Nuoc Cap Va Nuoc Thai

CNG NGH MI TRNG
(ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY)
Phn A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

Chng 1. NC CP V NC THI
1.1. i cng v nc cp
1.2. i cng v nc thi
1.3. Phn loi cc phng php x l nc cp v nc thi
Chng 2. X L NC CP
2.1. i cng
2.2. Keo t- To bng
2.3. Lng
2.4. Lc
2.5. Kh trng
2.6. Loi st v mangan
2.7. Lm mm nc
Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.1. i cng
3.2. X l s b v x l bc mt
3.3. X l bc hai
3.4. Mt s phng php x l bc cao
3.5. Cng ngh XL nc thi ca mt s ngnh CN
BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu
CNG NGH MI TRNG

(ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY)
Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT

THI RN
Chng 4 X L CHT THI RN
4.1. i cng v CTR
4.2. Phng php chn lp CTR
4.3. Phng php t CTR
4.4. Phng php nhit phn
4.5. Cc phng php x l khc
Chng 5. TI CH V TI S DNG
CHT THI RN
5.1. ngha ca hot ng ti ch v ti
s dng
5.2. Tch loi rc
5.3. rc (composting)
5.4. Thu hi v ti ch cht do
5.5 Thu hi v ti ch kim loi
Phn C. CNG NGH X L KH THI

Chng 6. X L BI
6.1. Khi nim v phn loi bi
6.2. Bung lng bi
6.3. Thit b ly tm
6.4. Thit b ti lc
6.5. Thit b hp th
6.6. Thit b lc tnh in
6.7. So snh, la chn phng php x l
bi
Chng 7. X L CC KH C HI
7.1. i cng v cc kh c hi
7.2. Phng php hp th
7.3.Phng php hp ph
7.4. Phng php t
7.5. Phng php kh xc tc
Ti liu tham kho

Chng 1-2-3:
Nguyn Th Thu Thy. X l nc cp sinh hot v cng nghip. Nxb KH&KT, H Ni, 2006.
Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga. Gio trnh cng ngh x l nc thi. Nxb KH&KT, H Ni, 1999.
Trn c H. X l nc thi sinh hot quy m nh v va. Nxb KH&KT, H Ni, 2002.
Tng Vn on,Trn c H. K thut mi trng. Nxb Gio dc, 2001.
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse. McGraw-Hill, USA, 1991.
A.P. Economopoulos. Assessment of sources of air, water, and land pollution - A guide to rapid
source inventory techniques and their use in formulating environmental control strategies.
WHO, Geneve, 1993.
Chng 4-5:
Tng Vn on,Trn c H. K thut mi trng. Nxb Gio dc, 2001.

Trn Hiu Nhu, ng Quc Dng, Nguyn Th Kim Thi. Qun l cht thi rn. Tp 1. Cht thi rn
th. Nxb Xy dng, H Ni, 2001.
G.Tchobanoglous et al. - Integrated Solidwaste Management - Engineering Principles And

Management Issues - McGraw Hill, 1993.
Chng 6-7:
Trn Ngc Chn. nhim khng kh v x l kh thi. Tp 2 v 3. Nxb Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni,
2001.
Karl B. Schnelle and Charles A. Brown. Air pollution control technology handbook. CRC Presss LLC, 2002.
PHN A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

1.1. i cng v nc cp
1.1.1. Cc ngun cung cp nc
Ngun nc mt
* Nc sng
L ngun nc mt ch yu
u im: Lu lng ln, d khai thc; c cng v hm lng st nh.
Hn ch: Thay i ln theo ma v c, lu lng, mc nc, nhit
+ Ma kh, nc trong, c thp, song tr lng thp hn
+ Ma l, c tng rt cao, tr lng ln nhng x l tn km hn
* Nc h
Nc tng i trong, nhim c thng xy ra ven b.

Thng c mu cao do nh hng ca rong ru v cc thy sinh
vt.
C th l h, m, ao t nhin hay h cha nhn to (reservoir)
Ngun nc ngm
Cc tng nc ngm
Tng nc ngm mch nng hay nc ngm khng p

su 3 -10 m
Tr lng nc khng n nh, chu nh hng trc tip ca thi tit.
Cht lng nc khng n nh va d b nhim.
Chu yu cp nc cho khu vc nng thn (ging o, ging khoan UNICEP).
Tng nc ngm mch su hay nc ngm c p

su trn 20 m
Mc nc ngm n nh, tr lng nc tng i phong phu.
Cht lng tt hn, khng b nh hng bi khi hu thi tit va nc mt
Cp nc quy m ln
c im chung (so vi nc mt):
- u im: Hm lng cn l lng nho; cht lng thng tt hn

- Nhc im: Tng hm lng st, mui khong ln, c bit l Fe2+ x ly
tng i kho khn.
Bng 1.1. Nhng im khc nhau gia nc ngm v nc mt

c im
Nc mt
Nc ngm
Nhit
Thay i theo ma
Tng i n nh
Cht rn l
lng
Cao, thay i theo ma
Thp hoc hu nh khng c
Khong ha
tan
Thay i theo cht lng t,

lng ma
t thay i, cao hn nc mt
cng mt vng
Fe, Mn
Rt thp, tr y h
Thng xuyn c
CO2 ha tan
Rt thp hoc gn bng 0
Thng xut hin nng cao
O2 ha tan
Thng gn bo ha
Thng khng tn ti
NH3/NH4+
Xut hin cc ngun nc

nhim bn
Thng c
H2S
Khng
Thng c
SiO2
Thng c nng TB
Thng c nng cao
NO3-
Thp
Thng nng cao
Cc VSV
Vi khun, virus, to,
Cc vi khun Fe
1.1.2. Nhu cu dng nc v tiu chun cp nc

