Thuggery (Chandikama) as a Method of

Intimidation, Bullying and Harassment in

the South

by Dr. Siri Gamage

- on 12/31/2014

Use of thugs chandiyas or marayas by those in authority has its roots in the colonial period.
Later, Sinhalese politicians adopted this method in village level politics spreading into urban
locales. It is a method used to control public opinion and behaviour, more importantly to
submerge alternative viewpoints and behaviour and divert the popular will in the direction of
those in authority by using physical force, fear and the like. The only way to counter such acts
of intimidation, thuggery, bullying and harassment is to organise those with alternative
viewpoints into collectives or action-groups and resist while educating the public. This paper
argues that perhaps it is time to set up a Nelum Balakaya (NB) to spread the message about
the need for democratic freedoms, good governance and rule of law.
Recent attacks on young artists near Kurunegala by political activists in blue attire as reported
in the media reflect a deeper trend in Sri Lankan political scene with far greater implications
for good governance (Yaha Palanaya)and its future. It is reported that those belonging to Nil
Balakaya an organisation headed by Namal Rajapakse who is an MP (and also the son of the

executive President of Sri Lanka), instigated these attacks and also the son of the executive
President of Sri Lanka-though this has been denied by Nil Balakaya officials (Daily Mirror
31.12.2014). This is not an isolated incident and many such incidents of harassment, bullying
and intimidation of political opponents by the ruling coalition have been reported in the media
during the current election campaign showing a discernible pattern. Thus it is important to
examine the roots of such acts in the Sri Lankan history, particularly in the Southern Sinhalese
heartland, i.e. Hambantota district.
Employment of thugs marayan or chandi by those in authority goes back to the colonial
times in Southern Sri Lanka. Oral history from villages in Walasmulla area in the Hambantota
district reveals that Pattuwe Ralahamyof the Giruva Pattuva (West) used thugs when he
travelled from Walasmulla area to remote hill villages in places like Kirama, Katuwana and
Hingurakanda to collect taxes on behalf of the colonial administration. According to such
historical narratives, Pattuwe Ralahamy and his coterie of supporters organised several
bullock carts for this purpose and travelled to these villages with the assistance of thugs or
chandiyas who carried guns. As some villagers in the hills did not have money to pay taxes,
chandiyas working for Pattuwe Ralahamy collected other materials such as cattle, chicken,
grain, bananas, Jack fruit, treacle (pani), juggary (hakuru), goraka, pepper and other locally
produced items. When villagers refused to hand over large quantities of these items, thugs
used threats and intimidatory tactics to collect them by force. On the return journey, they
guarded the bullock carts full of collected items from attacks by other bandits or thugs until
they reached Walasmulla area safely. These thugs used attack dogs also for this exercise. A
villager near Walasmulla who is now 100 years old told this story. He is one very
knowledgeable about the colonial practices in the area and the experiences of average
villagers. He still has a reasonably good memory of those times, people, events and issues.
However, such practices have to be understood in the social and economic context as well as
the harsh environment prevailing in this area at the time. Though there were rules in the
colonial rulebooks, the remoteness of the villages and the harsh environment allowed local
officials in charge at the time to use whatever the tactics available to accomplish their goals
on behalf of the highest authority of the land.
In the fifties and sixties when I was growing up in a village called Ethpitiya near Walasmulla, I
remember the way chandiyas used to intimidate, bully and harass the average villager
(farmer, shop keeper, cattle owner, labourer etc.). One of the valued assets villagers had was
cattle both milking cattle and buffaloes. They were used in ploughing, trashing paddy also.
The popular Southern product Mee Kiri and Ela Kiri were produced by buffaloes and cows
respectively. Thus the owners of cattle and buffaloes had social status in the villages.

