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sshZypXhntjWw
CeIvt{Smssen IqSn sshZypXn ISv t]mIptXmsSmw
AXv
cmkamn\v
hnt[bamp
{]{InbbmWv
sshZypXhntjWw.
CeIvt{SmssepIfn kzX{ AtbmWpIfpsS Nme\w
aptJ\bmWv sshZypX{]hmlw DmIpXv.
cmk^ens {]tbmK
sshZypX te]\w , teml \nmWw , Bt\mssUknwKv , teml
ipoIcWw
sshZypXte]\w
Hcp NmeIhkvXphns D]cnXen sshZypX hntjWw
aptJ\ asmcp temlw ]qip {]{InbbmWv sshZypXte]\w.
sshZypXte]\w
sNt
NmeIhkvXp
ImtYmUmbpw
CeIvt{SmUv ]qip temlns XInSv Bt\mUmbpw
CeIvt{SmUv . Cu
temlns
ehW
emb\n
CeIvt{Smssembpw D]tbmKnpp.
sshZypXte]\ns D]tbmK
ImWm\p `wKn IqSpp ; teml\mi\w XSbpp.
sshZypXhntjW \nbaw
Hcp CeIvt{SmUn \npw kzX{amsSpItbm AhnsS
\nt]nsSpItbm
sNp
]Zmns
amkv
CeIvt{Smssen
IqSn
ISnhnSp
sshZypXNmPn\v
t\A\p]mXnembncnpw.
ncmw
Xm]t\m]IcWw
lonwMv tImbn ({][m\ `mKw)
\nt{Imw sImmWv lonwMv tImbn \nnncpXv
\nt{Imans khntijXI -: Db {ZhWmw, Db
{]Xntcm[w; Npp]gpm\p Ignhv
Pq \nbaw
Hcp NmeIneqsS sshZypXn {]hlnpXns ^eambn
DmZnnsSp
Xm]ns
Afhv
Idns
hnsbpw NmeIns {]Xntcm[nsbpw Idv
{]hlnp
kabnsbpw
KpW\^en\v
Xpyambncnpw.
Xm]w
Idv, {]Xntcm[w, thmX,
kabw,
]h
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
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x Xm]ns bqWnv= Pq
sshZypX ]h
x {]hrnbpsS \ncmWv ]h
x ]h={]hrn /kabw
x

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BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT

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A]mbclnX ^yqkv
{][m\ `mK: t]mken tmv; t]mken {_nUvPv ;
^yqkv hb
^yqkv hb: Snnsbpw seUnsbpw kcw(khntijX:
Ipd {ZhWmw)
tjmv kyqv, HmhtemUv Fnh aqew hcp AanX
sshZypX {]hmls XSp \nn D]IcWsf
kwcnpXn\p kwhn[m\amWv ^yqkv.
^nesav emv
^nesav ({][m\`mKw)
SMv sImmWv ^nesav \nnncpXv
SMvWns khntijXI : {ZhWmw, {]Xntcm[w Fnh
IqSpX ; t\cnb Inbmn amm\p km[yX ; Npp]gpv
ZoLt\cw {]Iminm\p Ignhv).
{]h\w: ^nesaneqsS sshZypXn {]hlnpXns
^eambn Npp]gpv {]Iminpp.
Ghpw Db dknkvnhnn D iptemlamWv SMv.
UnkvNmPv empI
{][m\ `mK: cv CeIvt{SmUv, hmXIw \nd mkv Syq_v.
{]h\w: AtbmWpIfpw CeIvt{SmWpIfpw AtbmWo
IcnsSm IWnIIfpambn IqnbnSnpXns ^eambn
{]Imiw DmIpp.
hmXIn\\pkcnv {]Imins \ndw amdpp.
(sapdn: sh, \ntbm: Hmdv, tkmUnbw: a,
ssl{UP: \oe, ss\{SP: Nphv, tmdn: ]).
^vfqdskv empI
{]h\w:
CeIvt{SmWpI
sapdn
hmXIs
AbWoIcnpXns ^eambn A{Smhbev IncW
DmIpIbpw Ahsb ^vfqdskv ]Zmw BKncWw sNbvXv
Zriy{]Imiw Dmpp.
taI: Bbpkv 5 aSv IqSpX, \ng aqeap AkuIcyw
IpdhmWv , DuPns D]tbmKw Ipdhv, DuP \jvSw Ipdhv,
anI {]Imiw.

x bqWnv=hmv

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BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT

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sshZypX ImnI t{]cWXXzw

Inpcpfnstbm, Imnstbm Bt]nI Ne\w
sImv
Inpcpfpambn
_s
ImnI^vfIvkn
hyXnbm\w kw`hnpp.
Hcp
NmeIhpambn
_s
ImnI
^vfIvkv
hyXymksSppXns ^eambn B NmeIn Hcp
t{]cnXamIp {]Xn`mkamWv sshZypX ImnI t{]cWw.
sshZypXImnIt{]cWw aptJ\ Dev]mZnnp emf s\
t{]cnX
Fp ]dbpp.
sshZypXImnIt{]cWw aptJ\ Dev]mZnnp Idns\
t{]cnXIdv Fp ]dbpp.
Cu XXzw ASnm\amn {]hnp D]IcWfmWv
P\td
(bm{ntImPw
sshZyptXmPampp),
ssat{Imt^m (i_vtZmPw sshZyptXmPampp).
P\td cv hn[w
P\td
At\Iw XhW Zniamdp sshZypXn DmZnnp
P\td.
{][m\ `mK:
^oUvImw: P\tddn ImnI^vfIvkv krjvSnp
ImamWnXv.
Bta: scp ]ncpp tImdn IhNnXamb NmeIIn
NpnsbSp {IaoIcWamWv
nvdnMvkv: Bta sSan\epIfpambn hnfnt
]qWhfbfmWnh.
{_jv: nvdnMvkpambn kZm kv]inncnp {IaoIcWw
{]h\w: ImnIaen Bta Xncnbptm
tImbn
^vfIvkns\
hntOZnpXns
^eambn
tImbnepambn _s ^vfIvkn\v hyXnbm\w kw`hnpp.
BtadnepmIp sshZypXn {_jv hgn _mlyskontev
{]hlnpp.
Btadns Hcp ]pW{`aWns hnhn[ L: BZy
A[ {`aWn emf ]qPyn \np-w Xp-Sn ]camh[n

x CFL CeIvt{SmWnIv skov ASnb bqWnpw sapdn

hmXIw \nd ^vfqdskv Syq_pw Dv
x LED empI {]hnm Ipd ]h aXn.

x
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t]mkn-ohv aqeynsenbnv (90 tImWfhn) ]noSv {ItaW

