HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF GARDEN

DESIGN
ILLUSTRATED NOTEBOOK

Ancient Egypt 2000 BC 1000BC

1.Geography

Figure 1 Northern Nile Valley (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2014) the
map shows location of the Egypt and the river Nile.
The civilization of ancient Egypt developed on the north of Africa in the
arid climate. That area has few distinctive key geographic features; the
Arabian and Libyan deserts, and the Nile River, which flows from Lake

Victoria north into the Mediterranean Sea. Because this region received
almost no rainfall, the Nile River was a major key to the base for the future
empire of the Egyptian civilization. The riverbanks rich in fertile oasis in
the middle of great deserts, which allowed the Egyptians to develop into a
powerful state based in agricultural wealth. Egypts dependence on a river
as its life source was not unique. This dependence was characteristic of
several ancient races, including the Mesopotamia and Indus civilizations
that relied on the Tigris/Euphrates and Indus rivers respectively. (World
Museum, 2014)
The Egyptian took an advantage of the location by the proximity of the
River Nile and surrounded by desert. Egyptian by using those factors
started to cultivate the land and started agriculture. They use river to fill
up pool during floods and store it for drier moments. They developed
irrigation system by using those pool or wells and bucket to bring water

directly from The Nile.

Figure 2 Ipuy tomb, Deir el-Madinah, 1250 BC. (World Museum, 2014).
Shaduf (shadoof) is a machine to move water from a lower place to
a higher place.

2.Religion and philosophy

The Religion in Egypt was part of everyday life
Beliefs Gods, creation myths, afterlife
The primary aim was acceptance of the gods and entry into the afterlife.
So they surrounded themselves with reminders and symbols of their belief
Art was a means of communication between the elite, the rest of society
and the gods.
Found in tombs in the forms of hieroglyphics, frescoes on the wall and
sculpture
Religious symbolism and meaning was an overriding theme in art designed
to project a perfect version of reality, in which there was no evil, into
eternity. It showed depictions of Gods, religious beliefs, nature and the
environment including gardens. (Wikipedia, 2014)
They build temples with one of the fundamental part, which was a garden.
Temples very often represented elements of the cosmos. A vital element of
the temple garden was water, which was symbolic of the primordial waters

of creation. These waters were the manifestation of the god Nun and quite
often there has been an island located in the center of the body of water
to symbolize the initial moments of creation. The body of water followed
the east-west orientation of the temple designed in rectangular or t-shape
form and located in the center. (Emily Teeter, 202)
Old Kingdom texts outlined the sacred roles of plants. Plants not only
represented divinities, the gods also embodied the plants.
Some examples:
Date Palm represented Ra (Sun God)
Tamarisk represented Osiris (ruler of the underworld and god of the
dead)
Sycamore represented Hathor (Goddess of Love and joy)
Doum Palm represented Thoth (God of writing and knowledge)
Hathor was probably the most important in relation to Gardens
she is often depicted living in the Sycamore tree.
According to the Book of Dead, guidance for the afterlife, twin sycamores
stood at the eastern gate of heaven from which the sun god Re emerged
each morning. (Alison, 2008)

3.Social History
Pharaoh had an absolute power. It was thought to be God's representative
on Earth.
He performs rituals, made laws and collected taxes and defended his
Kingdom. He built temples with a form of outdoor space by many believed
as a garden to honor the Gods. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )
The High Priest is held on behalf of the Governments of the Pharaoh.
Initially this was one person, but over time in lower and upper Egypt cited
two top officials as well he was a political adviser to the Pharaoh. (Tangient
LLC, 2014 )
Priests-were not only religious functions, but they manage the huge
fortunes belonging to the temples. Were like in those days advanced
research. They also had a strong influence on the policy of the State.
(Tangient LLC, 2014 )
Officials-were educated and had a rare skill as writing and counting.
Clerical positions were not heritage and were not depended on the social
origin of the candidate. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )
Craftsmen- manufactured tools, ceramics, clothes and useful objects in
everyday life. Some were involved in the production of luxury goods, while
others participated in the construction of temples and tombs of the
Pharaohs. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )

Figure 3 Wall painting pictures Farmers and herders in ancient

Egypt (Tangient LLC, 2014 ). Animals played significant role in
developing agriculture and cultivating soil. Egyptians use animals
for work and source of food.
The next down were the farmers and herders they were responsible of
growing crops and maintenance of the canals during quite season. (Tangient
LLC, 2014 )
Peasants-were the largest social group in Egypt. They have been involved
in the cultivation of land leased from the Pharaoh or as priests. During
breaks in the work of the field were employed on large construction sites.
(Tangient LLC, 2014 )
Slaves- they were in Egypt, a relatively small group. Did not have any
rights, belonged to the Pharaoh or the wealthy Egyptians. They were
usually men, taken prisoner by the army of the Egyptian ruler. The last in
the pyramid and making most of the population are the unskilled slaves
and peasants. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )

4.History of Art and Architecture

Figure 4. A well-preserved painting from the tomb of an Egyptian

builder Sennedjem, in Deir el-Medina (19th dynasty) presents a
cultivation of cereals, as well as plough using, but first of allan
orchard and a flowerbed, located on fields surrounded by canals.
Trees and flowers planted alternately with great regularity prove the
careful planning of the garden. (World Museum, 2014)

Figure 5 Painting from the tomb of Nebamun, Thebes (World Museum, 2014)
Rectangular fishpond with ducks and lotus planted round with date palms
and fruit trees, in a fresco from the tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th
dynasty (World Museum, 2014)

Figure 6. The garden scene of tomb at Thebes (Jellicoe, 1995) depicts

the elegant and ephemeral nature of domestic Architecture and the
decorative use of plants such as the vine trellis and the
pomegranate trees.
Neolithic peoples was coupled together by the bonds of birth, they were
not educated hierarchical social structure, the codified belief systems,
administration. Did not know the Scriptures well, although its origins date
back to the culture of the Vinca around 5300 BC. The first advanced
sedentary culture (i.e. agricultural) that need and can create great
architecture formed ok. 3000 BC in Egypt and lower Mesopotamia
Sumerian era. Some kinship in the ornamental motifs used in the art of
these two cultures, indicate the existence of a deeper, but difficult to
decipher today compounds. A common feature of their architecture is a
great raw scale and monumentality of religious and funerary offerings. It is
amazing that these first organized culture, although historical scale that
undoubted achievement, but with still very primitive technique, created
buildings of extremely high artistic level and scale which is a challenge
even for modern construction techniques. (World Museum, 2014)

5.History of gardens and horticulture

Egyptians are credited as being one of the first groups of people to
practice agriculture on quite big scale. This was possible because of the
ingenuity of the Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation. The
Egyptian method includes a network of canals, dikes, and sluices, basins
where some of those were found in illustrations of the temple garden.
The Egyptians cultivated a wide range of foodstuffs (garlic, onion, radish,
lettuce, parsley, different beans and lentils, melons and gourds, dates,
figs, grapes and later the pomegranate, olive, apple, peach and pear), and
a great variety of herbs, spices and medicinal plants. As well, 200 species
of flowering and aromatic plants have been identified from remains found
in the tombs. (Baeyer, 2007)
According to Baeyer the Egyptians built some gardens on different levels
that were linked by terraces, incorporated water features in their gardens,
and separated their gardens into different sections by using walls, lines of
trees, pergolas, etc. The ancient Egyptians classified their gardens by their

form, what was grown in them and the buildings the gardens were
attached to. (Baeyer, 2007).

6.Garden plans
Egyptian Home Garden we know from today's model in the tomb of
Meketre II Menhutohepa Chancellor. Wall paintings preserved in the tombs
depict gardens, walled gardens consisting of small ponds with fish and
aquatic birds, vegetable plot, and rows of trees.

