLQHV LQ FKRUGZLVH
GLUHFWLRQ  1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ LQGXFHG
GUDJ DQG OLIW FRHIILFLHQW FRQYHUJH WRZDUGV WKH WKHRUHWLFDO
YDOXH ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ QXPEHU RI YRUWLFLW\ HOHPHQWV SHU
SDQHODVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH,PSRUWDQWLVWKHIDFWWKDWIRUD
WLPHVWHSRI = 1ERWKFUHVFHQWDQGHOOLSWLFDOZLQJVHHP
WR FRQYHUJH WRZDUGV D ORZHU OLIW FRHIILFLHQW WKDQ WKH
H[SHFWHG = 0.32DQG D KLJKHU VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ RI XS WR
= 1.12 ,QFUHDVLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI YRUWLFLW\ HOHPHQWV SHU
SDQHOLQVSDQZLVHGLUHFWLRQIURP1 to 10EURXJKWDSRVLWLYH
GURS LQ VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ GHYLDWLRQ IURP XS WR21%GRZQ WR
DERXW5%IRU = 1 $IWHU DGMXVWLQJ WKH WLPHVWHS VL]H WR
= 0.0025 WKH VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ HUURU LV EHORZ 0.5% IRU
= 1 and = 3 DQG EHORZ 1% IRU = 5  $OO FDVHV
ZHUH VKRZLQJ H[FHOOHQW LQGXFHG GUDJ DQG OLIW FRHIILFLHQW
FRQYHUJHQFHEHKDYLRU
(OOLSWHQF W 
(OOLSWHQF W 
(OOLSWHQF W 
(OOLSWHQF W 
&UHVFHQF W 
&UHVFHQF W 
&UHVFHQF W 
&UHVFHQF W 



e [-]



:DNHPRGHOLQJHIIHFWV


&RQFHUQLQJ WKH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH FUHVFHQW DQG

HOOLSWLFDO ZLQJ DOO WKUHH PHWKRGV JHQHUDWH WKH SDUWLFXODU
FKDUDFWHULVWLF OLIW GLVWULEXWLRQ )LJXUH  LOOXVWUDWHV WKDW WKH
FUHVFHQW ZLQJ KROGV D IXOOHU VHFWLRQOLIW GLVWULEXWLRQ DW WKH
ZLQJWLSDQGVPDOOHUDWWKHURRW7KHHQVXLQJVSDQORDGLQJ
LV WKHUHIRUH FORVHU WR D UHDO HOOLSWLFDO GLVWULEXWLRQ WKDQ WKH
VSDQ ORDGLQJ SURGXFHG E\ DQ HOOLSWLFDO SODQIRUP
ZLWKxt = 0.25.







No. of Spanwise Panels per Element



)LJXUH6SDQHIILFLHQFLHVSUHGLFWHGZLWK)UHH:DNH

Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2013



H

(

3DQDLU














H

H









H

H









H

H









H

H

[-]





H





H





H

H75
>@

&/75
>@

&'L75
>@


)UHH:DNH

)LJXUH6SDQORDGLQJDQGVHFWLRQDOOLIWFRHIILFLHQW
GLVWULEXWLRQ
,QWHUSUHWDWLRQVIRUWKHVHGLIIHUHQFHVFDQEHPDGHWDNLQJD
FORVHUORRNDWWKHGRZQZDVKGLVWULEXWLRQLQ)LJXUH+HUH
LWLVLPSRUWDQWWRUHPHPEHUWKDWWKHGRZQZDVKGLVWULEXWLRQ
LQ )UHH:DNH LV SORWWHG DORQJ WKH SODQIRUP WUDLOLQJ HGJH
ZKLOH WKH GRZQZDVK HYDOXDWLRQ LQ 3DQDLU FDUULHG RXW E\
6PLWK DQG .URR >@ DV ZHOO DV WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ REWDLQHG
ZLWK $9/ LV JHQHUDWHG LQ WKH 7UHIIW]3ODQH 7KH 7UHIIW]
3ODQH UHVXOWV KDYH WKH VDPH SURSHUWLHV SORWWHG LQ )LJXUH
 %RWK ZLQJV JHQHUDWH DFRQVWDQW GRZQZDVK GLVWULEXWLRQ
JRLQJ DOPRVW DOO WKH ZD\ XS WR WKH ZLQJ WLS +HUH WKH
HOOLSWLFDOZLQJVWDUWVWRFUHDWHDGHFHQWDPRXQWRIXSZDVK
7KH GRZQZDVK GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH FUHVFHQW ZLQJ UHPDLQV
ORQJHUFRQVWDQWEHIRUHWKHGRZQZDVKHQKDQFHV,QGXFHG
XSZDVK RQ WKH ZLQJ WLS JHQHUDWHV D FHUWDLQ DPRXQW RI
WKUXVW DQGWKHFUHVFHQW ZLQJSURGXFHV D KLJKHU GUDJDQG
OHVV OLIW UHVXOWLQJ IURP PRUH SURQRXQFHG GRZQZDVK LQ
)LJXUH  7KH GRZQZDVK GLVWULEXWLRQ IRXQG E\ )UHH:DNH
LVVKRZLQJDQLQFUHDVLQJXSZDVKEHKDYLRUIRUERWKZLQJV
HVSHFLDOO\QRWLFHDEOHIRUWKHFUHVFHQWVKDSHGZLQJ6LPLODU
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ZHUH IRXQG E\ 6FKLUUD >@ XVLQJ D KLJKHU
RUGHU (XOHU FRGH 7KHVH GLIIHUHQFHV PRVW OLNHO\ ILQG WKHLU
RULJLQ LQ WKH ZDNH UROOXS PRGHOLQJ +HQFH KLJK SDQHO
UHVROXWLRQ LV QHFHVVDU\ WR PRGHO D SUHIHUDEOH YHORFLW\
GLVWULEXWLRQLQWKLVUHJLRQ