Ip-dv ]qP-ynsep-p-, (180 tImWfhn) cmw A[
{`aWn- emf FXn- Znibn- {ItaW s\Kohv aqeynsenbn-v (270 tImWfhn-) ]n-oSv {ItaW Ip-dv hop-w
]qPyn-sepp- (360 tImWfhn-sep-tm)
Hcp
NmeIhpambn
_s
ImnI
^vfIvkns
hyXnbm\ns ^eambn NmeIn cq]sSp Zni
amdnsmncnp sshZypXnbmWv
.
P\td
Htc Znibn {]hlnp sshZypXn DmZnnp P\td.
^oUvImw, Bta, kvnvdnMvkv Iayqt FnhbmWv
`mK.
{]h\w: ImnIaen Bta Xncnbptm
tImbn
^vfIvkns\
hntOZnpXns
^eambn
tImbnepambn _s ^vfIvkn\v hyXnbm\w kw`hnpp.
BZy A[{`a-W-n ^vfIvkv tOZn--s-SpXv Hcp Znibnepw ASp A[ {`a-W-n FXnZnibnepambn-cnpw.
AXp-sImv Btadnse sshZypX {]hml Zni- am-dp-p. Cu
amw kw`-hn-p-tXm-sSmw kv]vfnv dnMp-I-fpw {_jp-Ifpw Xnep- _w amdnhcp--XpsImv _mlysko-n sshZyp-XnbpsS Zni-am-dp-n.
P\tddpw DC P\tddpw Xnep LS\bnse
kmayXIfpw hyXymkfpw
^oUv Imw, Bta, {_jp-I Fnh AC P-\tddnep-w DC
P-\tddnepw s]mXp-hmbn D `mKfm-Wv.
AC P-\tddn Btadns A{Ksf nvdnM-pItfmSmWv
LSnnncnp-Xv.
Fm DC P-\tddn Btadns A{K LSnnncnpXv kvnvdnM-p-ItfmSmWv.
NenpwNpcp ssat{Imt^m
Nenpw
Npcp
ssat{Imt^mWn
intbdnb
Hcp
Imns {[phnSbn kzX{ambn Nenm
Ignhp thmbvkv tImbn {IaoIcnncnpp. Ub{^n\v
apn i_vZapmptm Ub{^tmSv LSnn thmbvkv
tImbn I\w sNpp. ImnIaen thmbvkv
tImbn I\w sNpXns ^eambn thmbvkv tImbnen
t{]cnX sshZypXn DmIpp. Ub{^n\v apn Dmp
i_vZn\v A\pkrXamb sshZypXkn BWv ChnsS
e`npXv.
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
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x Ub{^ns apn Dmp i_vZns DX

h[nnm
tImbnen
cq]sSp
t{]cnX
sshZypXknens BbXn h[npw.
x NenpwNpcp ssat{Imt^mWn \Sp DuP ]cnh\w
bm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPambn amdpp.
ayqz CU
x ss{]adn tImbnens\ Hcp tSmv skpambn _nnv
sshZypXn {]hlnnptm tImbnen\v Nppw Hcp ImnI
aWvUew DmIpw. Fm Cu ImnI ^vfIvkn\v hyXnbm\w
kw`hnmXn\m
x cmas tImbnen emf t{]cnXamhpn. Fm kznv
Hm sNptmgpw kznv Hm^v sNptmgpw
skdn
tImbnen
^vfIvkv
hyXnbm\hpw
X^eambn
emf
t{]cnXamsSpIbpw sNpp.
x ss{]adn tImbnenIqSn ISnhnSp AC bpsS Zni {Iaamb
CSthfIfn amdnsmncnpw. skUdn tImbn nXn
sNpXv ncambn Zni amdnsmncnp Cu ImnI
aWvUenembXn\m ImnI ^vfIvkns hyXnbm\w
skUdnbn
Hcp
t{]cnX
emf
XpSbmbn
kwPmXamIpXn\v ImcWamIpp. AXn\m __v
XpSbmbn Ipp.
x ss{]adn
NppIfpsS
Ftm
IpSpXemWv
skUdnbnse NppIfpsS Fw Fn AXn t{]cWw
sNsSp emf IqSpp.
x ss{]adn
NppIfpsS
Ftm
IpdhmWv
skUdnbnse NppIfpsS Fw Fn AXn t{]cWw
sNsSp emf Ipdbpp.
x kao]fmbn nXnsNp cv InpcpfpIfn Hnse
sshZypX{]hmlXo{hXbn
amapmIptm
AXn\v
Nppap
ImnIaen
hyXnbm\apmIpIbpw
CXns
^eambn
cmas
Inpn
Hcp
emf
t{]cnXamhpIbpw sNp {]{Inbsb ayqz CU
mutual induction Fp ]dbpp.
{Smkvt^ma
x ayqz
CU
XXzw
{]tbmP\sSpnbncnp
D]IcWamWv {Smkvt^ma.
{Smkvt^ma 2 hn[w
x sv Av {Smkvt^ma
x sv Uu {Smkvt^ma
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sv Av {Smkvt^ma
sv Uu {Smkvt^ma
x ACthmX Xmgvpp.
x ACthmX Dbpp.
x ss{]adnbn
In
IqSnb x ss{]adnbn In Ipd
IqSpX NppI
Ipd NppI
x skdnbn In Ipd x skdnbn In IqSnb
Ipd NppI
IqSpX NppI
x ss{]adnbn Idv IqSpX x ss{]adnbn Idv Ipdhv
skdnbn IqSpX
skdnbn Ipdhv
sk^v CU
x Hcp NmeIntem Npcpfntem _mv emf t{]cnXamIp
{]Xn`mkw
x _mv emf t{]cnXamIpXv
aqew NmeIneqsStbm
NpcpfneqsStbm {]hlnp k^e thmX Ipdbpp.
CUIvS
x Xm]\jvSanmsX
sshZypX{]hmlnse
amsf
FXnp tImbnepI.
^vsfanns CSXpssI \nbaw
x CSXp ssIbnse Xhnc Nqv hnc, \Sphnc Fnh
Hmtcmpw ]ckv]cw ew_ambn hchnXw \nhpI.
Nqv hnc ImnIaens Znisbbpw \Sphnc
sshZypX
{]hml
Znisbbpw
krNnnpIbmsWn
Xhnc NmeIn _ew A\p`hsSp Znisbbpw
Ipdnpp. CXmWv ^vsfanns CSXp ssI \nbaw.
tamtm XXzw
x ImnIaWvUen nXnsNp NmeIneqsS sshZypXn
ISnhnm NmeIn Hcp _ew A\p`hsSpp.
x Cu XXzw ASnm\amn {]hnp D]IcWfmWv
sshZypX tamtm (sshZyptXmPw bm{ntImPampp),
euUv kv]o(sshZyptXmPw i_vtZmPampp)
sshZypXtamtm
x sshZypXtamtmdn Hcp ^oUv Imhpw kzw An
kzX{ambn Idm Ignbp Hcp Btadpw Dv. ^oUv
Imw
Dmq
ImnIt{XnemWv
Bta
IdpXv. BtadneqsS sshZypXn {]hlnptm AXv
^vsfanns
CSXpssI
\nbans
ASnm\n
Nenpp. tamtmdns {]tXyI cp]Iev]\ ImcWw Cu Ne\w
{`aWambn amdpp.
Nenpw Npcp euUvkv]o
x Hcp
ncIms
hn]coX
{[phnSbn
nXnsNp Hcp thmbvkv tImbnemWv euUvkv]odns
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]h tj
sshZypX DmZ\ tI{. {][m\ambpw aqv hn[w
sslt{Um CeIv{SnIv ]htj ( PesshZypX \nebw)
Dbcn
sIn\nnb
Pew
IpgepIfneqsStbm
XpcfnepsStbm
Hgpnsmphv
P\tddns
Sss_ Idn sshZypXn DevmZnnp ]h tj\pI
fmWv sslt{Um CeIv{SnIv ]htj\pI.
bm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPamIpp.
DZm: aqeaw, ]nhmk, IpymSn, i_cnKncn
sXa ]htj (Xm] sshZypX \nebw)
Icn, \m^vX, enssv Fo C\ Pzennv Inp
Xmt]mPw
D]tbmKnv
Pew
Db
anep
\ocmhnbmpp. Cu \ocmhn D]tbmKnv Sss_ Idn
sshZypXn DevmZnnp ]h tj\pIfmWv sXa
]htj\pI.
cmtkmPw Xmt]mPw bm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPw
DZm: s\bvthen, ImbwIpfw, cmaKpw, {_]pcw.
\yqnb]htj (BWh sshZypX \nebw)
AWpin D]tbmKnv Inp Xmt]mPw D]tbmKnv Pew
Db anep \ocmhnbmpp. Cu \ocmhn D]tbmKnv
Sss_
Idn
sshZypXn
DevmZnnp
]h
tj\pIfmWv \yqnb ]htj\pI.
BWthmPwXmt]mPwbm{ntImPwsshZyptXmPw

