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FFM, 30.07.2010
Overview
-A simple molecular model
-Mathematical modelling
-Some general notes
-Overview Motors
-Slip-stick motion
-Few calculation regarding Slip-stick motion motors
FFM, 30.07.2010
Definition: Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials to generate
an electric charge in response to applied mechanical
stress
The piezoelectric effect is revesible:
direct piezoelectric effect: charge separation due
to stress
converse piezoelectric effect: occurens of stress
and strain when electric field is applied
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FFM, 30.07.2010
Mathematical modeling
Piezoelectricity is the combination of:
The materials electrical behavior: D = E
And Hooks law: S = sT
D: electric displacement, : permittivity, E: electric field strength
S: strain, s: compliance, T: stress
The coupled strain-voltage equation:
S = sE T + dt E
D=T E + dT
dij,k =
FFM, 30.07.2010
Sij
Ek
piezoelectric coefficient
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Mathematical Modeling
S11
S
21
S 31
S12
S 22
S 32
S13
T11
sE
S 23 ?????
T21
T31
S 33
3
T12
T22
T32
T13
T23
T33
S sE T
1 1
11 0
0
E1
D
D12 = 0 22 0 E2
0
0 33
E3
D3
FFM, 30.07.2010
Polarization
direction
Mathematical Modeling
Piezoelectric
body
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An example
A proper voltage is applied over a free standing piezoelectric element to create a
electrical field of E=(4, 3, 2) V/m. The dimensions of the element are L=(1, 1, 5)mm.
The constants are: d31=4pm/V, d33=12pm/V, d15=0pm/V
What is the strain?
S1
0
0 d31
S
2
0
d31
S
0
0
d33
3
d0 d015 00
S
S5
15
0
0
0
S6
And L?
0 0 4E 12m/V
0 0 4E 12m/V
E1
0 0 12E 12m/V
E2 =
0
0
0
E3
0 0
0
0 0
0
8E 12
8E 12
4
3 24E 12
0
23
0
0
8E 15m
L = 8E 15m
120E 15m
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Real behavior
Piezoelectric ceramics show hysteresis in
polarization
http://www.americanpiezo.com/piezo_theory/, 07.28.2010
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Piezoresistive effect
- Change in resistivity due to applied mechanical stress.
- But differs from Piezoelectric effect: It changes only resistivity and does not
create an electric potential.
- Effect is mainly seen in semiconductors:
(
)
S
Mechanism:
- Change in inter-atomic spacing affects bandgaps
- Bandgaps might be shifted
- Shape might be affected -> change in effective mass
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Electrostriction
-Change in shape by applying electrical field
- Proportional to the square of the field
Sij = ijkl Ek El
ikjl =
2
1 Sij
2 Ek El
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-Cane sugar
-DNA
-Wood
-Tendon
-Collagen
Man-made crystals
-Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), a quartz analogic crystal
-Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14), a quartz analogic crystal
Man-made ceramics
-Barium titanate(BaTiO3)-Barium titanate was the first petzoelectric ceramic discovered
-Lead zirconate titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1x]O3 0<x<1)more commonly known as
PZT, lead zirconate titanate is the most common piezoelectric ceramic in use
today
-Lithium niobate (LiNbO3)
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Applications
Sensor
-Microphones, Pick-ups
-Pressure sensor
-Force sensor
-Strain gauge
Actuators
-Loudspeaker
-Piezoelectric motors
-Nanopositioning in AFM, STM
-Acuosto-optic modulators
-Valves
Frequency standart
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Piezoelectric motors
-Traveling wave motor
-Inchworm motor
-Piezo ratchet motor
-Stepping sotor using slip-stick motion
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FFM, 30.07.2010
http://www.technohands.co.jp/en/, 07.28.2010
18
Inchworm Motor
FFM, 30.07.2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_motor, 07.28.2010
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FFM, 30.07.2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_motor, 07.28.2010
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ANRv51/RES
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2 3: Fast decreasing
voltage flank, piezo
contracts fast and rod
slips through table,
inertia is overcome
Conversion of motion:
Signal is inverted in time,
not in voltage
Attocube systems AG, Technical note
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Currents
at 1000Hz slow rising flank or loading voltage: rise 1ms
fast falling flank of discharge voltage:
f all 10s
I=
CU
CP,RT = 2.8F
CP,LT = 0.2F
dURT = 30V
dULT = 70V
Irise,RT = 84mA
If all,RT = 8.4A
| I |average,RT =167mA
FFM, 30.07.2010
Irise,LT = 14mA
If all,LT = 1.4A
| I |average,LT =28mA
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RC time constant
= RC
Cabling capacitance of up
to 10nF has barely no
effect
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Heat dissipation
Assumption: Ffriction=5N, Step size: 100nm
At 1000Hz
500nJ
500W
P = 17mW
Rotator has 2 piezos
U 1.1J
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