Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AbstractThe paper discusses the effect of frequency dependence of soil electrical parameters (also called soil dispersion) on
lightning currents induced on the shield of buried cables. To this
aim, a full-wave approach based on the finite element method is
used in which soil dispersion is incorporated into the model using
available analytical formulae obtained from experimental data. It
is shown that the soil dispersion can affect the induced currents
only for soils with very low conductivities ( 0.003 S/m). It is
also shown that, depending on the burial depth of the cable, for
poorly conducting soils with conductivities lower than 0.0005 S/m
or so, the soil dispersion can result either in an increase or in a
decrease of the induced current peak.
Index TermsCable modeling, dispersive soil, finite element
method (FEM), lightning channel.
I. INTRODUCTION
URIED cables used for power transmission, communication, and control purposes are exposed to external electromagnetic fields such as those generated by lightning return
strokes and high-voltage transmission lines. These electromagnetic fields can induce large currents and voltages on nearby
buried cables. The induced disturbances can damage the cable
insulations or affect the transmitted data. Hence, the calculation
of the currents induced on buried cables is crucial and have been
addressed in different works (see [1][7]).
Different methods such as transmission line (TL) theory [2],
finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique [5][6] along
with some simplified and analytical solutions [7] have been
proposed to calculate the lightning-induced currents on buried
cables. Transient response of a power cable including lowconducting layers has been studied by an FDTD method in [8].
More recently, lightning-induced currents on buried cables have
been evaluated using the finite element method (FEM), considering both vertically- [9] and horizontally-stratified ground [10].
In these methods, the soil is assumed as a medium characterized
by constant electrical parameters. However, the soil electrical
Manuscript received April 18, 2014; revised June 22, 2014; accepted July 17,
2014. Date of publication August 13, 2014; date of current version December
11, 2014.
J. Paknahad and K. Sheshyekani are with the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
(e-mail: javadpaknahad@gmail.com; k_sheshyekani@sbu.ac.ir).
parameters (i.e., soil conductivity and relative permittivity) feature a frequency-dependent behavior over the frequency range
of interest (see e.g., [11], [12]), which might affect the currents
induced on buried cables.
Recently, the effect of soil dispersion (i.e., frequency dependence of soil conductivity and relative permittivity) on lightninginduced voltages on overhead lines has been discussed in [13]
and [14]. Lightning performance of grounding systems has also
been investigated when the grounding conductors are buried in
a lossy dispersive soil [12], [15].
Within this context, in this paper, a full-wave approach based
on the FEM solutions to Maxwells equations is used for the
evaluation of lightning-induced currents on the shield of cables buried in a lossy dispersive soil. To this aim, the model
proposed by Longmire and Smith [11] is used for the representation of frequency dependence of soil conductivity and relative
permittivity. The analysis is first done for a single-core sheathed
cable, making reference to the available measured waveforms of
induced currents associated with artificially initiated lightning
[3]. Then, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the effect
of the frequency dependence of soil electrical parameters on
lightning currents induced on the shield of the buried cables.
The organization of the paper is as follows. In Section II,
the finite element modeling of the whole problem including the
lightning channel and the cable system is briefly described.
Numerical results and relevant discussion are presented in
Section III. Conclusive remarks are given in Section IV.
0018-9375 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
PAKNAHAD et al.: EVALUATION OF LIGHTNING-INDUCED CURRENTS ON CABLES BURIED IN A LOSSY DISPERSIVE GROUND
1523
TABLE I
HEIDLERS PARAMETERS FOR REPRODUCING TRIGGERED RETURN STROKE CURRENTS REPORTED IN [3], AND FOR TYPICAL FIRST AND SUBSEQUENT STROKES [18]
Parameters
TRS1: First triggered return stroke current at SL#1 adapted from [3]
TRS2: Second triggered return stroke current at SL#2 adapted from [3]
Typical first return stroke current [18]
Typical second return stroke current [18]
I0 1 (kA)
1 1 (s)
1 2 (s)
n1
I0 2 (kA)
2 1 (s)
2 2 (s)
n2
8.5
23.1
28
10.7
0.12
0.28
1.8
.25
14
4.74
95
2.5
2
5
2
2
3.2
9.7
6.5
14
5
2.1
95
100
230
2
5
2
TABLE II
COEFFICIENTS a n USED IN THE MODEL OF LONGMIRE AND SMITH [7]
n
an
n
an
3.4 10 6
8
1.2510 1
2.74 10 5
9
4.8
2.58 10 4
10
2.17
3.38 10 3
11
0.98
5.26 10 2
12
0.392
1.33 10 2
13
0.173
2.72 10 1
14
0
p 1 . 5 4
S
103
; = 5
10
m
(f ) = 0 + 20
K an
n=1
r (f ) = +
K
n=1
p
10
1 . 2 8
1+
an
1 +
10n 1
2
f
1.28
( 1p0 ) 1 0 n 1
2
f
( 1p0 )
1.28
1 0 n 1
(1)
p 1 . 2 8
n
1
10
10
1524
(a)
Fig. 4. Position of the considered three stroke locations, two cable configurations with lengths of 133 and 60 m, and the instrumentation stations.