{][m\`mKw. Cu tImbnepambn Hcp t] tImWpw (Ub{^w)

_nnnpv.
x ssat{Imt^mWn
\np
hcp
sshZypXknepIsf
insSpn euUvkv]odns thmbvkv tImbneneqsS
ISnhnm sshZypX{]hmlXo{hXbqsS hyXymka\pkcnv
^vsfanns
CSXpssI
\nbans
ASnm\n
tImbn I\w sNpw. Cu I\w thmbvkv tImbnepambn
_nn Ub{^s
I\w sNnpp. Atm
Ub{^n\v Nppap hmbp I\w sNpw. CXns ^eambn
BZyi_vZw IpSpX DXbn tIpp
x Fpdnenm
sshZypXnbmWv
thmbvkv
tImbnen
FpsXn ^vfIvkv hyXnbm\w DmIpn. AXn\m
thmbvkv tImbnen I\w DmIpn.
x Nenpw
Npcp
euUv
kv]odn
sshZyptXmPw
i_vtZmPambn amdpp.

x DZm: Xmcmq, I]mw, tIm, \tdmd.

]h P\td
x {]\m\ambpw aqv `mK
x tdm: Idp `mKw(^oUpImw)
x t: \nivNeamb `mKw(Bta)
x FIvssk(klmbI P\td) : ^oUpImw XncnbpXn
\mhiyamb DC \Ipp.
x P\tddn ^oUvImw ncImambm DmIp
{]iv\:
x iamb Imw Dmphm\p ]cnanXn.
x ImnItijn Iptdsbmbn \jvSsSptm Htc coXnbn
^vfIvkv \ne\nm Ignbpn
x ^oUvImns in Iqmt\m Ipdbvmt\m Ignbn.
x ]h P\tddpIfn D]tbmKnp Btadns `mcw
IqSpXembncnpw.
AXpsImv
Bta
tdmbn
D]tbmKnpp. Xaqew {Kmss^v {_jv Hgnhmm\pw
AhnsSbpmIp kv]mv CmXmm\pw km[npp.
P\tddpI 2 hn[w
1. knwKn t^kv P\td
x khntijXI: Hcp ^oUv Imw+Hcp Bta tImbn;
Hcp kabw Hcp AC ; hoSpIfnepw ISIfnepw D]tbmKnpp.
2. {Xot^kv P\td
x khntijXI : Hcp ^oUv Imw+aqv Bta; Htc
kabw aqv hyXykvX AC ; ]h tj\n D]tbmKnpp.
x Bta tImbnense InNppIfpsS Fw Xpyw
x Bta
tImbnepI
Xn
1200
tImWn
{IaoIcnncnpp.
x {Xo t^kv P\tdqdn \nv ]pdtv hcp apv t^kv
sse\pIfntemtcmnsbpw
Hmtcm
A{K
{Iaambn
IpntbmPnnncnp _nphmWv \yp{S. AhnsS sXmSp
Bv tjmv Fpn. ImcWw. Cu _nphpw `qanbpw
Xnepff s]mjy hyXymkw ]qPyw BWv.
]h t{]jWhpw hnXcWhpw)
x DmZnnp ev \nv D]tbmKnp etv
sshZypXn Fnp {]{Inb.
x \psS cmPyv sshZypXn DevmZnnpXv 11 Intemthmn
kV emWv.
x ]h tjt\mSp tNp k_v tj\n sv Av
{Smkvt^ma D]tbmKnpp.
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x hnXcW irwKebn asmbnSpw svUu {Smkvt^ma

D]tbmKnpp.
{]kcW\jvSw(]h t{]jWnse {]iv\)
x thmtPv XmgvN, DuP\jvSw
]cnlmc amK
x kvsv D]tbmKnv thmtPv Dbn hnXcWw sNbvXv
thmtPv XmgvN ]cnlcnmw.(ImcWw:]h hyXymksSmsX I
IpdbvWsan Db thmXbn sshZypXn t{]jWw
sNWw)
x DuP\jvSw ]cnlcnm {]Xntcm[w Ipd Inbp In
D]tbmKnpI.
x sshZypX {]hmlXo{hX IpdpI. (ImcWw: Hcp NmeIn
D]mZnnSp
Xm]w
AXnse
sshZypX
{]hml
Xo{hXbpsS hKn\v t\ A\p]mXnembncnpw H I
m IW
x hnXcW {Smkvt^madn \npw hoSpIfntev sshZypXn
Fnp kwhn[m\w.
x 4 hb (3 t^kv + 1 \yq{S).
x 3 t^kpw IqSn tNcp _nphmWv \yq{S.
x cv t^kpI Xnep s]mjy hyXymkw 400V.
x Hcp t^kpw Hcp \yq{Sepw Xnep s]mjy hyXymkw 230V.
x \yq{Sepw `qanbpw Xnep s]mjy hyXymkw 0V.
x t^kpw `qanbpw Xn 230V \yq{Sense s]mjy 0V
KrlsshZypXoIcWw
x \psS
hoSpIfn
km[mcWbmbn
D]tbmKnp
sshZyptXm]IcW
Fmw
230V
thmnemWv
{]hnpXv Fm Chbvsmw Bhiyamb Idv
Hcpt]mseb.
x kamcambn LSnn skonse __pI IpSpX
Xo{hXtbmsS {]Iminpp.
x kamc
skon
Hcp
kznv
Hm^mnbmepw
AXnt\mS\p_np __v HgnsI _mn __pI
{]Iminpw. Fm t{iWn skon Hcp kznv
Hm^mnbm Fm __pIfpsSbpw {]Imiw \nebvpw.
kamc coXnbn D]IcW LSnnpXns t\
x kamc skon Hcp D]IcWns {]h\w
\nemepw aph km[mcW coXnbn {]hnpw.
x Hmtcm
D]IcWn\pw
{]tXyIw
{]tXyIw
\nb{Wkwhn[m\w FsSpm km[npp.
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i_vZw
x tIhnsb _m[np DuPcq]amWv i_vZw.
x Jc, {ZmhI, hmXI cq]nep hkvXpfpsS I\w aqew
i_vZapmIpp
i_vZt{kmXv
x i_vZw Dmp hkvXpfmWv i_vZt{kmXpI

