History Project

Introduction: The presentation of the situation

First Debates: OPLAN
Nikolai Shumkov, Submarine Commander - Soviet Navy
Aleksey Dubivko, Submarine Commander - Soviet Navy
Some sources:
http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/621026_621115
%20Chronology%201.pdf
http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/moment.htm
This one is about Monroe+Cuba:
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76Pg697.pdf
Secrets and Tapes:
http://books.google.ca/books?id=6_E_mW8YXQEC&pg=PA26&redir
_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Note: Oplan is in 16.50s
Michael Davis, SAC Photo Analyst - Airman 1st Class
Dino Brugioni - Founding Member Deputy Director - CIA
Photographic Interpretation Center
Very Important: Theory: USSR was going to declare or somehow let
U.S. know that they places Nuclear Missiles because they didnt
want an invasion. However, they just wanted to finish it first. Make
them all operational and finish the shipment, completely. Thats why
since then it was kept a secret. So that U.S. wasnt gonna try to stop
the Soviets before they finish their job.

Somehow put the link or the name of the video youve watched.
Jose Ramon Fernandez, Vice President, Council of Ministers, Cuba.
General Anatoli says Castro didnt give an immediate an immediate
answer, he said we need time to think.
Additional Info: Theory etc: Castro would feel safer if USSR just
sends an army, USA wouldnt probably attack for a low benefit. But
these nuclear bombs are actually a war provocateur, not a true
protector. But they accepted because USSR wouldnt help very
much, otherwise. This also gives USSR some advantage.
Then say how Jose reported: He reported that Cuba accepted as a
show of solidarity to socialist countries. (Also in the same additional
info part, start with However"
Then talk about the request event, why its shown as a request event
etc.
Talk about operation Anadyr, the name of a Serbian city, to hide it
etc.
Also use Tom Clency or sth the main guy in the vid, as a source.
Use General Anatoli Gribkov or sth served on the red army or sth
etc. his speeches on the vid are great, awesome proof.
Very Important: Talk about the SIOP plan of Eisenhower. Also
research: It said sth like without the authority of the president? Of
kennedy or sth? hmm.. look into that.
The US would also remove missiles if that concession was kept
utterly a secret by the soviets (u.u) (write why he said that as an
additional info) and also write about the letters kennedy and
krutschef or sth write to each other and also the secret tapes of
kennedy and all the disqualified documents for evidence) Oh also
again in additional info part, write why kennedy didnt remove them
immediately, otherwise itd be obvious.

In section V, use Kuzevanovs speeches, talk about it in details. Even

the ship captains didnt know where theyre headed, cargo ships,
letter in istanbul and gibraltar etc etc. All of that.
In Section V, also talk about the U2 planes and how they made sure
and how they made VERY sure before presenting to UN etc.
Very important: Use the word: Sphere of Influence (use it for
Americas and say they wont let any opposed influence in here)
Important: Theory: (But first research) The theory is that hostile
spies in USA learned about the Bay of Pigs plan. And took this
into consideration. Cuba needed support.
Important: Also add a part as Additional Info and say the
theories...
Important: Refer to Spanish-American war as a War of
Imperialism
Important: On October 26, Kennedy told his advisors it
appeared that only a U.S. attack on Cuba would remove the
missiles, but he insisted on giving the diplomatic channel a
little more time. The crisis had reached a virtual stalemate.
(US Gov Source) (Use it on section V on 316 operation)
Important: Re-watch that video every time you write about sth...
Important: At the end of the background information parts, talk
about the missiles in Italy and Turkey, capable of hitting
moscow etc too. (idk if after or before the revolution in cuba)
Reminder: Use US govt website for source.
Question to myself: other than ottawa, why was quebec most
affected? (The provincial exam says... Maybe the range?)