7DEOH5HVXOWVRISODQDUZLQJFDOFXODWLRQ

%,3/$1(&21),*85$7,21
7KHELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQLVWKHVLPSOHVWKLJKO\QRQSODQDU
ZLQJ FRQILJXUDWLRQ DQG LV FRPSRVHG E\ WKH ZHOONQRZQ
FUHVFHQWRUHOOLSWLFDOSODQIRUPVZKLFKZHUHDQDO\]HGLQWKH
SUHYLRXVFKDSWHUVVHH)LJXUH7KHKHLJKWWRVSDQUDWLR
LV EDVHG RQ 3UDQGWOV EHVW ZLQJ V\VWHP = 0.2 >@
%HFDXVH WKH ELSODQH LV QRW D FORVHG ZLQJ V\VWHP
DGGLWLRQDOLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQKRUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDOOLIWLQJ
VXUIDFHV DUH H[FOXGHG ZKLFK LV IDYRUDEOH LQ WKLV HDUO\
VWDJHRIDQDO\VLV
E
>P@

E
>@

6UHI
>P@


>@

FU
>P@

FW
>P@

KE
>@















7DEOH*HRPHWU\RIWKHELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQ
7KHELSODQHDUUDQJHPHQWLVDOVRDQDO\]HGXQGHUDQDQJOH
RI DWWDFN RI = 4DQG QR DQJOHRI LQFLGHQWV LV DSSOLHG LQ
EHWZHHQ WKH WZR ZLQJV 7KHUHIRUH WKH FRQGLWLRQ RI
PLQLPXP LQGXFHG GUDJ RQ HDFK ZLQJ LV YLRODWHG DV HDUO\
DV WKHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW LQGXFHG DQJOH RI DWWDFN RQ WKH
ERWWRP DQG WKH WRS ZLQJ DQG WKHRUHWLFDOO\ PXWXDO
GRZQZDVK LQWHUIHUHQFH 6FKLUUD >@ DQDO\]HG WKH VDPH
ELSODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQ XVLQJ D KLJKHU RUGHU (XOHU VROYHU
VWDWLQJ WKDW ZKHQ D 1$&$  DLUIRLO LV DSSOLHG WKH OLIW
FRHIILFLHQW VKRXOG EH FORVH WR 0.28 IRU FUHVFHQW
SODQIRUPVDQGVOLJKWO\KLJKHUIRUHOOLSWLFDOSODQIRUPV

)UHH:DNH(OOLSWLFDO
)UHH:DNH&UHVFHQW
$9/(OOLSWLFDO
$9/&UHVFHQW







(



&






(wi/U) [-]



&



&'L73
>@

&',63
>@



&UHV1V 
(OOLS1V 
&UHVFFO1V 
&UHVFFO1V 
(OOLSFO1V 
(OOLSFO1V 

$9/



&/73
>@

(



&/63
>@

&





H73
>@




Cl [-]

Cl*c/cREF [-]



H63
>@

7KHRU\


















[-]





)LJXUH'RZQZDVKGLVWULEXWLRQVLQ$9/DQG)UHH:DNH



)LJXUH&UHVFHQWDQGHOOLSWLFDOELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQV

Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2013

ZLWK

)UHH:DNH
7KH H[SHULHQFH IURP FKDSWHU  VKRZV WKDW DQ
LQDSSURSULDWH ODUJH WLPH VWHS VL]H FRXSOHG ZLWK SRRU
VSDQZLVH SDQHO UHVROXWLRQ OHDG WR KLJKHU GLVFUHSDQFLHV
FRPSDUHGZLWKWKHRUHWLFDOYDOXHV)RUWKHELSODQHFDVHDQ
LQFUHDVHG QXPEHU RI VSDQZLVH OLIWLQJ OLQHV OHDG
QHYHUWKHOHVVWRFRQYHUJHQFHEHKDYLRU\HWQRWQHFHVVDULO\
WRZDUGVUHDVRQDEOHYDOXHV

$9/
,QFUHDVLQJ WKH SDQHO GHQVLW\ LQ VSDQZLVH GLUHFWLRQ MXVW
UDUHO\ DIIHFWV WKHVSDQ HIILFLHQF\ UHVXOWV $OO IRXQG UHVXOWV
KDYH DQ HUURU OHVV WKDQ 1% FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKHRUHWLFDO
YDOXHVDQGKDUGO\FKDQJHGGXULQJWKHFRQYHUJHQFHVWXG\
)RU WKH KLJKHVW SDQHO GHQVLW\ WKH FUHVFHQW ELSODQH
FRQILJXUDWLRQSURGXFHVDVSDQHIILFLHQF\RI = 1.3505DQG
WKHHOOLSWLFDOELSODQH = 1.3476

)LJXUH  LOOXVWUDWHV WKDW WKH OLIW FRHIILFLHQW SURFHVVHV

WRZDUGVDORZHUOLIWFRHIILFLHQWRIDERXW 0.25ZKHQWKH
QXPEHU RI OLIWLQJ OLQHV LQ VSDQZLVH GLUHFWLRQ LV LQFUHDVHG
:KLOH WKLV LV QRW WKH H[SHFWHG FRQYHUJHQFH EHKDYLRU
WRZDUGV WKH YDOXHV IRXQG E\ 6FKLUUD >@ WKH SDUWLFXODU
VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ HUURU GRHV FRQYHUJH WRZDUGV WKHRUHWLFDO
YDOXHV 7KDW PHDQV WKDW GXH WR LQVXIILFLHQW WLPHVWHS VL]H
LQDFFXUDWHOLIWDQGLQGXFHGGUDJFRHIILFLHQWVDUHREWDLQHG
ZKLOH D UHDVRQDEOH VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ LV DFKLHYHG
&RQFHUQLQJWKHLQLWLDOUHVXOWVWKHHUURULQVSDQHIILFLHQF\LV
XS WR20%IRU = 1 = 5DQG = 1DQG IDOOV GRZQ WR
6% IRU = 10  /HDYLQJ WKH WLPHVWHS XQFKDQJHG DQG
LQFUHDVLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI FKRUGZLVH OLIWLQJ OLQHV GRHV QRW
DGYDQFHWKHFRQYHUJHQFHEHKDYLRU

)LJXUH  VKRZV WKDW IRU DQ LQFUHDVLQJ SDQHO GHQVLW\ WKH

SDUWLFXODU OLIW FRHIILFLHQW UHPDLQV DOPRVW FRQVWDQW DQG WKH
FKDQJHV RI WKH LQGXFHG OLIW FRHIILFLHQW DUH UHVSHFWLYHO\ WR
VSDQHIILFLHQF\DQGOLIW
5.00E-03


%L&UHV&O
%L&UHV&'L

%L(OOLS&O
%L(OOLS&'L

4.95E-03

CL [-]


4.90E-03



CDi [-]



(



4.85E-03



(


4.80E-03







No. of Spanwise Panels, Ns

(






CL [-]



)LJXUH/LIWDQGLQGXFHGGUDJFRHIILFLHQWIRXQGE\$9/
IRUWKHELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQV

(


3DQDLU

CL [-]

CDi [-]
(

(






No.of Spanwise Panels, Ns

%LB(OOLS&/751F 
%LB&UHV&/751F 
%LB(OOLS&'L751F 





%LB(OOLS&/751V 
%LB&UHV&/751V 
%LB(OOLS&'L751V 

W
W
W
W






 

