Hill

Works Cited
Primary Sources
"Barbara Jordan at the 1976 Democratic National Convention." Video file, 0:46. Youtube.
Posted by American Civil Liberties Union Videos, February 8, 2013. Accessed January
27, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-ts=1421914687&x-ytcl=84503534&v=vQi-fb3jBTw.
Barbara Jordan was one of the first African-American politicians elected following the
passage of the Voting Rights Act. This is a portion of her keynote address at the
Democratic National Convention of 1976. This video helped me understand how the
Voting Rights Act affected the presence, or lack thereof, of African-Americans in
national politics.

"Birmingham Voter Registration Project." N.d. Digital file.

This is a pamphlet sent out by its namesake, the Birmingham Voter Registration Project,
to encourage, inform, and educate potential voters and activists in and around the
Birmingham area. It provided insightful statistics detailing the current state of the
registration of African-American voters at the time (1966). This immediate response to
the passage of the Voting Rights Act puts the effect the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference had on the Civil Rights Movement into perspective.

Boca Raton News (Boca Raton, FL). "Negro Registration Doubled since 1965." July 28, 1970.
This is a Florida newspaper article detailing the forecasts for African-American voter
registration following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This article also
shows how the Voting Rights Act has affected African-American voting patterns and
registration already. This article showed me the immediate effects the passage of the
Voting Rights Act had on voter registration.

Civil Rights Act, C.F.R. (1964).

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the second of the three landmark pieces of legislation,
the 24th Amendment, the Civil Rights act of 1964, and the Voting Rights act, that opened
the door to undeterred suffrage for African-American citizens. The Civil Rights Act of
1964 required rules regarding voting to be equally applied to all races. This act helped me
see what led up to the Selma to Montgomery Marches and the subsequent passage of the
Voting Rights Act.

Civil Rights Act of 1875, S. 1, 43d Cong., 1st Sess. (1873).

A bill calling for the banning of public discrimination based on race is introduced by
Charles Sumner on December 1, 1873; this bill, although passed, is repealed only four
years later, symbolizing the dramatic shift in the nation away from civil rights and
equality for African-Americans. This is Charles Sumner's bill. This bill helped me
understand how the country went form a form of proposition of civil rights,during
Reconstruction, to segregation and Jim Crow laws.

Hill 2

"Crusade for Citizenship." N.d. Digital file.

This is an informational pamphlet sent out by the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference to educate the African-American public of the realities of the suppression of
African-American voters; this report included several statistics that detailed the statistical
injustices in the current voting system. In Mississippi, less than 2% of AfricanAmericans in the state were registered voters. This helped me see the conditions of voter
suppression previous to the passage of the Voting Rights Act.

Daily National Republican (Washington DC, DC). "The Fifteenth Amendment." March 31,
1870.
This is a newspaper article detailing the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. This article
shows a public opinion and view on the Fifteenth Amendment at the time. This article
helped me understand how the Fifteenth Amendment was originally planned to aid the
nation's African-American population.

"The General Condition of the Alabama Negro." N.d. Digital file.

This is a report put out by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee that detailed
statistics of African-Americans in Alabama; this paper included statistics on population
sizes, employment, income, education, housing, and voter registration. This report
showed me the existing demographics of African-Americans during the time of the
Selma Marches,and it helped me understand some of the existing barriers to AfricanAmerican suffrage.

Gordon, David M. "Sardis Farmer Waits for the Vote." The Southern Courier (Montgomery,
AL), July 16, 1965.
Immediately following the passage of the Voting Rights Act, there was a mass influx of
African-Americans seeking to register to vote in the South. This article was an
elaborated interview with an illiterate African-American farmer that was registering to
vote. In the article, the farmer expresses his wish to oust Sheriff Clark from Dallas
County, but he has not been able to express any dissent that carries political weight due to
the restrictions set to oppress African-American voters. This newspaper article helped
me understand how the Voting Rights Act helped African-Americans express their voices
to help gain their rights.