Important: Use the quote: The current threat to peace is not in

Turkey, it is in Cuba. National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy.
So this means USA sees USSR as an aggressive nation which is a
threat to peace. Source: "The Week The World Stood Still: Inside
The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis" By Sheldon M. Stern, 2012
Btw use this quote in middle of the page, like at the centre and
with things the right one under the left is up etc. Probably in a box
or something and McGeorge under the right side of the box etc. you
know what i mean. Thatll look good.
Note: Use the word Belligerents youll seem professional.
Important: search about canada not allowing us military access etc
and why would it be? Yes harming us ca relations but not harming
ussr ca relations so that not getting involved in a possible war, if ca
allowed military access to us, if a war occurs ussr was surely gonna
drclare war on ca but now, if a war occurs and ca withdraws from
nato by terminating the alliance agreement, theres a possibility of
staying out of war and depending on who is winning, canada can get
involved later on one of the sides. Or try to keep being outta the war.
So he's risking the us ca relations but are the relations important? I
think no, because as long as canada is not communist, us wouldnt
attack and when canada is attacked, us would never let it fall into
enemy hand because itll be a huge threat to us due to its location.
Even an alliance for military support from us is not necessary.
Also:
We, politely referred to as "underdeveloped", in truth, are colonial,
semi-colonial or dependent countries. We are countries
whose economies have been distorted by imperialism, which has
abnormally developed those branches of industry or agriculture
needed to complement its complex economy. "Underdevelopment",
or distorted development, brings a dangerous specialization in raw
materials, inherent in which is the threat of hunger for all our
peoples. We, the "underdeveloped", are also those with the single
crop, the single product, the single market. A single product whose

uncertain sale depends on a single market imposing and fixing

conditions. That is the great formula for imperialist economic
domination.
Ch Guevara, 9 April 1961
add this while referring to cuba as a neo colony while saying that
cuba is giving decisions which ussr want them to etc. so theyre not
practically really independent. opinion
Very important, youll seem professional: say things like proxy
war or practicing neo colonism etc etc. (USSR being successful on
cuba, one of the reasons they might have put them is this: usa
agreed not to invade cuba. even just because of the communist
revolution, they would have invaded it without showing a reason of
nuclear bombs and just saying were not letting a military force to
take over a government, that is outlawed etc.) - write them more
professional tho
Inportant: also include the un actions
Ms. Bukowski,
Thank you very much for accepting my request to work on an
international event which also affected Canada.
I especially wanted to work on the Cuban Missile Crisis. Its
because Ive studied nuclear politics, both modern and cold war
era in two universities.
I have a special interest on this issue because its actually the
biggest issue in todays politics.
As a result of my 4 month study, the conclusion I ended up with
is that, usage of nuclear weapons against two major states was
almost impossible during the cold war and right now, any kind of
usage is almost impossible. These also include a crazy president
or a dictator ordering to use and than committing suicide. Even
the possibility of this is almost none, I figured. (Doesnt mean

that I feel comfortable, no, even that very small possibility

disturbs me and thats why I wrote 4 draft treaties considering
three doctrines and the prevention from the state bodies thatll
occur.
So anyway, I just wanted to confirm a couple more things with
you.
1-) Can I work very wide and deep? For instance, can I go into
Cuban history, the Spanish - American War? (Important to
understand the communist revolution that USSR (possibly)
managed to trigger in order to implement their secret military
access treaties, 1823 Monroe Doctrine, impacts of imperialism
on Cuba, Eisenhower CIA Plans, JFKs Bay of Pigs
Authorization, Operation Mongoose, etc. And maybe go slightly
off topic for just a very little part and talk about the jfk
assassination right after the missile crisis and the actions he has
taken in ENCD (Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament)
Those will not be the main focus but theyll also be reviewed.
2-) Can I use theories? Id like to mention some theories which
are for example, USSRs knowledge of Operation Mongoose. Or,
some political strategies that dont have enough evidence if
those were the purpose. Such as, the authorization of Bay of
Pigs was just to threaten the USSR and put pressure to them so
theyll agree the further actions theyll do. So was that an
intelligent plan which was on purpose or was it just a young
president giving wrong decisions with the pressure of the other
senate members and than changing his mind (not doing many
for the Berlin Wall might be a sign or maybe he had other
policies on that). Or, USSRs purpose/s on basically creating this
crisis. Or, with the evidence of media, how the communist
Cuban government convinces its public to sign a military
access treaty in addition to a defensive alliance treaty. To
protect, they say but was that the case? Was it going to protect
the country or increase the tension even more? Just a defensive

