<> |& <[ #q+

& yT* b&j?

#] <[T\T >TsT |Te\dq d+|T q\T, d+<X\T, B\T = HsTT
n$:
1. HqT H me qT, H e qT, HqT deq+ L& qT..
` dT b<
2. |wX+> $TT&H uVD dH V<<T &H sE #+| uVD s
k|q #k&T. d+|T q sH
3. dTeTr useZ &T eTqT d nH n<s d Ls&T.
4. 1818\ 500 eT+~ eTVsY s yT+{ d \T y~ |c d * s>+ e<
z&+ |c <Tw b\q n+yT T+~+#sT.
5. 1848 n+s &|\ \ =s eTVCsy |P ` k$usTT|P
<+|T \T bsX \qT k|+ q&bsT.
6. 24`9`1932 q >+B eTVT&T n+s ysT _{wt b\\qT+& b+~q
sjT V* \sdq |PH |+< \e++> & n+u< sY | sT<&T .
7. 1935 HqT V+<Te> |{qT V+<Te> eTsD+ #qT n & n+u& sY
|{+#sT.
8. 1938 | e] 12,13 ~\ Hd , s ]* < + <X+
nXw |& |C...uVD+G|*+ eT< qTq ys T < yT |< q
ys T < + nHsT uu kVu n+u< sY.
9. 24`9`1944 H&T eT<dt |d& eTq bs+ ]swq =s , ssTTr\
=s <T, sjT n~s+, >se+ =s nHsT n+u< sY.
10.18`3`1956 H&T #<T eq <[ <>T qqT yd+ #ks y<q
n+u< sY nHsT.
11.1984 zT e$ dT MTy? qV #> , qV #> nHsT syT.
2001 qe+sY 18e q, KeT+ qT+& yS {.sY.jTdt. n< &T
\+ #+<XK sYse H >=s ksTT y&H qeTTT+~ &s T >sT nHsT.

`2`

~ m+ dJeyTq HqT&! |&T sjT nH >=s #+<XK sYse nH ksTTH

q$Tq+ dJe+. ~ dJe HqT&<T, <[ C d]jTdt y]+> L&.
Xssy T q $wjT + @eT+f sc q{ es &|P { d.jT+.> q
&s Y , yTTq{ es q | H LsuT q e , q bH q e , d+
sJHe e{ L& neX+ e d.jT+. n|< |CkeT<X+
eTq+<s+ \+#eTT. <>sZ |T n, |CkeTy~> |sT |&
k> , |_ MT{+> neeq |]H L& H +& +{ y&T H<e + @dT
|uT +{y&T n n+ $qjT $<j
T T&T> |sT |& sjT ss | t VQeTq
<y @eT+<eTT? & sjT >H <e&+<e? <[T\ b* d H
n+<e? 1997 HqT KeT+ + eT+&\+ ubs+ >eT+ s
10 >+\ <[ \ |P ` n+u< sY jTTeq d+|T + <s+ sT>TTq
MT{+> |P >T]+ n+u<sY >T]+ e{&TT+&> >TuT H
s+ | H HjT& s+ bsTT+~ n d>s +> |{ + #&T. H eT+&
s+ njT s+ bs* > y& s+ m bsTT+~ n >~+ Lsu{qT.
+ neeq+ ]H L& b|+ sjT <=s m~]+#{ kVd+#+<T .
q ss | t yqT q nd\T sD\T jT|{ d+#+#{ >\ nd\T
sD\T @+{ nH~ d+<s + +#e\dq $wjT +. & sjTyTH
bDuj
T + q<? n+<T uj
T |& Ly&> +{qH&? H\ 24 q
eT<V+ H= s*dt $TT&T bH #d &s T >sT MT &s nsTTq sjTqT
#+<XK sYse > +{yj
T eTT+< sJHe #jT eT #| +& nHsT. n~ >se+
q e\ T #d|. +~s >+B +{ }&eTH }&Tkqq us eJ sh|
C d+> qT+& sjT es sJHeT m{ #ksT .
n$ b\|&=<T n n+<T sjT uss | t #keT |* q$T+#
|jT dTH sT \+>D <=s\T. ~ $+f, n$ }|]> TTq sjT T\T,
n$ +|>=&TTq sjT ` Ts{ eedq T Ks=~ u] dTq |\T
q$bsT. MT&j nsTTq sTT+ sD+ : & sjT #+<XK sY se
T+ duT * @< nH& ysTTdt ]sY #+<XK sYse n+~+#& sjT
sjT | ] &j
T + lV] y| y #|+# |jT dTH sT. ~ #+<XK sYse

