SOLUTIONS MANUAL

for
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Sixth Edition
AUTHORS: J.M. Smith, H.C. Van Ness, and M.M. Abbott

Prepared by:
John J. Hwalek
Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering
University of Maine, Orono, Maine

H.C. Van Ness

Institute Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York

M.M. Abbott
Professor of Chemical Engineering
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York

FOREWORD TO TEACHERS
This Solutions Manual is intended to aid teachers who adopt the sixth edition
of Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics as a text. The 607
problems provided in the text are an integral and essential part of it, and every
serious student should devote substantial effort to the solution of representative
problem sets. We hope this Manual will prove useful to those who guide the
learning process.
Solutions are provided for almost all of the problems included in the text. Most
R softof those requiring computation are solved by computer with Mathcad
R
ware, and the solutions to these problems are computer printouts. Since Mathcad
does not always accommodate the notation of the text, some improvisation is required, but the correspondence of notations is largely transparent.
R requires dimensional consistency when computations are done with
Mathcad
units. Conversion factors for units, however, are either built into the software or
are provided as required for each file. It is therefore rarely necessary to include
R does all conversions necessary
conversion factors within equations; Mathcad
R uses the value
to provide answers in the units specified. Moreover, Mathcad
of the gas constant R required by the units specified for an answer.
R files are conIn addition to the output files (PDF) printed here, the Mathcad
R software
tained on a web site with password protection. They require Mathcad
of at least version 2001 running on a PC. These files and the Solutions Manual
itself are for the exclusive use of teachers who adopt the text. Educators will
appreciate the importance of keeping both out of student hands.
R files can be obtained through a McGraw-Hill
The password to the Mathcad
sales representative. The website itself is not password protected, and has the
URL designation:
http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/chemical/smith/
In addition to the Solutions Manual, it contains useful information about the text.
R files but also
The password-protected material includes not only the Mathcad
a reproduction of the entire Solutions Manual.
The problem solutions presented here are in two sets: First, in Section A, are
R ; second, in Section
those of a computational nature, worked with Mathcad
B, are solutions to non-numerical problems requiring thought, derivation, and
discussion. The following detailed Table of Contents provides easy access to
both sets of problem solutions.
We wish to acknowledge our debt to John J. Hwalek, who brought to this project
R.
the expertise required for implementation of Mathcad

H.C. Van Ness

July 2001

M.M. Abbott

iii

SECTION A Mathcad Solutions

CHAPTER 1
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.18
1.19

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CHAPTER 2
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

2.1
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.15
2.17
2.18
2.22
2.23
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.33
2.34
2.36
2.37

3.1
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24

1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5

................................. 5
................................. 5
................................. 6
................................. 6
................................ 7
................................ 7
................................ 7
................................ 8
................................ 8
................................ 8
................................ 9
................................ 9
................................ 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

CHAPTER 3
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

................................
................................
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................................
................................
................................
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3.25
3.26
3.30
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
3.58
3.59
3.61
3.62

...............................
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CHAPTER 4
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

16
16
16
16
17
17
18
19
21
21
23
24
25
25
27
27

iv

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.7
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.28
4.29
4.30

................................
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................................
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28
28
30
31
33
35
38
38
40
43
45
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
51
51
52
52
53
54
55
55
56
57
58
60
61
61
61
62
63
63
63
65
66
67
68
69
70
70
71
72
73
75
75
76
77
77
78
79
79
80
82

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41

...............................
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CHAPTER 5
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

5.2
5.3
5.4
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.21
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.38
5.39
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44

97

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

CHAPTER 6
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

83
84
85
86
87
88
91
91
92
94
96

6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111
111
111
112
113
114
115
116
119
120
120
121
122
122
123
123
124
124
124
125
125

6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.40
6.41
6.42
6.43
6.44
6.45
6.46
6.47
6.48
6.49
6.50
6.51
6.52
6.53
6.54
6.55
6.56
6.57
6.58
6.59
6.60
6.61
6.62
6.63
6.64
6.65
6.66
6.67
6.68
6.69
6.70
6.71
6.72
6.73
6.74
6.75
6.76
6.77
6.78
6.79
6.80
6.81
6.82
6.86
6.87
6.88

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CHAPTER 7
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

7.1
7.4
7.5
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12

...............................
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126
126
127
128
128
129
129
130
130
132
132
133
134
134
135
135
136
138
141
142
142
144
146
148
149
151
152
152
153
154
156
158
159
159
161
161
162
162
163
165
165
166
168
169
170
172
172
174
174
175
176
177
179
182
186
186
186
186
188
189
190
190

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

7.13
7.14
7.15
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26
7.27
7.29
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39
7.42
7.44
7.47
7.48