&/1F W 
&/1F W 
&/1F W 
&GL1F 7 

7KH EHVW FRQYHUJHQFH EHKDYLRU DQG WKH PRVW PDWFKLQJ

UHVXOWVDUHIRXQGE\VLPXOWDQHRXVO\DGMXVWLQJWKHWLPHVWHS
VL]H DQG LQFUHDVLQJ WKH SDQHO GHQVLW\ LQ VSDQZLVH
GLUHFWLRQDVFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJXUH:KHQWKHWLPHVWHS
VL]HLVUHGXFHGWRVPDOOHULQFUHPHQWVWZRSKHQRPHQDFDQ
EHGLVFRYHUHG)LUVWWKHLQLWLDOFDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWVDWDYHU\
ORZ SDQHO GHQVLW\ DUH EHWWHU DSSUR[LPDWLRQV WKDQ WKH\
ZHUH IRU WKH SODQDU FRQILJXUDWLRQV )RU WKH FUHVFHQW
ELSODQHLQKHULWLQJDSDQHOGHQVLW\RI = = 1WKHHUURU
LQ VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ GURSSHG E\ WKH IDFWRU RI10ZKHQ WKH
WLPHVWHS VL]H LV UHGXFHG E\ D IDFWRU RI20 6HFRQGO\ LW
FDXVHV D FKDQJH LQ WKH FRQYHUJHQFH EHKDYLRU KHUH
VKRZQLQ)LJXUHDQG)LJXUHIRUDKLJKSDQHOGHQVLW\
RI = 5DQG = 10 :KHQ D UDWKHU KLJK WLPHVWHS VL]H
RI = 0.5 LV XVHG WKH OLIW FRHIILFLHQW RI WKH HOOLSWLFDO
ELSODQH FRQYHUJHV WRZDUG 0.257 DQG D VSDQ
HIILFLHQF\ RI = 1.3569 2Q WKH RWKHU VLGH WKH FUHVFHQW
ELSODQHFRQYHUJHVWRZDUGVDPXFKORZHUOLIWFRHIILFLHQWRI
0.22DQG D KLJKHU VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ RI DERXW = 1.41
$IWHU FKDQJLQJ WKH WLPH VWHS VL]H WR VPDOO LQFUHPHQWV RI
= 0.005 WKH HOOLSWLFDO ELSODQH FRQYHUJHV WRZDUGV OLIW
FRHIILFLHQW RI DERXW 0.269DQG WKH FUHVFHQW ELSODQH
WRZDUGV 0.267  9DOXHV LQ WKLV PDJQLWXGH ZHUH




       
No. of Spanwise Panels per Element

)LJXUH/LIWDQGLQGXFHGGUDJFRHIILFLHQWIRUWKHHOOLSWLFDO
ELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQ

(



&/1F
&/1F
&/1F
&GL1F




(


(



(



7KH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG E\ 7UHIIW]3ODQH DQDO\VLV DUH RQO\

PDUJLQDOO\ LQIOXHQFHG E\ DQ\ SDQHO UHVROXWLRQ UHILQHPHQW
$V ZLWK WKH SODQDU ZLQJ FRQILJXUDWLRQV FKRUGZLVH
UHILQHPHQW VKRZV QR HIIHFW RQ WKH VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ EXW
HYHQ VSDQZLVH FKDQJHV KDUGO\ PDNH D GLIIHUHQFH 7KH
VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH HOOLSWLFDO ELSODQH LV DERXW = 1.345
ZLWK DQ HUURU RI DERXW1% DQG IRU WKH FUHVFHQW ELSODQH
DERXW = 1.355 ZLWK DQ HUURU RI OHVV WKDQ 1%  7KH OLIW
FRHIILFLHQW VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  PDUJLQDOO\ GHFUHDVH IRU D
KLJKHU SDQHO GHQVLW\ LQ VSDQZLVH GLUHFWLRQ ([WHQGLQJ WKH
FRQYHUJHQFH VWXG\ IXUWKHU LV QRW SRVVLEOH EHFDXVH WKH
PD[LPXPQXPEHURISDQHOVLVUHDFKHGIRUWZRZLQJVZLWK
= 5DQG = 70



(


CDi [-]

1XPHULFDO VHQVLWLYLW\ DVVRFLDWHG

SDQHOLQJRIWKHELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQV

)LJXUH/LIWDQGLQGXFHGGUDJFRHIILFLHQWVREWDLQHGE\
3DQDLUIRUWKHELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQV

Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2013

H[SHFWHG VLQFH QR DLUIRLO ZDV DSSOLHG 8QGHU WKHVH

FLUFXPVWDQFHV WKH VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH HOOLSWLFDO ELSODQH
GURSV GRZQ WR = 1.29 DQG WKH VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH
FUHVFHQW ELSODQH FRQYHUJHV WR = 1.356 +HUH WKH ILQDO
LQGXFHGGUDJFRHIILFLHQWVOD\DOVRPXFKFORVHUWRJHWKHUDV
IRUDWLPHVWHSVL]HRI = 0.5SORWWHGLQ)LJXUH

FRQVLGHUDEO\ SRRUHU H[SUHVVHG E\ D UHODWLYH HUURU RI9%

IRUWKHHOOLSWLFDOELSODQHDQG8%IRUWKHFUHVFHQW

3DQDLU

(



(






No. of Timestep

 

