Malaria is a disease of the blood that is caused by the

Plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted from person

to person by a particular type of mosquito.
Quinine may cause serious and life-threatening bleeding problems. In some
cases, kidney injury can also occur. Tell your doctor immediately if you
experience unusual bleeding or bruising (eg, bleeding gums; severe nose bleed;
dark urine; black, tarry, or bloody stools; unusual purple, brown, or red spots on
the skin).
Quinine is not approved to treat or prevent nighttime leg cramps. The risk of
taking quinine for nighttime leg cramps may be greater than the possible
benefits. Talk with your doctor if you have questions about this information.
Quinine is used for:
Treating malaria. It is usually used with other antimalarial medicines. It may also be
used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.
Quinine is an antimalarial. It works by killing the malaria parasite.

Do NOT use quinine if:

you are allergic to any ingredient in quinine, or to mefloquine or quinidine
you have a history of a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), certain blood
problems (eg, blackwater fever, intravascular hemolysis), or bleeding problems (eg,
hemolytic-uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [HUS/TTP])
caused by using quinine in the past
you have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, inflammation of
the optic (eye) nerve (optic neuritis), or myasthenia gravis
you have severe liver problems, a certain type of irregular heartbeat (eg, QT
prolongation), a slow heartbeat, or uncorrected low blood potassium levels
you are taking cisapride, a class IA antiarrhythmic (eg, disopyramide, procainamide,
quinidine), a class III antiarrhythmic (eg, amiodarone, dofetilide, sotalol),
halofantrine, a macrolide antibiotic (eg, erythromycin, troleandomycin), mefloquine,
pimozide, rifampin, or ritonavir

Before using quinine:

Some medical conditions may interact with quinine. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if
you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:
if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding
if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or
dietary supplement
if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances
if you have heart problems (eg, slow or irregular heartbeat), liver or kidney problems,
nerve or muscle problems, depression, low blood sugar, low blood potassium levels,
seizures, or a family history of G6PD deficiency
if you have had an abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG)

if you have vision or hearing problems (eg, ringing in the ears), eye pain, or a
bleeding disorder (eg, thrombocytopenic purpura)
if you are scheduled for surgery or anesthesia
if you are taking any medicine that may increase the risk of irregular heartbeat.
Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are unsure if any of your medicines may
increase the risk of irregular heartbeat.
Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with quinine. Tell your health care provider if you
are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:
Cisapride, class IA antiarrhythmics (eg, disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine), class
III antiarrhythmics (eg, amiodarone, dofetilide , sotalol), halofantrine, macrolide
antibiotics (eg, erythromycin, troleandomycin), mefloquine, or pimozide because the
risk of their side effects, including irregular heartbeat, may be increased by quinine
Heparin or oral anticoagulants (eg, warfarin) because the risk of their side effects,
such as bleeding, may be increased by quinine
Azole antifungals (eg, ketoconazole), H2 antagonists (eg, cimetidine), ritonavir,
tetracycline antibiotics (eg, doxycycline), or urinary alkalinizers (eg, acetazolamide,
sodium bicarbonate) because they may increase the risk of quinine's side effects
Rifamycins (eg, rifampin) because it may decrease quinine's effectiveness
Carbamazepine, debrisoquine, desipramine, dextromethorphan, digoxin, certain
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (eg, atorvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin), flecainide,
metoprolol, paroxetine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin because the risk of their side
effects may be increased by quinine
Theophyllines (eg, aminophylline) because their effectiveness may be decreased by
quinine
This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health
care provider if quinine may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with
your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine

How to use quinine:

Use quinine as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact
dosing instructions.
Quinine comes with an extra patient information sheet called a Medication Guide.
Read it carefully. Read it again each time you get quinine refilled.
Take quinine by mouth with food to reduce the risk of stomach upset.
Do not take an antacid that has aluminum or magnesium in it within 1 hour before or
2 hours after you take quinine.
Do not take more than 2 capsules at 1 time or more than 3 doses in 1 day.
Take quinine for the full course of treatment. Keep taking it even if you feel better in
a few days. Do not miss any doses.
If you miss a dose of quinine, take it as soon as possible. If it has been more than 4
hours since the missed dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular
dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

Possible side effects of quinine:

All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side
effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or
become bothersome:
Dizziness; flushing; headache; nausea; sweating.
Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the
chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue, unusual hoarseness); black, tarry,
or bloody stools; blurred vision, changes in how you see color, double vision, light
sensitivity, blindness, or other unusual vision changes; chest pain; confusion; dark or
bloody urine; decreased amount of urine or trouble urinating; decreased hearing,
hearing loss, or ringing in the ears; fainting; fast or irregular heartbeat; fatigue;
fever, chills, or sore throat; loss of appetite; low blood sugar symptoms (eg, anxiety,
dizziness, fast heartbeat, headache, tremors, unusual sweating); mood or mental
problems; muscle weakness; nervousness; pale skin; personality changes; red,
swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; seizures; severe dizziness, light-headedness, or
flushing; severe nosebleed; severe or persistent nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea;
speech problems; stomach or back pain; sudden onset of cold sweat; unusual purple,
brown, or red spots on your skin; unusual bleeding or bruising; unusual tiredness or
weakness; yellowing of the eyes or skin.