Nc cp phc v cho cc nhu cu dng nc:
sinh hot
sn xut cng nghip
cc cng trnh cng cng, dch v (trng hc, bnh vin,)
cha chy
ti cy, ra ng
Tiu chun cp nc: nhu cu dng nc tnh cho 1 ngi trong 1 n v

thi gian; hay trn 1 n v sn xut, dch v.
ngha tiu chun cp nc:
dng tnh ton thit k h thng nc cp
dng tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc thi
Trong cp nc th, cc tiu chun chnh:

Tiu chun cp nc sinh hot
Tiu chun cp nc sn xut
Tiu chun cp nc dch v cng cng (cha chy, ti cy, ra ng,..)
(a). Tiu chun cp nc sinh hot

Ph thuc mc sng, iu kin kh hu, c s h tng,..;
cc nc pht trin thng cao hn cc nc ang
pht trin.
Tiu chun cp nc thi Vit Nam: tham kho cc
quy nh: TCXDVN 33:2006 Cp nuc Mng li
ng ng va cng trnh Tiu chun thit k v
QCXDVN 01:2008/BXD - Quy chun k thut Quc gia
v Quy hoch Xy dng .
Chng 1. NC CP V NC
Bng 1.2. Tiu chun dng nc sinh hot tnh theo u ngi
(trch TCXDVN 33:2006)

Tiu chun cp nc
(L/ngi/ngy)
i tng dng nc va;

thnh phn cp nc
Ty) l dn s/ c cp
nc (%)
2010
2020
2010
2020
thi loi c bit, thi loi

I, khu du lch, nghi) mt
-Ni
-Ngoi vi
165
120
200
150
85
80
99
95
thi loi II, thi loi III

-Ni
-Ngoi vi
120
80
150
100
85
75
99
90
60
100
75
90
thi loi IV, thi loi V;

im dn c nng thn
(b). Tiu chun cp nc sn xut

Ph thuc vo loi hnh, quy m, trnh cng ngh c th (Bng 1.3)
Trng hp khng c s liu, tham kho TCXDVN 33:2006:

CN ru bia, sa, hp, ch bin thc phm, giy, dt: 45 m3/ha/ngy.

Cc ngnh cng nghip khc: 22 m3/ha/ngy
Bng 1.3. Nhu cu cp nc cho mt s loi hnh cng nghip

Cng nghip
n v sn xut (U)
Nhu cu nc, L/U
SX cn
lt cn
122 170
Phn bn
tn
80.000 200.000
Thuc da
kg da
40
200 400
Giy
kg giy
Ch bin du m
tn du th
1.500 2.000
ng ma
tn ng
1.000 2.000
Dt nhum
kg sn phm
80 140
SX bia
lt bia
20 - 24
Nhit in
Mega Watt
150.000 160.000
10
Chng 1. NC CP V NC
(c). Cc tiu chun cp nc th khc

Theo QCVN 01:2008/BXD:
Nc cho cc cng trnh cng cng, dch v: 10% lng
nc sinh hot;
Nc ti cy, ra ng: 8% lng nc sinh hot;
Nc cho sn xut nh, tiu th cng nghip: 8% lng
nc sinh hot;
Nc d phng, r r: i vi cc h thng nng cp ci
to khng qu 30%, i vi h thng xy mi khng qu
25% tng cc loi nc trn;
Nc cho bn thn khu x l: ti thiu 4% tng lng
nc trn
11
1.1.3. Yu cu cht lng nc cp

a. Nc n ung
Theo QCVN 01:2009/BYT (Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc
n ung) ban hnh ngy 17/6/2009 (thay th Tiu chun V sinh nc n
ung ban hnh km theo Quyt nh 1329/2002/Q-BYT ngy 18/4/2002).
b. Nc sinh hot (dng cho sinh hot, khng n ung trc tip)
Theo QCVN 02:2009/BYT (Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc
sinh hot) ban hnh ngy 17/6/2009 (Thay th Tiu chun v sinh nc sch
ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 09/2005/Q-BYT ngy 11/3/2005)
c. Nc cp sn xut: ty c th ngnh cng nghip.
Ch : T chc Y t th gii (WHO) ban hnh cc ch dn v cht lng
nc ung (Guidelines for drinking water quality) khng c tnh bt buc, cc

quc gia da vo xc lp tiu chun cho nc mnh.
12
Bng 1.4. Mc gii hn cc ch tiu cht lng i vi nc n ung
(trch QCVN 01:2009/BYT, trong tng s 109 ch tiu)

n v
Gii hn ti a
Mc gim st
Ch tiu
NTU
cng, tnh theo CaCO3
mg/L
300
Tng cht rn ho tan (TDS)
mg/L
1000
Hm lng Amoni
mg/L
Hm lng Asen tng
mg/L
0,01
Hm lng Florua
mg/L
1,5
Hm lng St tng
mg/L
0,3
Hm lng Nitrat
mg/L
50
Hm lng Nitrit
mg/L
Ch s Pecmanganat
mg/L
Coliform tng s
VK/100mL
E.coli hoc Coliform chu nhit
VK/100mL
Mc A: t nht 1 ln/1 tun bi c s cung cp nc; t nht 1 ln/1 thng bi c quan thm quyn.
Mc B: t nht 1 ln/6 thng bi c s cung cp nc; t nht 1 ln/6 thng bi c quan thm quyn.
Mc C: t nht 1 ln/2 nm bi c s cung cp nc; t nht 1 ln/2 nm bi c quan thm quyn.
13
Bng 1.5. Mc gii hn cc ch tiu cht lng i vi nc sinh hot