Homer A. Plessy v. John H. Ferguson, 163 U.S. (1896).

This court case, commonly referred to as Plessy v. Ferguson, upheld the laws that
required racial segregation. The most common provision of this court case is the referral
to African-Americans as being "separate, but equal" to white Americans. This phrase
continued to apply to African-American rights until the court case Brown v. Board of
Education overturned this case. This court case helped me understand how AfricanAmerican civil rights were systematically withheld and suppressed.

Hill 3

Indianapolis Recorder (Indianapolis, IN). "Negro Vote May Reach 7,000,000: NAACP."
October 24, 1964.
This is an article detailing how influential the African-American vote has the potential to
be; the article also stresses that the current figures were a little over half of what the
potential number could exceed (12,000,000). This article helped me see how important
the Voting Rights Act could be.

"JFK on Civil Rights." Video file, 1:35. Youtube. Posted by JFK Library, July 27, 2007.
Accessed February 2, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWX_pjyIq-g.
Due to pressure from outside nations during the Cold war, president John Kennedy began
advocating for civil rights. This is a clip from one of his speeches in which he details his
promotion of civil rights and equality for African-Americans. This clip helped me
understand how the Cold War affected the Civil Rights Movement.

Johnson, Lyndon B. "Excerpt: LBJ's Voting Rights Speech 'The American Promise.'" Speech
presented at Congress, Washington DC, DC, March 15, 1965. Video file, 5:28. Youtube.
Posted by The Lyndon B. Johnson Library, December 7, 2011. Accessed January 26,
2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-ts=1421914687&x-ytcl=84503534&v=VNjlwwf2K9g.
This is an excerpt from a speech by the president at the time, Lyndon B. Johnson,
regarding voting rights during the time of the activism being carried out by the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference in Alabama. This excerpt includes Johnson's call to
Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act. This video showed me how the effects of the
Marches at Selma rippled through the nation all the way up to the White House.

King, Martin Luther, Jr. "Bloody Sunday." Speech.

This is one of Dr. King's many influential speeches regarding the plight for AfricanAmerican suffrage; this speech addresses the horrors of the first attempt to march from
Selma to Montgomery. This speech helped me understand how brutal the attacks by
police on the protesters were; I also saw how unyielding the protestors were in their
efforts to demonstrate against systematic voter suppression against African-Americans in
the southern states.

. "Let My People Vote." Speech transcript.

This is one of Dr King's speeches regarding the importance of the legality of
unobstructed suffrage for African-American citizens. In this speech, Dr. King insinuates
that legislation enforcing the right to vote for African-Americans is nothing short of
necessary. This speech gave me an important view inside the minds of the leaders and
perpetrators of this movement for equality.

Hill 4

. "MLK Advocates Registering to Vote." Speech.

Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr. was an important leader of both the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference and the Civil Rights Movement as a whole. This is a short speech
by Dr. King in which he emphasizes the importance of the vote to any acquisition of
rights by any person. His short lecture helped me realize how much African-American
suffrage had the potential to change. I quoted this speech on the home page of my
website.

"Louisiana Literacy Test." N.d. Digital file.

This is a literacy test used by the state of Louisiana to test African-American voters and
subsequently suppress them. This voter literacy test helped me understand how the Voter
Registration Act affected black voters; this document allowed me to compare the
conditions of African-American voters previous to the passage of the Voting Rights act
and the conditions following its passage.

A Message from James Brown. Birmingham, AL: Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
n.d.
This is a pamphlet sent out by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to
encourage voters to register and exercise their new, unobstructed, right to vote. This
pamphlet helped me see how voting drives were immediately enacted following the
Voting Rights Act.