(b)
Fig. 2. Frequency dependence of the soil. (a) Relative permittivity and (b) conductivity over the frequency range of interest for different values of the soil water contents: p = 1.65% ( 0 = 0.0005 S/m), p = 5.3% ( 0 = 0.003 S/m),
p = 11.6% ( 0 = 0.01 S/m).
Fig. 3.
PAKNAHAD et al.: EVALUATION OF LIGHTNING-INDUCED CURRENTS ON CABLES BURIED IN A LOSSY DISPERSIVE GROUND
1525
Fig. 5. Comparison of the induced currents on the cable shield at IS2 for
(a) triggered return stroke current TRS1 shown in Table I striking SL#1 and
(b) triggered return stroke current TRS2 shown in Table I striking SL#2. The
cable length is L = 133 m. C P : = 0.0017 S/m and r = 10, FD: p =
3.6% ( 0 = 0.0017 S/m).
only for poorly conductive soils (i.e., lower than 0.003 S/m).
In fact, the effect of soil dispersion on the induced currents is
more pronounced for lightning return stroke currents characterized by higher frequency contents (i.e., a shorter time-to-peak
values).
C. Effect of Cable Length
The same configuration as in Fig. 8 was repeated considering
a cable length of 60 m (instead of 133 m), keeping the same
distance between the strike location and the line left termination
IS2 (130 m). The induced currents were computed at IS2 for
different soil conductivities of 0 = 0.0005, 0.003, and 0.01 S/m
and presented in Fig. 9. A comparison between Fig. 9 and Fig. 8
shows that the length of cable does not markedly contribute to
the effects of soil dispersion on the induced currents.
D. Effect of Stroke Location
In the final study, we consider the same cable system (with
a length L = 60 m) shown in Fig. 1 while the lightning is
supposed to strike the ground at SL#3, 50 m to the left of IS2
1526
PAKNAHAD et al.: EVALUATION OF LIGHTNING-INDUCED CURRENTS ON CABLES BURIED IN A LOSSY DISPERSIVE GROUND
1527
Fig. 10. Lightning-induced current on the shield of the buried cable shown
in Fig. 1 at IS2 due to a typical subsequent return stroke (see Table I) striking
SL#3. The cable length is L = 60 m. The soil is characterized by (a) CP:
= 0.0005 S/m, FD: p = 1.65%. (b) CP: = 0.003 S/m, FD: p = 5.3%.
(c) CP: = 0.01 S/m, FD: p = 11.6%.
Fig. 13. Azimuthal component of the exciting magnetic field (without cable) for r = 50 m. (a) d = 0.9 m, (b) d = 10 m. The soil is characterized by
constant electrical parameters.
1528
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Fig. 14. Azimuthal component of the exciting magnetic field (without cable)
for r = 50 m. (a) d = 0.9 m, (b) d = 10 m calculated by the FDTD method.
The soil is characterized by constant electrical parameters.
[10]
[11]
IV. CONCLUSION
The effect of soil dispersion on the currents induced on the
shield of buried cables due to a nearby lightning return stroke
was evaluated. The analysis was carried out by making use
of a full-wave solution to Maxwells equations by means of
the COMSOL Multiphysics. It was shown that the effect of
frequency dependence of soil conductivity and relative permittivity on the induced currents on the shield of cables depends
on a combination of factors such as frequency content of the
lightning return stroke current, the soil conductivity, and the
burial depth of the cable. In general, it was shown that the soil
dispersion can affect the induced currents only for soils with
very low conductivities, and in particular for subsequent return
stroke currents which are characterized by high-frequency content. It was also shown that, depending on the burial depth of the
cable, for poorly conducting soils with conductivities lower than
0.0005 S/m, the soil dispersion can result in either an increase
or a decrease of the induced current.
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
REFERENCES
[1] E. Petrache, M. Paolone, F. Rachidi, C. A. Nucci, V. A. Rakov, M. A.
Uman, D. Jordan, K. J. Rambo, J. Schoene, A. Cordier, and T Verhaege,
Measurement of lightning-induced currents in an experimental coaxial buried cable, presented at IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting,
Toronto, Canada, 2003.
[2] E. Petrache, F. Rachidi, M. Paolone, C. Nucci, V. A. Rakov, and M. A.
Uman, Lightning-induced disturbances on buried cables. Part I: Theory,
IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 498508, Aug.
2005.
[3] M. Paolone, E. Petrache, F. Rachidi, C. A. Nucci, V. A. Rakov, M. A.
Uman, D. Jordan, K. Rambo, J. Jerauld, M. Nyffeler, and J. Schoene,
Lightning-induced disturbances on buried cables. Part II: Experiment
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
and model validation, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 47, no. 3,
pp. 509520, Aug. 2005.