(trch QCVN 02:2009/BYT, trong tng s 14 ch tiu)
Tn ch tiu
n v
Gii hn ti a
I
II
Mc gim st
NTU
Hm lng Amoni
mg/L
Hm lng St tng
mg/L
0,5
0,5
Ch s Pecmanganat
mg/L
cng theo CaCO3
mg/L
350
Hm lng Clorua
mg/L
300
Hm lng Asen tng
mg/L
0,01
0,05
Coliform tng s
VK/ 100mL
50
150
E. coli hoc Coliform chu nhit
VK/ 100mL
20
Mc gii hn I p dng i vi cc c s cung cp nc; mc gii hn II p dng i vi cc hnh thc

khai thc nc ca c nhn, h gia nh.
Mc gim st A: t nht 1 ln/3 thng do c s cung cp nc; t nht 1 ln/6 thng do cc c quan
thm quyn.
Mc gim st B: t nht 1 ln/6 thng do c s cung cp nc; t nht 1 ln/1 nm do c quan thm
quyn.
14
Bng 1.6. Yu cu cht lng nc cp cho mt s ngnh CN

(Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000)
Thng s
CN Bia
CN Sa
CN hp
CN ng ma
6.5 7.0
6.5 8.5
Mu (n v Hazen)
<5
<5
c (NTU)
< 10
<5
pH
< 500
< 10
TDS (mg/L)
SS (mg/L)
< 800
< 500
< 500
Ca (mg/L)
< 100
< 100
< 20
< 10
Mg (mg/L)
< 30
Fe (mg/L)
0,1 1,0
0,1 0,3
< 0,2
<1
Mn (mg/L)
< 0,1
0,03 0,1
< 0,2
< 0,1
SO42-, mg/L
< 100
< 60
< 250
< 20
20 60
< 30
< 250
< 20
NO3- (mg/L)
< 10
< 20
< 10
SiO2 (mg/L)
< 50
< 50
cng (mg/L)
< 70
< 180
< 250
< 100
kim (mg/L)
< 85
30 250
<10
< 0,2
Cl- (mg/L)
Phn chit vi CCl4 (mg/L)
15
1.2. i cng v nc thi

1.2.1. Khi nim va phn loi nc thi (NT)
Nc thi (wastewater) = nc a qua s dng cho cc hot ng ca
con ngi cha cc cht bn lm thay i cc tnh cht ha - ly - sinh so
vi ban u.
Phn loi theo ngun gc pht sinh:
NT sinh hot (domestic wastewater)
NT cng nghip (industrial wastewater)
NT nng nghip hay nc chy trn ng rung (agricultural run-off)
cc thi, NT thi hay nc cng (municipal wastewater,
sewage) = NTSH + NTCN + nc chy trn, nc thm
Phn loi theo c im ngun thi:
Cc ngun thi xc nh hay ngun thi im (point source): cc cng xa NT
sinh hot, NT cng nghip.
Cc ngun thi phn tn hay ngun thi khng im (non-point source): nc
chy trn ng rung, nc chy trn thi (urban run-off).

16
NTSH cn phn chia thnh 2 nhm:

Nc en (blackwater) - nc thi v sinh cha phn, nc tiu, vi
khun gy bnh,...
Nc xm (greywater, sullage) - nc thi tm git, nu n,...
cha thnh phn v c cao (ch yu l cht rn l lng), cht ty
ra, du m,...
NTSX cng c chia thnh hai nhm:

NTSX quy c sch: to ra khi lm ngui thit b, gii nhit trong cc

trm lm lnh, ngng t hi nc... c lng cht bn khng ln,
ch yu l cht rn v c, nhit cao c th ti tun hon hoc
x ra ngoi
NTSX bn: cha cc loi cht N khc nhau vi nng khc nhau
(v c, hu c); mt s loi NT cha cc cht c hi nh kim loi
nng hoc nguy him v mt v sinh, dch bnh.
17
1.2.2.Thnh phn v c trng cht lng nc thi
1.2.2.1. Thnh phn nc thi
Ty thuc vo ngun gc, iu kin thu gom, khi hu,...

Cc loi tc nhn nhim trong NT (theo bn cht):
Tc nhn vt ly (nhit, mu, mi,...)
Tc nhn hoa hc (cc hoa cht trong NT)
Tc nhn sinh hc (cc vi sinh vt)

Cc nhm tc nhn hoa hc va sinh hc (theo thc t qun
ly):
(1).
(2).
(3).
(4).
(5).
(6).
Cc
Cc
Cc
Cc
Cc
Cc
cht rn l lng
mui v c ha tan
cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc (PHSH)
cht dinh dng
tc nhn gy bnh
cht c (kim loai c, cht c hu c)
18
Bng 1.7. Thnh phn cht nhim trong cc loi NT

Cc ngun xc nh
Nhm cht nhim
Cc ngun phn tn
Nc chy trn
Nc chy
ng rung
trn thi
Cc tc nhn gy bnh
Cc cht rn l lng
Cc mui v c ha tan
Cc kim loi c
Cc cht c hu c
NTSH
NTCN
Cc cht hu c d PHSH
Cc cht dinh dng
x
x
19
1.2.2.2. Cc thng s c trng cht lng NT