Nagourney, Adam. "Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls." New York Times (New
York City, NY), November 4, 2008.
President Barack Obama is the first African-American president of the United States.
This article detailed the significance of his election to the highest political office in the
United States. This article helped me see a long term effect of the Voting Rights Act:an
increased amount of African-Americans present in elected positions.

National Park Service. "Jim Crow Laws." Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site.
Accessed January 26, 2015. http://www.nps.gov/malu/forteachers/jim_crow_laws.htm.
This website detailed the Jim Crow Laws that affected African-Americans in the southern
United States to restrict their rights. Jim Crow Laws restricted African-American rights
in areas including healthcare, transportation, leisure, education, marriage, and many other
areas of American life. This website helped me understand how the Jim Crow Laws in
the south restricted African-American rights to ultimately lead to the advent of the Civil
Rights Movement.

National Parks Service. "Ku Klux Klan (KKK)." Civil Rights. Accessed February 2, 2015.
http://www.nps.gov/subjects/civilrights/ku-klux-klan.htm.
The Ku Klux Klan was one of many organizations created to suppress African-American
voters during the nadir of American race relations. This article described the Ku Klux
Klan and their intentions to suppress the freed African slaves. this article helped me
understand one of the many ways the African-American vote was suppressed.

Hill 5

New-York Daily Tribune (New York, NY). "Freedom Triumphant." February 1, 1865.
This is a newspaper article commencing the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution. This article refers to the Thirteenth amendment as the
"Grandest Act Since the Declaration of Independence". This article helped me
understand how the Thirteenth Amendment provided Constitutional opposition to
slavery.

Norht Carolina Voter Education Project, October 1968.

This is a newsletter sent out by the North Carolina Voter Education to stress the
importance of voter registration and the weight the African-American vote carries. This
newsletter stated how the African-American vote had, before, been disrespected and
ignored, yet now the African-American vote is highly influential. This helped me see
how the Voting Rights Act affected major elections and political campaigns.

Office of History and Preservation Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives
under the direction of The Committee on House Administration of the U.S. House of
Representatives. Black Americans in Congress 1870-2007. Washington DC, DC: US
Government Printing Office, 2008.
This book provided a very helpful overview of African-Americans in Congress since the
end of the Civil War. This book included many pictures and a plethora of helpful
information that helped me understand the history of African-Americans in politics. This
book also helped me understand how important the presence of African-Americans in
Congress is to the acquisition of equality in our nation.

Oliver Brown, et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. (1954).

This court case, commonly referred to as Brown v. Board of Education, overturned the
ruling provided by the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson that African-Americans were
"separate, but equal" to white Americans. This was the first crucial step in the fight for
African-American civil rights. This court case helped me understand how AfricanAmericans began their fight to gain civil rights with this landmark court case.

Proclamation No. 95, 3 C.F.R. (1863).

The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery in several southern states as a measure by
Abraham Lincoln in an attempt to end the Civil War by weakening the foundation of the
Confederacy. This was the first measure to give African-Americans any rights in
America. This proclamation helped me understand how the fight for rights carried out by
African-Americans began.

"Register Now!" N.d. Digital file.

This is a poster sent out by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1966 to
encourage voting immediately following the passage of the Voting Rights Act. An
interesting feature of this poster is the fact that it mentions that no reading or writing will
be required at the voter registration area. This poster helped me understand how the
Voting Rights Act impacted voter registration and how voter registration drives were
enacted.

Hill 6

"The S.C.L.C. Voter Registration Prospectus for 1962." N.d. Digital file.
This is a report by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference regarding the tactics
and basis for voter registration projects during the year 1962. This report included voting
patters and predictions for future voting patterns of the African-American
community. This helped me understand how the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference led a charge to bring African-Americans their right to vote which they knew
would lead to overall equality.

"SNCC - Bloody Sunday." N.d. Digital file.