However, they had to move cattle and buffaloes from village to village when the area was
under droughts to find grass or hay to feed them. Thus villagers in Ethpitiya and closeby
areas like Horewela, Yahalmulla, Oluara, Madagamgoda took their cattle and buffaloes to farflung areas like Ranna and Ambalantota. On these trips protecting cows and buffaloes from
thieves and chandiyas required particular skills including a degree of bravery.
Likewise, when they were stationed in Ethpitiya, Horewela, Yahalmulla etc. protecting them
from thieves (harak horu) required a lot of imagination and foresight by the owner and his
family members. In an environment where there was no electricity and the nights were dark,
this task was made particularly difficult. Battery powered torches were also a rare commodity.
If there were any intruders at night, the dogs start to bark at the shadows and it was
incumbent on the cattle owner to get out of the house to search if there was any suspicious
activity in the harak gala (place where cattle and buffaloes were kept at night). Often they
would light a kolapuva (outer cases of coconut flower in dried form) and venture out of their
thatched houses to inspect. I remember about one particular youngish thug from Bowala
village with a name for stealing cattle. Villagers often talked about him as a possible suspect
whenever they discovered a cow has gone missing. During the day, this chandiya would come
drunk and pass through the village uttering filthy words against a few other local chandiyas
and householders who owned cattle. There was also another person belonging to a
respectable family in Walasmulla owning land in Bowala area who would walk through the
village in the evenings half naked (edge of the sarong lifted up by hand half way through so
that personal amenities of the person becomes visible to the public) uttering filth to frighten
the villagers. Villagers ignored both though sometimes the youngsters who were keen for a
fight would shout from a distance to provoke these drunken individuals.
In time to come, in the 70s and after, use of thugs for protecting political stages while being
built and after became a necessity. Politicians and their local supporters used unemployed
thugs or chandiyas for this purpose by paying them a few rupees, feeding them and providing
alcohol (Arakku or Kasippu). This is not unusual as the Sinhalese are used to employ someone
to do various tasks in the household, gardens, offices, paddy fields, etc. Locals both males
and females-from respectable families would even go out with one or more attendants not
necessarily thugs- to carry heavy stuff. In the past, such people even carried umbrellas or
other personal items for the respectables. During the colonial past, when there were no
modern umbrellas, locally made head covers from plant leaves of various kind were carried to
protect from the strong sun or rain.
What is important to note though is the fact that some of these people who accompanied

respectables in the area or helped them around the houses, gardens, work sites or when
shopping acquired some status by the mere fact of such association with the powerful and
respectable families. These attendants then used this association with the powerful and
respectable families and individuals to command some power and respect for themselves
from the rest of the villagers in circumstances where their bosses were not present.
Obviously, some of these people would engage in the acts of thuggery, intimidation, bullying
etc. as an extension of the real or symbolic power they acquired by their association with the
powerful and respectable families. Once these acts came to the knowledge of respectable and
powerful families, some would admire them. Others would castigate the persons who behaved
improperly. This depended very much on the ethical values acquired or not acquired by the
members of respectable and powerful families. Alcoholism was a key factor that functioned
against safeguarding such ethical values. When members of respectable and powerful
families and their assistants started to drink together social norms separating the two
categories of people was broken down.
An interesting aspect of this practice of using helpers and attendants among whom some
were those considered as chandiyas was the fact that the more one had such obedient people
the more power the members of respectable families would get. The employment of such
people carried with it a sublime message to the rest of the community, ie. know who I am or
we are! Furthermore, it sent a message to the rest of the village community to toe the line, if
not the consequences would be harsh. One such consequence was the stealing of cattle by
using chandiyas or attacks on person. Arson was another tactic used.
Physical Violence following small scale bullying, harassment, verbal abuse and intimidation
against person and property as well as crimes resulting from such acts was a notable
phenomenon in the South during the colonial period and its aftermath. Former Commissioner
of prisons, late Mr. J.P.Delgoda completed his Masters thesis on Crimes in Southern Ceylon at
Illinois University, USA. Criminologist C.H.S. Jayewardene has also written about these
aspects. One issue at the time attracting the attention of criminologists was the unusually
high rate of grave crimes such as homicide committed by individuals in the area.
What is significant today is the nationalisation of these practices to the whole country
involving the political field and sidelining the law enforcement agencies. Acts of bullying,
intimidation and harassment by young and middle aged political activists against another
group of young people who were performing and broadcasting an alternative message bear
the hallmarks of above-mentioned Southern colonial and postcolonial practices. But what is
more alarming is the employment of such practices as part of a broader political culture that

has spread throughout the country with the granting of political power, resources and official
sanctions to elected MPs in the provincial Councils? Whether the Provincial Councils have
paved the way for nationalising a local practice is a reasonable question to ask?
Young artists, like anyone else, should have the freedom to disseminate an alternative view
about the situation in the country, challenges people face, their issues and dilemmas
wherever they wish to do so without any intimidation, bullying and harassment from
chandiyas turned politicians whether they belong to Nil Balakaya or not. They should not be
prevented from doing so because of a cancer that has developed in the political system and
culture with drunkenness of power, prestige, resources and a desire to monopolise power.
These young people are very brave people who have a social and political consciousness with
a critical benta quality that is different from those qualities that political chanidyas bring to
the fore. It is a noble quality that needs to be spread throughout the country by way of
another Balakaya not only during this election campaign but even after for good governance
where rule of law, equality before the law, protection of human and civic rights etc. become
key planks of a functioning democracy which is a contrast to a monarchical system of
governance to be maintained by the public purse. All the strength to those young artists and
the artistic community in general in their struggle for social justice, equality, freedom of
expression and now even the right to life!
Posted by Thavam