Bng 1.8. Cc thng s ha-l-sinh chu yu c trng cho cht lng NT
TT
Thng s
n v o
Nhit
oC
c trng cho
Tnh cht vt ly
Mu
Pt-Co
Tnh cht cm quan
Mi
pH
Tnh cht cm quan
kim
mg/L (CaCO3)
Kh nng trung ha acid
TS (Tng cht rn)
mg/L
Hm lng tng cc cht rn
Mi trng acid-base
SS (Cht rn l lng)
mg/L
Hm lng cc cht rn l lng
VSS (Cht rn l lng d bay hi)
mg/L
Hm lng phn cc cht rn l

lng d bay hi (cht hu c)
TDS (Tng cht rn hoa tan)
mg/L
Hm lng tng cc mui tan
10
BOD5 (Nhu cu oxy sinh hoa)
mg/L
Cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc
11
COD (Nhu cu oxy hoa hc)
mg/L
Tng cht hu c
20
10
Bng 1.8. Cc thng s ha-l-sinh
TT
Thng s
12
NH3-N (Nit amoni)
mg/L
n v o
Hm lng nit di dng NH3 hay NH4+
c trng cho
13
Org-N (Nit hu c)
mg/L
Hm lng nit di dng hu c
14
TKN (Tng nit Kjeldahl)
mg/L
Tng hm lng nit dng amoni va dng

hu c
15
NO3-N (Nit nitrat)
mg/L
Hm lng nit di dng NO3-
16
NO2-N (Nit nitrit)
mg/L
Hm lng nit di dng NO2-
17
PO4 P (Phosphat)
mg/L
Hm lng mui PO43- (tng hay ortho)
18
Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, Cr,.. (Cc mg/L

kim loi c)
Hm lng cc kim loi c
19
Hoa cht BVTV
mg/L
Hm lng tng cc hoa cht bo v thc

vt
20
Tng coliform
MPN/100mL
Mt (thng k) tng cc vi khun coliform
21
Fecal coliform
MPN/100mL
Mt (thng k) cc vi khun coliform

ngun gc phn
21
Bng 1.9. Cc thng s c trng ca NTSH (USA)

TT
Thng s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
TS, mg/L
TDS, mg/L
SS, mg/L
BOD5, mg/L
COD, mg/L
TKN, mg/L
NH3-N, mg/L
Org-N, mg/L
Tng PO43-, mg/L
Du m, mg/L
Tng
coliform,
MPN/100mL
11.
Nh
350
250
100
110
250
20
12
8
4
50
Mc nhim
Va
720
500
220
220
500
40
25
15
8
100
Nng
1200
850
350
400
1000
85
50
35
15
150
106~107
107~108
107~109
22
11
Bng 1.10. Cc tc nhn nhim chnh trong mt s/ NT cng nghip

Cng nghip
Tc nhn nhim chnh
Giy va; bt giy
Cht hu c, kim, mu
Thuc da
Cht hu c, SS, mu, kim loi nng, du m[
Dt nhum
Cht hu c, mu, TDS, kim loi c, kim
Bia
Cht hu c, cht dinh dng (N,P), SS
Ch/ bin thuy) sn
Cht hu c, cc dng nit, SS, mi
Sn xut phn hoa/ hc
NH4+, NO3-, TDS, Ure
Hoa/ du
Cht hu c, du m[, phenol, TS
23
1.2.3. Lu lng NT
1.2.3.1. o lu lng
V nguyn tc, o trc tip lu lng ngun thi ti cc mng hay ng
thi l phng php tt nht c s liu v lu lng thi.
Cc phng php o lu lng:
o trong ng kn (closed pipe)

Cc lu lng k p sut vi sai (Differential pressure flowmeter): ng venturi,

ng Pitot
Lu lng k t (Magnetic flowmeter)
Lu lng k siu m (Ultrasonic flowmeter)
o dng chy trong knh h (open channel)

PP n gin (th cng):

Dng vt ni o vn tc dng chy (v) tnh Q = v A
Dng x/thng lng
PP chnh xc (lin tc, c th t ng ha):

Tm chn (weir): Hnh ch V, Hnh ch nht
Knh (flume): Knh Parshall (hay venturi)
24
12
V d: o Q vi tm chn ch V (V-notch weir)
V d:
Gc chn = 900
Mc nc H = 0.3 m
Lu lng thi
= 4969 x 0.32.5
= 245 m3/h
25
1.2.3.2. c tnh lu lng

c tnh da vo cc m hnh ton hay cc h s pht thi
c chp nhn.
(1). i vi NTSH
Lu lng NTSH = 65 ~ 80% lu lng nc cp.
Tiu chun cp nc sinh hot a nu mc 1.1.2.
i vi cc loi hnh khc nh bnh vin, cng s, khch
sn,... cng da vo cc tiu chun s dng nc. Trong
iu kin Vit Nam, c th tham kho s liu dn ra trong ti
liu [Trn c H, 2002] cc bng 1.11 va 1.12.
26
13
Bng 1.11. Lu lng NT t; cc bnh vin
TT
Quy m BV, ging bnh
Lu lng NT, m3/ngy
< 100
70
100 ~ 300
100 ~ 200
300 ~ 500
200 ~ 300
500 ~ 700
300 ~ 450
> 700
> 500
Bng 1.12. Tiu chun NT i vi cc cng trnh cng cng, dch v

TT
1
Loi hnh
Khch sn, nha nghi
n v tnh (U)
Tiu chun NT, L/U/ngy
Ging
200 ~ 300
Nha hng
Ch ngi
50 ~80
Qun c ph, gii kht
Ch ngi
10 ~ 15
Trng hc
Hc sinh
15 ~ 25
Nha tre
Tre em
50 ~ 100
27
(2). i vi NTCN
Lu lng NT dao ng tuy thuc vo quy m, tnh cht sn phm, quy
trnh cng ngh, vic tun hon nc ca tng c s sn xut.
Trong iu kin khng c s liu o c, c th c tnh:
Theo lng nc cp (QNT Qcp)
Theo phng php iu tra nhanh ngun thi (Rapid Source
Inventory Technique) do WHO xut (1993).
Phng php iu tra nhanh ngun thi
Nguyn tc: da trn s liu thng k a ra cc h s pht thi cho
mi n v hot ng (nguyn liu tiu thu, sn phm sn xut ra,...)
(Bng 1.13). Dng bng tnh theo mu tnh lu lng va cc ti
lng thi cho trng hp nghin cu.
Ngoi lu lng thi, cng c th c tnh c ti lng thi ca cc
tc nhn nhim chnh ca tng loi hnh cng nghip.
28
14
Bng 1.13. Cc h6 s7 pht thi i vi mt s7 cng nghip theo WHO