alliance would do good enough to protect it, temporary military

access can be granted in case of emergency. So the
government says to protect but there might be something laying
on the background such as USSRs political goals, making
secret agreements with the rebellions before the government is
set and so that supporting them. And also some details about
some other people such as Curtis LeMay.
3-) Can I explain the military doctrines / tactics? Such as MAD,
Second Strike Capability (Cuba grants the same capability to
USSR which USA has in Italy and Turkey) and how the cuban
missile crisis throws off mutual assured destruction. (They can
hit all the american nuclear arsenals and not let USA attack at
the same time USSR does, so USA might not have enough time
if it cant stop the missiles. In addition, close-range fires would
be harder to prevent at all so the border is in huge danger. Again
we turn to number 2, theories, USSR wouldnt do that because
MAD would actually still work, even if the US government falls,
theres NATO and there are missiles in Italy and Turkey which
can shoot Moscow. So that probably was a plan by USSR to
make USA get them away. Id also like to explain the First Strike,
Arms race and how it causes massive retaliation regardless
wether its a conventional or a nuclear attack (like the
eisenhower administration declared as a policy with john foster
dulles which may start a nuclear ww3) etc.
4-) Can I explain just a little bit about how the ICBMs work and
what other nuclear missile technologies we have out there such
as ghost planes, submarines etc. And also, the interceptor
missiles etc.
5-) Can I get into detail on the process? Such as ENCD happens and
these are the first steps of trying to solve the cold war instead of
keeping up the arms race.
6-) Can I prepare a text and perform a presentation at the same
time? And can the presentation be at least 10, preferably 15 mins?

I think Im demanding too much but I just wanted to know if I can do

these, before I do them.
Beg my pardon for taking your time and thanks for your time,
With Best Regards,
Berkay Ertugrul
Attorney General Robert Kennedy then met secretly with Soviet
Ambassador to the United States, Anatoly Dobrynin, and indicated
that the United States was planning to remove the Jupiter missiles
from Turkey anyway
the US Government officially states.
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis
Comment: Theres a theory that this wasnt true and it was just to
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba's request
to place nuclear missiles in Cuba to deter future harassment of
Cuba.
oh wow lol cuba requests
Towards a More Independent Defense Policy
3.
What did Fidel Castro accomplish in 1959?
Overthrew the pro-American dictator of Cuba in 1959.
4.
Why did Castro ask the USSR for support?
US had imposed trade sanctions; backed an anti-Castro invasion of Cuba in
1961.
5.
What form did the Soviet support take?
Established trade ties with Cuba; sent conventional weapons; deployed
nuclear-capable missiles.
6.
How did the United States respond to this?
Imposed an air and naval blockade; prepared for war.
7.
What was Prime Minister Diefenbakers response to US

President Kennedys expectation or unconditional support?

Wanted to send a fact-finding mission to Cuba; didnt believe US photos of
the missile sites; refused to put Canadas NORAD forces on alert or to allow
US nuclear armed aircraft landing rights in Canada.
8.
How did most Canadians see Diefenbakers actions?
80% thought he was wrong.
9.
Describe the two points of view of Canadas conservative
governments on the issue of nuclear weapons in Canada.

Minister of External Affairs: Canada should be non-nuclear.

Minister of Defense: nuclear weapons were vital to protecting

Canada from communist aggression.
10.
What was the position of the Liberals and Lester Pearson on
nuclear weapons in Canada in the 1963 election?
Canadas armed forces should accept nuclear warheads for Bomarc antiaircraft missiles under certain conditions.
IUMUN
Topic: Nuclear Security
Solution:
Major International Arms Agreement
Determining factor: Cuban Missile Crisis
Important Detail: Use ENDC (Eighteen-Nation-DisarmamentCommittee) in your res like Requests ENDC to consider a treaty
which bla bla)
Details: Treaty for ICBM and nuclear weapons and balistic missile
early warning radars, counter icbms (maybe), ghost plane detectors
and submarine detectors under un control, treaty for banning tests
(all open to signatures)
Explain: We should not rely on MAD. It's too dangerous. MAD is not
a strong deterrent, besides it can sometimes trigger a war, reminding
you the cuban missile crisis which soviets placed nuclear bombs in
cuba, threatening both south and north america with mid range
missiles which can shoot washington dc in 10 mins.
Explain: An arms race may cause the strategy of massive retaliation,
regardless of whether it was a conventional or a nuclear attack, like