10

x Fm D]IcWpw IpdptI Htc thmXbp Idv

e`yamphm km[npp.
x D]IcW skon kamcambn LSnnptm
skonse k^e {]Xntcm[w IpdbpIbpw sshZypX {]hml
Xo{hX IqSpIbpw sNpp.
x hmv Huh ao, sabn ^yqkv, sabn kznv, ^yqkpI,
kznpI, D]IcW F {Ian kamcambmWv
KrlsshZypXoIcWw \StXv.
x ^yqkv t^knemWv LSnntXv.
x kznpI t^knemWv LSnntXv.
x Bhiyambn
hcptmsgmw
Fm
skonsebpw
sshZypXn{]hmlw hntOZnpIbmWv sabn kznns [w.
x D]IcWsf kznv hgn \yq{Sentev kamcambn LSnnWw.
{Xo]nKpw Sq]n Kpw
x {Xo]nKn
E
(Fv
]n)
F
]n
Fv
sse\pambnmWv
kn
hcpXv.
Cu
]n
aphtbm hepXmbncnpw.Cu sse D]IcWns
temlNIqSpambn `mKhpambnmWv _nnncnpXv
x t^kv sse\pw \yq{S sse\pw D]IcWns tImbnepambn
_nnncnpp.
x t^kv
sse
D]IcWns
temlNqSpambn
kn
hcptm
sshZypXnbpsS
Hgpv
`qanbntembncnpw.
x \psS hoSpIfnsep sshZypX sse hmv Huh
aodnt\mSmWv BZyw _npXv. hon D]tbmKnp
sshZypXnbpsS Afhv IrXyambn IWmm\mWv Cu
D]IcWw D]tbmKnpXv.
sshZyptXmPns Afhv
x 1000W (1kW) ]h D Hcp D]IcWw Hcp aWnq sImv
hn\ntbmKnp CuPamWv Hcp Intem hmv Huh. CXmWv
sshZypX DuPns hymhkmbnI bpWnv.

x
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x
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x

x
x

i_vZt{kmXv
I\w sNp hkvXp
x sN, afw, X_e
x Ub{^w
x hoW, hben, Knm
x henpsInb In
x HmSpg,\mZkzcw,auv x hmbp
HmK
kzm`mhnI Bhrn
I\w sNp Hmtcm hkvXphn\pw AXntXmb Hcp
Bhrbpv. CXmWv B hkvXphns kzm`mhnI Bhrn.
I\s kzm[o\np LSI
hkvXphns kz`mhw ; tOZXehnkvXoWw ; hkvXphns \ofw ;
henhv
i_vZt{]jWw
i_vZn\v kcnm am[yaw \n_amWv.
_lncmImiv A\ptbmPyamb
am[yaanmXn\memWv
_lncmImi bm{XnI kwkmcnm tdUntbm kwhn[m\w
D]tbmKnpXv.
am[yaw
thKX (m/s)
1. Aepan\nbw
6420
2. Ccpv
5950
3. Pew
1498
4. hmbp
340
i_vZt{]jWw A\pssZLyXcwKcq]nemWv
XcwKns AfhpI
XcwKssZLyw ( )
Htc hennep {]Xe Xnep AIew. bqWnv m
Bhrn ( )
Hcp skn DmIp XcwKfpsS Fw. bqWnv Hz
(slSvkv)
{]thKw ( )
XcwKw Hcp skn kcnp Zqcw. bqWnv m/s
Cu aqv AfhpIfpw Xnep _w
/
/
i_vZns khntijXI
Xo{hX
bqWnv hnkvXoWap {]XeneqsS Hcp skn
ISpt]mIp i_vtZmPns AfhmWv Xo{hX.
DX
i_vZw sNhnbnepmp tIhnbpsS \nebmWv DX. CXv
Xo{hXtbbpw Bhrnsbbpw sNhnbpsS Ignhns\bpw
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
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B{ibnncnpp. bqWnv dB (sUkns_). 120dB

IqSpXep i_vZw sNhnv XIcmdpmpw
KpWw
hyXykvX i_vZsf Xncndnbm\p Ignhv
{ipXn (mbn)
sNhnbnsep i_vZns IqXbmWv (XpfpIbd)
{ipXn. I\hkvXphns Bhrn IqSnbm {ipXn IqSpp.
Ch 2 hn[w.
Db {ipXnbph: kv{Xo i_vZw, NohoSv, hnkn, mkv
s]mp i_vZw Fnh
Xmgv {ipXnbph: ]pcpj i_vZw, CSnapgw, Im, t]mv,
{Uns i_vZw Fnh
_mkv & s{S_v
Xmgv {ipXnbp i_vZfpsS IqamWv _mkv. Db
{ipXnbp i_vZfpsS IqamWv s{S_v
tUm C^IvSv
i_vZt{kmXnstbm i_vZkzoIcWnbpsStbm Asn 2
stbm Ne\w aqew t{imXmhv tIp i_vZns
Bhrnbn amw hcp {]Xn`mkw.
DZm: AIse \nv thKn hcp s{Sbn\nse tlm
i_vZns Bhrn IqSpXmbpw s{Sbn \nmsX
ISpt]mbm Bhrn IpdbpXmbpw tXmm ImcWw
tUm C^IvSmWv.
kzm`mhnI I\w, {]tWmZnX I\w, A\p\mZw:
kzm`mhnI I\w
Hcp hkvXphns kzX{amb I\amWv kzm`mhnI I\w.
Hcp hkvXphns\ kzX{ambn I\w sNm\\phZnm AXv
AXns kzm`mhnI Bhrmbnembncnpw I\w sNpI.
{]tWmZnX I\w
I\w sNp Hcp hkvXphns t{]cW aqew t{]cWw
sNepp hkvXphns AtX Bhrnbn asmcp hkvXp
I\w sNpXmWv {]tWmZnX I\w.
A\p\mZw
tkmtWmaodns {]h\w: SyqWnMv t^mns Xv
tkmtWmaodn Aaptm tkmtWmaodns {]Xew,
AXn Dsmp hmbpbq]w, tkmtWmaodnse henp
sInb In Ch {]tWmZnX I\n\v hnt[bamIpp.
{_nUvPpI \optm {_nUvPpIInSbnse InbpsS \ofw
hyXymksSpt
B
JWvUns
Bhrnbpw
hyXymksSpw. Fm Nne AIen Cu JWvUns
kzm`mhnI Bhrnbpw SypWnMvt^mns Bhrnbpw
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
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BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT

Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam

9048332443

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Physics Short Notes

XpeyamIp
k`w
DmIpw.
Atm
Ah
A\p\mZnembncnpw.
InpmIp
{]tWmZnX
I\ns BbXn IqSpw. B k`n t] ssdU
Inbn \nv sXdnv t]mIpw.
{]tWmZnX I\n\v hnt[bamIp hkvXphns kzm`mhnI
Bhrnbpw t{]cWw sNp hkvXphns kzm`mhnI
Bhrnbpw XpyamIp {]Xn`mkamWv A\p\mZw
CXp aqew {]tWmZnX I\n\v hnt[bamIp hkvXp
IqSpX BbXnbn I\w sNpp.
A\p\mZw hniZoIcnpXn\v ]coWimebn D]tbmKn
p kwhn[m\fmWv tkmtWmaodpw sdkWkv tImfhpw.
A\p\mZns ^e
Xqp]meneqsS ]mfm amv sNbvXv t]mImdn.
Icnacpv {]tbmKw \Sptm kao] sInSfnse P\epI
I\w sNpp.
hoW,hben FnhbpsS ASpp \nv kwkcnptm
AhbpsS InI I\w sNpp.
_opI
Bhrnbn sNdnbhyXymkap 2 hkvXp Htc kabw
I\w sNptm AhbpsS i_vZnse GIpdnemWv
_opI.
{ihWncX
\mw tIp Hcp i_vZw tIXn\v tijhpw 1/10 skv
t\ctv
sNhnbn
Xn\np
{]Xn`mkamWv
{ihWncX.
{ihW]cn[n
Hcmv 20Hz \pw 20000Hz \pw CSbnep i_vZw tImw.
CXmWv {ihW]cn[n. 20Hz \v Xmsgbph C{^mtkmWnv
Fpw 20000Hz\v apIfneph A{SmtkmWnv Fpw
AdnbsSpp.
A{SmtkmWnv i_vZns D]tbmK
lrZbns Nn{XsaSpm ecg
Ic, InUv\n XpSnb Bc Ahbhsf Ipdnv ]Tnm
InUv\nbnse sNdnb Iv s]mSnv Ifbm
kap{Zns Bgw AfpXn\p tkmWmdn
hmen\v apnep XSsf Xncndnbm
\mbIsfbpw apw ]cnioennpXn\p Km hnknen.
C{^mtkmWnIv {]tbmP\sSp k`/Pp
B\, XnanwKew, ImarKw, `qanIpepw
{]Xn^e\w, {]Xn[z\n, A\pcW\w

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x

{]Imins {]IoW\w
x [hf {]Imiw hWcmPnbmbn thXncnbp {]h\w.
x [hf {]Imin ASnbncnp LSIhv
AhbpsS
XcwKssZLynep
hyXymkw
A\pkcnv
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam

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Physics Short Notes

{]Xn^e\w
i_vZw apnep XSfn Xn sXdnp {]Xn`mkamWv
{]Xn^e\w.
saKmt^m, kvsXkvtImv, euUv kv]o XpSnbh
{]Xn^e\w {]tbmP\sSppp.
{]Xn[z\n
i_vZw apnep XSfn Xn Xncnv sNhnbn Xs
tIpXmWv {]Xn[z\n echo .
{]Xn[z\n A\p`hnm i_vZt{kmXpw XShpw Xn
NpcpnbXv 17m AIew thWw.
A\pcW\w
i_vZw apnep XSfn Xn Bhnp-hcp
{]Xn^e\amWv A\pcW\w
FqnIvkv Hm^v _nUnwKv
Hcp henb lmfn i_vZ {]Xn^e\hpambn _sv hcp
{]iv\sfbpw ]cnlmcsfbpw Ipdnp ]T\amWnXv.
{]iv\
i_vZw hyIvXambn tIpn.
i_vZw Bhnv tIpp.
icnbmb DX e`npn.
kwKoXns am[pcyw \jvSamIpp.
lmfns Fm `mKpw Hcp t]mse i_vZw Fpn
]cnlmc
Bhiyn\v P\epIfpw hmXnepIfpw m]npI
aSpIfp I D]tbmKnpI.
NpacpI ]cp\mpI.
\nev ]cp]cp Imv D]tbmKnpI.
i_vZaen\oIcWw Ipdbvm\p amK
tdmUcnIpIfn acw hp ]nSnnpI.
i_vZaen\oIcWhpambn _s \nba Ii\ambn
A\pkcnpI.
Fbtlm, euUvkv]o Fnh HgnhmpI
hml\ bYmkabw khokv sNpI

SSLC

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x

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x

kw`hnpXmWv

aghnv
PeIWnIbn {]Imin\v {]IoW\w kw`hnpXv
sImmWv aghnv DmIpXv.
aghnns
tI{sbpw
\ncoIt\bpw
Xn
tbmPnnp tcJbmWv ZrjvSntcJ.
{]Imicivanv PeIWnIbn cv {]mhiyw A]h\hpw
Hcp {]mhiyw Bc{]Xn]X\w kw`hnpp.
Hmtcm \ndhpw ZrjvSntcJbpambn Hcp \nnX tIm
DmpXn\m aghnv Bv t]mse
hfXmbn
ImWsSpp.
AXmcyhkvXp
Hcp AXmcy hkvXp AXns \nds {]Xn]Xnnpp.
AXn ]Xnp {]Imi civanbn ap LSIhW
Dsn Ahsbmw BKncWw sNpp.
kpXmcyhkvXp
kpXmcyhkvXphns \ndw AXv ISn hnSp hWs
B{ibnncnpp.
s]knkv Hm^v hnj
\psS
In\v
apnep
Hcp
hkvXphns\
IpsImncnptm AXns\ ZrjvSn]Zn \np
amnbmepw B Zriym\p`hw 1/16 skv kabtp IqSn
Xn \npp. CXns\ s]knkv Hm^v hnj Fv
]dbpp.
\yqs hW]cw
\yqs hW]cw thKn Idnbm shfp
\ndn ImWsSpw. ImcWw s]knkv Hm^v hnj
ImcWw Fm hWfpw Hcpanv I A\p`hw DmIpp.
{]mYanIhW,ZznXobhW
Nphv, ], \oe Fo \nd {]mYanIhWfmWv.
Nphv, ], \oe Fo \nd AXnhym]\w sNptm
[hf{]Imin ImWsSpw.
{]mYanIhWsf atsXnepw hWw D]tbmKnv \nanm
Ignbn.
cv {]mYanI hW tNpmIp hWfmWv
ZznXobhW.
]qcIhW
[hf{]Imiw
e`nm
{]mYanI
hWtmsSmw
Iqntp hWtPmUnIsf ]qcI hW Fp
]dbpp.
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam

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hyXnbm\w

Page

hyXykvX
Afhn
{]IoW\n\v ImcWw.