%L&UHVFHQW&/W 

%L(OOLSWLFDO&/W 

%L&UHVFHQW&/W 

%L(OOLSWLFDO&/W 

%L&UHVFHQW&'LW 

%L(OOLSWLFDO&'LW 

%L&UHVFHQW&'LW 

%L(OOLSWLFDO&'LW 

)LJXUH/LIWDQGGUDJFRHIILFLHQWFRQYHUJHQFHEHKDYLRU
IRUWLPHPDUFKLQJSURFHVVDQGGLIIHUHQWWLPHVWHSV

$9/

)UHH:DNH



+LJKHU
2UGHU>@

%L&UHVFHQWHW 
%L(OOLSWLFDOHW 
%L&UHVFHQWHW 
%L(OOLSWLFDOHW 



e [-]

H
>@

&/
>@

&',
>@





(





(





(





(





(





(





(





(

(


(

(



&

(

(



CDi [-]

CL [-]

(

&

(


(

(



&

(

(

(


&

5HJDUGLQJ WKH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG ZLWK )UHH:DNH WKH

UHODWLYHHUURULQVSDQHIILFLHQF\IRUWKHFUHVFHQWELSODQHLV
DERXW0.2%FRPSDUHG WR WKH UHIHUHQFH YDOXH 6LQFH QR
DLUIRLO WKLFNQHVV LV UHVSHFWHG ZLWKLQ )UHH:DNH D
FRPSDULVRQRIWKHOLIWDQGLQGXFHGGUDJFRHIILFLHQWVLVQRW
DSSOLFDEOH 1RQHWKHOHVV WKH FUHVFHQW ELSODQH UHVXOWV
FRQVWLWXWH WKH VDPH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKDQ WKH UHIHUHQFH
YDOXHV%XWWKHHOOLSWLFDOELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQVHHPVWRIDOO
RXW WKH VHULHV ZLWK D KLJKHU FRHIILFLHQW WKDQ WKH FUHVFHQW
ELSODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQDQG DVSDQHIILFLHQF\ RI = 1.2947
5HDVRQV IRU WKH ODUJH YDULDWLRQV LQ VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ FDQ
RQO\ EH VXVSHFWHG LQ DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK WKH PRGHOHG ZDNH
UROOXS EHKDYLRU DQG WKH WLPHVWHS VL]H RI WKH ZDNH
UHOD[DWLRQPHWKRGZLWKLQ)UHH:DNH



7DEOH5HVXOWVIRUWKHELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQV



:DNHPRGHOLQJHIIHFWV
)LJXUH  LOOXVWUDWHV WKDW WKHUH H[LVWV D GLVWLQFW RIIVHW
EHWZHHQWKHERWWRPDQGWRSZLQJVVHFWLRQDOOLIWFRHIILFLHQW
GLVWULEXWLRQ FDOFXODWHG E\ 3DQDLU DQG $9/ &ORVH WR WKH
LQERDUG VHFWLRQ WKH ERWWRP ZLQJ LQKHULWV DQ XS WR15%
KLJKHU VHFWLRQDOOLIW FRHIILFLHQW WKDQ WKH WRS ZLQJ
5HJDUGLQJWRWKHUHVXOWVIRXQGE\)UHH:DNHWKLVRIIVHWDW
WKH VDPH ORFDWLRQ LV PXFK VPDOOHU +HUH WKH WRS ZLQJ
SRVVHVV D DERXW4%ELJJHU VHFWLRQDOOLIW FRHIILFLHQW 7KH
UHDVRQIRUWKHRIIVHWLVVXVSHFWHGWREHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKD
FKDQQHO IORZ SKHQRPHQRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR ZLQJV
ZKHUHE\ WKH KLJKHU FRHIILFLHQW RI WKH WRS ZLQJ LQ
)UHH:DNH DUH PRVW OLNHO\ JHQHUDWHG E\ ZDNH UROOXS
PRGHOLQJ5HJDUGLQJWKHLQGLYLGXDOVHFWLRQDOOLIWFRHIILFLHQW
GLVWULEXWLRQ RI HDFK LQGLYLGXDO ERWWRP RU WRS ZLQJ WKH
GLVWULEXWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHYHU\IDPLOLDUZLWKWKRVHRID
SODQDU ZLQJ LQ )LJXUH  'RZQZDVK GLVWULEXWLRQV LQ $9/
DQG )UHH:DNH 7KH FUHVFHQW V\VWHP VKRZV D VWURQJ
IOXFWXDWLQJJURZWKFORVHWRWKHZLQJWLSZKLOHWKHHOOLSWLFDO
ELSODQH LQKHULWV D PRUH URXQGHG DQG GHFUHDVLQJ
GLVWULEXWLRQ7KHJHQHUDORIIVHWRIWKHVHFWLRQOLIWFRHIILFLHQW
LQGXFHV D PXFK KLJKHU VSDQORDGLQJ RQ WKH ERWWRP ZLQJ
WKDQRQWKHWRSZLQJRIHDFKSDUWLFXODUFDVH