Figure 7
Figure 8
Left. Model of the house garden of chancellor from Meketres tomb
(World Museum, 2014) house gardens the elements of which
include ponds inhabited by fish and water (ponds), also vegetable
growers, vineyards and lines of trees.
Right. Reconstruction of palace Egyptian garden (World Museum, 2014)
the complex consists of a walled house, surrounded with decorative
gardens, and the neighboring farming garden. Use of wall out side
of the house was use as boundary and completion of the
composition.
The oldest and most famous of the so-called plan The Sennufera shows
the existing in Western Thebes during the 18TH Dynasty garden adjacent
to the House, consisting of the main axis symmetrically in relation to the
schedule of swimming pools, rows of trees and vineyard. (World Museum,
2014)

Figure 9 Garden Sennufera, Western Thebes, ok. 1410 BC (17TH

dynasty)
Thebes during the 18TH Dynasty garden adjacent to the House,
consisting of the main axis symmetrically in relation to the
About Egyptian Temple gardens we know little, although it may be
assumed that in so many assumptions as located on the banks of the Nile,
Karnak, in which there were two great sacred Lake at least around these
tanks and Sphinxes formed the lines of trees. It is possible that parts of the
densely built-up areas of the Temple took place in the fruit supply gardens
selling to the victim and the deceased. In the relatively small temple of
Mentuhotep II at Deir-el-Bahari preserved traces of the garden in the main
courtyard and planted the processional avenue of fig trees. (World Museum,
2014)

The ramp and terraces of the sepulchral temple of Mentuhotep II

(World Museum, 2014) Temple of Mentuhotep II in Deir-el-Bahari rests of
the principal courtyard garden and the processional avenue planted
with fig trees has remained. Those ruins are one of the remained of
Ancient garden plan we can see similarities in todays designs.

Baroque & Rococo:

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Typical Garden Plan

(Fig. 1)

7. 1. Garden plans

Architects attracted upon advancements science and science, utilizing a "Cartesian"

geometry with roads arriving at to draw the encompassing landscape into the
arrangement. The trademark gimmicks of baroque arrangements were: a halfway
situated building, fancy parterres, wellsprings, bowls and trenches. (Garden Visit, ,
2015)A bound together train implanted the private building design, arrangement
structural planning , model, wellsprings, falls, planting and different gimmicks.(see
Fig. 1) Command of the waters was key and in numerous enclosures there were such a
large number of wellsprings that they could be worked just for a brief time every
week. (Garden Visit, , 2015)

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8.

General history:

Jose Antonio Maravall discovered that rococo culture developed out of the social and
economic emergencies of the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years,
encouraging the foundation of the state and its corresponding motors of constraint and
propaganda. This absolutist state sent human expressions as a political intends to
surprise society into accommodation to the ruler. The differing degrees of state control
considered various cultural and political gathering of expressions of the human
experience to develop and for the likelihood of against elaborate expressions to create
nearby ornate ones. This plausibility welcomes us to understand the states of
masterful generation as an introduction to stylish feedback and to position
arrangement history inside the system of social history. Such a methodology
investigates and clarifies the vexing contrasts in extravagant craftsmanship and
landscape building design in diverse nations and at distinctive times from the end of

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the sixteenth century to the present. In spite of the fact that principally connected with
Europe, rococo culture created somewhere else too. (Conan, 2005)

9. Social history:

Baroque enclosures were for show. High society accumulated to appreciate and take
an interest in the drama. Like a play, the enclosure was deficient without a crowd of
people. It was likewise a physical representation of the holder's energy and
essentialness: one must be there. France was the main nation in the improvement of
high baroque enclosures and they got to be connected with totalitarian government.
Versailles was uninhibitedly open to honorable men, giving they conveyed a sword.
The swarms would part respectfully when Louis XIV made a stately movement of his
home, maybe in the organization of his gifted fashioner, Andre Le Notre. An old parkutilization was re-found: timberland rides were utilized for chasing. (Garden Visit, ,
2015)

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10.