`3`

<=s jTT <[ es d+ u>eT, <[T\ \* <[T\f q]+# n> \

{jT + u>yT q qeT nejTesT? d H|P eTsD\T sjT ss | t
sD+ n L& q$T+# #dTH sT. d H|P nH~ msTTsY usY ................ &dC .
T eTT+<T C> #s \ d\ y< b + > y]+#e#T.
T <]rd |< q sD\T ` yesD \Tw+, eTT] |]ds\T. eTT]
|]ds\ u>T#j *q eTTb*{ n~sT*, |sesD deTT HXq+ #d
b jTeqT\qT e~*|{ y< $<q |]wY &s s Y dd+& #d, sjTqT
ss | t #d n~ nM T< |+ e, nH e Tq <T |>\ >={q T < ! \TT,
s+ eq y <T VsY m{ eH >& >ddt nqT bs&
>esyT+{ dT| b bDyT b<H, |yT dT|T\ b n|\b
beTH d\+ y< + n+< #bjT y # eT+<eHsT. eTsD\
>\ sD |< q sD+, |<e T eTT<sTT\T eTq +<, sh |uT . n$
|Cs> =s # ns=s &f. <X >s<]<T\ nejT+,
|uTdT|T* |D[ <+>, sC+>+ k> s+ #dTq |uT\T,
s>l+{ b|*dT |< \ <s |\ keTT* n|q+> ss{ dT|T\
<|&Tq |uT $<H\T. & sjT yTT+ |P] jT++>+ z q
u eyT . n+ eq y< s> XK qT s eeVs\ svjT b
< mes nqTe+<T . n$ sjT ss | t sDeTqT+f d.jT+. <>sZ T +&
|eT+, nd\T |uT H |\T ss | t #j *. <Ts< we XT |\
|uT * mqTH V+~> ~>> V<T .
2001 E H +q>sY q&u&Tq ]q {.sY.jTdt. |C>sq
#+<XK sY se \+>D |\ y>q+ #k&T. s+ #T H\ MT<
|& +&, +{ MT< q >T |& +& \+>D kqqyT y>q+.
|<e Tw ks |P] mT> & \ e\H 2005 sy*q \+>D 10 d+es\
sTT+~. _C| se\jT+ & @ $<+ > mC+& +& bT+<, 2005
\+>D eqsTT +>dt >se+ < T+<, q mC+& +& bT+<
q T+ >=+eT s\ \+>D @sTqT <X\+ ysTT< ysTT+#>* >&T
#+<XKsse. 2009 qT+& X, sX |q\ <s sT<>Tq jTTe*

`4`

s #>={ V\ |]>=* 1300 eT+~ jTTe\ bD* *rde+ sjT

#dq Hs+ H |<H s + <! \+>D @s& sT y 500 eT+~ $T+
s T \T n|\ b, s +{ ydq |++& bT+f TL usyT V\T
#d +T+f q |& \ T H ysTT+#T+ LsTq d.jT+. sjTH |<
Hsd T & T &! q dV #s _H{ eekjT eT+ b#s+ lydts & sjT
#dq Hs\ H s T \ V\ $wjT + |< Hsd T & T <? eT] s &
<=sH+ <T ss | t #jT <T ? e<| |qqT n+<, s wH sT n+< V ds\Y
|d T \ #T q T{ , neX* |uT + T+yd + f >T+& |*
s*bsTTq eTTd* bD* s &q qjTT&T ss ese H &sjT
Hsd T & ? nsTTH <[T&q + eq n$ b\&{ nsT& nq+ <T .
d ndeq+> neT\T >&<H < e &e+&.
yT{b*dt nH ydt | dt &++> &+> b 500 T, <=sk TeT
10 T, $$< * eTu |{ \ ue H\T, bkH &* 2 T, +
nH ydt se\ |\ eTT|+& ed\ #dT q {\ keTT* |+|&
s T \ V* |{+ #T+& |& \ T ysTTdTq |uT + H sjT
Hsd T & T &. ++<T n$ k sjT HjTD |uT + #|+#
>\<? <\<T+& jT <Ts< |f \D
+ +&<y > n$ n+ sjT
HjT&T sTT|&T +&+, n+<T \+>D <=s\ |uT + +&+ nd+ue +.
n$ n&> |sT& q T++ b\& n$ sjT b\& n$+?
><=+>\T >T+E+T+f \s <=+>\T s*|& \s @sT+T+{sT.
> ys+ sE\T> \T>T MT&j sjT #T @s& ys
$we\jT+ s +&T d+<X* |+|+~. {: e~> eT+ sjT neeq |]H
e~>\ qT+& n+ |<> sdq +&<H >s+{. >s+{ >s+{ #dq
d+|Tq @eT+f 2009 .d.sY sVs B e pdt q+<T z.jTT.
d& + { C #dq sdq <e\ m> N& jT+.sY.|.jTdt \Te>
N\+. B |s ekqyT 29 qe+sY 2014 H&T bj sY eTT+<T
{.sY.jTdt. e~>\T, _C| n+T>TTq e~>\T s\ |sd s <&T\ ~>+.

`5`

(n< deTjT+ {sYjT dt e\ HjT\T, +>dt e\ $<] HjT\T L&

|sd s <&T\ dq<e TjsT. s +&T d+|T q\T #d n> \ <|& de+
$s> & qe+~).
2. dT | P s+ seTH #esT\ q+<\ =s , ud sTT+ ud #+|{
d< yTq T>H, <T |CkeT deC+ bsT eT+ rdd bsT
eT+ |<$ kq+ se{ sTT+ |< bsT j sT> H&T.
Ts, T~\+ >eq yT & qeTe. m+<T+f & yT\
m|&T | q <K\T e. <[ yT+ <T <=s & qeTTTHsTT.
< <[ C $c<+.
nHj\T sT>TTH L& \+>D yT<$ es+Z d+~#b e&+
sD+. |{ L&, .d.sY. sDqT&T, d] |<, <[T\ XC
n+ d b+{> j ssTTq \+>D <eTsT\ |sT #eTD neTq
yT<$es+Z eTs sD+. |esT |<y H < bT+< n #T#Tq neXy<T\T
eT& sD+. sE sjT ]q neeq+ s | + <[T& s> +&
+&<T . ]|_ & k> <[ deC neeq |]q ^ \+>D <=s< w
sE\T <>sZ | & jT |dT + ~! C \+>D

& jT+.m|.t > |H<, jT+.&&.jT+.,

djTsY ]j\dt
sh n< \T:\+>D q d$T