This is a recollection of the events of the first attempt of a march from Selma to
Montgomery, also known as "Bloody Sunday" due to the massive number of injuries
resulting from police brutality. This publication, put out by the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee, the former leaders of the civil rights front in Selma previous to
the arrival of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, describes, in detail, the
events of Bloody Sunday. This helped me empathize with the true brutality of the Civil
Rights Movement, the Selma Marches in particular.

"The State of Louisiana Literacy Test." N.d. Digital file.

This is a voter literacy test from the state of Louisiana; this test includes several questions
that were intentionally worded as paradoxes so as to make it impossible to pass. There is
a written time limit unfit for the amount and strength of the questions, and this time limit
could be waived for white testers. This test allowed me to understand how important the
Voting Rights Act was to the suppression of African-American voters, and it helped me
sympathize with the African-American voters who were systematically oppressed by a
system rigged to keep them from gaining their rights.

United States Census Bureau. "Facts for Features: *Special Edition* the 50th Anniversary of the
I Have a Dream Speech and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom." Newsrom.
Last modified August 21, 2013. Accessed January 30, 2015.
http://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2013/cb13-ff22.html.
This page provided several invaluable charts detailing the changes in African-American
rights since the advent of the Civil Rights Movement; among these charts were charts
detailing the change in African-American voter registration and the change in the amount
of African-American elected officials. This site helped me understand the changes in
African-American rights since the Civil Rights Movement.

United States Commission on Civil Rights. Political Participation. Washington DC, DC: United
States Government Printing Office, 1968.
Immediately following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, African-Americans
immediately took to the voting booths to register their votes and exercise their
unobstructed right to vote. This book, written by the United States Commission on Civil
rights in 1968, details information and statistics of African-American voting immediately
following the passage of the voting Rights Act of 1965. This book helped me understand
the effect of the Voting Rights Act and its effect on African-American voters.

Hill 7

United States Congress United States Senate. CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members
and Committees of Congress African American Members of the United States Congress:
1870-2012. By Jennifer E. Manning and Colleen J. Shogan. Washington DC, DC:
Congressional Research Service, 2012.
Ever since the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965, the amount of AfricanAmericans present in the United States Congress has been steadily increasing. This
report provided detailed numbers and figures that showed how the presence of AfricanAmericans in the United States Congress has been progressively increasing. This report
showed me the legacy of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's efforts in
Selma.

U.S. Const. amend. XIII.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States was the first of three amendments to the
United States Constitution to make up the "Reconstruction Amendments". This
amendment created a constitutional reason to abolish slavery and subsequently freed the
slaves. This amendment helped me see how African-Americans embarked on their legal
battle to fully gain their rights.

U.S. Const. amend. XIV.

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was the second of three
amendments to the United States Constitution that made up the "Reconstruction
Amendments". This amendment gave all people born in the United States
citizenship. Through the provisions of this amendment, the slaves freed through Civil
War legislation became citizens of the United States. This amendment helped me
understand how African-Americans gained rights following the Civil War.

U.S. Const. amend. XV.

The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution was the final of the three
amendments known as the "Reconstruction Amendments". The Fifteenth Amendment
granted African-American males the right to vote, stating that every American citizen had
the right to vote regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". It is noted
that the Fifteenth Amendment did not comment on the condition of a voter's intelligence
or monetary status. This amendment helped me see where and how the fight for the right
to vote for African-Americans truly began.

U.S. Const. amend. XXIV.

The 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution formally disbanded the use of
poll taxes, which were a popular method of voter suppression in the southern United
States. This amendment was the first of three integral pieces of legislation, the other two
being the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that prevented
widespread voter registration in the southern United States. This amendment gave me
insight into the ends of voter suppression in the South.

Hill 8

United States House of Representatives. "JORDAN, Barbara Charline." History, Art, and
Archives. Accessed February 2, 2015.
http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/J/JORDAN,-Barbara-Charline-%28J000266%29/.
This is a short biography and detailing of Barbara Jordan, the first African-American
senator since Reconstruction. This page helped me understand how the passage of the
Voting Rights Act in 1965 affected the presence of African-American politicians on a
national stage, as Jordan was elected in 1966, one year following the Voting Rights Act's
passage.