Cng nghip
313 Ru bia
3133 Nu nha va
nu bia
- Nha may mi
- Nha may cu
321 Dt nhum
Si cotton (bng)
Ca dy chuyn
Tng cng oan
- H si
- Giu h
- Nu
- Ty
- Lam bong
- Nhum
- In hoa
353 Loc du
n vi
ti
nh (U)
Th ti
ch
NT (m3/U)
BOD5
(kg/U)
TSS
(kg/U)
m3 bia
m3 bia
5,4
11
10,5
18,8
3,9
7,3
tn bng
265
155
70
tn bng
tn bng
tn bng
tn bng
tn bng
tn bng
tn bng
4,2
22
100
100
35
50
14
2,8
58
53
8
8
60
54
30
22
5
2,5
25
12
Tng N
(kg/U)
Cng
topping
ngh
1000 m3
du th
484
3,4
11,7
1,2
Cng
ngh
cracking
1000 m3
du th
605
72,9
18,2
28,3
Cng
ngh
tng hp
1000 m3
du th
1162
197
58,1
20,5
Tng P
(kg/U)
Ca
c ta
c nhn
kha
c (kg/U)
Du: 8,3
Phenol: 0,034
Sulfua: 0,054
Cr: 0,007
Du: 31,2
Phenol: 4,0
Sulfua: 0,94
Cr: 0,25
Du: 74,9
Phenol: 3,8
Sulfua: 2,0
Cr: 0,49
29
S dn tng ng
S dng s dn tng ng (PE = Population Equivalent) nh gia
quy m ngun thi cng nghip hay phn tn.
PE l con s ch ra s dn c ti lng cht nhim tng ng vi ti

lng ca ngun thi ang xt.
Thng hay ly ti lng BOD5 quy i.
PE = Lw/Lu , ngi
Lw: ti lng BOD5 ngun thi = Q BOD5 10-3, kg/ngy
Lu: ti lng BOD5 sinh hot u ngi, kg/ngi/ngy
Theo cc ti liu chuyn mn nc ngoi: Lu= 50 ~ 60 g/ngi/ngy = 0,05 ~

0,06 kg/ngi/ngy
Theo d tho TCVN 7957-2008Thot nc-mng li bn ngoi va cng trnhTiu chun thit k: Lu= 30 ~ 35 g/ngi/ngy
30
15
V d c tnh ngun thi

1. Tnh lu lng NT va cc ti lng nhim chnh i vi mt nha my bia a
hot ng 15 nm c cng sut 3.000 m3 bia/nm.
Cng sut 3.000 m3 bia/nm = 8,2 m3 bia/ngy
3
Lu lng thi (nha my c): Q = 11 8,2 = 90,2 m /ngy
Ti lng BOD5 = 18,8 8,2 = 154,2 kg/ngy
Ti lng SS = 7,3 8,2 = 60 kg/ngy
2. Tnh PE ca mt nha my bia to ra NT c lu lng trung bnh 500
m3/ngy, hm lng trung bnh BOD5 = 800 mg/L.
Gi s Lu = 50 g/ngi/ngy:
PE = 500 800 10-3/0,05 = 8.000 ngi
nha my ny c mc gy nhim hu c tng ng khu dn c
8000 ngi.
31
1.2.3.3. S dao ng ca lu lng NT
Cc i lng m t:
Lu lng ngy TB
Lu lng gi TB
Lu lng ngy ln nht
Lu lng ngy nh nht
Lu lng gi ln nht
Lu lng gi nh nht
Thng c tnh t chui s liu

ca 1 nm.
(Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. 1991).
Q, 106gal/ngy
Lu lng NT (SH va CN) khng u nhau theo gi trong ngy, khng u

nhau gia cc thng trong nm, gia cc ngy trong thng
4
3
2
1
0
12
16
20
24
Thi gian trong ngy, gi
Hnh 1.1. Bin ng theo thi gian trong ngy

ca lu lng NTSH
32
16
H s khng iu ha K
K c trng cho s dao ng Q
Qmax (lu lng ln nht)
K = ------------------------------QTB (lu lng trung bnh)
Bng 1.14. H s/ khng iu hoa; chung ca NT th phu thuc vo lu lng
(TCVN 7957:2008)
Qtb, L/s
10
20
50
100
300
500
1000
5000
K0
2,5
2,1
1,9
1,7
1,6
1,55
1,5
1,47
1,44
Trong bng, K c nh ngha l t s lu lng gi ln nht/lu lng gi trung
bnh.
Bng 2 p dng khi lng NT sn xut khng vt qu 45% tng lu lng NT
th.
33
Nc thi sinh hot

-
th 1.000 ngi Q dao ng t 20 400% QTB

Thnh ph ln Q dao ng (1,25 ~ 1,5) QTB
Nc thi cng nghip
V mi loi hnh sn xut c c im ring v NT, vic xc nh h s

iu hoa i vi NTCN cn phi da trn phn tch thng k s liu NT
ca c s sn xut.
Thng hay ly gia tr K = 2,5 cho nhiu trng hp khng c s liu
thng k.
34
17
1.2.4. Cc tc ng ca NT vi ngun nhn