No. of Timestep





)LJXUH6SDQHIILFLHQF\EHKDYLRUIRUWLPHPDUFKLQJ
SURFHVVDQGGLIIHUHQWWLPHVWHSV

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQV
,QRUGHUWRHQVXUHFRPSDUDELOLW\WRDKLJKHURUGHUPHWKRG
WKHUHVXOWVIRXQGE\6FKLUUD>@DUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH7KLV
VWXG\ZDVFDUULHGRXWIRUWKHVDPHELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQV
XVLQJ D FRPPHUFLDO (XOHU VROYHU LQ $16<6 )OXHQW 
ZLWKDFHOOFHQWHUHGILQLWHYROXPHIRUPXODWLRQIRUWKH(XOHU
IORZ HTXDWLRQV 7DEOH  VKRZV WKDW 3DQDLU DQG $9/
GHWHUPLQH VPDOOHU VSDQ HIILFLHQFLHV IRU WKH HOOLSWLFDO
ELSODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQ WKDQ IRU WKH FUHVFHQW FRQILJXUDWLRQ
7KH SODQIRUP GHSHQGHQW UHODWLYH YDULDWLRQV LQ VSDQ
HIILFLHQF\ DUH LQ WKH VDPH PDJQLWXGH DV ZKHQ FRPSDUHG
ZLWK WKH UHIHUHQFH YDOXHV ZLWK DQ UHODWLYH HUURU RI OHVV
WKDQ 1%  <HW WKH DOWHUDWLRQV RI OLIW DQG LQGXFHG GUDJ
FRHIILFLHQW DUH PXFK VWURQJHU GHYHORSHG 7KH LQGXFHG
GUDJDQGOLIWSUHGLFWLRQRI3DQDLUIRUWKHHOOLSWLFDOELSODQHLV
ZLWKLQ D UHODWLYH HUURU RI DERXW1% EXW XS WR6%IRU WKH
FUHVFHQW VKDSHG SODQIRUP 7KH $9/ SHUIRUPDQFH LV

:KHQ WKH FUHVFHQW DQG HOOLSWLFDO ELSODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQV

DUHFRPSDUHGDPRQJHDFKRWKHULQ)LJXUHWKHHOOLSWLFDO
ELSODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQ DJUHHV PXFK FORVHU ZLWK D UHDO
HOOLSWLFDO VKDSH IRU ERWK 3DQDLU DQG )UHH:DNH <HW WKH

Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2013

VSDQ ORDGLQJV REWDLQHG ZLWK )UHH:DNH DUH ERWK VOLJKWO\

FORVHU WR WKH LGHDO HOOLSWLFDO GLVWULEXWLRQ WKDQ FRPSDUHG WR
WKH 3DQDLU UHVXOWV 7KHVH GLVFUHSDQFLHV LQ 3DQDLU FDQ EH
H[SODLQHG E\ WKH VWURQJ VHFWLRQDOOLIW IOXFWXDWLRQV DW WKH
RXWERDUGSRUWLRQLQ)LJXUH

,Q DGGLWLRQ LW LV VKRZQ WKDW WKH ELSODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQV DUH
JHQHUDWLQJ VWURQJHU GHYLDWLQJ VSDQ ORDGLQJV LQ WKH
RXWERDUG SRUWLRQ ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR WKH LGHDO HOOLSWLFDO
VKDSH 7KLV GRHV QRW OHDG WR PDMRU SHUIRUPDQFH GHILFLWV
FDXVHG E\ FRXSOHG UHODWLRQ RI WKH SDUWLFXODU GRZQZDVK
GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG VSDQ ORDGLQJ RQ WKH LQGXFHG GUDJ
&RQFHUQLQJ WKH QHFHVVDU\ ODERU UHTXLUHG WR XVH WKHVH
PHWKRGV LQ DQ HIILFLHQW GHVLJQ SURFHVV LW FDQ EH VWDWHG
WKH 3DQDLU LV PXFK PRUH FRPSOH[ WKDQ $9/ DQG
)UHH:DNH7KLVGUDZEDFNFDQEHFRPSHQVDWHGE\DJUHDW
DPRXQW RI UHVHDUFK GRQH ZLWK 3DQDLU ,Q FRQWUDVW
)UHH:DNH LV DOUHDG\ VXSSOLHG ZLWK XVHIXO IHDWXUHV WR SORW
WKHZDNHVKDSHDQGWKHYHORFLW\ILHOG