SSLC
\nd

Physics Short Notes

ZznXob hWw

{]mYanI hWw

]qcI hWw

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BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT

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Prepared By Fassal Peringolam

9048332443

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a
]
aP
kb
Nphv
kb
aP
\oe
a
{]Imi hnkcWw
{]Imiw ]cp]cp {]Xew Asn Aconse
s]mSn]Sefn ]Xnptm hnhn[ ZniIfntev {]Xn^env
NnXdntmIp {]Xn`mkamWv hnkcWw.
Nphn\v aphWsf At]nv XcwKssZLyw IqSpXemWv.
hnkcW\ncv Ghpw IpdhmWv.
DZbmkvXabkqcy\pw BImihpw
DZbkqcy\n \npw AkvXab kqcy\n \npw `panbn
Fp {]ImicivanI XcwKssZLyw IpSnb Nhv
hWambncnpw. CXns ^eambn kqcys\ Nphp\ndn
ImWpp.
Zriy{]Iminse XcwKssZLyw Ipd
hWv
hnkcWw kw`hnpXn\m BImiw \oe \ndn
ImWsSpp.
N{\n Acohmbp C. {]Imin\v hnkcWw
kw`hnmXn\m N{\n BImiw Ccpv ImWsSpp.
A{Smhbev hnIncWfpw C{^msdUvv hnIncWfpw
Zriy{]Imins
Ccphipap
hnIncWfmWv
Zriy{]Imitm XcwKssZLyw IqSnb C{^msdUv
hnIncWhpw
XcwKssZLyw
Ipd
A{Smhbev
hnIncWhpw.
Ipd hnkWtmsS IqSp Zpcw kcnp hnIncWw
C{^msdUv hnIncWamWv.
A{Smhbev
hnIncW
AZriyamsWnepw
Ah
t^tm{K^nIv tn \Sp {]h\wsImv AhbpsS
km\n[yw a\knemmw
anXamb Xo{hXbnep A{Smhbev IncW \psS
Xzn\Snbnep saem\n F hWhkvXphpambn {]hnv
hnman D Dmm klmbnpp.
XcwKssZLyw Ip\ {]Imis BKncWw sNbvXv
XcwKssZLyw IpSnb {]Imiamnamp hkvXpfmWv
^vfpdskv ]ZmY.
A{Smhbev
hnIncW
^vfpdskv
]ZmYn
]Xnptm AhbpsS XcwKssZLyw IqSpp.
^vfqdskv
s]bnpI
A{Smhbev
hnIncWsf
BKncWw sNbvXv Zriy{]Imiamn amm IgnhphbmWv.

16

] +Nphv
]+\oe
\oe+Nphv

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CeIvt{SmWnIv skonse LSI

dkndpI
skonse sshZypX {]hmlw \nb{nv Hmtcm LSIn\pw
Bhiyamb s]mjy hyXymkw {]Zm\w sNpI FXmWv
dkndpIfpsS [aw. dknkv AfpXv Hmw F
bqWnnemWv. CXns {]XoIamWv
. If tImUv
D]tbmKntm
t\cntm
Chbn
dknkv
areyw
tcJsSpnbncnpw.
CUIvSdpI
skonse
sshZypX{]hmlnepmIp
amsf
FXnphm Ignhp InpcpfpIfmWv
CUIvSdpI. Cu Ignhns\bmWv CUIvSkv Fp
]dbpXv. sldn
BWv CXns bqWnv.
ImkndpI
sknpIfn sshZypXNmPv kw`cnp hbvpXn\pw
Bhiym\pkcWw
hnpsImSppXn\pw
D]tbmKnp
LSIamWv
ImkndpI.
cv
kamc
teml
tpInSbvv Hcp ssUCeIv{SnIv shmWv Imkn
\nannpXv. NmPv kw`cnv hbvm\p tijnbmWvv
Imkndns Imknkv. Imknkns bqWnv ^mcUv
BWv.
ImkndpIfn D]tbmKn ssUCeIv{Snns t]cnemWv
km[mcWbmbn ImkndpI AdnbsSpXv. (DZ: t]
Imkn)
ssUCeIv{Snn\v ]Icw, CeIvt{Smssev D]tbmKnnp
ImkndpIfmWv CeIvt{SmennIv ImkndpI.
A[NmNI
NmeIfn \npw CkptedpIfn \npw hyXykvXamb
kz`mhw {]ISnnp
]ZmYfmWv A[NmNI.
Pta\nbw, knen FnhbmWv {][m\ A[NmeI.
A[NmeIfn ap Nne aqeI Ienbm AhbpsS
NmeIX h[npw.
UtbmUpI
UtbmUns Hc{Kw t]mknohv Fpw at A{Kw s\Kohv
(shfp \ndw) Fpw ASbmfsSpnbncnpw.
_mdnbpsS t]mknohv sSan\ UtbmUns t]mknohv
`mKtmSpw s\Kohv sSan\ s\Kohv
`mKtmSpw
LSnnm UtbmUn IqSn Idv ISp t]mIpw.
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
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BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT

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Prepared By Fassal Peringolam

9048332443

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x N{\v `qansb Hcp {]mhiyw Npm GItZiw 27 Znhkw thWw.

x N{s kmc]Ys 13
UnKn hoXap 27 `mKfmbn
IWmmw.
\m

18

x UtbmUneqsS
sshZypXn
{]hlnhn[w
AXns\
skon _nnpXns\ t^mthUv _bknMv Fpw
adnmsWn AXns\ dnthgvkv _bknMv Fpw ]dbpp.
ssev FannMv UtbmUv (LED)
x sshZypXn
{]hlnptm
{]Imiw
DPnp
UtbmUpIfmWv LED.
sdIvSn^ntj
x AC
sshZypXnsb
UtbmUv
Htc
Znibnep
sshZypXnbmnampw.
CXmWv
sdIvSn^ntj.
CXv
km[yamp D]IcWamWv sdIvSn^b.
x C]pv thmtPns t]mknohv lm^v ssknfpIfn am{Xw
Huv]qv thmtPv DmbncnpIbpw s\Kohv lm^v
ssknfpIfn
Huv]pv
CmXncnpIbpw
sNp
sdIvSn^bdpIsf lm^v thhv sdIvSn^bdpI Fp ]dbpp.
^pthhv sdIvSn^b
x AC sshZypXnsb XpSbmbn Htc Znibn HgpIhn[w
koIcnnp dIvSn^bdmWv ^pthhv dIvSn^b.
{SmkndpI
x A[NmeI D]tbmKnv \nanncnp CeIvt{SmWnIv
LSIamWv {Smkn. {SmkndpIv aqv sSan\epI
Dmbncnpw.
Bwn^ntj
x sshZypXknepIfpsS in h[nnp {]{InbbmWv
Bwn^ntj.
x Bwn^ntj\p appw Bwn^ntj\p tijhpw Bhrnv
hyXymkw C. XcwKns BbXn hnpp.
Ct{KUv skopI
x Hcp
sNdnb
A[NmeI]mfnbn
CeIvt{SmWnIv
skopIfn D]tbmKnp dkn, Imkn, {Smkn,
UtbmUv Fo eWn\v LSI A\ptbmPyamwhn[w
]ckv]cw _nnp cq]sSpnsb kwhn[m\amWv
Ct{KUv skov AYhm IC Nnv. Iyqdns Xetm
Fv ]dbp t{]mk Hcp Ct{KUv skomWv.