Suy gim oxy hoa tan cc vc nc do phn huy cc tc
nhn c nhu cu oxy (chu yu l cc cht hu c d
PHSH) cn kit ngun oxy cn cho s sng cc thuy
sinh vt.
Phu dng cc vc nc (chu yu cc h, sng) thay
i cn bng sinh thi
c sinh ly i vi cc sinh vt trong t, nc (cp tnh
hay tch luy lu di).
Lan truyn cc tc nhn gy bnh qua cc sinh vt trung
gian n ngi,....
35
Sau khi x NT vo ngun nhn (sng, h):
Cc tc nhn bn vng gim nng do pha long

Cc tc nhn khng bn vng gim nng do pha long v do cc
chuyn ha, phn hy.
Nng hay mt cc tc nhn nhim trong ngun nhn ngay sau
im nhn thi trong iu kin trn ln hon ton:
C0 =
Q s Cs + Q w C w
Qs + Q w
(1.1)
C0 - nng tc nhn nhim sau khi trn ln, mg/L

Qs va Qw - lu lng ca dng nhn va dng NT trc khi trn, m3/ngy
Cs va Cw- nng cht nhim trong dng nhn va NT trc khi trn, mg/L
Trong phn tip theo trnh by 2 qu trnh tc ng quan trng: suy gim oxy hoa tan
va lm phu dng ngun nc nhn.
36
18
1.2.4.1. S suy gim oxy ha tan

O2 trong ngun nhn c cn bng bi 2 qu trnh ngc
nhau:
tiu th oxy bi VSV phn hu cht hu c, v
khuch tn oxy t kh quyn.
Qu trnh tiu th oxy tun theo quy lut ng hc bc 1:
rd =
d (DO )
= k1L
dt
(1.2)
rd : tc tiu thu oxy (deoxygenation rate), mg/L/ngy

L : hm lung cht hu c (BODu), mg/L
k1 : hng s tc phn ng phn huy cht hu c, d-1
37
Qu trnh hoa tan oxy vo nc ty l vi thiu ht oxy:

d (DO )
= k 2 (DOs DO ) = k 2D
(1.3)
dt
rr : tc thng khi qua b mt (reaeration rate), mg/L/ngy
D : thiu ht DO so vi DO bo hoa, mg/L
DOs : DO bo ha, mg/L D = DOs - DO
k2 : hng s tc thng kh, d-1
rr =
- Qu trnh tng cng lin quan n cn bng oxy:

r = rd + rr
hay:
dD = - d(DO)
d (DO )
= k1L + k 2D
dt
dD
= k 1L - k 2 D
dt
38
19
Gii phng trnh vi phn trn c:
Dt =
k1L0
e k1t e k 2t + D0e k 2t
k 2 k1
(1.4)
Dt : thiu ht oxy thi im t sau im xa thi, d

L0 : BODu ban u sau khi trn hon ton NT vi ngun nhn, mg/L
D0: thiu ht oxy ban u sau khi trn hon ton NT vi ngun nhn,
mg/L (L0 va D0 c tnh theo cng thc 1.1)
Phng trnh (1.4): phng trnh Streeter-Phelps
ngha: cho php xc nh D (v t xc inh DO) trong nc ngun nhn
sau thi gian t hay khong cch x = vt t khi/im x thi.
th theo (1.4) ng cong DO theo Streeter-Phelps (DO sag curve)
39
X thi
DO bo ha
DO0
D0
Dt
DC
DOt
DOc
xc hay tc
im x thi
Dng chy
im ti hn
Hnh 1.2. ng cong DO theo Streeter-Phelps (DO sag curve)

40
20
Ti im ti hn (critical point): tc tiu thu oxy = tc

ha tan oxy D t gia tr ln nht (DC) hay DO t gia tr
nho nht (DOC)
Quan trng i i vi kim sot CLN sng - ti o trng thi
cht lng nc (DO) xu nht.
im ti hn (gii dD/dt=0) c tnh theo cng thc:
tc =
k D (k k1 )
1
ln 2 1 0 2
k 2 k1 k1
k1L0
(1.4b)
ngha:

tnh kha nng t lm sch ca sng

quy hoch ngun thi (v tr xa thi, hiu qu x ly) t c DO
trn dng sng lun gia tr tiu chun.
41
(i). Hng s7 k1
Phu thuc vo bn cht cht thi, nhit nc, vn tc dng
chy,...; xc nh bng thc nghim.
Theo biu thc Bosko:
v
k1 = k +
(1.5)
k: hng s/ tc phn ng BOD xc nh trong PTN 20oC, d-1

v: tc trung bnh ca dng chy, m/s
H: su trung bnh ca dng chy, m
h: h s/ nn y; h= 0,1 ~ 0,5
Hiu chnh k1 theo nhit :

k1(T) = k1(20) (T-20)
- h s/ nhit ;
4oC
(1.8)
20oC
= 1,135
<T<
= 1,047 20oC < T < 30oC
42
21
(ii). Hng s7 k2
Phu thuc vo nhit , vn tc dng chy, su,...; tnh theo mt s/ cng
thc kinh nghim
Cng thc OCooner & Dubbins:
k2 =
3 ,9 v 0 ,5
H 1, 5
(1 . 9 )
(Cc i lng v va) H nh trn)

Bng 1.15. Mt s/ gia/ tr in hnh ca k2 20oC
Ngun nc
k2(20), d-1
Sng chy rt chm

0,23 ~ 0,35
Sng ln, chy chm
0,35 ~ 0,46
Sng ln, chy bnh thng
0,46 ~ 0,69
Sng chy nhanh
0,69 ~ 1,15
Sng chy rt nhanh
> 1,15
Hiu chnh k2 theo nhit cng bng cng thc nh k1 vi = 1,024.
43
1.2.4.2. S phu dng