"Voting in Negro Majority Counties." N.d. Digital file.

This is a simple graph showing the rates of voter registration among blacks and whites in
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia in the year 1961. This lack of balance between
the two rates and the obvious disconnect between white voter registration and AfricanAmerican voter registration stresses the importance of federal legislation to aid
undeterred African-American suffrage. This helped me see the need for the Voting
Rights Act.

Voting Rights Act, C.F.R. (1965).

The Voting Rights Act was the third integral piece of legislation, the other two being the
24th Amendment and the Civil Rights act of 1964, that led to the era of true integration
of African-Americans and white Americans. the Voting Rights Act was perhaps the most
crucial piece of legislation passed during the Civil Rights Movement, as it opened the
doors completely to African-American voters, providing the Civil Rights Movement with
the momentum it needed to persevere onwards in its final goal of true equality. This act
outlawed any evident racial discrimination against African-Americans in terms of voting;
the act also outlawed the use of literacy tests in voter registration. This act helped me see
what the fruits of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's efforts in the Selma
Marches lead to, and why they were as important as they were.

"Voting Rights and Terrorism in the South." N.d. Digital file.

This document stresses the importance of the vote on the future of African-American
health and welfare in the southern United States. This document also puts importance on
putting effort into voting by African-Americans, for if African-Americans do not exercise
their right to vote, then the entire purpose of the Selma Marches and the passage of the
Voting Rights Acts is somewhat useless. This document helped me see how the
movement for African-American suffrage was not only a legal battle, but a social one as
well.

Hill 9

Secondary Sources
Aretha, David. Selma and the Voting Rights Act. The Civil Rights Movement. Greensboro, NC:
Morgab Reynolds Publishing, 2008.
This book details the Selma Marches and how they affected the nation as a whole,
primarily through the passage of the Voting Rights act of 1965. This book helped me
receive a broader overview of my topic so I could see the precursors and repercussions of
the efforts of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's efforts to further the Civil
Rights Movement through the Selma Marches.

Bernstein, Adam. "Ala. Sheriff James Clark; Embodied Violent Bigotry." The Washington Post
(Washington DC, DC), June 7, 2007.
This newspaper article chronicles some of the life and achievements of sheriff Sames
Clark of Dallas County, the county in which the Selma Marches took place. This article
also showed how the passage of the Voting Rights Act affected voting turnouts,
particularly in the southern United States. This article helped me understand the
influence of the Voting Rights Act.

Blumenthal, Mark, and Ariel Edwards-Levy. "POLLSTER UPDATE: The Data behind the
Supreme Court's Voting Rights Act Decision." Huffington Pollster. Last modified June
25, 2013. Accessed January 30, 2015.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/25/voting-rights-data_n_3498835.html.
This article detailed the current views of the Voting Rights Act in America; this article
also provided several comparisons of voter demographics previous to the passage of the
Voting rights act and following the passage of the Voting Rights Act.This article helped
me understand how the Voting Rights Act affected the nation, and this article also gave
me interesting insight on the modern perception of the Voting Rights Act in America.

Coleman, Kevin J. The Voting Rights Act of 1965: Background and Overview. N.p.:
Congressional Research Service, 2014.
This is a paper written about both the precursors and provisions of the Voting Rights Act;
the paper analyzes and simplifies the information provided by the act and displays a
concise background to the passage of the Voting Rights Act. This paper showed me
exactly what the Voting Rights Act entails and how it affects African-American voters.

Dudziak, Mary L. "The Little Rock Crisis and Foreign Affairs: Race, Resistance, and the Image
of American Democracy." Southern California Law Review.
This article showed me how the Civil Rights Movement, the Cold War, and America's
image of Democracy coincided to produce the majority of the success of the Civil Rights
Movement. The Civil Rights Movement showed the outside world the injustices of
America, who had spent a large amount of its influence fighting for "freedom" for
others. This article helped me understand the success of the Civil Rights Movement.