11. Religion and philosophy:

The mixing of philosophy and religion was seriously hostile to both neoclassical
restriction and also to Victorian stuffiness; it is a piece of the virtuoso of the Baroque.
(New World Encyclopedia, 2012)Bernini, who during his time composing was a
passionate Catholic, is not endeavouring to parody the behaviour of a virtuous sister,
yet to typify some complex truth regarding the behaviour of religion that it is one
that may be experienced inside the body. Theresa portrayed her substantial response to
otherworldly illumination in a dialect of euphoria utilized by numerous magic, and
Bernini's portrayal is sincere. (New World Encyclopedia, 2012)

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The Cornaro family advance themselves attentively in this sanctuary; they present
themselves outwardly, however are set on the fringes of their house of prayer, seeing
the occasion from galleries. As in a musical show house, the Cornaro have a
favourable representation in admiration to the audience, closer to the paragon of piety;
the viewer, be that as it may, has a superior perspective from the front. They join their
name to the house of prayer, however Saint Theresa is the centring. It is a personal
house of prayer as in nobody could perform mass on the sacrificial stone underneath
the statue (in the 1600s and most likely the 1800s) without the familys prior
approval, however the most important issue that partitions the viewer from the picture
maybe the holy place rail. The exhibition capacities which is a symbol of both
supernatural quality and even some pride for the family. (New World Encyclopedia,
2012)

12. 5. Art and architecture:

In Baroque structural planning, new consideration was situated on building curves,
light-and-shade (chiaroscuro), "painterly" colour effects, and the solid play of volume
and void. In internal parts, Baroque advancement in total is a void taught spectacular
staircases that had no equivalent in the development displaying. Another Baroque
advancement in like manner inward part was the state level, a processional plan of
logically rich inner parts that peaked in a region chamber or throne room or a state
room. The progression of groundbreaking stairs emulated albeit in a smaller capacity
all over in favoured dwelling places any cases. (New World Encyclopedia, 2012)

Baroque structural engineering was raised with energy in central Germany (e.g.
Ludwigsburg Palace and Zwinger Dresden), Austria and Russia (see e.g. Peterhof and

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Catherine Palace). In England the flawlessness of Baroque building configuration was

encapsulated in work by Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas
Hawksmoor, from ca. 1660 to ca. 1725. Various instances of Baroque development
displaying and town masterminding are found in some other places in Europe as well
as South America. Town masterminding of this period underscored radiating lanes
meeting in squares, which took signs from Baroque fenced in area plans.in Sicily,
Baroque made new shapes and subjects as in Noto and Acireale "Basilica di San
Sebastiano". (New World Encyclopedia, 2012)

Medieval Castles & Monasteries:

13.

Fig 2.

14. Garden plans

In medieval times, the vast majority developed a rate of the nourishment they
consumed. Vegetables were principally become in a medieval enclosure yet
particularly critical was the developing of herbs and blossoms as these were utilized
for cooking as well as for restorative purposes. (see Fig. 2) Medieval stronghold

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garden herb enclosures are still famous today, chiefly in light of their inborn essentials
to our medieval ancestors.
The eating methodology of the normal medieval laborer was exceptionally bland, the
every day passage being pottage (juices made with vegetables and heartbeats and, if
accessible, meat), presented with bread. Including herbs made the pottage more
satisfactory and solid tasting vegetables were additionally utilized for the same
reason.
The best and most plentiful arrangements were found inside the grounds of medieval
manors. The enclosure in the photo (left) is in the grounds of a French medieval
donjon. Still affectionately maintainted today, it is loaded with herbs, blooms and
foods grown from the ground which are utilized by an adjacent restaurant for gourmet
cooking. (Medieval Castle, 2008)
Medieval monasteries likewise had their own, regularly far reaching, arrangements.
The ministers must act naturally sufficient in supplying their own nourishment
obviously however they likewise offered restorative treatment for the nearby group
utilizing herbs and poultices produced using what they developed. So tending the
religious arrangement was a genuine undertaking retaining a considerable measure of
time and vitality from the ministers and at times bringing about the cloister employing
in lay cultivators. Numerous devout arrangements additionally incorporated a fish
lake where they would cultivate their own fish and eels. (Medieval Castle, 2008)