E. Petrache, M. Paolone, F. Rachidi, C. A. Nucci, V. Rakov, M. Uman, D.
Jordan, K. Rambo, J. Jerauld, M. Nyffeler, and J. Schoene, Lightninginduced currents in buried coaxial cables: A frequency domain approach
and its validation using rocket-triggered lightning, J. Electrostatics,
vol. 65, pp. 322328, 2007.
B. Yang, B. H. Zhou, B. Chen, J. B. Wang, and X. Meng, Numerical study
of lightning-induced currents on buried cables and shield wire protection
method, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 323331,
Apr. 2012.
N. Theethayi, Y. Baba, F. Rachidi, and R. Thottappillil, On the choice
between transmission line equations and full-wave Maxwells equations
for transient analysis of buried wires, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.,
vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 347357, May 2008.
F. M. Tesche, A. W. Kalin, B. Brandly, B. Reusser, M. Ianoz, D. Tabara,
and P. Zweiacker, Estimates of lightning induced voltage stresses within
buried shielded conduits, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 40,
no. 4, pp. 492504, Nov. 1998.
Y. Baba, N. Tanabe, N. Nagaoka, and A. Ametani, Transient analysis
of a cable with low-conducting layers by a finite-difference time-domain
method, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 488493,
Aug. 2004.
J. Paknahad, K. Sheshyekani, and F. Rachidi, Lightning electromagnetic
fields and their induced currents on buried cables. Part I: The effect of an
ocean-land mixed propagation path, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.,
to be published, 2014, doi: 10.1109/TEMC.2014.2311923.
J. Paknahad, K. Sheshyekani, F. Rachidi, and M. Paolone Lightning
electromagnetic fields and their induced currents on buried cables. Part II:
The effect of a horizontally stratified ground, IEEE Trans. Electromagn.
Compat., to be published, 2014, doi: 10.1109/TEMC.2014.2311926.
C. L. Longmire and K. S. Smith, A universal impedance for soils,
Defense Nuclear Agency, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, Topical Rep., Jul.
1Sep. 30, 1975.
R. Alipio and S. Visacro, Frequency dependence of soil parameters:
Effect on the lightning response of grounding electrodes, IEEE Trans.
Electromagn. Compat., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 132139, Feb. 2013.
M. Akbari, K. Sheshyekani, and A. Pirayesh, F. Rachidi, M. Paolone, A.
Borghetti, and C. A. Nucci, Evaluation of lightning electromagnetic fields
and their induced voltages on overhead lines considering the frequencydependence of soil electrical parameters, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 12101219, Dec. 2013.
K. Sheshyekani and M. Akbari, Evaluation of lightning-induced voltages
on multiconductor overhead lines located above a lossy dispersive ground,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 683690, Apr. 2014.
M. Akbari, K. Sheshyekani, and M. R. Alemi, The effect of frequency
dependence of soil electrical parameters on the lightning performance of
grounding systems, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 55, no. 4,
pp. 739746, Aug. 2013.
RF.Module Users Guide COMSOL 4.2, COMSOL, Silverwater, N.S.W.,
Australia, May 2011.
C. A. Nucci, C. Mazzetti, F. Rachidi, and M. Ianoz, On lightning return
stroke models for LEMP calculations, presented at the 19th Int. Conf.
Lightning Protection, Graz, Apr. 1988.
F. Rachidi and C. A. Nucci, On the Master, Lin, Uman, Standler and the
Modified Transmission Line Lightning return stroke current models, J.
Geophys. Res., vol. 95, pp. 2038920394, Nov. 1990.
F. Rachidi, W. Janischewskyj, A. M. Hussein, C. A. Nucci, S. Guerrieri,
B. Kordi, and J. S. Chang, Current and electromagnetic field associated
with lightning return strokes to tall towers, IEEE Trans. Electromagn.
Compat., vol. 43, no. 3, Aug. 2001.
D. Cavka, N. Mora, and F. Rachidi, A comparison of frequencydependent soil models: Application to the analysis of grounding systems,
IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 177187, Feb.
2014.
J. O. S. Paulino, C. F. Barbosa, and W. C. Boaventura, Lightning-induced
current in a cable buried in the first layer of a two-layer ground, IEEE
Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 956963, Aug. 2014.
F. Rachidi, Electromagnetic environment in the vicinity of a tall tower
struck by lightningA review, IEEE J. Trans. Power Energy, vol. 132,
no. 6, pp. 573578.
A. Mimouni, F. Rachidi, and M. Rubinestein, Electromagnetic fields of
a lightning return stroke in presence of a stratified ground, IEEE Trans.
Electromagn. Compat., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 413418, Apr. 2014.
PAKNAHAD et al.: EVALUATION OF LIGHTNING-INDUCED CURRENTS ON CABLES BURIED IN A LOSSY DISPERSIVE GROUND
1529