(YHQ WKRXJK WKH HOOLSWLFDO ELSODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQ REWDLQV D

VSDQ ORDGLQJ FORVHU WR WKH LGHDO HOOLSWLFDO GLVWULEXWLRQ WKH
VSDQHIILFLHQF\RI = 1.3446LVVPDOOHUZKHQFRPSDUHGWR
= 1.3513RI WKH FUHVFHQW FRQILJXUDWLRQ 7KH UHDVRQ IRU
WKDW LV WKH DFWLRQ RI WKH LQGXFHG GRZQZDVK GLVWULEXWLRQ LQ
UHODWLRQ WR WKHFLUFXODWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQLQ (TXDWLRQ  7KLV
HIIHFWLVHYHQPRUHSURQRXQFHGUHFDOOLQJWKHUHVXOWVIRXQG
E\ )UHH:DNH ZLWK D VSDQ HIILFLHQF\ RI = 1.29 DQG D
PRUH LGHDO VSDQ ORDGLQJ IRU WKH HOOLSWLFDO ELSODQH
FRQILJXUDWLRQ +RZHYHU WKHVH VWURQJ GLVFUHSDQFLHV FRXOG
EH QHJDWLYHO\ HQKDQFHG E\ QXPHULFDO LVVXHV ZLWKLQ
)UHH:DNH FDXVHG E\ WKH IUHHVWUHDP YHORFLW\
1RQHWKHOHVV WKH GRZQZDVK DQG VHFWLRQDOOLIW FRHIILFLHQW
GLVWULEXWLRQVSUHGLFWHGE\)UHH:DNHDUHFRQILUPHGE\WKH
UHVXOWVIRXQGE\6FKLUUD>@



Cl [-]





&UHV%RWWRP:LQJ
&UHV7RS:LQJ
(OOLS%RWWRP:LQJ
(OOLS7RS:LQJ

&21&/86,21
7DEOH  VXPPDUL]HV WKDW WKH SUHGLFWHG VSDQ HIILFLHQFLHV
DUH FORVH WR WKH WKHRUHWLFDO YDOXHV GHVSLWH WKH IDFW ZKDW
ZDNHPRGHOVFKHPHLVXVHG*UHDWHUGLIIHUHQFHVEHFRPH
REYLRXV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH DFFXUDF\ RI LQGXFHG GUDJ
SUHGLFWLRQ 7KH YRUWH[ ODWWLFH PHWKRG $9/ GHYLDWHV IURP
FRPSDUDWLYH PHWKRGV OLNH WKH KLJK RUGHU SDQHO PHWKRG
3DQDLU RU WKH UHOD[HGZDNH YRUWH[ODWWLFH PHWKRG
)UHH:DNH 7KH GUDJIUHH ZDNH PRGHO VFKHPH LQ 3DQDLU
DQG $9/ ODFNV LQ DFFXUDWH GRZQZDVK SUHGLFWLRQ ZKHQ
FRPSDUHG WR KLJKHU RUGHU UHVXOWV %XW 3DQDLU SURYLGHV
KLJKO\ DFFXUDWH LQGXFHG GUDJ DQG OLIW UHVXOWV LQGHSHQGHQW
WR D ZLGH UDQJH RI YDULRXV SODQIRUPV DQG ERXQGDU\
FRQGLWLRQV 7KLV VWDWHV WKDW WKH QHJOHFWLRQ RI QRQOLQHDU
IORZ HIIHFWV GR QRW QHFHVVDULO\ LQWHUIHUH ZLWK DFFXUDWH
LQGXFHGGUDJSUHGLFWLRQ1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHIRUFHIUHHZDNH
PRGHO VFKHPH LQ )UHH:DNH LV DEOH WR SUHGLFW DFFXUDWH
GRZQZDVK SDWWHUQV RI KLJKO\ QRQSODQDU OLIWLQJ VXUIDFHV
ZKLFK LV VXVSHFWHG WR PDNH D KLJKHU LPSDFW RQ PRUH
FRPSOH[ ZLQJ DUUDQJHPHQWV DQG VWDELOL]HUZLQJ
DUUDQJHPHQWV ,QGXFHG GUDJ DQG OLIW FDQ EH SUHGLFWHG
DFFXUDWHO\ ZKLOH D SODQIRUP GHSHQGHQF\ FRQFHUQLQJ WKH
VSDQHIILFLHQF\UHPDLQVDQXQVROYHGLVVXH










[-]