Eisenhower administration declared as a policy with john foster

dulles. This strategy would start a nuclear ww3.
Explain: There are already major war-preventing facts which aren't
dangerous. Such as high-demand to lots of soldiers and great loss
on population, lact at trade during war, growing public order and
demolishing economy. These happened in world wars and it was a
lesson to all humankind. No nation can no longer benefit from wars.
Technology has grown so much that we can destroy the whole world
by major wars.
Speech: We should always remember that nuclear weapons are
controlled by humans. In reality, nuclear deterrence only works if
leaders make sound choices. However the historical record is filled
with leaders who committed inexplicable acts. In this kind of
detterence strategy which can trigger a nuclear world war, failure is
not an option and this strategy has no perpetuity and must not be
continiued.
Speech: By abm s, not even achieving their military goals they wont
use nukes and with no quick victory with no good war benefit, major
governments wont declare war to eachother and wont take the risk
of lacking at economy, growing the public order to a level that they
can revolt against the government and even start a civil war, lose lots
of populations and face with lots of diplomatic penalties and gain
lots of enemies.
Speech: We must move to replace mutually assured destruction with
mutual cooperation.
Speech: Any doomstay device can not be allowed to remain or to be
used and no risk can be taken. We should defend the world agains
any of them. In addition, we can not rely on no-first use policies
which would trigger a second strike during an incoming attack and
demolish everywhere.
Details: There'll also be un investigators (find their official names)
Speech: Establishing an agreement on nuclear weapons which
guarantees the safety of the citizens of the whole world and
establishing a non-aggression pact which'll start lowering the tension
between east and west will not only be beneficial to all humankind
but will also be beneficial for the governments facing the issue. It'll
be beneficial for governments by improving diplomatic relations and
providing diplomatic stability, lowering the public order caused by

war fearness and mass destruction fearness and gaining prestige on

the international profile by such global treaties.
Speech: The political risks caused by usage of nuclear weapons
overweight the possiable benefits. And even the possibility of
benefits are at a very low point due to the second strike capability of
other major powers and low-gain of benefits from minor powers by
aggression. In this case while using nuclear weapons is not a
beneficial act for both humans and governments, it must also be
prevented diplomaticly. And the best way to prevent using
something is to maintain obstacles which prevents the aggressor to
achive it's goals, such as maintaining interceptors and the additional
way to prevent the usage is to eliminate the sourse itself, meaning
eliminating the nuclear weapons at all.
Details: Calls upon all states to sign and ratify...
Details: Mention review conferences in the purpose of improving the
treaty
Details: Calls upon the IAEA conference to negotiate a treaty which...
(Also add by writing very detailed, sanctions on violations and
withdrawals)
Details: ?... All states to share strategic abm tech etc
Details: Decides to remain seized of the matter (last one)
Details: Mention safeguards
Details: The banning of keeping will be as an additional protocol
Probably opening speech: Honorable chair and esteemed delegates,
it is an honor to represent Uruguay in unsc. Cold war, the east and
west conflict, the increasing tension between the world's greatest
powers and their allies in the era which both sides creating disputes
by taking unfriendly actions which indangers the international peace
and security for both humanity and governments and causing an
arms race which triggers a war which contains the failure risk of
military strategies named mutually assured destruction followed by
massive retaliation. And the triggered war with the failure risk of
these strategies will cause heavy casualities to both humanity,
governments and the environment. And all these has to be
prevented by taking global defence measures and arranging
international treaties.
Details: Invites all member states to take measures in favour of a
state which's a non-nuclear weapon state and being attacked by

nuclear weapons by a nuclear weapon state, for any necessary

support.
Details: Affirms that any defence system which can not be used in
order to attack, can not be considered as a threat and the right to
maintain and use any defence-only capable military systems is
inherent and necessary in order to keep the international peace and
security.
Details: Use res 1665 (XIV) in the proper format like the other res s
did.
Speech: Measures has to be taken and implemented as soon as
possible in order to reduce the risk of war through failure of
negotiation. Even if all nations to un are obligated to settle their
international disputes by peaceful means, nations sometimes create
the disputes which indangeres international peace and security. The
most recent example to this is the Cuban Missile Crisis. As the
United States have placed their nuclear arsenals and missiles in
Turkey and Italy, USSR did the same in Cuba. And if the negotiations
of taking back the ones in Cuba for the ones in Turkey didn't work,
the tension was going to rise so much that a nuclear world war 3
may have started. And to prevent that happen again, we must also
obligate or urge all the nations to refrain from any action which might
increase tension. And to prevent any further action if this gets
violated, we must also consider sanctions and UN Interceptor
Missiles.

Topic: Cold war

Non-Aggression Pact
Details: UN will station kinda like observers or sth in states with
nuclear weapons in order to ensure that the non-agression is
honored by both states
Details: The time limit will be 50 years (same as disarmament period)
Details: Calls for a non-aggression agreement between...
Details: Encourages nato states and warsaw pact states to (well,
trade for better relations...)