A "sequence" (or "progression", in British English) is an ordered list of numbers;

the numbers in this ordered list are called "elements" or "terms". A "series" is the
value you get when you add up all the terms of a sequence; this value is called
the "sum". For instance, "1, 2, 3, 4" is a sequence, with terms "1", "2", "3", and "4";
the corresponding series is the sum " 1 + 2 + 3 + 4", and the value of the series
is 10.
A sequence may be named or referred to as " A" or "An". The terms of a sequence
are usually named something like "ai" or "an", with the subscripted letter "i" or "n"
being the "index" or counter. So the second term of a sequnce might be named
"a2" (pronounced "ay-sub-two"), and "a12" would designate the twelfth term.
Note: Sometimes sequences start with an index of n = 0, so the first term is
actually a0. Then the second term would be a1. The first listed term in such a case
would be called the "zero-eth" term. This method of numbering the terms is
used, for example, in Javascript arrays. Don't assume that every sequence and
series will start with an index of n = 1.
A sequence A with terms an may also be referred to as "{an}", but contrary to
what you may have learned in other contexts, this "set" is actually an ordered
list, not an unordered collection of elements. (Your book may use some notation
other than what I'm showing here. Unfortunately, notation doesn't yet seem to
have been entirely standardized for this topic. Just try always to make sure,
whatever resource you're using, that you are clear on the definitions of that
resource's terms and symbols.)

To indicate a series, we use either the Latin capital letter "S" or else the
Greek letter corresponding to the capital "S", which is called "sigma" (SIGGmuh):

To show the summation of, say, the first through tenth terms of a
sequence {an}, we would write the following:

The "n = 1" is the "lower index", telling us that "n" is the counter and that the
counter starts at "1"; the "10" is the "upper index", telling us that a10 will be the
last term added in this series; "an" stands for the terms that we'll be adding. The
whole thing is pronounced as "the sum, from n equals one to ten, of a-sub-n".
The summation symbol above means the following:

a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 + a7 + a8 + a9 + a10
The written-out form above is called the "expanded" form of the series, in
contrast with the more compact "sigma" notation. Copyright
Any letter can be used for the index, but i, j, k, and n are probably used more
than any other letters.
Sequences and series are most useful when there is a formula for their terms. For
instance, if the formula for an is "2n + 3", then you can find the value of any term
by plugging the value of n into the formula. For instance, a8 = 2(8) + 3 = 16 + 3 = 19.
In words, "an = 2n + 3" can be read as "the n-th term is given by two-enn plus
three". The word "n-th" is pronounced "ENN-eth", and just means "the generic
term an, where I haven't yet specified the value of n."
Of course, there doesn't have to be a formula for the n-th term of a sequence.
The values of the terms can be utterly random, having no relationship
between n and the value of an. But sequences with random terms are hard to
work with and are less useful in general, so you're not likely to see many of them
in your classes.
Geometric progression (also known as geometric sequence) is a sequence of
numbers where the ratio of any two adjacent terms is constant. The constant
ratio is called the common ratio , r of geometric progression. Each term therefore
in geometric progression is found by multiplying the previous one by r.
The nth term of geometric progression
Given each term of GP as a1, a2, a3, a4, , am, , an, expressing all these terms
according to the first term a1 will give us...

Where
a1 = the first term, a2 = the second term, and so on
an = the last term (or the nth term) and
am = any term before the last term
Sum of Finite Geometric Progression
The sum in geometric progression (also called geometric series) is given by

Equation (1)
Multiply both sides of Equation (1) by r will have
Equation (2)
Subtract Equation (2) from Equation (1)

The above formula is appropriate for GP with r < 1.0

Subtracting Equation (1) from Equation (2) will give

This formula is appropriate for GP with r > 1.0.

Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression, IGP
The number of terms in infinite geometric progression will approach to infinity (n
= ). Sum of infinite geometric progression can only be defined at the range of

-1.0 < (r 0) < +1.0 exclusive.

From

For n , the quantity (a1 rn) / (1 - r) 0 for -1.0 < (r 0) < +1.0, thus,