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15. General history:

Medieval monasteries were the wealthiest land managers in Medieval England - more
so than any medieval ruler. Medieval cloisters commanded the congregation in
Medieval England as the ministers who existed and worked in them were thought to
be amazingly heavenly. (HistoryLearningSite, 2014)

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16. Social history:

The French lords were concerned to lay out beautiful arrangements. Ultrogote, wife of
Childeric I., was well known for the rose-enclosure she had planted by her castle. The
enclosure at the old illustrious stronghold at St. Germain had an extraordinary
notoriety.

However in the stormy days of the following hundreds of years the haughty nobles
needed to give up a significant number of their gentler conduct and traditions. They
were propelled by the agitation and instability of those days to fortify their spots, and
contract them into a littler compass. Nothing stayed of the fine structures of Bishop
Sidonius' opportunity aside from the protective parts of the dividers and the towers of
the keep, the fortress with its subordinate homestead structures about the inward
court. The honourable managers were obliged to assemble their mansions on just
about blocked off mountain-tops, where there was almost no space, or else down in
the plain with wide canals; and in not one or the other case was there space to have an
enclosure. Also there was very little slant for tranquil development of the ground, and

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the men got from the pursuit everything that was needed in the kitchen. Regardless of
this, then again, the arrangement was not by any means non attendant from the old
manors. The women were the plant specialists, for they had been taught by ministers
how to plant mending herbs among their vegetables, so they not just got additional
dishes and green nourishment for the table, but on the other hand had the capacity
help the debilitated and injured in stronghold or town. In the season of blooms, they
appreciated the excellence of numerous shades, and the gay youngsters doubtlessly
used to weave garlands for themselves and their sidekicks. The enclosure was put
close to the windows of the ladies' quarters, in order to be under the eye of the woman
of the chteau. It respected see the arrangement from above, for it lay like a colourful
floor covering, little and delightful to observe. (Garden Visit (a), 2015)

17. Religion and philosophy:

Amid the Middle Ages religion was everything. It was not surprising for individuals
to go to chapel daily and beg five times each day. Individuals accepted that all the
great things in life were because of the abundance of god and that the

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underhandedness occasions of the times were because of their wrongdoings.

(Midieval Life, 2014) Medieval religion was greatly essential and even the specialists
and doctors of the period were additionally knowledgeable in religion. From
conception to death, whether you were a labourer, a serf, a respectable a master or a
King - life was commanded by the congregation and medieval religion. There were
numerous acclaimed Medieval Saints. (Midieval Life, 2014)

18. Art and architecture:

Workmanship amid this time saw various switches up to the advancement of the early
Renaissance period. Early workmanship subjects were right away constrained to the
era of Pietistic painting (religious craftsmanship or Christian workmanship) as lit up
unique duplicates, mosaics and fresco masterpieces in places of love. There were no
picture masterful manifestations in the strength of the Middle Ages. (Midieval Life,
2014) The shades were generally to some degree calmed. The subject of Medieval

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construction modeling is furthermore secured in this fragment. The architecture styles

during the period were called Romanesque and after that was known as the French
Style, Perpendicular or more conventionally as Gothic development demonstrating.
(Midieval Life, 2014)

Mixed style & Victorian Eclecticism:

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19.