Cc nguyn t dinh dng trong NT (chu yu N, P) khi vo
ngun nhn s c s dng cho qu trnh quang hp to sinh
khi ca cc sinh vt phu du, nht l to.
S pht trin mnh bt thng ca to trong nc giu cht
dinh dng gi l s n hoa to (algae bloom). Hin tng
tha cc cht dinh dng lm to pht trin mnh gi l s phu
dng (eutrophication).
S n hoa to l hin tng khng mong mun v gy ra cc
hu qu nh:
lm cho nc c mi tanh, c mu va ch oxy khng n nh,
gy kho khn cho qu trnh lc va kh trng trong x ly nc,
to cht i s ng gp mt lng cht hu c, gy ti nhim nc,
c th xut hin nhng loi to c, c hi cho cc sinh vt khc.
Hin tng thy triu o mt to cao lm nc c mu o

44
22
Do c im v dng chy, hin tng phu dng thng xy

ra cc h. Thng thung, P l yu t dinh dng gii hn
ca s phu dng.
Cng thc Vollenweider dng tnh ti lng P ln nht cho
php thi vo h, trn gii hn o s phu dng c th xy ra:
D 0 ,5
Lc = 10 q s 1 +
q s
Lc: ti lng P chun ti hn, mg-P/m2/nm
(1.11)
qs: tc NT chy qua h, m/nm

qs = Q/A (Q - lu lng NT, m3/nm; A - din tch h, m2)
D: su TB ca h, m
Ti lng P ti a cho php thi vo h hng nm B(tn/nm):

B = 10-9 Lc A
(1.12)
45
1.2.5. Kim sot nhim nc
1.2.5.1. Cc quy chun, tiu chun thi

Vn bn php ly quy nh gia tr gii hn ca cc thng s
trong NT c php hay khng c php thi vo ngun
nhn. Trn c s o cc nha sn xut, qun ly thi xc nh
mc x ly thch hp
Nc thi sinh hot:

QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT Quy chun ky thut quc gia v nc thi

sinh hot (thay th TCVN 6772:2000).
Nc thi cng nghip:

TCVN 5945:2005 - NT cng nghip - Tiu chun thi.

Cc QCVN khc do B TNMT ban hnh i vi cc nc thi cng
nghip c th (01:2008-NT ch bin cao su; 11:2008 NT ch bin
thy sn; 12:2008 NT Cng nghip giy; 13:2008 Cng nghip dt
may,)
46
23
Bng 1.16. TCVN 5945:2005 (trch)

Thng s
n v
pH
Gi tr gii hn
A
6 n 9
5,5 n 9
5 n 9
100
BOD5 (200c)
mg/L
30
50
COD
mg/L
50
80
400
Cht rn l lng
mg/L
50
100
200
Du m khong
mg/L
10
Phot pho tng s
mg/L
Tng nit
mg/L
15
30
60
Amoni (tnh theo N)
mg/L
10
15
Xianua
Coliform
mg/L
0,07
0,1
0,2
MPN/100 mL
3000
5000
NTCN ct A: c th vo cc thy vc dng lm ngun nc cho mc ch sinh hot.

ct A < NTCN ct B: c vo cc thy vc nhn thi khc tr thy vc quy nh ct A
ct B NTCN ct C: ch c php vo cc ni c quy nh.
47
Bng 1.17. Gi tr cc thng s nhim lm c s tnh ton gi tr ti
a cho php trong NT sinh hot (QCVN14:2008/BTNMT)
Ct A: thi vo ngun
nc dng cp cho
sinh hot.
Ct B: thi vo ngun
nc khng dng cp
cho sinh hot.
Gi tr ti a cho
php ca cc thng
s nhim khi thi ra
ngun nc tip nhn
khng vt qu gi
tr Cmax :
Cmax = C
K
C: bng 1.17
K: bng 1.18
48
24
Bng 1.18. Gi tr h s K ng vi loi h.nh c s dch v, c s cng cng
v chung c (theo QCVN 14:2008)
49
1.2.5.2. Cc gii php kim sot nhim nc

(1). X l nc thi: Mc ch x ly NT l loi bo hon ton hay
lm gim mt phn hm lng cc tc nhn nhim c
th t cc tiu chun thi hay c th ti s dng.
(2). Gim pht sinh cht thi ti ngun

Gii php x ly NT l tip cn cui ng ng (end-ofpipe approach)- thu ng trong kim sot nhim.
Nhng nm cui th ky XX, chuyn sang tip cn mi va
chu ng: gim pht sinh cht thi ngay t khu s dng
nguyn liu, la chn cng ngh,... gim thiu cht
thi (waste management), phng nga nhim
(pollution prevention) hay sn xut sch hn (cleaner
production).
Hc phn Sn xut sch hn

50
25
(3). Ti s dng nc thi

Va c ngha v mt mi trng (gim lu lng NT xa vo mi trng)
va c ngha kinh t (tit kim ti nguyn nc, thu hi cc thnh phn
hoa cht c gia tr s dng).
Cc hng ti s dng NT:
S dng NTSH ti cho cy trng
NT sau khi lng s b c th ti cho cy trng. Cng ti phu thuc vo
c im t, cy trng va nng cc cht trong NT, c th t 1000~ 2000
m3/ha/nm. Phng php ti l ti ngp hay ti phun.
S dng NT chn nui va mt s NTCN to khi sinh hc (biogas)