Hill 10

Eilperin, Juliet. "Whats Changed for African Americans since 1963, by the Numbers."
Washington Post (Washington DC, DC), August 22, 2013.
This article detailed how African-American life has changed since 1963, two years
previous to the passage of the Voting Rights Act. One ofthe most significant provisions
ofthis article were the provided figures of the number of African-Americans in Congress
and the numbers of African-American voters. This article helped me understand how the
Voting Rights act impacted the nation politically.

Ginzberg, Eli, and Alfred S. Eichner. The Troublesome Presence: American Democracy and the
Negro. New York, NY: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964.
This book detailed a history, albeit a rather biased history, of African-Americans
previous to the Civil Rights Movement. The African-American Civil Rights Movement
was rooted in deep foundations including slavery, persecution, and a complete lack of a
voice. This book, ending in 1964, concludes with the current situation of the Civil Rights
Movement. This book helped me understand how the movement for the civil rights of
African-Americans has been a long and tumultuous road.

Handley, Lisa. "The Impact of the Voting Rights Act on Black Representation in Southern State
Legislatures." Legislative Studies Quaterly, February 1991.
This article displayed and analyzed the impact of the Voting Rights Act on the election of
African-Americans to political offices. This article provided many valuable charts and
tables that visually displayed the changes the Voting Rights Act wrought upon the nation.
This article helped me understand the importance of the Voting Rights Act on AfricanAmerican representation in the South.

Harris, Matt. Interview by the author. Pueblo West, CO. January 18, 2015.
Dr. Matt Harris teaches U.S. History I, Historiography, America to 1787, Early America
to 1763, The New American Nation, 1763-1830, Directed Study for the MA Prelim
Exam, and Thesis Research at the Colorado State University - Pueblo campus. Dr. Harris
gave me valuable information on the Civil Rights Movement as a whole, including its
origins following the Civil War, some adversities the movement faced, and the ultimate
goals of the Civil Rights Movement. My personal interview with Dr. Harris was crucial
in my understanding of the civil Rights Movement and the significane of the Selma to
Montgomery Marches.

Knafo, Saki. "How the Voting Rights Act Changed Congress in 1 Chart." Black Voices. Last
modified August 6, 2013. Accessed January 30, 2015.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/06/voting-rights-actanniversary_n_3715706.html?utm_hp_ref=black-voices&ir=Black%20Voices.
This article is centered around a chart that visually displays the change in the
representation of African-Americans in Congress since 1965, the year the Voting Rights
Act was passed. This chart and subsequent article helped me understand exactly how the
Voting Rights act affected the African-American demographic in Congress.

Hill 11

Logan, Rayford Whittington. The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877-1901.
New York, NY: Dial Press, 1954.
This book details the period of American race relations following the Civil War and
lasting until the beginning of the 1900s which was marked by stark denials of rights for
African-Americans. This period, commonly referred to as the "nadir" of American race
relations, brought many forms of segregation both in de facto and de jure ways. This
book showed me how the beginnings of the denial of African-American rights became
rooted in American history.

May, Gary. Bending toward Justice - the Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American
Democracy. Philadephia, PA: Basic Books, 2013.
This book gave a very in depth and dramatic overview of the passage of the Voting
Rights Act of 1965. This book helped me understand how exactly the Voting Rights Act
affected the lives of African-Americans in the South. This book also helped me realize
the absolute importance of suffrage and maintaining a resolute and powerful voice in
what controls you.