)LJXUH6HFWLRQDOOLIWGLVWULEXWLRQLQ3DQDLURIWKH
HOOLSWLFDOELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQ


)UHH:DNH%L(OOLSWLFDO
)UHH:DNH%L&UHVFHQW
$9/%L(OOLSWLFDO
$9/%L&UHVFHQW



(wi/U) [-]













[-]





)LJXUH'RZQZDVKGLVWULEXWLRQVLQ$9/DQG)UHH:DNH



Cl*c/cREF [-]


3DQDLU&UHVFHQW



3DQDLU%L(OOLSWLFDO



)UHH:DNH%L&UHVFHQW
)UHH:DNH%L(OOLSWLFDO











[-]





)LJXUH7RWDOVSDQORDGLQJVIRXQGE\3DQDLUDQG)UHH:DNHIRUWKHFUHVFHQWDQGHOOLSWLFDOELSODQHFRQILJXUDWLRQ

5HIHUHQFHV

$QGHUVRQ-)XQGDPHQWDOVLI$HURG\QDPLFV1HZ
<RUN86$ 0F*UDZ+LOO KLJKHU (GXFDWLRQV 
,6%1
6PLWK6DQG,ODQ.,QGXFHG'UDJ&RPSXWDWLRQV
RQ:LQJVZLWK$FFXUDWO\0RGHOHG:DNHVVO-RXUQDO
RI$LUFUDIW9RO1R
%UDPHVIHOG*DQG0DXJKPHU05HOD[HG:DNH
9RUWH[/DWWLFH 0HWKRG XVLQJ GLVWULEXWHG 9RUWLFLW\
(OHPHQWV VO -RXUQDO RI $LUFUDIW  9RO  1R

 3UDQGWO / (UJHEQLVVH GHU $HURG\QDPLVFKHQ
9HUVXFKVDQVWDOW]X*|WWLQJHQ/LHIHUXQJ*|WWLQJHQ
VQ
 %UDPHVIHOG * $ +LJKHU 2UGHU 9RUWH[ODWWLFH
PHWKRG ZLWK D )RUFH)UHH :DNH 3HQQV\OYHQLD 
3HQQV\OYHQLD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\
 6PLWK 6 DQG ,ODQ . &RPSXWDWLRQ RI ,QGXFHG
'UDJ IRU (OOLSWLFDO DQG &UHVFHQW6KDSHG :LQJV
3RUWODQG25-RXUQDORI$LUFUDIW9RO1R
6PLWK6$&RPSXWDWLRQDODQG([SHULPHQWDO6WXG\
RI 1RQOLQHDU $VSHFWV RI ,QGXFHG 'UDJ 0RIIHWW )LHOG
&DOLIRUQLD 1$6$ $PHV 5HVHDUFK &HQWHU 
1$6$71
 +LFNHQ - DQG =LQJJ ' ,QGXFHG'UDJ
0LQLPL]DWLRQ RI 1RQSODQDU *HRPHWULHV %DVHG RQ WKH
(XOHU (TXDWLRQV %ULWLVK &ROXPELD &DQDGD $,$$
-RXUQDO9RO1R
 6FKLUUD - +RHIOLQJ - DQG 6SRKU $ (XOHU
EDVHG ,QGXFHG 'UDJ (VWLPDWLRQ IRU KLJKO\ QRQSODQDU
/LIWLQJ 6\VWHPV GXULQJ &RQFHSWXDO 'HVLJQ 6WXWWJDUW
'HXWVFKHU/XIWXQG5DXPIDKUWNRQJUHVV
 7RUHQEHHN (JEHUW 6\QWKHVLV RI 6XEVRQLF
$LUSODQH 'HVLJQ 'RUGUHFKW .OXZHU $FDGHPLF
3XEOLVKHUV
 .URR , 'UDJ GXH WR /LIW&RQFHSWVIRU 3UHGLFWLRQ
DQG5HGXFWLRQ
 + 6FKOLFKWLQJ ( 7UXFNHQEURGW $HURG\QDPLN
GHV )OXJ]HXJV %DQG  XQG  VO 6SULQJHU9HUODJ

 /DP ) DQG 0DXOO '  ,QGXFHG 'UDJ RI D
&UHVFHQW :LQJ 3ODQIRUP VO -RXUQDO RI $LUFUDIW
9RO1R
 /HWFKHU - -U &RQYHUJHQFH RI /LIW DQG 'UDJ
3UHGLFWLRQV E\ D 0RULQR 3DQHO 0HWKRG 96$(52
VO$,$$-RXUQDO9RO1R
 'H,ODQQ 0 ,QGXFHG 'UDJ RI :LQJV ZLWK KLJKO\
6ZHSW DQG 7DSHUHG :LQJ 7LSV VO $,$$ 
$,$$&3



10