Details: Write it combined with the reso, sanctions (write detailed) for
violations and withdrawals)
Details: In the res, urge every member state to un to refrain from any
action which might increase tension. (Maybe include the part, such
as... Or sth like that)
Details: Remindins all the member states to UN that they're
obligated to settle their international disputes by negotiation and
other peaceful means, not by indangering international peace and
security.
Topic: Indo-Pakistani War
Possible Solutions:
- Ceasefire mandate
- Temporary non-agression pact limit being short
- Peace agreement
- Territory declares (such as, no change in territories. Meaning,
places claimed by india won't be india's and Kashmir won't be
Pakistan's.) (Pre-August lines)
- UN Military Observers (In order to respect the ceasefire line)
- Decide to keep this issue under urgent bla bla
- Respect the ceasefire line
Dates:
August 1965: Tension
6 September: War
Kinda like 23 September: End
Topic: Dominican Civil War
Possible Solutions:
- Ceasefire mandate
- Not US invasion but UN peacekeeping forces, also can be
combined with other latin american or us or any forces in order to
support under the lead of UN peacekeepers

- Return of Juan Bosch for the reliability of democracy, as being the

first democraticly elected president and being the president who
faced with a military coup and must continiue his presidency until his
period expires
- OR Re-elections
Dates:
April 28 1965: US
Topic: Vietnam
Possible Solutions:
Topic: More effective UN
Possible solutions:
- Choose 13 temporary members by their UN fundings and troop
contributions
- Change the veto system. At least 2 out of 5 of the permament
members has to vote no in order to make the resolution vote fail
- Observer status with no vote but right to debate to all un members
------ 2 seats for africa
- 2 seats for middle east
- 2 seats for north and south america
- 2 seats for far east
- 2 seats for nato
- 2 seats for warsaw pact
- 1 seat for a non-allied european state
IUMUN ORGANISED
...
Probably opening speech: Honorable chair and esteemed delegates,

it is an honor to represent Uruguay in unsc. Cold war, the east and

west conflict, the increasing tension between the world's greatest
powers and their allies in the era which both sides creating disputes
by taking unfriendly actions which indangers the international peace
and security for both humanity and governments and causing an
arms race which triggers a war which contains the failure risk of
military strategies named mutually assured destruction followed by
massive retaliation. And the triggered war with the failure risk of
these strategies will cause heavy casualities to both humanity,
governments and the environment. And all these has to be
prevented by taking global defence measures and arranging
international treaties.
...
SPEECHES
...
We should not rely on MAD. It's too dangerous. MAD is not a strong
deterrent, besides it can sometimes trigger a war, reminding you the
cuban missile crisis which soviets placed nuclear bombs in cuba,
threatening both south and north america with mid range missiles
which can shoot washington dc in 10 mins.
...
An arms race may cause the strategy of massive retaliation,
regardless of whether it was a conventional or a nuclear attack, like
Eisenhower administration declared as a policy with john foster
dulles. This strategy would start a nuclear ww3.
...
There are already major war-preventing facts which aren't
dangerous. Such as high-demand to lots of soldiers and great loss
on population, lact at trade during war, growing public order and
demolishing economy. These happened in world wars and it was a

lesson to all humankind. No nation can no longer benefit from wars.

Technology has grown so much that we can destroy the whole world
by major wars.
...
We should always remember that nuclear weapons are controlled by
humans. In reality, nuclear deterrence only works if leaders make
sound choices. However the historical record is filled with leaders
who committed inexplicable acts. In this kind of detterence strategy
which can trigger a nuclear world war, failure is not an option and
this strategy has no perpetuity and must not be continiued.
...
By abm s, not even achieving their military goals they wont use
nukes and with no quick victory with no good war benefit, major
governments wont declare war to eachother and wont take the risk
of lacking at economy, growing the public order to a level that they
can revolt against the government and even start a civil war, lose lots
of populations and face with lots of diplomatic penalties and gain
lots of enemies.
...
EXCLUSIVE
We must move to replace mutually assured destruction with mutual
cooperation.
...
Any doomsday device can not be allowed to remain or to be used
and no risk can be taken. We should defend the world agains any of
them. In addition, we can not rely on no-first use policies which
would trigger a second strike during an incoming attack and
demolish everywhere.