x N{
AXns
]Zns
27

Hcp
`mKw
kcnpXns\Spp kabamWv Hcp \m.
x N{s
kmc]Zn
hcp
\{Xsf
ASnm\amnbmWv \mfpI cq]sXv.
x `panv kqcys\ Hcp {]mhiyw {]ZnWw sNm 365 Znhkw
thWw.
{Imnhrw
x `qanbpsS hmjnINe\w sImv kqcys ]men
hcp
\{XnSbnepsS
kqcy
\opXmbn
tXmpp. kqcy \{XnSbneqsS t]mIpXmbn
tXmp kqcy]Ys {Imnhrw Fv ]dbpp.
kuccminI
x {Imnhys 12 `mKfmbn Xncnncnpp. ChbmWv 12
kuccminI. Hmtcm cminbnepap \{XKWs
t]cnembncnpw B cmin AdnbsSpXv.
x kqcy FXv cminbn \nevpXmbn \apv tXmppthm
B cminbpsS t]cmWv aebmf amkambn hcnI.
x kqcy 12 cminIfnepsS ISpt]mIpXn\nSbn 27
\mfpIfnepsSbpw ISpt]mIpp.
x FItZiw 365 Znhkw sImmWv Cu 27 \mfpIfnepsS kqcy
Hcp {]mhiqw ISpt]mIpXv
Rmpthe
x Hcp \mfnt\msSmw kqcy ImWsSpXmbn tXmp
ImebfhmWv Rmpthe.
x Hcp RmpthebpsS Imebfhv FItZiw 13-14 ZnhkfmWv
kqcy
x kucbqZns tI{amb kqcy Hcp \{XamWv.
x kqcy Npp]gp Hcp hmXItKmfamWv.
{]`maew
x \ ImWp kqcys ]pds ]mfnbmbmWv {]`maew
(t^mtmkv^nb).
x kqcys AImn \Sp ssl{UP ^ypj F
{]Xn`mkamWv kpcys DuPt{kmXv.
hWaWUew
x {]`maen\v
]pdp
I\wIpd
taLebmWv
hWaWUew (t{Imtamkv^nb)
sImtdmW
x hWaWUen\v ]pdp hnimetaLebmWv sImtdmW.
x hWaWUehpw
sImtdmWbpw
tNXmWv
kpcys
Acow.
BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT
Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam

9048332443

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Physics Short Notes

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BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT

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Physics Short Notes

(km[mcW
Zriyamhmdn.
]qW
kqcy{KlWkabv
Zriyamhpp.)
kucIf
{]`maens icmicn Xm]\ne 6000 sIhnt\mfw
hcpsanepw Xm]\ne AXnepw Ipd Nne taLeI Idp
s]mpt]mse ImWsSmdpv. ChbmWv kucIf.
kuchmXw
kuc{]Xen
\nv
]pdtv
ssl{UPsbpw
loenbnsbpw
AWptI{fpsS
({]mtmWpIfpw
B^mIWfpw) h{]hmlw kw`hnpsImncnpp.
CXmWv kuchmXw.
kuct{]man\kpI
kuc{]Xen Nnetm h PzmeI Dbp s]mn Bv
cp]n
Xncnv
]Xnmdpvv.
ChbmWv
kuct{]man\kpI.
\{XfpsS Xm]\nebpw AhbpsS \ndhpw Xn
_apv
s\_yqe
\{Xmc
kvt]knse
hmXI
taLbfmbmWv
\{XfpsS PKrlw. Ch s\_yqe FdnbsSpp.
s\_yqeIfnse
hmXItaLw
KpcpXzmIjWm
NpcppXmWv \{XP\\ns XpSw.
^yqj Bcw`nv DuPw ]pdv hcp LamWv Hcp \{Xw
P\np Fv ]dbmhp Lw.
kqcys, P\\w apXep ]cnWma]mX: s\_pe
{]mKv\{Xw apJy[mcm\{Xw Nqh `oa
shp IdpIp.
KmeIvkn
KpcpXzmIjW_ew sImv ]ckv]cw _sp InSp
tImSnWn\v
\{Xfpw
\{Xmc
{Zhyfpw
tNXmWv
KmeIvkn.
tImSnWn\v
KmeIvknI
{]]nepv.
\t\{XisImv ImWp \{Xsfmw \psS
KmeIvknbmb BImiKwKbn DsSpXmWv.
kpcy\n \nv ]pdsSp {]Imiw `qanbnsem 8 an\nv
kabsaSppw.
Akvt{SmWanv bpWnv (AU)
kpcy\n \nv ]pdsSp {]Imiw `qanbnsep kabw
sImv kcnp ZqcamWv Hcp Akvt{SmWanv bpWnv.
{]Imihjw

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BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT

Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam

9048332443

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Pze\w
]ZmY HmIvkn-P-\p-ambn XoIvjvW-ambn {]Xn- {]hnv
Xm]hpw {]Im-ihpw Dm-Ip--XmWv Pze\w.
C\
Xmt]mPw \nnm D]tbmKnp hkvXpfmWv
C\.
C-\- Pzen-p-tm Dm-Ip-h Im_ssU HmIvsskUv; Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv; Icn;
Pe_mjv]w
C-\--fpsS ]qW-Pz-e-\-n-\p kml-N-cy-
DW-n-bXv, Bhiyn\v HmIvknP,
Pze\^eambpmhp hmXIv ]pdv t]mIm\pff
kuIcyw.
`mKnI Pze-\w
HmIvkn-Ps Af-hv -Ip-dhm-bm IqSp-X Im_ tamtWmIvsskUpw Ipd Af-hn Im_ssU HmIvsskUpw
Icnbpw ]pIbpw Dm-Ipw. Ccw Pze-\-amWv `mKnI Pze-\w.
`mKnI Pze\w sImp tZmj-
C-\-\jvSw

21

x {]Imiw Hcp hjw sImv kcnp ZqcamWv Hcp

{]Imihjw
x Cy _lncmImi KthjWns ]nXmhmWv tUm.hn{Iw
kmcm`mbn (1919-1971).
x \nch[n
Ir{Xntam]{Klfpw,
`qnc
D]{Kl
hnt]nm\mhiyamb
GSLV,
t]mfm
D]{Kl
hnt]nm\mhiyamb
PSLV,
XpSnb
hnt]W
hml\fpw hnIknnsSpm Cy imkv{Xmv
Ignp.
CIztmdnb D]{Kl
x CIztmdnb D]{Kl `qa[ytcJbvv apIfnembn Hcp
Hm_nn
`qansb
]cn{IaWw
sNpp.
ChbpsS
]cn{IaWImew `qanbpsS {`aWImen\v Xqeyambm
Acw D]{Klsf `qnc D]{Kl Fv ]dbpp.
t]mfm D]{Kl
x `qanbpsS Dc ZnW {[phv apIfneqsS 200 Intemao
apX 1000 Intemao hsc Dbcnep {`aW]Yn
`qansb NpphbmWv t]mfm D]{Kl.