Ornstein, Norman J., Thomas E. Mann, Michael J. Malbin, Andrew Rugg, and Raffaela
Wakeman. Vital Statistics on Congress. Washington DC, DC: Brookings Institution,
2013.
This report details many statistics on the makeups of Congress over the years, including
graphs and charts detailing the racial makeup of members of Congress of certain regions
over the years. This report helped me understand how the Voting Rights Act shifted the
demographics of members of Congress from the South.

Pitts, Michael J. "Alabama Law Review; The Voting Rights Act and the Era of Maintenance."
N.d. Digital file.
This is a paper defining the effects of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, with a particular
emphasis on how the law is enforced and challenged even today. This paper gave me
information on the immediate effects of the Voting Rights Act including its impact on
voter registration of African-Americans and its resulting political impacts across the
nation.

"Playfair." Focus Magazine: The Magazine of the Joint Center for Political and Economic
Studies, May/June 2005.
This article, sent out by the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, provides
several statisticsfo the effects of the Selma Marches and, by extension, the passage of the
Voting Rights act. This article helped me understand how the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference's efforts in Selma opened up a completely new world in the Civil
Rights Movement and, also, the quest for unobstructed African-American suffrage.

Hill 12

"Separate Is Not Equal: Brown v. Board of Education." Smithsonian National Museum of

American History. Accessed January 26, 2015.
http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/index.html.
This website detailed the precursors to the Civil Rights Movement beginning with Jim
Crow Laws in the southern United States. The Civil Rights Movement began with a
well-organized legal campaign that proceeded to spark a revolution with the success in
the Brown v. Board of Education court case. This helped me understand how the Civil
Rights movement began and gained success.

"Timeline: A History of the Voting Rights Act." American Civil Liberties Union. Accessed
January 26, 2015. https://www.aclu.org/timeline-history-voting-rights-act.
This is a timeline pertaining to the Voting Rights Act, as well as several pieces of
background information and several important effects. This timeline helped give me a
base for my research to build upon, as it provides a very important overview of my topic.

Tokaji, Daniel P. "The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act."
N.d. Digital file.
This paper details the effects of the Voting Rights Act on even modern elections; it
connects the effects of the passage of the voting Rights act to modern day elections and
voting patterns. This paper helped me understand how the Voting Rights affected the
nation politically, socially, and economically by demolishing barriers set to
disenfranchise African-American voters in the southern United States.

Tougaloo College. "The March to Montgomery." Civil Rights Movement Veterans. Accessed
January 30, 2015. http://www.crmvet.org/images/imgmont.htm.
The march from Selma to Montgomery brought national attention to the injustices being
carried out against African-Americans seeking the right to vote in the South. This web
page provides multitudes of photographs taken during the three attempts at marching
from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery. This pictures helped me understand the true
magnitude of the Selma Marches, and, through these pictures, I understood why these
marches were so influential in reforming the nation's policies on the rights of AfricanAmericans seeking the right to vote.

Tuskegee University. "Lynching, Whites and Negroes, 1882-1968." Tuskegee University

Archives Online Repository. Accessed January 26, 2015.
http://192.203.127.197/archive/bitstream/handle/123456789/511/Lyching%201882%201
968.pdf?sequence=1.
This is a table detailing the rates of lynching of both white Americans and AfricanAmericans from 1882 until 1968. Since 1885, the rate of lynching of African-Americans
has surpassed that of white Americans. The apex of the rate of lynching of AfricanAmericans coincides with the nadir of race relations in America immediately following
the Civil War. This chart helped me see how race relations in America took a disastrous
turn during the period in American history commonly referred to as the "nadir"of
American race relations.

Hill 13

United States Department of Justice - Civil Rights Division - Voting Section. "The Effect of the
Voting Rights Act." Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws. Accessed January 27,
2015. https://epic.org/privacy/voting/register/intro_c.html.
This website provides valuable information regarding the effects of the Voting Rights
Act on voter registration. This website has several charts and graphs regarding the influx
in African-American voter registration immediately following the Voting Rights
Act. This website helped me understand how influential the Voting Rights Act was.