GLOBAL

WARMIN
G

PREPARED BY: --

NITESH BAWANKURE

Contact No.-9993199641

E-mail ID-
nitesh_mech1987@yahoo.co.in

CHANDRAKANT SAHU

MECHANICAL BRANCH

6th SEMESTER

RUNGTA COLLEGE OF ENGG.

& TECHNOLOGY

BHILAI (CHATTISGGARH)
 ABSTRACT
In this paper we are going to discuss about global warming which
refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in
turn causes changes in climate. A warmer Earth may lead to
changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide range of
impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans. When scientists talk
about the issue of climate change, their concern is about global
warming caused by human activities. Over the last five years, 600
scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
sifted through thousands of studies about global warming
published in forums ranging from scientific journals to industry
publications and distilled the world’s accumulated knowledge into
this conclusion: “Warming of the climate system is
unequivocal.”

INTRODUCTION
Global Warming or Climate Change, measurable increases in
the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and landmasses.
Scientists believe Earth is currently facing a period of rapid warming
brought on by rising levels of heat-trapping gases, known as greenhouse
gases, in the atmosphere.

“Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature,

which in turn causes changes in climate.” While the term global warming is
in common usage, "climate change" is used as a broader term to describe the
effects of rising greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The global
average air temperature near the Earth's surface is raise by 0.74 ± 0.18 °C
(1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last 100 years. An increase in global temperatures
is expected to cause the other changes, including sea level rise, increased
intensity of extreme weather events, and changes in the amount and pattern
of precipitation.

What is global warming?

Global warming is when the earth heats up (the temperature rises). It
happens when greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide,
and methane) trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere,
which increases the temperature.
 CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS

Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere are increasing very
rapidly. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gasses have
anthropogenic (manmade) sources also.

Radioisotope analysis of carbon in atmospheric CO2 shows that the

increasing CO2 concentrations come from fossil fuel origins (The
Seuss Effect). If one simply has to have all the trivia, one can trace the
carbon cycle. But the main question is that "How does atmospheric
CO2 rises?"

The greenhouse effect itself occurs when short wave solar radiation (which is
not impeded by the greenhouse gases) heats the surface of the Earth, and the
energy is radiated back through the Earth's atmosphere as heat, with a
longer wavelength. In the wavelengths 5-30µm a lot of this thermal radiation
is absorbed by water vapour and carbon dioxide, which in turn radiate it,
thus heating the atmosphere. This is what keeps the Earth habitable, without
the greenhouse effect overnight temperatures would plunge & the average
surface temperature would be about -18oC, about the same as on the moon.
 OZONE DEPLETION
In the stratosphere, the region of the atmosphere between about 6 and 30 miles
(10 and 50 kilometers) above the Earth's surface, ozone (O3) plays a
vital role by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Stratospheric ozone is threatened by some of the human-made gases
that have been released into the atmosphere, including those known
as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Once widely used as propellants in
spray cans, refrigerants, electronics cleaning agents, and in foam
and insulating products, the CFCs had been hailed as the "wonder
chemicals." But the very properties that make them useful - chemical
inertness, non-toxicity, insolubility in water - also make them
resistant to removal in the lower atmosphere.

CFCs are mixed worldwide by the large-scale motions of the atmosphere and
survive until, after 1-2 years, they reach the stratosphere and are
broken down by ultraviolet radiation. The chlorine atoms within
them are released and directly attack ozone. In the process of
destroying ozone, the chlorine atoms are regenerated and begin to
attack other ozone molecules... and so on, for thousands of cycles
before the chlorine atoms are removed from the stratosphere by
other processes.
CO2 EMITTED FROM POWER PLANTS

Coal emits around 1.7 times as much carbon per unit of energy when burned
as does natural gas and 1.25 times as much as oil. Natural gas gives off 50%
of the carbon dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas, released by coal and
25% less carbon dioxide than oil, for the same amount of energy produced.

CO2 EMITTED BY VEHICLES

Vehicles with poor gas mileage contribute the most to global warming. Cars
and Trucks are another significant sources of carbon dioxide emission.

C02 FROM AIRPLANES

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that aviation

causes 3.5% of global warming, and that the figure could be rise to 15% by
2050.

CO2 FROM BUILDINGS

Building structure account for about 12% of carbon dioxide emissions.