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Physics Short Notes

x kab \jvSw
x htXmXn Aco aen\oIcWw krjvSnpp
x ]pI IqSpp.
C-\-ns t{kmX-p-I
x Uok, F-]n-Pn, s]t{Sm, \m^vX, as s]t{Sm-fnbw
x knFPn {]IrXn hmXIw
x IevcnIevcn
x ssl{UP Pew
x hndIv ac
x sshZypXn sshZypX \neb, Pew, t^mkn C\
t^mkn C\
x ]Xn-\m-bn-c--W-n\v hj-p apv an-\Sn-bnspt]mb kky-fpw Pohn-Ifpw hmbp-hns Akm-n-[y-nepw
DX Xm]-\n-e-bnepw aZ-nepw cq]m-cw {]m]n-p-m-bXmWv
t^mkn-en--\-.
x Iev-cn, s]t{Sm-fn-bw, {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-I- Ch t^mkn-en--\-fm-Wv.
x t^mkn C\ ]p\-m-]n-m Ign-bm DuP-t{km-Xp-I BWv.
Icn
x AS-n-bnp Im_-Wns ASn-m-\-n CXn-s\, ]ov,
enKvss\v, B{-sskv, _np-an-\kv tIm Fns\ \membn
Xcw-Xn-cn-mw.
Icn D]-tbm-Kn-p k`-
x KmlnI C\ambn D]tbmKnpp.
x hymhkmbnI C\ambn D]tbmKnpp
x sXa ]h tj\n C\ambn D]tbmKnpp;
x tImSm, tImKymkv,
tImv, AtamWnb Fnh
\nnm D]tbmKnpp.
LPG

km[mcW
aZn
{ZhoIcnm ]n
Zqc kvYefntev
tImpt]mIm
{]bmkw

km[mcW
aZn
{ZhoIcnmw
Zqc kvYefntev
tImpt]mIm
Ffpw

aosYbv\mWv
{][m\ LSIw

aosYbv\mWv
{][m\ LSIw

km[mcW
aZn
{ZhoIcnmw
Zqc kvYefntev
tImpt]mIm
Ffpw
s{]msbv\pw
_yqsbv\pw
{][m\ LSIw

BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT

Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam

9048332443

Page

LNG

22

CNG, LNG, LPG:

CNG

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BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT

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9048332443

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Physics Short Notes

Item-dn-^nIv aqeyw
Hcp Intem{Kmw C\w ]qW-ambn Iptm ]pd-p-hnSp Xmt]mP-ns Af-hmWv B C-\-ns Item-dn-^nIv
aqeyw.
Item-dn^nIv aqeyns bqWnv Pq/Intem{Kmw BWv.
Ghpw Item-dn^nIv aqey-ap C-\-amWv ssl{U-P
tdmpIfn ssl{UP C\ambn D]tbmKnpp.
_tbm-amkv
ssPhm-h-in-jvS- _tbm-amkv FmW-dn-b-s-Sp-p.
Hcp ]ZmYw \ C-\-ambn ]cn-K-Wn--Wsa-n AXn\v
Dmbn-cn-t KpW-
IqSnb e`yX.
sNehpIpd-hm-bn-cn-Ww.
A-coaen-\o-I-cWw Ipd-hm-bn-cn-Ww.
{Zmh-Im-h--bn-eph km[m-cW Xm]-\n-e-bn Ffpw _mjv]oI-cn--cp-Xv.
Pze\ Xm]\ne IpdhmbncnWw.
sImp\Sm\pw kqnm\pw IgnbpXmbncnWw.
ssPhm-h-in-jvS-fpsS Pze-\w aqew Dm-Ip {]iv\-
]pI Dm-Ip-p; ZpKw DmIpp.
Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv DmIpp.
k^ UtbmIvsskUv t]mep hmXI DmIpp.
kutcmP-- - - - D]-I-c-W-
tkmfm ]m\; tkmfm hmlo; tkmfm Ip; tkmfm
sXa ]h mv.
tkmfm ]m\-en {]ImtimPw sshZyptXmPambn amdpp.
Idp {]X-e-
Idp-Xpw ]cp-]-cp--Xp-amb {]X-e- hnIn-cWXm]s
\mbn BKn-cWw sNp-Ibpw AXp-t]mse DXvkPnp-Ibpw
sNpw.
tkmfm hmlo-
tkmfm hmlodn Idp {]X-e- D]tbmKnv shw
NqSmpp.
tkmfm Ip-dn Blmcw ]mIw sNp-XpsIm-p
ta-I-
A-co--a-en-\o-I-cWw Hpw Dm-Ip-n.
kpcy{]Imiw e`yamb GXp epw ]nmhpXmWv.
\nan tijw ZoL\m D]tbmKnmw.
tkmfm Ip-dns ]cn-an-Xn-I
cm{Xnbn D]tbmKnm km[ya.

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Db Xm]-\ne e`n-m--Xn-\m hdpm-t\m, s]mcn-mt\m, Nmn NpSmt\m km[y-a.

]mNIn\v IqSpX kabw thn hcpp.
x tkmfm sXa ]hmp-I-fn kutcmPw Xmt]mPhpw
sshZyptXmPhpambn amdpp.
x Imm-Sn-I-fn\npw
e`n-p
DuPw
sshZypXn
DXv]mZnnpXn\pw Pew ]p sNpXn\pw {]tbm-P-\-s-Spmw.
x kap-{Z--fnse Xnc-am-e-I-fpsS KXn-tImPw bm{n-tImP-ambpw
AXp sshZyp-tXmPambpw ]cn-h\w sNmw.
x thentb kabqw thenbnd kabpw HgpIp Pen
ASnbncnp DuPamWv thentbmPw.
x tIcfn `qanSnbn tlmv kvt]mpI CmXn\m
PntbmsXa ]h mpI km[ya.
x \yqn-bn \nv DuPw D]mZnnm\p amKfmWv
\yqnb ^nj\pw, \yqnb ^yqj\pw
]mc-cy DuP t{kmX-p-I
x t^mkn- C-\-; _tbm-amkv; sslt{Um Ce-Iv{SnIv ]h;
hndIv.
]mc-tcyXc DuPt{kmX-p-I
x tkmfm F\Pn; ssU F\Pn; \yqn-b F\Pn; Imv;
_tbmKymkv; PntbmsXa.
DuP-{]-Xn-k-n ]c-am-h[n eLq-I-cn-m\p amK
x DuP-s bpn-k-l-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-pI.
x kutcmPw ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-pI.
x ]pXnb DuPt{kmXpI IspI

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BRAINS MOOZHIKKAL, CALICUT

Short Notes
Prepared By Fassal Peringolam

9048332443