20. Fig. 3
Garden plans
Alton Towers is the best sample of the Mixed style yet it was severely censured by
Loudon and the planting outline is not Gardenesque. The plants at Alton Towers are in
sporadic gatherings however the gathering is of extremely peripheral enthusiasm to
plants men and there is no confirmation of an organic get-up-and-go for
distinguishing proof, (see Fig. 3)characterization and mixture. Loudon was horrified
by the mixture of styles at Alton Towers - it irritated him in the same way that
reference book entrances on 'rakes and roses' or 'French and Finnish' building design
would have affronted him. In the wake of going by Alton Towers in 1826 and again in
1831 he composed the accompanying depictions of the enclosures. (Garden Visit (b),
2015)

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21. General history:

Fluctuation was initially noted as a practice by a social occasion of old-fashioned

Greek and Roman academics, who were not really part of any system, however
looked over existing philosophical feelings those standards that had all the earmarks
of being most sensible to them. Out of this assembled material they fabricated their
new game plan of hypothesis. The term starts from the Greek
(eklektikos), really picking the best, and that from (eklektos), (Liddell &
Scott, n.d.) picked, select. Extraordinary eclectics in Greek rationale were the Stoics
Panaetius and Posidonius, and the New Academics Carneades and Philo of Larissa.
Among the Romans, Cicero was out and out differing, as he united the Peripatetic and
Stoic. (Liddell & Scott, n.d.)

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22. Social history:

The Ashridge Red Book proposed no short of what fifteen separate sorts of
arrangement. They incorporated a heavenly well in a walled in area of rich stone
work, a winter cultivate, a minister's arrangement, a shielded enclosure for remote
trees, an American arrangement, raised bunks, and a rosarium which was 'supplied
from the sacred well, and then drove into the cave, from whence it is at long last
directed into the drinking-pool in the recreation center'. The suceeding part from the
red book on Woburn Abbey proposed an alternate American arrangement and a
Chinese-dairy 'enhanced by a collection of Chinese plants, for example, the
Hydrangea, Aucuba, and Camellia japonica'. Since Repton's Fragments on the
hypothesis and practice of landscape cultivating was distributed in 1816, and Alton
Towers was made somewhere around 1814 and 1827, it appears sure that Repton, as
the most well known landscape planner and planting creator of his day, was the
prevalent impact on the Earl of Shrewsbury. However Repton's diverse sorts of

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enclosure were just planned to make the closer view more Beautiful; the Earl and
numerous consequent planners connected the style to entire bequests. (Garden Visit
(b), 2015)

23. Religion and philosophy:

In religion, Eclectics use components from different religions, connected theories,

individual encounters or different writings and authoritative opinions to structure their
personal feelings and contemplations, recording resemblances of the structures and
practices in existence, and recalling these honest to goodness. These musings fuse
life, karma, presence in the wake of death, God and Goddess, the Earth, and other
significant contemplations.

24. Art and architecture:

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The term mixture has been utilized to depict the mix, in one work, of parts from
assorted certain styles, basically in structural building and, by recommendation, in the
fine and fancy statements. The term is habitually moreover more or less associated
with the general involved mixture of nineteenth century development demonstrating
after Neo-custom (c. 1820), regardless of the way that the recuperations of the varying
styles during the time, taking after the 1970s, generally been implied as parts of
historicism. (Eaton, 1975)

Mixture accept a key part in fundamental dialogs and evaluations however is

somehow distant from the honest to goodness appearances of the doodads to which it
is joined, and its hugeness is thusly rather badly characterized. The most
straightforward importance of the termthat every magnum opus speaks to the mix
of a blended sack of effects is so basic as to be of little usage. In a couple of ways
Eclecticism is reminiscent of Mannerism in that the term was used censoriously for a
critical piece of the time of its money, though, not in the slightest degree like

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Mannerism, Eclecticism never signified to an improvement or constituted a specific

style: it is portrayed totally by the way that it was not a particular style.

25.

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