CHAPTER 8
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.13
8.14
8.16
8.17

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CHAPTER 9
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

9.2
9.4
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19

CHAPTER 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191, 192
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191, 193
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191, 194
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

...............................
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Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

227

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.13
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.22
10.25
10.26
10.27
10.28
10.29
10.30
10.31
10.32
10.33
10.34

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CHAPTER 11

227
227
228
232
233
234
237
239
242
246
249
252
252
253
254

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

258
258
258
259
260
260
262
263
265
266
267
268
268
268
269
269

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.21
11.22
11.23
11.24
11.25
11.27
11.28
11.32
11.33
11.34
11.36
11.37
11.X1
11.X2
11.X3

vi

12.1
12.3
12.6
12.8
12.9
12.12

270
272
274
275
275
276
276
277
277
278
279
280
281
282
282
283
284
285
286
286
286
287
287
288
289
289
290

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316, 317, 320
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316, 318, 320
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316, 319, 320

CHAPTER 12
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

270

.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
............................

322
322
336
351
357
359
366

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
12.19
12.20
12.21
12.22
12.23
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.30
12.31
12.32
12.33
12.34
12.35
12.36
12.37
12.38
12.39
12.43
12.44
12.45
12.46
12.47
12.48
12.49
12.50
12.51
12.52
12.53
12.54
12.55
12.56
12.57
12.58
12.59
12.60

............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................

CHAPTER 13
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

13.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

368
371
373
376
379
382
385
388
391
393
396
399
399
400
400
401
401
402
403
405
406
406
407
408
408
409
409
409
410
410
411
412
412
413
413
414
414
414
415
416
416
417
418

13.17
13.18
13.19
13.20
13.21
13.22
13.23
13.25
13.26
13.27
13.28
13.29
13.30
13.31
13.32
13.33
13.34
13.37

............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................

CHAPTER 14
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

14.1
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.12
14.15
14.16
14.18
14.20
14.22
14.24
14.25
14.26
14.27
14.28
14.32
14.33

.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................

CHAPTER 15

420

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

420
421
424
424
426
427
428
429
430

vii

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................

432
433
435
436
438
441
442
443
443
445
447
449
450
452
452
454
457
460
463
463
465
465
469
473
477
481
484
486
490
491
493
494
497
498
499
500
501
503
505
507
509
512
512
517
520
524
526
529
532
533
535

SECTION B Non-Numerical Solutions

CHAPTER 1
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.17
1.20
1.21

...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
.............................
.............................
.............................

CHAPTER 2
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

2.3
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.14
2.16
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.24
2.32
2.35

...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................

CHAPTER 3
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.X1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 4
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

539
539
539
539
540
540
540
540
541
541
541
541
541
541
541
541
542
542
543
544
544
544
544

5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.20
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.31
5.32
5.36
5.37
5.40
5.45

.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................

CHAPTER 6
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

545
545
545
545
546
546
546
547
548
549
550
550
550
551
552
552
553
553
554

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.18
6.19
6.83
6.84
6.85

...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................

CHAPTER 7
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

7.2
7.3
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.16
7.17
7.28
7.33
7.40
7.41
7.43
7.45
7.46

...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................

Pb. 5.1
Pb. 5.5
Pb. 5.6

566
566
566
566
567
568
568
569
569
569
570
570
571
571
572
573
573
573
574
574
574
575
576
576
576
577
578
578
578
578

555
CHAPTER 8

555
555
556
556

Pb. 8.12
Pb. 8.15

557

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

viii

9.1
9.3
9.5
9.6

579

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 5

557
558
558
559
560
560
560
561
561
561
562
563
564
564
565

...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................

581
581
581
581
581

CHAPTER 10
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

10.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 11
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.20
11.26
11.28
11.29
11.30
11.31
11.35

.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................

CHAPTER 12
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

12.2
12.4
12.5
12.7
12.10
12.11
12.24
12.25
12.40
12.41
12.42

.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................

CHAPTER 13

582

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

582
582
582
583
583
583
583
583

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
13.24
13.35
13.36
13.38

.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................

600
600
600
601
601
601
602
603
604
604
604
605

585
CHAPTER 14

585
585
585
586
586
586
586
587
588
589
589
590
590
591
591
592
592

Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

593
593
593
593
595
596
596
596
596
598
599
599

14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 16
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.
Pb.

APPENDIX A:
Evolution of a Textbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
APPENDIX B:
Corrections to 1st printing of text . . . . . . 624

ix

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7

.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................

606
606
607
608
608
609
609
609
609
610
610
610
611
612
613
613
614
614
614
615
616
616
617
617
617
618
618
618
618
618