OTHER MAIN GREEN HOUSE GASES

METHANE: --

While carbon dioxide is the principal greenhouse gas, methane is second

most important. According to the IPCC, Methane is more than 20 times as
effective as CO2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere. Methane is derived
from sources such as rice paddies, bovine flatulence, bacteria in bogs and
fossil fuel production.

NITROUS OXIDE: --

Another greenhouse gas is Nitrous oxide (N2O), a colorless, non-flammable

gas with a sweetish odour, commonly known as "laughing gas", and
sometimes used as an anesthetic. Oceans and rainforests naturally produce
nitrous oxide. Man-made sources of nitrous oxide include nylon and nitric
acid production, the use of fertilizers in agriculture, cars with catalytic
converters and the burning of organic matter.

DEFORESTATION: --
After carbon emissions caused by humans, deforestation is the second
principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible
for 25% of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, due to burning and
cutting of about 34 million acres of trees each year.

CARBON IN ATMOSPHERE & AIR: --

The atmosphere contains about 750 billion tons of carbon, while 800 billion
tons are dissolved in the surface layers of the world's oceans.

PERMAFROST: --

Permafrost is a solid structure of frozen soil, extending to depths of 2.2 feet in

some areas of the arctic and sub arctic regions, containing grasses, roots,
sticks, much of it dating back to 30,000 years. In a study reported in the
journal Science June 16, 2006 researchers say that thawing permafrost may
add to the buildup in atmospheric greenhouse gases significantly, stating that
present climate models do not include releases of Siberian carbon dioxide
from permafrost.

TUNDRA: -

A name very suited to the environs of the arctic and sub arctic, tundra means
'treeless plain' in Finnish. About 50 billion tons of carbons are estimated to
be held in a frozen state in the tundra, and now the tundra is beginning to
become a source of carbon dioxide. It was now losing carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere.

DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION: --

Grinnell Glacier in Glacier

National Park (US)
Showing recession since
1850 of 1.1 km (0.7 mile)
Pancakes Jaya glaciers 1972 Northwall
Firn, Merrren Glacier, and Carstensz
Glacier USGS.

This map of mountain glacier mass balance changes since 1970 shows
thinning in yellow and red, and thickening in blue.

Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic

tropical cyclone viewed from the
International Space Station on March 26,
2004.

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING IN NATURE

The net impact of global warming so far has been modest, but near-future
effects are likely to become negative, with large-scale extreme impacts
possible by the end of the century. The predicted effects of global warming
on the environment and for human life are numerous and varied.

INCREASED EVAPOURATION
Over the course of the 20th century, evaporation rates have reduced
worldwide; this is thought by many to be explained by global dimming. As
the climate grows warmer and the causes of global dimming are reduced,
evaporation will increase due to warmer oceans. Because the world is a
closed system this will cause heavier rainfall and more erosion. This erosion,
in turn, can in vulnerable tropical areas (especially in Africa) lead to
desertification due to deforestation. On the other hand, in other areas,
increased rainfall lead to growth of forests in dry desert areas.

DESTABILIZATION OF LOCAL CLIMATE

In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region (home to
40,00000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3 °C (1.8 °F to
5.4 °F) over the last 50 years.

Canada, Alaska and Russia are experiencing initial melting of permafrost.

This may disrupt ecosystems and by increasing bacterial activity in the soil
lead to these areas becoming carbon sources instead of carbon sinks.

GLACIER RETREAT & DISAPPEARANCE

Glaciers are so sensitive to temperature a fluctuation that’s why they provide

clues about the effects of global warming. The loss of glaciers not only
directly causes landslides, flash floods and glacial lake overflow, but also
increases annual variation in water flows in rivers. Glacier runoff declines in
the summer as glaciers decrease in size; this decline is already observable in
several regions. Glaciers retain water on mountains in high precipitation
years, since the snow cover accumulating on glaciers protects the ice from
melting. In warmer and drier years, glaciers offset the lower precipitation
amounts with a higher melt water input.

OCEANS & SEA LEVEL RISE

With increasing average global temperature, the water in the oceans expands
in volume, and additional water enters them, which had previously been
locked up, on land in glaciers. When temperatures increased to 2-3*C, sea
levels raise by 25 meters. The ice responds immediately to changes in
temperature.