S dng NTSH va mt s NTCN nui to, nui trng thuy sn

C th s dng NT cha x ly hay a qua x ly mt phn nui cc loi to c

gia tr, mt trong s o l to Spirulina - giu carbohydrat, protein, vitamin va
cc hot cht sinh hc
Cc ao nui c thng t sau cng trong h thng x ly NT bng cc qu trnh
sinh hc (ky khi, ao sinh hc tuy nghi,..). S h thng ao sinh hc x ly NT
kt hp nui c c minh hoa trong hnh 1.3 nh mt h sinh thi VAC.
51
Nc pha
long
Biogas
NTSH
Hm
biogas
Ao nui
to
Ao nui c
Nc ra
chung
tri
Ra chung
tri
Ti cy
Hnh 1.3. S h thng kt hp x ly va ti s dng NT
52
26
1.3. Phn loi cc phng php x l nc cp v nc

thi
1.3.1. Theo bn cht qu trnh

Cc phng php c hc - da trn cc nguyn tc c-l. V
du: chn rc, b lng ct, b tch du m, b lng NT,...

Cc phng php ho-ly - da trn cc qu trnh ho-l V
du: keo tu, to bng, lc, hp phu, thm thu ngc,..
Cc phng php hoa hc - da trn cc qu trnh chuyn
hoa hoa hc. V du: kt ta, oxy hoa kh, trao i ion,...
Cc phng php sinh hc - da trn cc qu trnh chuyn
hoa sinh hoa bi cc vi sinh vt. V du: x ly hiu khi, ky khi,
x ly bng ao sinh hc,...
53
1.3.2. Theo mc x l
p dng vi h thng x l NT
Xt v mc hiu qu x ly, phn bit:
X ly bc 1 (primary treatment) - chu yu l loi cc vt th, t

ct, cht rn l lng, du m; thc hin bng cc phng php c
hc, ho-ly.
X ly bc 2 (secondary treatment) - mc ch chnh l loi cc
cht hu c hoa tan hay dng keo; thc hin bng cc phng php
sinh hc.
X ly bc 3 hay x ly trit (tertiary/advanced treatment) khi yu cu cht lng NT ra cao; mc ch l loi cc cht dinh
dng (N,P), cc cht c hi va cc tc nhn gy bnh; thc hin
bng cc phng php sinh hc, hoa hc va ho-ly.
54
27
Cht keo t
(Coagulant)
Cht kh trng
(Disinfectant)
Nc th
(Water
supply)
B keo t
(Mixing tank)
Li/Song
chn rc
(Screen)
B) to bng
(Flocculation
basin)
Nc a
x ly n b
cha v
phn phi
B) lc ct
(Sand
filter)
B) lng
(Settling
tank)
Bn thi
Hnh 1.4. S h thng x ly nc cp truyn thng
55
O2
NT cha
x ly
Cl2
NT a
x ly
A.T
G.C
(Influent)
Li/Song
chn rc
(Screen)
(Effluent)
H/ loi ct
si
(Grit
chamber)
X ly b#c 1
Bn hi lu
Bn thi
B) lng
bc1
(Primary
settling
tank)
B) sc khi/
(Aeration Tank)
B) tip xc
clor
B) lng bc
2
(Secondary
settling
tank)
X ly b#c 3
X ly b#c 2
C th c hoc khng (optional)
Hnh 1.5. S h thng x ly NTSH truyn thng

56
28

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CNG NGH MI TRNG

Phn A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

CNG NGH MI TRNG

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT

Phn C. CNG NGH X L KH THI

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Ti liu tham kho

Tng Vn on,Trn c H. K thut mi trng. Nxb Gio dc, 2001.

G.Tchobanoglous et al. - Integrated Solidwaste Management - Engineering Principles And

PHN A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

Nc tng i trong, nhim c thng xy ra ven b.

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

PHN A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

Tng nc ngm mch su hay nc ngm c p

c im chung (so vi nc mt):

- u im: Hm lng cn l lng nho; cht lng thng tt hn

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

PHN A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

Bng 1.1. Nhng im khc nhau gia nc ngm v nc mt

Cao, thay i theo ma

Thp hoc hu nh khng c

Thay i theo cht lng t,

Rt thp hoc gn bng 0

Thng xut hin nng cao

Xut hin cc ngun nc

Thng c nng cao

Thng nng cao

Vi khun, virus, to,

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

PHN A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

1.1.2. Nhu cu dng nc v tiu chun cp nc

Tiu chun cp nc: nhu cu dng nc tnh cho 1 ngi trong 1 n v

Trong cp nc th, cc tiu chun chnh:

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

PHN A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

(a). Tiu chun cp nc sinh hot

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

PHN A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

(trch TCXDVN 33:2006)

i tng dng nc va;

thi loi c bit, thi loi

thi loi II, thi loi III

thi loi IV, thi loi V;

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

PHN A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

(b). Tiu chun cp nc sn xut

CN ru bia, sa, hp, ch bin thc phm, giy, dt: 45 m3/ha/ngy.

Bng 1.3. Nhu cu cp nc cho mt s loi hnh cng nghip

Nhu cu nc, L/U

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

PHN A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

(c). Cc tiu chun cp nc th khc

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

PHN A. CNG NGH X L NC CP V NC THI

1.1.3. Yu cu cht lng nc cp

Ch : T chc Y t th gii (WHO) ban hnh cc ch dn v cht lng

nc ung (Guidelines for drinking water quality) khng c tnh bt buc, cc

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Bng 1.4. Mc gii hn cc ch tiu cht lng i vi nc n ung

(trch QCVN 01:2009/BYT, trong tng s 109 ch tiu)

cng, tnh theo CaCO3

Tng cht rn ho tan (TDS)

Hm lng Asen tng

1.2.2.2. Cc thng s c trng cht lng NT