...
Establishing an agreement on nuclear weapons which guarantees
the safety of the citizens of the whole world and establishing a nonaggression pact which'll start lowering the tension between east and
west will not only be beneficial to all humankind but will also be
beneficial for the governments facing the issue. It'll be beneficial for
governments by improving diplomatic relations and providing
diplomatic stability, lowering the public order caused by war
fearness and mass destruction fearness and gaining prestige on the
international profile by such global treaties.
...
The political risks caused by usage of nuclear weapons overweight
the possiable benefits. And even the possibility of benefits are at a
very low point due to the second strike capability of other major
powers and low-gain of benefits from minor powers by aggression.
In this case while using nuclear weapons is not a beneficial act for
both humans and governments, it must also be prevented
diplomaticly. And the best way to prevent using something is to
maintain obstacles which prevents the aggressor to achive it's goals,
such as maintaining interceptors and the additional way to prevent
the usage is to eliminate the sourse itself, meaning eliminating the
nuclear weapons at all.
...
Measures has to be taken and implemented as soon as possible in
order to reduce the risk of war through failure of negotiation. Even if
all nations to un are obligated to settle their international disputes by
peaceful means, nations sometimes create the disputes which
indangeres international peace and security. The most recent
example to this is the Cuban Missile Crisis. As the United States
have placed their nuclear arsenals and missiles in Turkey and Italy,
USSR did the same in Cuba. And if the negotiations of taking back
the ones in Cuba for the ones in Turkey didn't work, the tension was
going to rise so much that a nuclear world war 3 may have started.

And to prevent that happen again, we must also obligate or urge all
the nations to refrain from any action which might increase tension.
And to prevent any further action if this gets violated, we must also
consider sanctions and UN Interceptor Missiles.
...
KOMUN Motions
(Not in order right now, put it in order sometime.)
1-) Motion to discuss how to encourage the non-NPT states to sign
the NPT? - 1min
Or, discuss how to make every country sign the treaty?
In the present time, non-NPT parties find the treaty inequitable
because it lets Nuclear-Weapon states to stay as they are and
prevents the non-nuclear weapon states to produce. So that,
Beligum is in favour of adding an expansion to the treaty which will
ban the keeping of nuclear weapons for all parties to NPT and
provide the equality. In other words, it will encourage the non-NPT
States, being a pioneering fact.
2-) Motion to discuss how to incorporate a nuclear disarmament
article into the treaty? - 1,5 min
Or, discuss how to disarm nuclear weapons
To accomplish an agreement on expanding the treaty on
disarmamanet, we must assure that we're also providing good
reasons to do so. Providing international counter intercontinental
balistic missile systems (counter icbm) on international sea areas
and on countries which accept to share, under united nations control
to provide defence against any use of nuclear weapons would be a
great reason to accept the expand becuse it'll provide safety for any
nation. In addition, adding an article which welcomes and allows any
exchange of counter icbm technologies will also be a good reason.

3-) Motion to discuss how to avoid violations of the treaty for all
countries? - 70 secs
Or, discuss how we can ensure that all signatories respect the
treaty?
To make every country follow the treaty, we must set diplomatic
penalties into the treaty for violators and withdrawers, such as
international trade and visa embargo, financial penalties and war
criminal declarations (only if there's an attemp to use nuclear
weapons for war criminal declaration). So that states will avoid
violating the treaty or won't withdraw from the treaty. Lastly, to
detect any violation, IAEA has to have the authority to investigate all
the members, all the time.
4-) Motion to discuss what further measures to take to lower the risk
of nuclear weapon use at the minimum level possiable? - 1 min
Belgium comes up with 5 steps to lower the risk of nuclear weapon
use.
1-) Banning ICBMs for signatories.
2-) Providing Counter ICBM Systems under international control of
United Nations on international sea areas by navy and countries
which accept to host.
3-) Including diplomatic penalty of war criminal declaration when a
nuclear weapon is used.
4-) Banning keeping nuclear weapons.
5-) Limiting the stocks and the production of fissile material.
Kocmun
regulating the safety of the use of radioactive material. Their
regulatory authority covers nuclear power plants, research reactors,
fuel cycle facilities, radioactive waste storage facilities, radioactive
waste management and decommissioning, occupational radiation
protection, public and environmental exposures, emergency
planning and response, and transport of radioactive material.

Ageing reactors
Providing international nuclear superintendence
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1639_web.pdf
Page 19, 1.9 : Well, i'll advice them to change this. Better if it doesn't
depend on a state's manner and better if updating the plants and all
other equipments with the safest technology available statement is a
should statement.