TEMPERATURE RISE
The temperature of the Antarctic Southern Ocean raise by 0.17 °C (0.31 °F)
between the 1950’s and the 1980’s, nearly twice the rate for the world's
oceans as a whole. As well as effects on ecosystems (e.g. by melting sea ice,
affecting algae that grow on its underside), warming could reduce the ocean's
ability to absorb CO2.

SHUTDOWN OF THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION

There is some speculation that global warming could, via a shutdown or
slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger localized cooling in the
North Atlantic and lead to cooling or lesser warming in that region. This
would affect in particular areas like Scandinavia and Britain that are
warmed by the North Atlantic drift. More significantly, it could lead to an
oceanic anoxic event.

EFFECTS ON AGRICULTURE
For some time it was hoped that a positive effect of global warming would be
increased agricultural yields, because of the role of carbon dioxide in
photosynthesis, especially in preventing photorespiration, which is
responsible for significant destruction of several crops.

TRANSPORT
Roads, airport runways, railway lines and pipelines, (including oil pipelines,
sewers, water mains etc) may require increased maintenance and renewal as
they become subject to greater temperature variation.

EVIDENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING

• The balloon record.
• The bore hole record i.e. the geophysical methods used to generate
bore hole temperature reconstructions do not permit annual or
decade resolution, but only the century-scale trend in temperatures
over the last several centuries. Nonetheless, this record, totally
independent of data and methods used in other studies, shows the
same thing, the Earth is warming dramatically.

GLACIER RETREAT LEVEL

Because they are so sensitive to temperature fluctuations, glaciers
provide clues about the effects of global warming. Below photos of the
South Cascade Glacier in the Washington Cascade Mountains show
dramatic retreat between 1928’s and 2000’s.

• The satellite record.

• The sea ice record.
• Summer Arctic sea ice falls far below average for fourth year, winter
ice sees sharp decline, and spring melt starts earlier.
• The surface record.

•
 FACTS & FIGURES

(1) For the world, the

total is about 7.5
billion tons per year,
or about 1¼ tons per
person.
(2) In all, the United
States emits about 1.6
billion tons of carbon
a year, which is
slightly more than 5
tons per person.
(3) Concentrations
were estimated to
increase from 280
parts per million
(ppm) in pre-
industrial times, to
380 ppm in 2005, and
reach 685 ppm in 2100. Measured mean global surface
temperature in 2005 increased 0.7 °C relative to 1900 and is 22
projected in the DICE model to increase by 3.1°C in 2100
relative to 1900.

MEASURES TO DECREASE GLOBAL

WARMING
Today we have the technology and ingenuity to reduce the threats of global
warming. Solutions are available that will stimulate by investing in
renewable energy and energy efficiency, & increasing the efficiency of the
cars we drive. We can take essential steps towards reducing our dependence
on oil & other fossil fuels that cause global warming.

(1) Reducing the consumption of fossil fuel by depending more on non-

conventional sources of energy.

(2) The developed countries should give sufficient economic aid to developing
countries to generate solar energy.

(3) International cooperation for attempting the reduction of green house

gases.

(4) Reforestation of the landscape is the only immediate solution of

increasing the concentration of CO2.

(5) Bio gas is another alternative source of conventional energy for domestic
use.

(6) Treatment of already present gases & utilizing them for useful purposes.

(7) By putting energy efficiency, renewable energy, & vehicle technology

solutions in place at the federal level, we can reduce our contribution to
global warming while creating a stronger, healthier & more secure nation.

CONCLUSION
Global warming could fundamentally alter one third of plant &
animal habitats by the end of this century. Climate change could
result in the extinction of more than one million land-based
species in the next 50 years. Sea levels will rise, low-lying islands
will disappear and that some places.
So it is the responsibility of all of us to come up with ideas to use
and create non-renewable sources of energy. And if you can’t do
so we can at least minimize the use of toxic fuels, which are adding
up to irreversible, change coming up day by day. I would like to
Ed up by saying that
“If you want to leave and want your children’s and coming
generation to live in the best possible way let’s unite and feel the
global cause which can put an end to the mother earth which has
given us life”.

REFERENCEs: -
(1) www.nasa.com
(2) www.conservapedia.com
(3) www.source.org.com
(4) www.wikipedia.com
(5) Global warming solution-union of concerned scientists.
(6) Global warming by James Thornton.